MALPRACTICE OB/GYN
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OB/GYN MALPRACTICE SCOTT M. LEWIS Member of the Bar of the State of Ohio Wiley Law Publications JOHN WILEY & SONS New York · Chichester · Brisbane · Toronto · Singapore SUMMARY CONTENTS LEGAL ASPECTS OF OBSTETRICAL AND GYNECOLOGICAL MALPRACTICE PART I Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 79 Prenatal Care and Diagnosis Preeclampsia and Eclampsia Fetal Maturity: Prematurity and Postmaturity Amniocentesis Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Drug Therapy in Pregnancy Abortion 111 143 155 173 187 201 213 MANAGEMENT OF LABOR AND DELIVERY PART III Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 3 55 MANAGEMENT IN THE ANTEPARTUM PERIOD PART II Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Liability of the Physician The Physician's Case, Defenses, and Countersuits The Trial of a Malpractice Case: Pleading and Practice 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 PART IV Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Normal Labor and Dysfunctional Labor Pelvic Dystocia and Cephalopelvic Disproportion Induction of Labor and Oxytocin Stimulation Fetal Distress Abnormalities of the Cord and Placenta Obstetric Anesthesia and Analgesia Presentation, Position, and Breech Delivery Shoulder Dystocia and Brachial Plexus Injury Cesarean Section Forceps Operations Maternal and Newborn Concerns in the Postpartum Period 235 255 269 285 307 325 341 359 367 383 399 MEDICO-LEGAL CONCERNS IN GYNECOLOGY Contraception Dilation and Curettage Hysterectomy Xlll 423 449 455 SUMMARY CONTENTS XIV Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Gynecological Diseases Gynecological Cancer Appendixes Glossary of Obstetrical and Gynecological Terms Table of Cases Index 469 479 503 567 573 587 DETAILED CONTENTS PART I LEGAL ASPECTS OF OBSTETRICAL AND GYNECOLOGICAL MALPRACTICE Chapter 1 Liability of the Physician § 1.1 § 1.2 § 1.3 § 1.4 § 1.5 § 1.6 § 1.7 § 1.8 § 1.9 § 1.10 § 1.11 § 1.12 § 1.13 § 1.14 § 1.15 § 1.16 § 1.17 § 1.18 § 1.19 § § § § § § § § 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 § § § § 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 Basis of Liability-Generally Elements of the Malpractice Case: Checklist Medical Records Liability for Unauthorized Release of Records The Organization of Obstetrical Records Analyzing the Medical Record Medical Guidelines for Records Altered Records: "Badges of Suspicion" Medical Authorities Expert Evaluation of Case Professional Negligence-Generally Physician-Patient Relationship Establishment of Standard of Care Causation and Damages Hospital Liability-Generally -Liability for Negligence of Hospital Employees -Liability for Negligent Acts of Physicians, Surgeons, Interns, and Residents -Liability for Failure to Supervise and Review Patient Care - The Standard of Care Applicable to Hospitals. Res Ipsa Loquitur-Generally -Inference of Negligence -Defendant's Exclusive Control of Instrumentality - Applications in Obstetrical Cases Breach of Express Warranty Informed Consent Exceptions to Requirement of Infonned Consent Wrongful Life, Wrongful Birth, and Wrongful Pregnancy-Generally -Wrongful Birth - The Benefit Rule -Wrongful Life - Wrongful Pregnancy xv DET AILED CONTENTS XVI § 1.32 § 1.33 § 1.34 Chapter 2 § 2.1 § 2.2 § 2.3 § 2.4 § 2.5 § 2.6 § 2.7 § 2.8 § 2.9 § 2.10 § 2.11 § 2.12 § 2.13 § 2.14 Chapter 3 § 3.1 § 3.2 § 3.3 § 3.4 § 3.5 § 3.6 § 3.7 § 3.8 § 3.9 § 3.10 § 3.11 § 3.12 § 3.13 § 3.14 § 3.15 § 3.16 § 3.17 § 3.18 § 3.19 § 3.20 § 3.21 § 3.22 § 3.23 Products Liability in Drug Cases-Generally Unavoidably Unsafe Products and the Duty to Warn Physician's Duty to Warn of Risks of Oral Contraceptives The Physician's Case, Defenses, and Countersuits A vailable Defenses-Generally Standard of Care The Defense of Contributory Negligence-Generally -Failure to Reveal Medical History -Failure to Return to Physician -Failure to Follow Instructions Comparative Negligence Assumption of Risk Res Judicata and Collateral Estoppel Statutes of Limitations- Generally - The Cause of Action - Time of Accrual of the Cause of Action Countersuits for Malicious Prosecution Other Theories of Countersuit " The Trial of a Malpractice Case: Pleading and Practice Introduction Plaintiff's Complaint Parties-Defendant Defendant's Answer Deposition of the Plaintiff Deposition of the Physician Other Discovery Motion Practice Jury Selection-Generally -Plaintiff's Jury Selection -Jury Selection for the Defendant-Physician Plaintiff's Opening Statement Defendant's Opening Statement Introducing Medical Records Medical Records and the Physician-Patient Privilege Establishing the Standard of Care Qualification of the Expert-Generally -Nonobstetrician as Expert Subject Matter of Expert Testimony Bases of Expert's Opinion The Hypothetical Question Use of Treatises to Establish Standard of Care Jury Instructions DETAILED CONTENTS PART II MANAGEMENT IN THE ANTEPARTUM PERIOD Chapter 4 Prenatal Care and Diagnosis MEDICAL § 4.1 § 4.2 § 4.3 § 4.4 § 4.5 ASPECTS Introduction Initial Patient Visit Physical Examination Subsequent Visits The Diagnosis of Normal Pregnancy LEGAL LIABILITY § 4.6 Errors in Diagnosis of Normal Pregnancy-Generally § 4.7 - Diagnosis as Tumor § 4.8 - Diagnosis as Gallbladder Condition § 4.9 -Other Misdiagnoses § 4.10 -Exploratory Surgery § 4.11 Failure to Diagnose Pregnancy: Wrongful Pregnancy MEDICAL § 4.12 § 4.13 § 4.14 ASPECTS: ECTOPIC PREGNANCY Ectopic Pregnancy: "The Great Masquerader" Diagnosis of Ectopic Pregnancy Treatment of Ectopic Pregnancy LEGAL LIABILITY: ECTOPIC PREGNANCY § 4.15 Failure to Diagnose Ectopic Pregnancy § 4.16 Diagnosis of Ectopic Pregnancy as Constipation § 4.17 Diagnosis of Ectopic Pregnancy as Salpingitis MEDICAL § 4.18 § 4.19 § 4.20 ASPECTS: RUBELLA Rubella Effects of the Virus Immunization LEGAL LIABILITY: RUBELLA § 4.20 Failure to Diagnose Rubella: Wrongful Birth and Wrongful Life Chapter 5 MEDICAL § 5.1 § 5.2 § 5.3 § 5.4 § 5.5 Preeclampsia and Eclampsia ASPECTS Preeclampsia and Eclampsia-Generally Significance of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia Diagnosis of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia Prevention of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia Treatment of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia LEGAL LIABILITY § 5.6 Failure to Diagnose Preeclampsia and Eclampsia § 5.7 Misdiagnosis of Eclampsia as Gallbladder Condition § 5.8 Failure to Obtain Patient's Records XVll XVlll § 5.9 § 5.10 § 5.11 Chapter 6 MEDICAL § 6.1 § 6.2 § 6.3 § 6.4 § 6.5 § 6.6 § 6.7 § 6.8 § 6.9 DETAILED CONTENTS Failure to Treat Preeclampsia Administration of Spinal Anesthesia to Eclamptic Patient Delayed Treatment of Eclampsia Fetal Maturity: Prematurity and Postmaturity ASPECTS: PREMATURITY Assessment of Maturity Prematurity Iatrogenic Prematurity Premature Labor Arr~st of Premature Labor Premature Rupture of the Membranes-Generally Management of Premature Rupture of the Membranes Incompetent Cervix Intrauterine Growth Retardation LEGAL LIABILITY : PREMATURITY § 6.10 Negligent Amniotomy § 6.11 Premature Cesarean Section § 6.12 Intrauterine Growth Retardation as Defense MEDICAL § 6.13 § 6.14 § 6.15 ASPECTS: POSTMATURITY Postmaturity Evaluation of Postmaturity Management of Postmaturity LEGAL LIABILITY: POSTMATURITY § 6.16 Failure to Assess Postmaturity § 6.17 Misdiagnosis of False Labor § 6.18 Delayed Delivery § 6.19 Failure to Perform Cesarean Section Chapter 7 Amniocentesis MEDICAL ASPECTS Amniocentesis-Generally Indications for Amniocentesis § 7.3 Standards for Performance § 7.4 Prenatal Detection of Genetic Disorders § 7.5 Genetic Counseling § 7.6 Fetal Maturity Assessment § 7.7 Amniocentesis Technique § 7.8 Complications of Amniocentesis-Generally § 7.9 -Maternal Complications § 7.10 -Fetal Complications § 7.1 § 7.2 DETAILED CONTENTS LEGAL LIABILITY § 7.11 Failure to Advise of Amniocentesis: Wrongful Birth § 7.12 Failure to Advise of Amniocentesis: Wrongful Life § 7.13 Negligent Performance of Amniocentesis Chapter 8 MEDICAL § 8.1 § 8.2 § 8.3 § 8.4 § 8.5 § 8.6 § 8.7 § 8.8 § 8.9 Hemolytic Disease of the NewBorn ASPECTS Rh Hemolytic Disease-Generally Pathogenesis of Hemolytic Disease Identification of Rh-sensitized Mother Prevention of Hemolytic Disease Diagnosis of Hemolytic Disease Treatment of Hemolytic Disease ABO Hemolytic Disease Hyperbilirubinemia Treatment of Hyperbilirubinemia LEGAL LIABILITY § 8.10 Negligent Administration of Incompatible Blood § 8.11 Failure to Administer RhoGAM § 8.12 Reliance on Erroneous Test Results § 8.13 Blood Exchange Transfusion Chapter 9 MEDICAL § 9.1 § 9.2 § 9.3 § 9.4 § 9.5 § 9.6 § -9.7 § 9.8 § 9.9 § 9.10 Drug Therapy in Pregnancy ASPECTS Historical Perspective Prenatal Drug Therapy Dilemma Immunosuppressants Antimicrobial Agents (Antibiotics) Hormones and Antihormones Socially Used Drugs Anticonvulsants Anticoagulants Miscellaneous Drugs Prevention of Teratogenesis LEGAL LIABILITY § 9.11 Liability of the Physician § 9.12 Drug Product Liability Actions and the Duty to Warn § 9.13 Unavoidably Unsafe Products and the Duty to Warn Chapter 10 Abortion MEDICAL ASPECTS § 10.1 Definitions § 10.2 Viability and Roe v. Wade xix xx DETAILED CONTENTS § 10.3 § 10.4 § 10.5 § 10.6 § 10.7 § 10.8 § 10.9 § 10.10 § 10.11 § 10.12 § 10.13 § 10.14 § 10.15 § 10.16 § 10.17 § 10.18 Spontaneous Abortion-Generally Missed Abortion Threatened Abortion Incomplete and Inevitable Abortions Habitual Abortion Therapeutic or Elective Abortion-Generally Medical Guidelines for Elective or Therapeutic Abortion Indications for Therapeutic Abortion Dilation and Curettage Risks of Dilation and Curettage Hysterectomy and Hysterotomy Intra~amniotic Solutions to Effect Abortion Failure to Terminate Pregnancy Septic Abortion Summary of Complications of Abortion Abortion Follow-Up LEGAL LIABILITY § 10.19 Legal Issues-Generally § 10.20 Wrongful Pregnancy § 10.21 Negligent Perforation of Uterus § 10.22 Duty to Continue Care of Patient PART III MANAGEMENT OF LABOR AND DELIVERY Chapter 11 Normal Labor and Dysfunctional Labor MEDICAL § 11.1 § 11.2 § 11.3 § 11.4 § 11.5 § 11.6 § 11.7 § 11.8 § 11.9 § 11.10 § 11.11 § 11.12 § 11.13 § 11.14 § 11.15 § 11.16 ASPECTS Stages of Labor Changes before Labor Cervical Effacement and Dilatation False Labor Stations of the Fetal Head Engagement Detection of Ruptured Membranes Dysfunctional Labor-Generally Complications of Uterine Dysfunction Uterine Dysfunction and the Friedman Curve Identifying Disorders of Labor Categories of Dysfunctional Labor -Prolonged Latent Phase - Treatment of Prolonged Latent Phase Disorder -Protracted Active Phase Dilatation - Treatment of Protracted Dilatation Disorder DETAILED CONTENTS § § § § 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 - Protracted Descent Phase Disorder - Arrest Disorders Duration of Second Stage of Labor Precipitate Labor LEGAL LIABILITY 11.21 Mismanagement of Abnormal Labor-Generally 11.22 Cephalopelvic Disproportion and Prolonged Labor 11.23 Mismanagement of Precipitate Labor 11.24 Misdiagnosis of False Labor § § § § Chapter 12 MEDICAL § 12.1 § 12.2 § 12.3 § 12.4 § 12.5 § 12.6 § 12.7 Pelvic Dystocia and Cephalopelvic Disproportion ASPECTS Dystocia of Pelvic Origin Pelvic Measurements Dystocia Due to Fetal Factors Cephalopelvic Disproportion Detection of Cephalopelvic Disproportion-Generally X-ray Pelvimetry Management of Cephalopelvic Disproportion LEGAL LIABILITY § 12.8 Mismanagement of Cephalopelvic Disproportion Chapter 13 MEDICAL § 13.1 § 13.2 § 13.3 § 13.4 § 13.5 .§ 13.6 § 13.7 § 13.8 Induction of Labor and Oxytocin Stimulation ASPECTS Induction of Labor-Generally Amniotomy Risks of Amniotomy Oxytocin Stimulation Guidelines for Oxytocin Administration Risks of Oxytocin Discontinuation of Oxytocin Contraindications of Oxytocin LEGAL LIABILITY § 13.9 Introduction § 13.10 Administration of Oxytocin in Breech Presentation § 13.11 Administration of Oxytocin in Cephalopelvic Disproportion § 13.12 Contraindicated Administration of Oxytocin § 13.13 Failure to Monitor Effects of Oxytocin § 13.14 Premature Amniotomy xxi DETAILED CONTENTS XXll Chapter 14 MEDICAL § 14.1 § 14.2 § 14.3 § 14.4 § 14.5 § 14.6 § 14.7 § 14.8 § 14.9 § 14.10 § 14.11 § 14.12 § 14.13 § 14.14 § 14.15 § 14.16 § 14.17 § 14.18 Fetal Distress ASPECTS Definition and Clinical Signs Electronic Fetal Heart Monitoring-Generally Indications for Use of Electronic Monitoring Fetal Heart Rate Baseline Fetal Heart Rate Variability of Fetal Heart Rate Periodic Fetal Heart Rate Changes - Pattern of Early Deceleration -Pattern of Late Deceleration -P~ttern of Variable Deceleration Monitoring Instrumentation-Generally -External Fetal Heart Monitoring -Internal Fetal Heart Monitoring Fetal Blood Sampling Indications for Fetal Blood Sampling Meconium Herpes Virus Infection during Pregnancy Treatment of Fetal Distress LEGAL LIABILITY § 14.19 Failure to Use Electronic Fetal Heart Monitor § 14.20 Failure to Respond to Fetal Distress Chapter 15 MEDICAL § 15.1 § 15.2 § 15.3 § 15.4 § 15.5 § 15.6 § 15.7 § 15.8 § 15.9 § 15.10 § 15.11 § 15.12 § 15.13 Abnormalities of the Cord and Placenta ASPECTS Umbilical Cord Prolapse Diagnosis of Cord Prolapse Management of Cord Prolapse Iatrogenic Prolapse Loops of the Cord Placenta Previa Signs and Symptoms of Placenta Previa Diagnosis of Placenta Previa Ultrasonic Localization Management of Placenta Previa Abruptio Placenta Diagnosis of Abruptio Placenta Treatment of Abruptio Placenta LEGAL LIABILITY § 15.14 Negligent Management of Cord Prolapse § 15.15 Negligent Management of Abruptio Placenta DETAILED CONTENTS § 15.16 § 15.17 Chapter 16 MEDICAL § 16.1 § 16.2 § 16.3 § 16.4 § 16.5 § 16.6 § 16.7 § 16.8 § 16.9 § 16.10 § 16.11 § 16.12 § 16.13 § 16.14 § 16.15 Negligent Management of Placenta Previa Negligent Management of Placenta Accreta Obstetrical Anesthesia and Analgesia ASPECTS Significance of Anesthesia-Generally Medical Guidelines for Anesthesia Special Considerations in Obstetrical Anesthesia Analgesia and Sedation during Labor Paracervical Block Pudendal Block Spinal Anesthesia Complications with Spinal Anesthesia Contraindications to Spinal Anesthesia Epidural Block Complications of Epidural Block General Anesthesia for Cesarean Section Aspiration of Vomitus in General Anesthesia Treatment of Aspiration Prevention of Death in Obstetric Anesthesia LEGAL LIABILITY § 16.16 Aspiration of Vomitus § 16.17 Failure to Obtain Informed Consent to Spinal Anesthesia § 16.18 Administration of Saddle Block § 16.19 Saddle Block Administered to Eclamptic Patient § 16.20 Negligent Endotracheal Intubation § 16.21 Administration of Paracervical Block § 16.22 Administration of Epidural Anesthesia § 16.23 Administration of Valium Chap,ter 17 MEDICAL 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 17.10 17.11 § § § § § § § § § § § Presentation, Position, and Breech Delivery ASPECTS Presentation and Position-Generally Cephalic Presentation Vertex Presentation and Positions Vertex Delivery Normal Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery Episiotomy Delivery of the Shoulders Face Presentation Brow Presentation Transverse Presentation Route of Delivery xxiii DETAILED CONTENTS xxiv § § § § § § 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 Breech Presentation-Generally - Incidence and Diagnosis -Significance of Breech Presentation -Management of Vaginal Breech Delivery - Methods of Vaginal Delivery -Trends in Management of Breech Presentation LEGAL LIABILITY § 17.18 Failure to Perform X-ray Pelvimetry § 17.19 Hyperextension of Head § 17.20 Excessive Force in Vaginal Delivery § 17.21 Injury to Mother in Footling Breech Chapter 18 Shoulder Dystocia and Brachial Plexus Injury MEDICAL ASPECTS Significance of Shoulder Dystocia Treatment of Shoulder Dystocia Brachial Plexus Injuries § 18.1 § 18.2 § 18.3 LEGAL LIABILITY § 18.4 Occipital Fracture and Brachial Plexus Injury § 18.5 Diabetic Mother and Shoulder. Dystocia Chapter 19 MEDICAL § 19.1 § 19.2 § 19.3 § 19.4 § 19.5 § 19.6 § 19.7 Cesarean Section ASPECTS Definition and Types Indications and Contraindications-Generally Specific Indications for Cesarean Section Repeat Cesarean vs. Vaginal Delivery Complications of Cesarean Section Incidence of Cesarean Section Medical Guidelines for Cesarean Section LEGAL LIABILITY § 19.8 Legal Aspects of Cesarean Delivery-Generally § 19.9 Failure to Perform Cesarean Section § 19.10 Delayed Performance of Cesarean Section § 19.11 Premature Performance of Cesarean Section § 19.12 Negligent Performance of Cesarean Section Chapter 20 MEDICAL § 20.1 § 20.2 § 20.3 § 20.4 Forceps Operations ASPECTS Forceps Operations-Generally Definitions and Classifications Indications for Forceps Delivery Prerequisites for Use of Forceps DETAILED CONTENTS § 20.5 § 20.6 § 20.7 § 20.8 Application of Forceps Low Forceps Operations Midforceps Operations Vacuum Extraction LEGAL LIABILITY Use of Forceps in Cephalopelvic Disproportion Misdiagnosis of Position Forceps in Transverse Lie § 20.12 Forceps in Shoulder Dystocia § 20.13 Misapplication of Forceps § 20.14 Failure to Use Forceps § 20.9 § 20.10 § 20.11 Chapter 21 MEDICAL § 21.1 § 21.2 § 21.3 § 21.4 § 21.5 § 21.6 § 21.7 § 21.8 § 21.9 Maternal and Newborn Concerns in the Postpartum Period ASPECTS: POSTPARTUM MANAGEMENT Maternal Complications in the Postpartum Period-Generally Medical Guidelines Postpartum Hemorrhage Causes and Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage Management of Postpartum Hemorrhage Postpartum Shock Management of Shock Placenta Accreta Infections LEGAL LIABILITY: POSTPARTUM MANAGEMENT § 21.10 Mismanagement of Postpartum Hemorrhage § 21.11 Abcess from Uterine Packing MEDICAL § 21.12 § 21.13 § 21.14 § 21.15 § 21.16 § 21.17 § 21.18 ASPECTS: CARE OF THE NEWBORN. Immediate Care of the Newborn Evaluation of the Newborn Suctioning and Meconium Aspiration Resuscitation of the Newborn-Generally Resuscitative Standards and Procedures Ventilation and Cardiac Massage Retrolental Fibroplasia LEGAL LIABILITY: CARE OF THE NEWBORN § 21.19 Inadequate Resuscitation § '21.20 Liability for Retrolental Fibroplasia xxv xxvi DETAILED CONTENTS PART IV MEDICO-LEGAL CONCERNS IN GYNECOLOGY Chapter 22 Contraception INTRODUCTION § 22.1 Introduction MEDICAL § 22.2 § 22.3 § 22.4 § 22.5 § 22.6 § 22.7 § 22.8 ASPECTS: ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES Oral Contraceptives: Benefits and Risks Cardiovascular Effects Neoplasia Hypertension Other Effects of Oral Contraceptives Contraindications to Use of Oral Contraceptives Monitoring of Patients LEGAL LIABILITY: ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES § 22.9 Failure to Obtain Informed Consent § 22.10 Administration to Patient with Migraine Disorder § 22.11 Failure to Diagnose Patient with Thrombophlebitis MEDICAL § 22.12 § 22.13 § 22.14 § 22.15 ASPECTS: IUD Intrauterine Devices: Types Adverse Effects Contraindications to IUD Use Insertion and Replacement LEGAL LIABILITY: IUD Breach of Duty to Wa~ § 22.17 Failure to Locate and Remove IUD § 22.18 Improper Insertion of IUD § 22.19 Legal Liability of the Dalkon Shield § 22.16 MEDICAL § 22.20 § 22.21 § 22.22 ASPECTS: STERILIZATION Sterilization Indications for Sterilization Contraindications and Hazards LEGAL LIABILITY: STERILIZATION § 22.23 Failure to Obtain Informed Consent § 22.24 Injury to Patient § 22.25 Wrongful Pregnancy Chapter 23 Dilation and Curettage MEDICAL ASPECTS § 23.1 Technique of Dilation and Curettage § 23.2 . Indications and Complications DETAILED CONTENTS LEGAL LIABILITY Failure to Perform Dilation and Curettage Premature Release from Hospital Perforation of Uterus § 23.6 Incomplete Dilation and Curettage § 23.3 § 23.4 § 23.5 Chapter 24 MEDICAL § 24.1 § 24.2 § 24.3 § 24.4 Hysterectomy ASPECTS Incidence of Hysterectomy Medical Indications for Hysterectomy Types of Hysterectomy Complications of Hysterectomy LEGAL LIABILITY § 24.5 Bases of Liability-Generally § 24.6 Failure to Obtain Informed Consent § 24.7 Negligence-Generally § 24.8 Unnecessary Hysterectomy § 24.9 Removal of Healthy Organs § 24.10 Postoperative Care Chapter 25 MEDICAL § 25.1 § 25.2 § 25.3 § 25.4 § 25.5 § 25.6 Gynecological Diseases ASPECTS Pelvic Infections-Generally Gonorrhea Syphilis Herpes Salpingitis Endometriosis LEGAL LIABILITY § 25.7 Improper Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometriosis § 25.8 Misdiagnosis of Syphilis § 25.9 Misdiagnosis of Gonorrhea § 25.10 Misdiagnosis of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Chapter 26 MEDICAL § 26.1 § 26.2 § 26.3 § 26.4 § 26.5 § 26.6 § 26.7 Gynecological C~ncer ASPECTS: BREAST CANCER Breast Cancer-Generally Forms of Breast Cancer Signs and Symptoms of Breast Cancer Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Differential Diagnosis Treatment of Carcinoma of the Breast Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer XXVll xxviii DETAILED CONTENTS LEGAL LIABILITY: BREAST CANCER § 26.8 Failure to Diagnose Breast Cancer § 26.9 Failure to Obtain Informed Consent MEDICAL § 26.10 § 26.11 § 26.12 ASPECTS: CERVICAL CANCER Carcinoma of the Cervix: Types and Definitions Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer Treatment of Cervical Cancer LEGAL LIABILITY: CERVICAL CANCER § 26.13 Failure to Diagnose Cervical Cancer § 26.14 Failure to Obtain Informed Consent MEDICAL § 26.15 § 26.16 § 26.17 ASPECTS: OVARIAN CANCER <;lvarian Neoplasms Signs and Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis and Management of Ovarian Cancer LEGAL LIABILITY: OVARIAN CANCER § 26.18 Liability Arising from Treatment of Ovarian Cancer Appendixes A. Sample Medical Records B. Authorization for Release of Medical Records C. Expert Medical Evaluation for Plaintiff D. Expert Medical Evaluation for Defendant E. Physician's Letter to Patient Who Fails to Keep Appointment F. Physician's Letter to Patient Who Fails to Follow Advice G. Complaint H. Answer of Physician I. Answer of Hospital J. Direct Examination of Plaintiff's Expert K. Consent Form L. Abbreviations in Medical and Hospital Records M. Hospital Obstetrical Rules and Regulations N. Physician Notes O. Interrogatories of Defendant-Physician Glossary of Obstetrical and Gynecological Terms Table of Cases Index
