INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
ARCL 3082
The Late Bronze Age Aegean in the Mediterranean
World
2014-15
Undergraduate Years 2 and 3 option, 0.5 unit
Turnitin Class ID: 783249
Turnitin Password: IoA1415
Co-ordinator: Dr Borja Legarra Herrero
b.legarra@ucl.ac.uk, Room 407; Tel: 020 7679 (2)4739
1 Overview 1.1 Introduction This course offers an in-­‐depth interpretative exploration within a broadly chronological framework of the Late Bronze Age Aegean in its broader Mediterranean context. It focuses primarily on the formation (during the Shaft Grave period) and nature of Mycenaean palace-­‐
centred polities. Social and political structures, economic organisation, and ritual and religious dimensions are analysed through material culture, art and deciphered Linear B texts. Mycenaean interaction with the remainder of the Aegean and the wider eastern and central Mediterranean is also explored. The final part of this course covers the collapse of these palatial societies, the transition to the world of the Iron Age, and the generation of Homeric epic. 1.2 Course summary Term 2 (Tuesdays, 11 am, Room 412) January 13th 1. Introduction: A provocative place 2. The Mediterranean and the Aegean in 1500 BCE January 20th 3. The southern mainland transformed: Middle Helladic to early Mycenaean periods 4. Tutorial The Mycenae Shaft Graves: a window into the life and death of an elite January 27th 5. The emergence of a new palatial system on Crete and the mainland 6. Mycenaean sites, culture and society in the palatial period: an overview February 3rd 7. Tutorial Thera: evidence, debates and imagination. 8. Ritual and power: burial practices, religion and feasting February 10th 9. Linear B: decipherment, literacy, evidence and integration 10. Combining archaeology and text: reconstructing Mycenaean economies Reading Week (February 17th) February 24th 11. Pylos/pu-­‐ro: exploring the dynamics of a Mycenaean kingdom 12. Knossos: what is and what is not Mycenaean March 3rd 13. Tutorial: The Aegean as an archaeological discipline: past and present 14. The Mycenaean world and its Aegean neighbours March 10th 15. Aegean interaction with the east and central Mediterranean 16. Tutorial Late Bronze Age trade in the Mediterranean March 17th 17. Collapse or transformation? The end of the palatial Aegean 18. A new beginning: the world of the Early Iron Age March 24th 19. Tutorial Modern representations of a Golden Age 20. From Bronze Age archaeology to Homeric epic 2
1.3 Basic texts Bennet, J. 2014. A Short History of the Minoans. London: I.B. (about to be published) Bintliff, J.L. 2012. The Complete Archaeology of Greece. From hunter-­‐gatherers to the 20th century A.D. Oxford: Wiley-­‐Blackwell. DAE 100 BIN. An overview of the broader chronological context. Cline, E. (ed.) 2010. The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean. IOA CLI 2. Dickinson, O.T.P.K. 1994. The Aegean Bronze Age (long the standard textbook, divided by themes rather than periods). IoA Issue Desk DIC; DAE 100 DIC. Dickinson, Oliver. 2006. The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age: Continuity and change between the twelfth and eighth centuries BC. London and New York. INST ARCH DAG 100 DIC. Fitton, J.L. 2002. Minoans. London: British Museum. DAG 14 FIT. Schofield, L. 2007. The Mycenaeans. London: British Museum. DAE 100 SCH. Shelmerdine, C. (ed.) 2008. The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DAG 100 SHE and online. 1.4 Methods of assessment This course is assessed by means of two essays: the first has a 2000 word limit (40% of the mark), and the second a 3000 word limit (60% of the mark). Provisional deadlines, to be discussed and confirmed in the first session, are: Essay 1: Monday March 2nd Essay 2: Monday April 20th 1.5 Teaching methods This course comprises 15 1-­‐hour lectures and 5 1-­‐hour discussion tutorials in which the ideas presented in the lectures can be reviewed, consolidated, questioned and debated. 1.6 Workload There are 15 hours of lectures and 5 hours of tutorials in this course. In addition, students will be expected to undertake around 100 hours of reading, plus 68 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of some 188 hours for the course. 1.7 Prerequisites This course has no prerequisites, and no knowledge of foreign languages is required. However, it may be an advantage, in terms of easing comprehension of the material and ideas presented, to have already taken one or more courses in Mediterranean, Greek, Egyptian or Western Asian archaeology at a first-­‐ or second/third-­‐year level. If you have a chance to visit Aegean sites and museums (or join fieldwork) before or after taking this course, it can only improve the overall experience. 2
AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENT
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2.1 Aims • to provide an overview of the main issues, themes and theories in the archaeology of the Late Bronze Age Aegean • to ensure a familiarity with the material culture, imagery and texts of the period and alternative ways of interpreting them • to encourage a comparative approach to Aegean societies in relation to neighbouring societies in the Mediterranean with which they interacted 2.2 Objectives On successful completion of this course, a student should: • have gained an overview of the major developments and interpretative issues in later Aegean prehistory, as well as the data that underpin them • be aware of, and be able to engage in, critically informed discussion concerning central problems in this field • be familiar with thematic issues involving the interpretation of the Aegean record, such as analysis of settlement patterns, economic organisation, cult, ideology, and imagery • understand the models of change proposed • be able to recognise, and know the significance of, a range of Late Bronze Age Aegean material culture 2.3 Learning outcomes On successful completion of the course students should be able to demonstrate an enhanced ability to: • read critically and assess differing viewpoints and interpretative paradigms • recognise linkages between data, methods and ideas in archaeological interpretation • apply the methods and theories of archaeological and anthropological analysis to a specific regional database • integrate a variety of evidence from different disciplines into overall interpretations • debate core issues among peers • set out and assess information and ideas clearly in written form 2.4 Coursework Assessments The assessed coursework consists of two essays. First essay has a length of 2,000 words and the second 3,000 words. For each, choose one title from the two groups listed below (Coordinator is happy to consider essay topics outside the list provided students contact him well in advance to discuss it). Readings should be drawn as appropriate primarily from relevant parts of the lecture bibliographies. Provisional deadlines, to be discussed and confirmed in the first session, are: Essay 1: Monday March 2nd Essay 2: Monday April 20th 4
Essay 1: 1. What factors caused the transformation of mainland societies in the Shaft Grave period? 2. What scenarios have been put forward to explain the impact of the Thera eruption on Aegean societies? What is the evidence that they are based on? 3. Compare the evidence from archaeology and Linear B texts concerning EITHER (i) political geography OR (ii) social organisation OR (iii) economy OR (iv) religion 4. What does the study of EITHER mortuary data OR imagery tell us about Mycenaean societies and polities from the Shaft Grave period until the end of the palaces? Essay 2: 1. Compare the development of polities in Crete and the Greek mainland in the 15th century BC. 2. What processes lie behind the so-­‐called Mycenaean expansion in the Aegean, c. 1500-­‐1200 BC? 3. Is ‘collapse’ a helpful concept for our understanding of processes in the Aegean during the century on either side of 1200 BC? 4. How strong is the association of the Homeric poems with the Aegean Late Bronze Age? If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the Course Co-­‐ordinator. Students are not permitted to re-­‐write and re-­‐submit essays in order to try to improve their marks. However, the Course Co-­‐ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the student's approach to the assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date. Word-­‐length Strict regulations with regard to word-­‐length apply throughout UCL. If your work is found to be between 5% and 10% longer than the official limit you mark will be reduced by 10%, subject to a minimum mark of a minimum pass, assuming that the work merited a pass. If your work is more than 10% over-­‐length, a mark of zero will be recorded. 2000 word essay: Max: 2,100 3000 word essay: Max: 3,150 The following should not be included in the word-­‐count: bibliography, appendices, and tables, graphs and illustrations and their captions. 5
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SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS
3.1 Teaching schedule The standard weekly sessions take place on Tuesdays at 11.00-­‐13.00 in Room 412. Please note, however, that on five occasions, instead of a lecture we will have a tutorial for reviewing, consolidating and debating topics. Term 2 January 13th 1. Introduction: A provocative place 2. The Mediterranean and the Aegean in 1500 BC January 20th 3. The southern mainland transformed: Middle Helladic to early Mycenaean 4. Tutorial The Mycenae Shaft Graves: a window into the life and death of an elite January 27th 5. The emergence of a new palatial system on Crete and the mainland 6. Mycenaean sites, culture and society in the palatial period: an overview February 3rd 7. Tutorial Thera: evidence and imagination. 8. Ritual and power: burial practices, religion and feasting February 10th 9. Linear B: decipherment, literacy, evidence and integration 10. Combining archaeology and text: reconstructing Mycenaean economies Reading Week (February 17th) February 24th 11. Pylos/pu-­‐ro: exploring the dynamics of a Mycenaean kingdom 12. Knossos: what is and what is not Mycenaean March 3rd 13. Tutorial: The Aegean as an archaeological discipline: past and present 14. The Mycenaean world and its Aegean neighbours March 10th 15. Aegean interaction with the east and central Mediterranean 16. Tutorial Late Bronze Age trade in the Mediterranean March 17th 17. Collapse or transformation? The end of the palatial Aegean 18. A new beginning: the world of the Early Iron Age March 24th 19. Tutorial Modern representations of a Golden Age 20. From Bronze Age archaeology to Homeric epic Introductory reading list This list is intended to help you to become familiar with the scope of the subject and some of the questions and sites that we shall be exploring. The books are readable, largely up-­‐to-­‐date, and do not require prior knowledge. You will find the course easier to follow and more stimulating if you 6
have read a few before we start, or as early as possible after we begin. Readings for specific topics are listed for each session. Introductory overviews Bennet, J. 2007. ‘The Aegean Bronze Age’, in W. Scheidel, I. Morris and R. Saller (eds.) The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-­‐Roman World, 175-­‐210. Dickinson, O.T.P.K. 1994. The Aegean Bronze Age (the standard text-­‐book, divided by themes rather than periods). IoA Issue Desk DIC; DAE 100 DIC. Fitton, J.L. 2002. Minoans. London: British Museum. DAG 14 FIT. Wardle, K.A. 1994. ‘The palace civilisations of Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece 2000-­‐1200 B’, in B. Cunliffe (ed.) The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe, 202-­‐ 43. (very basic) DA 100 CUN. Warren, P.M. 1989. The Aegean Civilisations (revised edition; short book-­‐length introduction). Issue desk WAR; DAG 10 Qto WAR; YATES Qto A 22 WAR Schofield, L. 2007. The Mycenaeans. London: British Museum Press. INST ARCH DAE 100 SCH Tartaron, T. 2008. ‘Aegean prehistory as world archaeology: recent trends in the archaeology of Bronze Age Greece’, Journal of Archaeological Research 16: 83-­‐161. Historiographical surveys Fitton, J.L. 1995. The Discovery of the Greek Bronze Age. DAE 100 FIT. McDonald, W.A. and C. Thomas 1990. Progress into the Past: The Rediscovery of Mycenaean Civilization (2nd edition). DAG 100 MAC. Runnels, C. and P. Murray. 2001. Greece Before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide. DAE 100 RUN. Collections of high-­‐quality photographs of Aegean material culture and sites Buchholz, H.-­‐G. and V. Karageorghis 1973. Prehistoric Greece and Cyprus: An Archaeological Handbook. DAG 100 BUC. Demakopoulou, K. 1988. The Mycenaean World: Five Centuries of Early Greek Culture 1600-­‐1100 BC. DAE 100 DEM. Marinatos, S. and M. Hirmer 1960. Crete and Mycenae. DAG 100 Qto MAR. Myers, J.W., E.E. Myers and G. Cadogan 1992. The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete. DAG 14 Qto MYE; YATES Qto E 10 MYE. Surveys of Aegean art and related areas Betancourt, P. 2007. Introduction to Aegean Art. DAG 300 BET. Doumas, C. 1992. The Wall Paintings of Thera. Issue Desk THE. Higgins, R. 1997. Minoan and Mycenaean Art. YATES A 22 HIG. Krzyszkowska, O. 2005. Aegean Seals: An Introduction. Preziosi, D. and L.A. Hitchcock 1999. Aegean Art and Architecture. [DAG 100 PRE] McEnroe, John C. 2010. Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age. Austin: University of Texas Press. [INST ARCH DAG 14 Qto MCE] Poursat, Jean-­‐Claude. 2008. L'art égéen,. Volume 1: Grèce, Cyclades, Crète jusqu'au milieu du IIe millénaire av. J.-­‐C. Les manuels d'art d'archéologie antiques Paris: Picard. [INST ARCH DAG 100 Qto POU]. Pottery handbooks Betancourt, P. 1985. The History of Minoan Pottery. DAG 14 BET; YATES Qtos P 20 BET. Momigliano, N. (ed.) 2007. Knossos pottery handbook: Neolithic and Bronze Age (Minoan). British School at Athens (online). Mountjoy, P. 1993. Mycenaean Pottery: An Introduction. DAG 300 MOU. 7
The following UK museums have substantial holdings of prehistoric Aegean material • British Museum: the Aegean gallery to the left of the main entrance. • Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Housing material from Evans’ Knossos excavations. • Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge: more modest but useful if you are in the area. • In addition, there is a small teaching collection of material held within the Institute. Useful background on Aegean environment and chronology Dickinson, O.T.P.K. 1994. The Aegean Bronze Age, chapters 1-­‐2 for chronology and the basics on the environment. IoA Issue Desk DIC; DAE 100 DIC. Manning, S. 2010. Chronology and terminology. In Cline, E. H. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean. 11-­‐31. For an updated chronological framework. Environment Barker, G. 2005. 'Agriculture, pastoralism, and Mediterranean landscapes in prehistory.' In E. Blake and A.B. Knapp (eds) The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory. Malden: 46-­‐ 76. Bintliff, J. 2012. Chapter 1: The dynamic land. In J. Bintliff, The Complete Archaeology of Greece. From hunter-­‐gatherers to the 20th century. Oxford: Wiley-­‐Blackwell: 11-­‐27. Forbes, H. 1992. ‘The ethnoarchaeological approach to Greek agriculture’, in B. Wells (ed.) Agriculture in Ancient Greece, 87-­‐104. Gallant, T.W. 1991. Risk and Survival in Ancient Greece, Chapter 1. Grove, A.T. and O. Rackham 2001. The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History. Browse, especially chapters 1-­‐6, 9-­‐11. IoA Issue Desk GRO; DAG 100 Qto GRO. Halstead, P. 1987. ‘Traditional and ancient rural economy in Mediterranean Europe: plus ça change?’ Journal of Hellenic Studies 107: 77-­‐87. Halstead, P. and O’Shea, J. (eds.) 1989. Bad Year Economics: Cultural Responses to Risk and Uncertainty. Halstead, P. & C. Frederick 2000. Landscape and Land Use in Postglacial Greece (especially papers by Moody, Frederick & Krachtopoulou, Forbes, Halstead). Higgins, M. & R. Higgins 1996. A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean. Horden, P. & N. Purcell 2000. The Corrupting Sea: A Study in Mediterranean History, especially Chapter VI, and III-­‐V if time allows. Osborne, R.G. 1987. Classical Landscape with Figures: The Ancient Greek City and its Countryside, Chapters 2-­‐3 (post-­‐Bronze Age but many of the same factors still apply). Rackham, O. and J. Moody 1996. The Making of the Cretan Landscape. Walsh, K. 2014. The Archaeology of Mediterranean landscapes. Human-­‐environment interaction from the Neolithic to the Roman period. Cambridge; CUP. Woodward, J. (ed.) 2009. The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. Chronology Renfrew, A.C. 1973/1999. Before Civilization: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe. chapters 5-­‐10. IoA Issue Desk REN 1; DA 100 REN Warren, P.M. 1996. The Aegean and the limits of radiocarbon dating. In, K. Randsborg (ed.) Absolute Chronology: Archaeological Europe 500-­‐500 BC. (Acta Archaeologica 67) 283-­‐
90. INST ARCH Periodicals. 8
Manning, S.W. 1996. Dating the Aegean Bronze Age: without, with and beyond, radiocarbon. In, K. Randsborg (ed.) Absolute Chronology: Archaeological Europe 500-­‐500 BC. (Acta Archaeologica 67) 15-­‐37. INST ARCH Pers. Manning, S. 2010a. Chronology and terminology. In E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-­‐1000 BC). Oxford:11-­‐28. [ISSUE DESK IoA CLI 2]. Manning, S. 2010b. 'Eruption of Thera/Santorini.' In E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-­‐1000 BC). Oxford:457-­‐74. [ISSUE DESK IoA CLI 2]. Warren, P.M. & V. Hankey 1989. Aegean Bronze Age Chronology. Wiener, M.H. 2003. ‘Time out: the current impasse in Bronze Age archaeological dating’, in K. Foster and R. Laffineur (eds.) METRON. Measuring the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 24), 363-­‐99. Liège. IoA Issue Desk FOS. Wiener, M. 2007. 'Times change: the current state of the debate in Old World chronology.' In M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds) The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II. Vienna:25-­‐47. For anyone who feels unfamiliar with overall dating techniques in archaeology, A.C. Renfrew and P. Bahn’s standard textbook Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice has a good summary of the key principles. Synthetic analyses of the wider dynamics of Mediterranean history Braudel, F. 1972. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (English translation of 1949 original). DAG 100 BRA. Broodbank, C. 2008. ‘The Mediterranean and its hinterland’, in B. Cunliffe, C. Gosden and R. Joyce (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology, 677-­‐722. Broodbank, C. 2013. The Making of the Middle Sea. London: Thames and Hudson. The wider Mediterranean chronological and geographical context. Fokkens, H. and A. Harding. (eds.) 2013. The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Horden, P. and N. Purcell 2000. The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. DAG 200 HOR. Site gazetteers Hope Simpson, R. and O.T.P.K. Dickinson 1979. A Gazetteer of Aegean Civilisation in the Bronze Age: Volume 1, The Mainland and Islands. DAG Qto STU 52. Myers, J.W., E.E. Myers and G. Cadogan 1992. The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete. DAG 14 Qto MYE; YATES Qto E 10 MYE. Simantoni-­‐Bourina, E and L. Mendoni 1999. Archaeological Atlas of the Aegean: From Prehistory to Late Antiquity. DAG 100 DOU. 9
January 13th: Sessions 1-­‐2 (lectures) Introduction: A provocative place -­‐ The Mediterranean and the Aegean in 1500 BC The Late Bronze Age Aegean is a thought-­‐provoking and challenging arena in which to conduct inter-­‐disciplinary analyses of ancient societies. It is a place in-­‐between in a numbers of ways: relative to surrounding regions (the Near East, Mediterranean, and temperate Europe), sources of evidence (archaeological, scientific, textual and iconographic), and traditional disciplines (prehistoric/anthropological archaeology, Classics and Near Eastern studies). The first lecture explores the massive potential of this arena, and outlines the basics of environment, chronology and terminology. The second lecture provides a broad-­‐brush, and partly retrospective, overview of the Aegean and its Mediterranean neighbours in the mid-­‐2nd millennium BC, with an emphasis on Minoan Crete and the island societies of the southern Aegean. Essential Bennet, J. 2007. ‘The Aegean Bronze Age’, Chapter 7 in W. Scheidel, I. Morris and R. Saller (eds.) The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-­‐Roman World, 175-­‐210. TC 3635; Main Library Ancient History M64 SCH. Younger, J. and Rehak, P. 2008. 'Minoan culture: religion, burial customs and administration.' In C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge: 165-­‐
85. IoA Issue Desk SHE 16; IoA DAG 100 SHE. Sherratt, A.G. and E.S. Sherratt 1998. ‘Small worlds: interaction and identity in the ancient Mediterranean’, in EH. Cline and D. Harris-­‐Cline (eds.) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium (Aegaeum 18), 329-­‐343. IoA Issue Desk CLI. Available electronically: http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/aegaeum18pdf.html. Tartaron, T. 2008. ‘Aegean prehistory as world archaeology: recent trends in the archaeology of Bronze Age Greece’, Journal of Archaeological Research 16: 83-­‐161. Recommended Environment, chronology and terminology Dickinson, O. 2004. The Aegean Bronze Age, Chapter 1 ‘Terminology and chronology’, and Chapter 2 ‘The natural environment and resources’, 1-­‐29. Shelmerdine, C. 2008. ‘Background, sources, and methods’, in C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, 1-­‐18. Grove, A.T. and O. Rackham 2001. The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History, especially Chapters 1-­‐6, 9-­‐11. For anyone unfamiliar with basic dating techniques, A.C. Renfrew and P. Bahn’s textbook Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice summarises key principles. The Mediterranean Bietak, M. 1996. Avaris: The Capital of the Hyksos: Recent Excavations at Tell ed Dab’a. Bevan, A. 2003. ‘Reconstructing the role of Egyptian culture in the value regimes of the Bronze Age Aegean: stone vessels and their social contexts’, in R. Matthews and C. Roemer (eds.) Ancient Perspectives on Egypt, 57-­‐74. Broodbank, C. 2008. ‘The Mediterranean and its hinterland’, in B. Cunliffe, C. Gosden and R. Joyce (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology, 677-­‐722 (draft copy in TC). Broodbank, C. 2013. The Making of the Middle Sea. London: Thames and Hudson. Chapter 8. Cline, E. 2009. ‘Bronze Age Interactions between the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean Revisited: Mainstream, Periphery, or Margin?’ In W. Parkinson and M. Galaty (eds) Archaic State Interaction: The Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age. Santa Fe: 161-­‐ 80. IoA Issue Desk PAR 10 10
Larsen, M.T. 1987. ‘Commercial networks in the ancient Near East’, in M. Rowlands, M. Larsen and K. Kristiansen (eds.) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, 47-­‐56. TC 537. Sherratt, A.G. 1993. ‘What would a Bronze Age world-­‐system look like? Relations between temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in late prehistory’, Journal of European Archaeology 1.2:1-­‐58. TC 499. Warren, P.M. 1995. ‘Minoan Crete and Pharaonic Egypt’, in W.V. Davies and L. Schofield (eds.) Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant. TC 2188. Winter, I. 2000. ‘Theran paintings and the ancient Near east: the private and public domains of wall decoration’, in E.S. Sherratt (ed.) The Wall Paintings of Thera, 745-­‐62. Minoan Crete Adams, E. 2006. ‘Social strategies and spatial dynamics in Neopalatial Crete: an analysis of the north-­‐central area’, American Journal of Archaeology 110: 1-­‐36. Driessen, J. Schoep, I., and R. Laffineur (eds.) 2002. Monuments of Minos: Rethinking the Minoan Palaces (Aegaeum 23). Halstead, P. 1988 ‘On redistribution and the origin of Minoan-­‐Mycenaean palatial economies’, in E.B. French and K.A. Wardle (eds.) Problems in Greek Prehistory, 519-­‐30. Issue Desk FRE 1; Yates A 22 BRI. Schoep, I. 1999. ‘Tablets and territories? Reconstructing Late Minoan IB political geography through undeciphered documents’, American Journal of Archaeology 103: 201-­‐221. TC 2164. Warren, P. 2012. ‘The apogee of Minoan civilization: the final Neopalatial period.’ In E. Mantzourani and P. Betancourt (eds) Philistor. Studies in Honor of Costis Davaras. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press: 255-­‐72. IoA DAG 14 Qto MAN. Whitelaw, T. 2001. ‘From sites to communities: defining the human dimensions of Minoan urbanism’ in K. Branigan (ed.) Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 4), 15-­‐37. TC 2771. Wiener, M. 2007. ‘Neopalatial Knossos: rule and role’. In P. Betancourt, M. Nelson and H. Williams (eds) Krinoi kai Limenes. Studies in Honor of Joseph and Maria Shaw. Philadelphia:231-­‐42. IoA DAE 100 BET. Younger, J. and P. Rehak 2008. Chapter 6 ‘The material culture of Neopalatial Crete’ and Chapter 7 ‘Minoan culture: religion, burial customs, and administration’, in C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, 140-­‐85. The southern Aegean islands Bevan, A. 2002. ‘The rural landscape of Neopalatial Kythera: A GIS perspective’, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 15:217-­‐56. Broodbank, C. 2004. ‘Minoanisation’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 50: 46-­‐91. TC 3539. Davis, J.L. 2007. ‘Minoan Crete and the Aegean islands’, in C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, 186-­‐208. Doumas, C. 1983. Thera: Pompeii of the Ancient Aegean (Chapters 3-­‐5). Doumas, C. 1992. The Wall-­‐Paintings of Thera. Knappett, C. and Nikolakopoulou, I. 2005. ‘Exchange and affiliation networks in the MBA southern Aegean: Crete, Akrotiri and Miletus’, in R. Laffineur and E. Greco (eds.) Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean (Aegaeum 25), 175-­‐84. Niemeier, W.-­‐D. 2009. 'Minoanisation' versus 'Minoan thalassocracy' -­‐ an introduction. In C. Macdonald, E. Hallager and W.-­‐D. Niemeier (eds) The Minoans in the central, eastern and northern Aegean -­‐ new evidence. (Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 8.) Aarhus:11-­‐
30. IoA DAG 100 MAC. Wiener, M. 1990. ‘The isles of Crete? The Minoan Thalassocracy revisited’, in D.A. Hardy (ed.) Thera and the Aegean World III: Archaeology,128-­‐61. TC 495. 11
On the Thera eruption and chronology Cunningham, T. 2007. ‘Havoc: the destruction of power and the power of destruction in Minoan Crete’. In J. Bretschneider, J. Driessen and K. van Lerberghe (eds) Power and Architecture. Monumental public architecture in the Bronze Age Near East and Aegean, 23-­‐43. IoA DBA 100 BRE. Driessen, J. and C.F. MacDonald 2000. ‘The eruption of the Santorini volcano and its effects on Minoan Crete’, in W.J. McGuire, D.R. Griffiths, P.L. Hancock and I.S. Stewart (eds.) The Archaeology of Geological Catastrophes (Geological Society Special Publication 171), 81-­‐93. TC 2187. Friedrich, W.L. 2000. Fire in the Sea: The Santorini Volcano, Natural History and the Legend of Atlantis. Manning, S. 2010. 'Eruption of Thera/Santorini.' In E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-­‐1000 BC). Oxford:457-­‐74. IoA Issue Desk CLI 2 Manning, S.W. W. Bronk Ramsey, C. Kutschera, T. Higham, B. Kromer, P. Steier, and E. M. Wild 2006, ‘Chronology for the Aegean Late Bronze Age 1700-­‐1400 B.C.millennium B.C.’, Science 312: 565-­‐569. Wiener, M.H. 2003. ‘Time out: the current impasse in Bronze Age archaeological dating’, in K. Foster and R. Laffineur (eds.) Metron: Measuring the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 24), 363-­‐99. January 20th: Session 3 (lecture) The southern mainland transformed: Middle Helladic to early Mycenaean Mainland developments during the Middle and early Late Bronze Ages contrast with those in Crete and the insular Aegean, with a notable absence of palaces, towns and states. This lecture looks at the changes in mortuary practices, demography, trade, craft production, and iconography that mark the ‘Shaft Grave’ period, in the context of both earlier indigenous Middle Helladic traditions, and shifts in patterns of interaction between Crete, the remainder of the Aegean and regions to the north and west. On the mainland the rich burial record is an exceptional fruitful area for analysis, and the following seminar puts the Mycenae Shaft Graves under the microscope. Essential Maran, J. 2011. ‘Lost in translation: the Early Mycenaean culture as a phenomenon of glocalization.’ In T. Wilkinson, S. Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds) Interweaving worlds: systemic interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st millennia BC. Oxford: 282-­‐94. IoA Issue Desk WIL 1; INST ARCH DA 150 WIL. Voutsaki, S. 1998. ‘Mortuary evidence, symbolic meanings and social change: a comparison between Messenia and the Argolid in the Mycenaean period’ in K. Branigan (ed.) Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1), 41-­‐58. TC 1821; Issue Desk BRA 5; DAG 100 BRA. Voutsaki, S. 2010. 'The Middle Bronze Age: mainland Greece.' In E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-­‐1000 BC). Oxford: 99-­‐112. IoA Issue Desk CLI 2 Wright, J.C. 2008. ‘Early Mycenaean Greece’, in C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, 230-­‐57. Recommended Burns, B. 2010. Mycenaean Greece, Mediterranean Commerce and the Formation of Identity. Cambridge. 12
Cadogan, G. and K. Kopaka. 2010. 'Coping with the offshore giant: Middle Helladic interactions with Middle Minoan Crete.' In A. Philippa-­‐Touchais, G. Touchais, S. Voutsaki, and J. Wright (eds) Mesohelladika. The Greek Mainland in the Middle Bronze Age. (BCH Suppl. 52.) Athens:847-­‐58. Cavanagh, W. and C. Mee 1998. A Private Place: Death in Prehistoric Place (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 125). Cherry, J.F. and J.L. Davis 1982. ‘The Cyclades and the Greek mainland in LC I: the evidence of the pottery’, American Journal of Archaeology 86: 333-­‐41. Diamant, S. 1988. ‘Mycenaean origins: infiltration from the north?’ in E.B. French & K.A. Wardle (eds.) Problems in Greek Prehistory, 153-­‐9. Dickinson, O.T.P.K. 1977. The Origins of Mycenaean Civilisation. Dickinson, O.T.K.P. 1989. ‘The “origins of Mycenaean civilization” revisited’, in R. Laffineur (ed.) Transition: Le monde Egéen du Bronze Moyen au Bronze Récent (Aegaeum 3), 131-­‐6 (a short review of his 1977 volume). TC 514. Dickinson, O.T.P.K. 1999. ‘Invasion, migration and the Shaft Graves’, Bulletin of the Institute of the Classical Studies 43: 97-­‐107. Graziadio, G. 1998. ‘Trade circuits and trade-­‐routes in the Shaft Grave period’, Studi micenei ed egeo-­‐anatolici 40: 29-­‐76. Harding, A.F. 1984. The Mycenaeans and Europe, 68-­‐82 and 279-­‐81. Niemeier, W.-­‐D. 1995. ‘Aegina: first Aegean “state” outside of Crete?’, in R. Laffineur and W.-­‐D. Niemeier (eds.) Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 12), 73-­‐80. Lambrinoudakis, V. 1981. ‘Remains of the Mycenaean period in the sanctuary of Apollon Maleatas’, in R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds.) Sanctuaries and Cults of the Aegan Bronze Age, 59-­‐65. Mountjoy, P. 1993. Mycenaean Pottery: An Introduction, 31-­‐52. Nordquist, G.C., 1987. A Middle Helladic Village: Asine in the Argolid. Pantou, P. 2014. An architectural perspective on social change and ideology in early Mycenaean Greece. AJA 118:369-­‐400. Rutter, J.B. 1993. ‘Review of Aegean Prehistory II: the prepalatial Bronze Age of the southern and central Greek mainland’, American Journal of Archaeology 97: 745-­‐97 (also in T. Cullen [ed.] Aegean Prehistory: A Review, 95-­‐155). TC 538 Sherratt, A.G. 1987. ‘Warriors and traders: Bronze Age chiefdoms in Central Europe’, in B. Cunliffe (ed.) Origins: The Roots of European Civilisation, 54-­‐66. TC 430. Voutsaki, S. 1995. ‘Social and political processes in the Mycenaean Argolid: the evidence from the mortuary practices’, in R. Laffineur and W-­‐D. Niemeier (eds.) Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 12), 55-­‐66. TC 1820. Voutsaki, S. 1999. ‘Mortuary display, prestige and identity in the shaft grave era’, Eliten in der Bronzezeit: Ergebnisse zweier Kolloquien in Mainz und Athen, Various Authors, Vol. 1. 103-­‐
118. Institute of Classical Studies X104B CON. Voutsaki, S. 2010. 'From the kinship economy to the palatial economy: the Argolid in the second millennium BC.' In D. Pullen (ed.) Political Economies of the Aegean Bronze Age. Oxford:86-­‐
111. TC 3721; IoA Issue Desk PUL 2. January 20th: Session 4 (Tutorial) The Mycenae Shaft Graves: a window into the life and death of an elite Ever since Schliemann, the Mycenae Shaft Graves have occupied a special place in the history of Aegean Bronze Age archaeology. But what can they tell us today? Combining insights from the more recently discovered Grave Circle B (in addition to Schliemann’s Circle A), more precise attention to the dating and provenance of the accumulations of burial goods, interpretation of the 13
ideology projected in their art, and anthropological approaches to the archaeology of death, a rich picture can be drawn of competitions for status and power among a limited, and increasingly narrowly defined, emerging elite. Processes at Mycenae probably illustrate, at an enhanced level, similar struggles going on over much of the southern Greek mainland. On another level, the burial (and therefore preservation), of an impressive and eclectic array of prestige material culture makes the Shaft Graves one of the Aegean Bronze Age’s best windows into a range of objects that are largely lost to us (cf. the Troy treasures, Zakros palace, and Uluburun shipwreck). Task: Reading of the essential texts is necessary for this Essential Dickinson, O.T.P.K., Lena Papazoglou-­‐Manioudaki, Argyro Nafplioti, and A.J.N.W. Prag. 2012. "Mycenae revisited part 4: assessing the new data." Annual of the British School at Athens 107: 161-­‐188 Graziadio, G. 1991. ‘The process of social stratification at Mycenae in the shaft grave period: a comparative examination of the evidence’, American Journal of Archaeology 95:403-­‐40. TC 517; INST ARCH Pers. Harrell, K. 2014. The fallen and their swords: a new explanation for the rise of the Shaft Graves. American Journal of Archaeology 118: 3-­‐17. Voutsaki, S. 1999. ‘Mortuary display, prestige and identity in the shaft grave era’, Eliten in der Bronzezeit: Ergebnisse zweier Kolloquien in Mainz und Athen, Various Authors, Vol. 1. 103-­‐
118. Institute of Classical Studies X104B CON. Recommended Acheson, P.E. 1999. ‘The role of force in the development of early Mycenaean polities’, in R. Laffineur (ed.) Polemos: le contexte guerrier en Egée à l’âge du bronze (Aegaeum 19), 87-­‐
104. Dietz, S. 1991. The Argolid at the Transition to the Mycenaean Age: Studies in the Chronology and Cultural Development in the Shaft Grave Period. Hägg, R. and G.C. Nordquist (eds.) 1990. Celebrations of Death and Divinity in the Bronze Age Argolid. Karo, G. 1930. Die Schachtgräber von Mykenai (Circle A; look at the plates) Mylonas, G.E. 1973. O Taphikos Kyklos B ton Mykinon (Circle B look at the plates). Shelton, K. 2010. Living and dying in and around Middle Helladic Mycenae. In A. Philippa-­‐ Touchais, G. Touchais, S. Voutsaki and J. Wright (eds) Mesohelladika. The Greek Mainland in the Middle Bronze Age. (BCH Suppl. 52). Athens:57-­‐65. Treherne, P. 1995. ‘The warrior’s beauty: the masculine body and self-­‐identity in Bronze-­‐Age Europe’, Journal of European Archaeology 3:105-­‐44. TC 283. Voutsaki, S. 2012. From value to meaning, from things to persons: the grave circles of Mycenae reconsidered. In G. Urton and J. Papadopoulos (eds) The Construction of Value in the Ancient World (UCLA Monographs) Los Angeles: 160-­‐85. The archaeology of death Parker Pearson, M. 2002. The Archaeology of Death and Burial. Carr, C. 1995. Mortuary practices: Their social, philosophical-­‐religious, circumstantial, and physical determinants’, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2. On art Davis, E.N. 1976. The Vapheio Cups and Aegean Gold and Silver Ware (NB these two cups are not from Mycenae but still comprise remarkable examples of art). 14
Morgan, L. 1985. ‘Idea, idiom and iconography’, in P. Darcque and J.-­‐C. Poursat (eds.) L'Iconographie minoenne 5-­‐19. TC 93. Vermeule, E. 1975. The Art of the Shaft Graves of Mycenae. Chariots and warfare Crouwel, J.H. 1981. Chariots and Other Means of Land Transport in Bronze Age Greece. Keeley. L. 1996. Warfare Before Civilisation. Laffineur, R. (ed.) 1999. Polemos: le contexte guerrier en Egée à l’âge du bronze (Aegaeum 19). January 27th: Session 5 (lecture) The emergence of a new palatial system on Crete and the mainland The period 1450-­‐1400 BC sees major changes in the extent and nature of palatial polities in the Aegean. On Crete the demise of the Neopalatial ‘Minoan’ palaces (the causes of which are hotly debated between volcanic lag-­‐effect, internal conflict and mainland attacks) is followed by a Monopalatial period in which much of the island was ruled from a Knossos whose administrative script was now Linear B, used to write an archaic form of Greek. This ‘Mycenaeanised’ phase gave way to a more fragmented system, probably by c. 1350 BC. On the southern Greek mainland a series of new Mycenaean palatial centres had emerged by 1400 BC. Essential Preston, L. 2008. 'Late Minoan II to IIIB Crete.' In C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge:310-­‐26. IoA Issue Desk SHE 16; IoA DAG 100 SHE Driessen, J. and I. Schoep. 1999. ‘The stylus and the sword: The roles of scribes and warriors in the conquest of Crete’, in R. Laffineur (ed.) Polemos: Le contexte guerrier en Égée á l'âge du Bronze (Aegaeum 19), 389-­‐401. J. C. Wright, 2010 “Towards a Social Archaeology of Middle Helladic Greece,” in A. Philippa-­‐
Touchais, G. Touchais, S. Voutsaki, and J. Wright (eds.), MESOHELLADIKA: The Greek Mainland in the Middle Bronze Age [BCH Supplement 52] Paris. 803-­‐815. TC ARCH library Recommended Crete Bennet, J. 1990. ‘Knossos in context: comparative perspectives on the Linear B administration of LM II-­‐III Crete’, American Journal of Archaeology 94: 193-­‐211. Bennet, J. 1985. ‘The structure of the Linear B administration at Knossos’, American Journal of Archaeology 89: 231-­‐249. Bevan, A. 2010. ‘Political Geography and Palatial Crete.’ Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 23:27-­‐54. Driessen, J. and I. Schoep. 1999. ‘The stylus and the sword: The roles of scribes and warriors in the conquest of Crete’, in R. Laffineur (ed.) Polemos: Le contexte guerrier en Égée á l'âge du Bronze (Aegaeum 19), 389-­‐401. Driessen, J. and A. Farnoux 1997. La Crète mycenienne (Bulletin de Correspondance Héllenique Supplement 30). Many good papers in English. Driessen, J. and C. Langohr. 2007. ‘Rallying ‘round a ‘Minoan’ past: the legitimation of power at Knossos during the Late Bronze Age.’. In M.L. Galaty and W.A. Parkinson (eds) Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces II, 178-­‐89. IoA Issue Desk GAL 1. Fitzsimons, R. 2011. Monumental Architecture and the Construction of the Mycenaean State. State Formation in Italy and Greece: Questioning the Neoevolutionist Paradigm, In N. Terrenato and D. Haggis (eds) Oxford:75-­‐118. 15
Galaty, M.L. and W.A. Parkinson 2007. ‘2007 Introduction: Mycenaean palaces rethought’ and ‘1999 Introduction: putting Mycenaean palaces in their place’. In M.L. Galaty and W.A. Parkinson (eds) Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces II: 1-­‐20, 21-­‐28. IoA Issue Desk GAL 1. Hatzaki, E. 2004. ‘From Final palatial to Postpalatial Knossos: a view from the Late Minoan II to Late Minoan IIIB town’, in G. Cadogan, E. Hatzaki and A. Vasilakis (eds.) Knossos: Palace, City, State,121-­‐6. Long, R. 1974. The Ayia Triadha Sarcophagus: a Study of Late Minoan and Mycenaean Funerary Practices and Beliefs (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 41). Niemeier, W.-­‐D. 1983. ‘The nature of the Knossian palace society in the second half of the fifteenth century BC: Mycenaean or Minoan?’, in O. Krzyszkowska and L. Nixon (eds.) Minoan Society, 217-­‐236. Peatfield, A.A.D. 1994. ‘After the ‘big bang’ — what? or Minoan symbols and shrines beyond palatial collapse’, in S.E. Alcock and R. Osborne (eds.) Placing the Gods: Sanctuaries and Sacred Space in Ancient Greece, 19-­‐36. Preston, L. 2004. ‘A mortuary perspective on political changes in Late Minoan II-­‐IIIB Crete’, American Journal of Archaeology 108: 321-­‐48. Sakallerakis, J. and E. Sapouna-­‐Sakellaraki 1997. Archanes: Minoan Crete in a New Light. Shaw, J. 2006. Kommos: A Minoan Harbor Town and Greek Sanctuary in Southern Crete. Greek mainland Acheson, P.E. 1999. ‘The role of force in the development of early Mycenaean polities’, in R. Laffineur (ed.) Polemos: le contexte guerrier en Egée à l’âge du bronze (Aegaeum 19), 87-­‐104. Kilian, K. 1988. ‘The emergence of wanax ideology in the Mycenaean palaces’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 7: 291-­‐302.TC 513; Inst Arch Pers. Tartaron, T. F. 2013. Maritime networks in the Mycenaean world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wright, J.C. 1987. ‘Death and power at Mycenae: changing symbols in mortuary practice’, in R. Laffineur (ed.) Thanatos: Les coutumes funéraires en Egée à l'âge du bronze (Aegaeum 1), 171-­‐
84. TC 2206. Wright, J.C. 1995. ‘From chief to state in Mycenaean Greece’, in P. Rehak (ed.) The Role of the Ruler in the Prehistoric Aegean (Aegaeum 11), 63-­‐80. Issue desk. Wright, J.C. 2008. ‘Early Mycenaean Greece’, in C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, 230-­‐57, especially 244-­‐51. January 27th: Session 6 (lecture) Mycenaean sites, culture and society in the palatial period: an overview Most of the remainder of this course focuses on the Aegean in the age of the Mycenaean palaces, c. 1400-­‐1200 BC, using archaeological and textual (Linear B) data to explore the dynamics of the mainland states in their Aegean and Mediterranean context. The aim of this lecture is to give an overview of the principal mainland sites, polities and categories of information. Over the coming weeks, specific lectures are dedicated to burial, religion, feasting, economies, the intensively investigated Pylos palace-­‐state and interaction with the remainder of the Aegean (including Troy), as well as with the wider Mediterranean. Essential Crowley, J. 2008 ‘Mycenaean art and architecture’ and Shelmerdine, C., J. Bennet and L. Preston 2008 ‘Mycenaean states’, in C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, 258-­‐309. Issue desk SHE 16, INST ARCH DAG 100 SHE. 16
Galaty, M.L. and W.A. Parkinson 2007. ‘2007 Introduction: Mycenaean palaces rethought’ and ‘1999 Introduction: putting Mycenaean palaces in their place’ (with ‘An archaeological homily’ by Cherry and Davis). In M.L. Galaty and W.A. Parkinson (eds) Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces II, 1-­‐20, 21-­‐28, 118-­‐27. IoA Issue Desk GAL 1. Recommended General Chadwick, J. 1976. The Mycenaean World (especially chapters 2, 4, 5, 7 and 8). Demakopoulou, K. (ed.) 1988. The Mycenaean World: Five Centuries of Early Greek Culture 1600-­‐
1100 BC (superb range of illustrations). Kilian, K. 1988. ‘The emergence of wanax ideology in the Mycenaean palaces’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 7: 291-­‐302. TC 513. Shelmerdine, C.W. 1997. ‘The palatial Bronze Age of the southern and central Greek mainland’, American Journal of Archaeology 101: 537-­‐85. TC 2358; Inst Arch Pers. Wright, J.C. 2004. ‘Comparative settlement patterns during the Bronze Age in the northeastern Peloponnesos, Greece’, in S.E. Alcock and J.F. Cherry (eds.) Side-­‐by-­‐side Survey: Comparative Regional Studies in the Mediterranean World, 114-­‐31. Major sites Aravantinos, V. 1995. ‘Old and new evidence for the palatial society of Mycenaean Thebes: an outline’, in R. Laffineur & W.-­‐D. Niemeier (eds.) Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 12): 613-­‐622. OR NEWER IN ACE HIGH Cavanagh, W.G. 1995. ‘Development of the Mycenaean state in Laconia: evidence from the Laconia survey,’ in R. Laffineur and W-­‐D. Niemeier (eds.) POLITEIA: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 12), 81-­‐8. Cherry, J.F. and J.L. Davis 2001. ‘Under the sceptre of Agamemnon’; the view from the hinterlands of Mycenae’, in K. Branigan (ed.) Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 4), 141-­‐59. Davis, J.L. (ed.) 2008 (2nd edition). Sandy Pylos: An Archaeological History from Nestor to Navarino. French, E. 2002. Mycenae: Agamemnon’s Capital. Iakovidis, S. 1983. Late Helladic Citadels on Mainland Greece. Iakovides, S. 2001. Gla and the Kopais in the 13th century B.C. Mountjoy, P. 1995. Mycenaean Athens. Simpson, R. 2014. Mycenaean Messenia and the kingdom of Pylos. Philadelphia: INSTAP Material culture (relevant sections only) French, E.B. 1971. ‘The development of Mycenaean terracotta figurines’, Annual of the British School at Athens 66: 101-­‐87. Immerwahr, S.A. 1990. Aegean Painting in the Bronze Age, Chapter 6. Krzyszkowska, O. 2005. Aegean Seals: An Introduction. Mountjoy, P.A. 1993. Mycenaean Pottery: An Introduction. Poursat, J.-­‐C. 1977. Les ivoires mycéniens. NB Session 7 on February 3rd is a tutorial: Thera: Thera: evidence, debate and imagination. The Thera eruption is the focus of some of the most hotly debated issues in the Aegean Bronze Age, in particular its implications to our understanding of the chronology and the possible impact of the eruption in Aegean life (Tsunamis, weather changes…). It is also one of the points in Aegean history that has captivated the imagination of the modern public. The tutorial aims to 17
help to disentangle the major archaeological issues from the complex scientific debates and modern mythologies about the event. Driessen, J. and C.F. MacDonald 2000. ‘The eruption of the Santorini volcano and its effects on Minoan Crete’. In W.J. McGuire, D.R. Griffiths, P.L. Hancock and I.S. Stewart (eds) The Archaeology of Geological Catastrophes. (Geological Society Special Publication 171), 81-­‐93. IoA Issue Desk MCG Knappett, C., Rivers, R. and Evans, T. 2011. The Theran eruption and Minoan palatial collapse: new interpretations gained from modelling the maritime network. Antiquity 85:1008-­‐23 Novikova, T., G. A. Papadopoulos, and F. W. McCoy. 2011. "Modelling of tsunami generated by the giant Late Bronze Age eruption of Thera, South Aegean Sea, Greece." Geophysical Journal International no. 186 (2):665-­‐680. Wiener, M. 2007. ‘Times change: the current debate in Old World chronology’. In M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds) The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the second millennium B.C. III, 25-­‐47. IoA DBA Qto 100 BIE. Wiener, Malcolm H. 2009. The state of the debate about the date of the Theran eruption. In Warburton, D. A. (ed.) Time's Up! Dating the Minoan eruption of Santorini: Acts of the Minoan Eruption Chronology Workshop, Sandbjerg, November 2007. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 10, Athens: The Danish Institute at Athens, pp. 197-­‐207. February 3rd: Session 8 (lecture) Ritual and power: burial practices, religion and feasting The abundant funerary record of the Mycenaean palatial period offers opportunities to explore the presentation of people and communities in death, providing a different kind of evidence for social structure from that found in the tablets. In the field of religion, the textual and expanding range of archaeological evidence resist easy integration, and provide useful challenges to the interpretation of each body of information. Feasting is a newly identified realm of activity on which several information sources converge. Essential Hiller, S. 2011. Mycenaean religion and cult. Duhoux, Yves and Anna Morpurgo Davies, eds. A Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek Texts and their World Volume 2, Bibliothèque des Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain 127, Leuven: Peeters.. INST ARCH DAE 100 DUH, COMP. PHIL. B 25 DUH. Mee, C.B. and W.G. Cavanagh 1984. ‘Mycenaean tombs as evidence for social and political organisation’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 3:45-­‐64. TC 511. Wright, J. 2004. ‘A survey of evidence for feasting in Mycenaean society’ in J. Wright (ed.) The Mycenaean Feast, 13-­‐58 (also Hesperia 73.2; papers by Davis and Stocker and Palaima also excellent). TC 3564. Recommended On burial Cavanagh, W. and C. Mee 1998. A Private Place: Death in Prehistoric Greece (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 125). See also Cavanagh’s summary in Shelmerdine 2008. Hägg, R. and G.C. Nordquist (eds.) 1990. Celebrations of Death and Divinity in the Bronze Age Argolid. Voutsaki, S. 1995. ‘Social and political processes in the Mycenaean Argolid: the evidence from the mortuary practices’, in R. Laffineur and W.-­‐D. Niemeier (eds.) Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 12), 54-­‐65. TC 1820. 18
Wright, J.C. 1987. ‘Death and power at Mycenae: changing symbols in mortuary practice’, in R. Laffineur (ed.) Thanatos: Les coutumes funéraires en Egée à l'âge du bronze (Aegaeum 1), 171-­‐
84. TC 2206. Wright, J. 2008. Chamber Tombs, Family, and State in Mycenaean Greece. In C. Gallou, M. Georgiadis and G. Muskett (eds) Dioskouroi. Studies presented to W. G. Cavanagh and C. B. Mee on the anniversary of their 30-­‐year joint contribution to Aegean Archaeology. (BAR-­‐IS 1889) Oxford:144-­‐53. On religion Bendall, L. 2001. ‘The economics of Potnia in the Linear B documents: palatial support for Mycenaean religion’ in R. Laffineur and R. Hägg (eds) Potnia: Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 22), 45-­‐52. Hägg, R. 1997. ‘State and religion in Mycenaean Greece’, in R. Laffineur and W-­‐D. Niemeier (eds.) Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 12), 387-­‐92. Hamilakis, Y. and E. Konsolaki. 2004. ‘Pigs for the gods: burnt animal sacrifices as embodied rituals at a Mycenaean sanctuary’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 23:135-­‐52. Marinatos, N. 1988. ‘The fresco from Room 31 at Mycenae: problems of method and interpretation’, in E.B. French and K.A. Wardle (eds. ) Problems in Greek Prehistory, 245-­‐251. TC 543. Moore, A.D. & W.D. Taylour 1999. Well Built Mycenae 10: The Temple Complex. Mylonas, G.E. 1982. ‘The cult centre of Mycenae’, Proceedings of the British Academy 67: 307-­‐20. TC 151. Palaima, T. 2008. ‘Mycenaean religion’, in C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, 342-­‐61. Renfrew, A.C. 1985. The Archaeology of Cult: The Sanctuary at Phylakopi. TC 266. Wright, J. 1994. ‘The spatial configuration of belief: the archaeology of Mycenaean religion’, in S.E. Alcock and R. Osborne (eds.) Placing the Gods: Sanctuaries and Sacred Space in Ancient Greece, 37-­‐78. TC 852. On feasting Halstead, P. and J. Barrett (eds.) 2004. Food, Cuisine and Society in Prehistoric Greece. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology), especially papers by Bendall, Halstead and Isaakidou, and Wright. February 10th: Session 9 (lecture) Linear B: decipherment, literacy, evidence and integration With the first use of Linear B, encountered at Knossos in the previous lecture, readable textual data become an integral part of the evidence that can be brought to bear on understanding Aegean dynamics. Linear B’s specfic contribution to our knowledge of society, political geography, economies and religion is considered in future seminars. Here, we take a broader look at the role of writing in Aegean societies, the decipherment itself, the nature of the tablets as evidence, and the problems in integrating them with other data. Philological aspects of Linear B as a form of archaic Greek are not covered. Essential Bennet, J. 1989. ‘Approaches to the problem of combining Linear B textual data and archaeological data in the Late Bronze Age Aegean’, in E.B. French and K.A. Wardle (eds.) Problems in Greek Prehistory, 509-­‐18. TC 2207; DAE 100 FRE; Yates A 22 BRI. 19
Chadwick, J. 1990. ‘Linear B’, in J.T. Hooker (intro) Reading the Past, 139-­‐95. Issue desk GC HOO; GC HOO. Olivier, J.-­‐P. 1986. ‘Cretan writing in the second millennium BC’, World Archaeology 17: 377-­‐89. TC 519; INST ARCH Pers. Pope, M., 2008, The Decipherment of Linear B. In A Companion to Linear B, edited by Y. Duhoux and A. Morpurgo Davies. INST ARCH DAE 100 DUH, COMP. PHIL. B 25 DUH. Recommended Baines, J.R. 1983. ‘Literacy and ancient Egyptian society’, Man 18: 572-­‐99. Coe, M.D. 1992. Breaking the Maya Code (account of the last great decipherment) Bennet, J. 2001. ‘Agency and bureaucracy: thoughts on the nature and extent of administration in Bronze Age Pylos’, in S. Voutsaki and J.T. Killen (eds.), Economy and Politics in the Mycenaean Palace States (Cambridge Philological Society Supplement 27), 25-­‐37. Issue Desk VOU; DAE 100 VOU. Bennet, J. 2008. ‘”Now you see it; now you don't!”: the disappearance of the Linear A script on Crete’, in J. Baines, S. Houston, and J. Bennet (eds), The Disappearance of Writing Systems: Perspectives on Literacy and Communication, 1-­‐29. TC 3656. Chadwick, J. 1967. The Decipherment of Linear B. Chadwick, J. 1976. The Mycenaean World (a very readable if dated summary from a textual perspective). Driessen, J. 2008. Chronology of the Linear B texts. In Y. Duhoux and A. Morpurgo Davies (eds) A Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek Texts and their World, Volume 1. (Bibliothèque des cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain 120). Leuven: Peeters:69-­‐79. Hooker, J.T. 1984. ‘Minoan and Mycenaean administration: a comparison of the Knossos and Pylos archives’, in R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces, 313-­‐6. TC 2167. Killen, J.T., J.L. Melena and J.-­‐P. Olivier (eds.) 1987. Studies in Myceneaean and Classical Greek Presented to John Chadwick Olivier, J.-­‐P. (ed.) 1992. Mykenaïka. Olivier, J.-­‐P. 1994. ‘The inscribed documents at Bronze Age Knossos’, in D. Evely, H. Hughes-­‐Brock and N. Momigliano (eds.) Knossos: A Labyrinth of History, 157-­‐70. TC 1822. Olivier, J.-­‐P. and T.G. Palaima 1988 (eds.). Texts, Tablets and Scribes (Minos Suppl. 10). Palaima, T.G. 1987. ‘Comments on Mycenaean literacy’, Minos 20-­‐2:499-­‐510. Palaima, T.G. (ed.) 1990. Aegean Seals, Sealings and Administration (Aegaeum 5). Palaima, T.G. and E. Sikkenga 1999. ‘Linear A > Linear B’, in P.P. Betancourt, V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur, and W.-­‐D. Niemeier (eds.) Meletemata (Aegaeum 20), 599-­‐608. Postgate, N. T. Wang and T. Wilkinson 1995. ‘The evidence for early writing: utilitarian or ceremonial?’, Antiquity 69: 459-­‐481. Robinson, A. 2002. The Man who Deciphered Linear B: The Story of Michael Ventris. Shelmerdine, C. 2008. ‘Background, sources, and methods’, in C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, especially 11-­‐14. Ventris, M. and J. Chadwick 1973. Documents in Mycenaean Greek (2nd edition). February 10th: Session 10 (lecture) Combining archaeology and text: reconstructing Mycenaean economies A combination of textual and archaeological data enables us to gain remarkable insights into the workings of Mycenaean economies (specifically agriculture and the processing of agricultural products, craft production, and trade). One key question is how much economic activity was 20
controlled by the palace. Modest assessments with more targeted goals are now finding favour, in contrast to a total redistributive role postulated earlier. Trade remains an enigmatic absence from the palatial archives. Essential Halstead, Paul. 2011. 'Redistribution in Aegean palatial societies: terminology, scale, and significance.' American Journal of Archaeology 115:229-­‐35. IoA Pers. Shelmerdine, C. and J. Bennet. 2008. ‘Economy and administration’ in C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, 289-­‐309. IoA Issue Desk SHE 16, IoA DAG 100 SHE. Whitelaw, T. 2001. ‘Reading between the tablets: assessing Mycenaean palatial involvement in ceramic production and consumption’ in S. Voutsaki and J.T. Killen (eds.) Economy and Politics in the Mycenaean Palace States (Cambridge Philological Society supplementary volume 27), 51-­‐79. TC 2770; Issue Desk VOU; DAE 100 VOU. Recommended Aprile, J. 2013. Crafts, specialists and markets in Mycenaean Greece. The new political economy of Nichoria: using intrasite distributioinal data to investigate regional institutions. AJA 117:429-­‐36. Bendall, L. 2001. ‘The economics of Potnia in the Linear B documents: palatial support for Mycenaean religion’ in R. Laffineur and R. Hägg (eds) POTNIA: Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 22), 45-­‐52. Bendall, L. 2003. A reconsideration of the Northeastern Building at Pylos: evidence for a Mycenaean redistributive centre. AJA 107:181-­‐231. Bendall, Lisa Maria. 2007. Economics of Religion in the Mycenaean World. Resources Dedicated to Religion in the Mycenaean Palace Economy,. Oxford University School of Archaeology Monograph 67, Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology Bennet, J. 1999. ‘The Linear B archives and the kingdom of Nestor’, in J.L. Davis (ed.) Sandy Pylos: An archaeological history from Nestor to Navarino, 111-­‐ 33. TC 2168. Bennet, J. 2008. ‘Palace™: speculations on palatial production in Mycenaean Greece with (some) reference to glass’, in C. Jackson and E. Wager (eds.) Vitreous Material in the Late Bronze Age Aegean: A Window to the East Mediterranean World (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 8), 151-­‐72. Finley, M.I. 1957. ‘Mycenaean palace archives and economic history’, in M.I. Finley Economy and Society in Ancient Greece, 199-­‐212. TC 2166 (dated; once influential). Galaty, M.L. and W.A. Parkinson (eds.) Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces: New Interpretations of an Old Idea, especially papers by Galaty, Halstead and Lupack. Killen, J.T. 1964. ‘The wool industry of Crete in the Late Bronze Age’, Annual of the British School at Athens 59: 1-­‐15. Lupack, S. 2011. A View from Outside the Palace: The Sanctuary and the Damos in Mycenaean Economy and Society. AJA 115:207-­‐17. Nakassis, D. 2010. Reevaluating staple and wealth finance at Mycenaean Pylos. In D. Pullen (ed.) Political economies of the Aegean Bronze Age. Oxford:127-­‐48. Palaima, T.G. 1984. ‘Preliminary comparative textual evidence for palatial control of economic activity in Minoan and Mycenaean Crete’ in R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces, 301-­‐6. Palmer, R. 1994. Wine in the Mycenaean Economy (Aegaeum 10). Shelmerdine, C.W. 1985. The Perfume Industry of Mycenaean Pylos. Shelmerdine, C.W. 1998. ‘Where do we go from here? And can the Linear B tablets help us get there?’, in E. Cline and D. Harris-­‐Cline (eds.) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium (Aegaeum 18), 291-­‐300. 21
Shelmerdine, C. 2013. Crafts, specialists and markets in Mycenaean Greece. Economic interplay among households and states. AJA 117:447-­‐52. Voutsaki, S. & J. Killen (eds.) 2001. Economy and Politics in the Mycenaean Palace States (especially papers by Voutsaki and Killen, Bennet, Halstead, Whitelaw, Voutsaki and Sherratt). Workshops Galaty, M.L. 1999. Nestor’s Wine Cups: Investigating Ceramic Manufacture and Exchange in a Late Bronze Age ‘Mycenaean’ State. Krzyskowska, O. 1993. ‘Aegean ivory carving: towards an evaluation of Late Bronze Age workshop material’, in J.L. Fitton (ed.) Ivory in Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean from the Bronze Age to the Hellenistic Period (British Museum Occasional Paper 85), 25-­‐35. Tournavitou, I. 1988. ‘Towards the identification of workshop space’, in E.B. French and K.A. Wardle (eds.) Problems in Greek Prehistory, 447-­‐67. February 24th: Session 11 (lecture) Pylos/pu-­‐ro: exploring the dynamics of a Mycenaean kingdom The palatial centre at Pylos, with its well-­‐preserved Linear B archive, combined with the intensively explored wider Late Bronze Age settlement and funerary landscapes of Messenia, provide a uniquely intricate picture of the political geography, economy and power strategies of a Mycenaean kingdom through time. This provides an exceptional opportunity for the integrated exploration of textual and archaeological information. But how typical was the Pylos state of Mycenaean palatial centres? Essential Bennet, J. 1995. ‘Space through time: diachronic perspectives on the spatial organisation of the Pylian state’, in R. Laffineur and W.-­‐D. Niemeier (eds.) Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 12), 587-­‐605 (best read in conjunction with Voutsaki on Messenia, see below). Issue desk LAF. Bennet, J. 1999. ‘The Linear B archives and the kingdom of Nestor’, in J.L. Davis (ed.) Sandy Pylos. An archaeological history from Nestor to Navarino, 111-­‐ 33. TC 2168. Davis, J.L. and J. Bennet 1999. ‘Making Mycenaeans: warfare, territorial expansion, and representations of the other in the Pylian kingdom’, in R. Laffineur (ed.) Polemos: le contexte guerrier en Égée à l’age du bronze (Aegaeum 19), 105-­‐20. TC 2163; DAE Qto LAF. Recommended Bendall, L. 2003. ‘A reconsideration of the Northeastern Building at Pylos: evidence for a Mycenaean redistributive centre’, American Journal of Archaeology 107:181-­‐231. Bennet, D.J.L. 1999. The Mycenaean conceptualization of space or Pylian geography (...yet again!)’, in S. Deger-­‐Jalkotzy, S. Hiller and O. Panagl (eds.) Floreant Studia Mycenaea,131-­‐57. Bennet, J. 2001. ‘Agency and bureaucracy: thoughts on the nature and extent of administration in Bronze Age Pylos’, in S. Voutsaki and J.T. Killen (eds.) Economy and Politics in the Mycenaean Palace States (Cambridge Philological Society Supplement 27), 25-­‐37. Bennet, J. and C.W. Shelmerdine 2001. ‘Not the Palace of Nestor: the development of the ‘lower town’ and other non-­‐palatial settlements in LBA Messenia’, in K. Branigan (ed.) Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 4), 135-­‐40. Blegen, C.W., M. Rawson, J.L. Davis and C.W. Shelmerdine 2001. A Guide to the Palace of Nestor, Mycenaean sites in its environs and the Chora Museum. Cosmopoulos, M. 2006. ‘The political landscape of Mycenaean states: A-­‐pu2 and the Hither Province of Pylos’, American Journal of Archaeology 110:205-­‐28. 22
Davis, J.L. (ed.) 2008 (2nd edition). Sandy Pylos: An Archaeological History from Nestor to Navarino. McDonald, W.A. and G.R. Rapp, Jr 1972. The Minnesota Messenia Expedition: Re-­‐ constructing a Bronze Age Regional Environment (pioneering if now dated). Palaima, T.G. and J.C. Wright 1985. ‘Ins and outs of the archives rooms at Pylos: form and function in a Mycenaean palace’, American Journal of Archaeology 89:251-­‐62. Shelmerdine, C.W. 1981. ‘Nichoria in context: a major town in the Pylos kingdom’, American Journal of Archaeology 85:319-­‐25. Shelmerdine, C.W. and T.G. Palaima (eds.) 1984. Pylos Comes Alive: Industry and Administration in a Mycenaean Palace. Simpson, R. 2014. Mycenaean Messenia and the kingdom of Pylos. Philadelphia: INSTAP Voutsaki, S. 1998. ‘Mortuary evidence, symbolic meanings and social change: a comparison between Messenia and the Argolid in the Mycenaean period’, in K. Branigan (ed.) Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1), 41-­‐58. TC 1821. February 24th: Session 12 (lecture) Knossos: What is and what is not Mycenaean Viewed as after the apogee of Minoan civilisation, only after the 1960s did the interest on LMII-­‐III Crete increase. Debates were first focused on the date of the final destruction of the palace at Knossos, which preserved the largest collection of Linear B tablets. Recently, the debate of Mycenaeanisation has become quite popular, with Knossos at the heart of the discussion. While administrators at Knossos were writing their accounts in early Greek using the Linear B script, and some mainland customs appear to have been adopted on Crete, the culture largely continues Minoan traditions. The seminar will focus on the 'Mycenaeanisation' of Knossos, and the transformations in society until the end of the Bronze Age. Essential Bennet, D.J.L. 1985. 'The structure of the Linear B administration at Knossos.' American Journal of Archaeology 89:231-­‐49. IoA TC 540; eJournals. Driessen, J. and I. Schoep. 1999. Scribes and Warriors in the Conquest of Crete.' In R. Laffineur (ed.) POLEMOS: Le contexte Driessen, J. 2000. The Scribes of the Room of the Chariot Tablets at Knossos: Interdisciplinary Approach to the Study of a Linear B Deposit. (Minos Supplement 19) Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. Main ANCIENT HISTORY W 15 DRI Nafplioti, A. 2008. 'Mycenaean' political domination of Knossos following the Late Minoan IB destructions on Crete: negative evidence from strontium isotope ratio analysis (87Sr/86Sr). Journal Archaeological Science 35.8. p. 2307-­‐231 Recommended Alberti, L. 2004 “The Late Minoan II-­‐IIIA1 Warrior Graves at Knossos: The Burial Assemblages,” in G. Cadogan, E. Hatzaki, and A. Vasilakis (eds.), Knossos: Palace, City, State [BSA Studies 12] (London 2004) 127-­‐136. Dickinson, O.T.P.K. 1996. Minoans in Mainland Greece, Mycenaeans in Crete? Cretan Studies 5:63-­‐71. ICS Periodicals Driessen, J. and C. Macdonald 1997. The Troubled Island: Minoan Crete Before and After the Santorini Eruption (Aegaeum 17), especially Chapters 5-­‐6. Driessen, J. and C. Langohr. 2007. ‘Rallying ‘round a ‘Minoan’ past: the legitimation of power at Knossos during the Late Bronze Age.’. In M.L. Galaty and W.A. Parkinson (eds) Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces II, 178-­‐89. IoA Issue Desk GAL 1. 23
Haskell, H. 1997. Mycenaeans at Knossos: patterns in the evidence. In, J. Driessen, and A. Farnoux (eds.) La Crète mycénienne. (BCH Supplément 30) Athènes: École française d'Athènes:187-­‐93. Hatzaki, E. 2004. From Final palatial to Postpalatial Knossos: a view from the Late Minoan II to Late Minoan IIIB town. In, G. Cadogan, E. Hatzaki and A. Vasilakis (eds.) Knossos: Palace, City, State. London: British School at Athens:121-­‐6. Hiller, “Knossos and Pylos. A Case of Special Relationship?,” Cretan Studies 5(1996) 73-­‐83. Hiller, S. 1997 “Cretan Sanctuaries and Mycenaean Palatial Administration at Knossos,” in J. Driessen and A. Farnoux (eds.), La Crète mycénienne [BCH Supplement 30] (Paris 1997) 205-­‐
212 Hooker, J.T. 1984. ‘Minoan and Mycenaean administration: a comparison of the Knossos and Pylos archives’, in R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces, 313-­‐6. TC 2167. Perna, K. 2009. Cultural identity and social interaction in Crete at the end of the Bronze Age (LM IIIC). In C. Bachhuber and R.G. Roberts (eds) Forces of transformation: the end of the Bronze Age in the Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxbow Books:39-­‐43 Popham, M. 1994. Late Minoan II to the end of the Bronze Age. In D. Evely, H. Hughes-­‐Brock and N. Momigliano (eds) Knossos: A Labyrinth of History. Papers in Honour of Sinclair Hood. Oxford: Oxbow Books:89-­‐102. DAG 14 HOO Preston, L. 2004. ‘A mortuary perspective on political changes in Late Minoan II-­‐IIIB Crete’, American Journal of Archaeology 108: 321-­‐48. Rehak, P. and J.G. Younger 1998. ‘Neopalatial, Final Palatial, and Postpalatial Crete.’ American Journal of Archaeology 102:91-­‐173. [<www>] Reprinted with update. In T. Cullen (ed.) 2001. Aegean Prehistory: A Review (American Journal of Archaeology Supplement 1.) March 3rd: Session 13 (TUTORIAL) The Aegean as an archaeological discipline: Past and Present The Aegean has one of the longest histories of research in archaeology, including colourful individuals and a strong connection with the general public from an early stage. How does more than 100 years of fieldwork mean for the discipline? How the particular history of archaeology in the region affect modern studies? What is the future of the discipline? March 3rd: Session 14 (lecture) The Mycenaean world and its Aegean neighbours How did the mainland core of the Mycenaean palatial world relate to other parts of the Aegean? This involves several processes. One is the ‘Mycenaeanisation’ of much of the southern island Aegean (as seen earlier in the case of Crete in the period in and after the Linear B archives. Another is relations with non-­‐palatial societies in the north Aegean, which maintained different ways of life. Finally, there are contacts with Troy and other now emerging west Anatolian urban communities, the interface for contacts even further east, with the Hittite empire, whose textual sources also come into play. Essential Andreou, S. 2001. ‘Exploring the patterns of power in the Bronze Age settlements of northern Greece’, in K. Branigan (ed.) Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 4), 160-­‐73. IoA BRI7, IOA DAE 100 BRA 24
Korfmann, M. 1995. ‘Troia: a residential and trading city at the Dardanelles’, in W.-­‐D. Niemeier & R. Laffineur (eds.) Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 12), 173-­‐184. IOA LAF 1. Available online: http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/aegaeum12.html. Tartaron, T. 2010. Between and beyond: political economy in the non-­‐palatial Mycenaean worlds. In D. Pullen (ed.) Political economies of the Aegean Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books:161-­‐83. IoA Issue Desk PUL 2. Recommended Adrimi-­‐Sismani, V. 2007. ‘Mycenaean northern borders revisited. New evidence from Thessaly’. In M.L. Galaty and W.A. Parkinson (eds) Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces II. 159-­‐77. Issue Desk GAL 1. Andreou, S., M. Fotiades and K. Kotsakis 1996. ‘Review of Aegean Prehistory V: The Neolithic and Bronze Age of northern Greece’, American Journal of Archaeology 100: 537-­‐97 (also in T. Cullen [ed.] 2001 Aegean Prehistory: A Review, 259-­‐327). Bennet, J. 1990. ‘Knossos in context: comparative perspectives on the Linear B administration of LM II-­‐III Crete’, American Journal of Archaeology 94: 193-­‐211. Bennet, J. 2011. ‘The geography of the Mycenaean kingdoms.’ In Y. Duhoux and A. Morpurgo Davies (eds). A Companion to Linear B Mycenaean Greek Texts and their World, Vol. 2. Louvain-­‐
la-­‐Neuve:137-­‐168. MAIN Comp. Phil. B 25 DUH. Blegen, C.W. 1963. Troy and the Trojans, Chapters 6-­‐8 (dated but still useful). Broodbank, C., E. Kiriatzi and J.B. Rutter 2005. ‘From pharaoh’s feet to the slave-­‐women of Pylos? The history and cultural dynamics of Kythera in the third palace period’, in A. Dakouri-­‐Hild and E. S. Sherratt (eds) Ace High, 70-­‐96. Bryce, T. 2003. ‘Relations between Hatti and Ahhiyawa in the last decades of the Bronze Age’. In G. Beckman, R. Beal and G. McMahon (eds) Hittite studies in honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr., 59-­‐
72. Bryce, T. 2005 (revised edition). The Kingdom of Hittites. Bryce, T. 2006. The Trojans and their neighbours. London: Routledge. Catling, H.W., J.F. Cherry, R.E. Jones and J.T. Killen 1980. ‘The Linear B inscribed stirrup jars and west Crete’, Annual of the British School at Athens 75: 49-­‐113. Cline, E. 1996. ‘Assuwa and the Achaeans: the “Mycenaean” sword at Hattusas and its possible implications’, Annual of the British School at Athens 91: 137-­‐151. Cline, E. 2013. The Trojan War: a very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. Easton, D.F., J.D. Hawkins, A.G. Sherratt and E.S. Sherratt 2002. ‘Troy in recent perspective’, Anatolian Studies 52:75-­‐109. Jablonka, P. 2010. Troy. In E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-­‐1000 BC). Oxford: Oxford University Press:849-­‐61. Jablonka, P. and C.B. Rose. 2004. Late Bronze Age Troy: A Response to Frank Kolb. AJA 108:615-­‐30. Kiriatzi, E., S. Andreou, S. Dimitriadis and K. Kotsakis 1997. ‘Co-­‐existing traditions: handmade and wheelmade pottery in Late Bronze Age Central Macedonia’, in R. Laffineur and P.P. Betancourt (eds.) TEHNI: Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 16), 275-­‐89. Issue Desk LAF 7. Kolb, F. 2004. ‘Troy VI: a trading centre and commercial city’, AJA 108:577-­‐614. Mee, C. M. 1982. Rhodes in the Bronze Age. Mee, C.M. 1998. ‘Anatolia and the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age’, in E. Cline and D. Harris-­‐Cline (eds.) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium (Aegaeum 18), 137-­‐148. Mee, C. 2008. ‘Mycenaean Greece, the Aegean and beyond’. In C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, 362-­‐86. Issue Desk SHE 16; DAG 100 SHE. Mountjoy, P.A. 1993. Mycenaean Pottery: An Introduction, Chapter 4. 25
Niemeier, W.-­‐D. 1999. ‘Mycenaeans and Hittites in war in Asia Minor’, in R. Laffineur (ed.) Polemos: le contexte guerrier en Egée à l’âge du bronze (Aegaeum 19), 141-­‐55. Issue desk DAE Qto LAF. Niemeier, W.-­‐D. 2005. Minoans, Mycenaeans, Hittites and Ionians in Western Asia Minor: New Excavations in Bronze Age Miletus-­‐Millawanda. In A. Villing (ed.) The Greeks in the East. (British Museum Research Publication 157). London: The British Museum:1-­‐36. Pantou, P. 2010. Mycenaean Dimini in Context: Investigating Regional Variability and Socioeconomic Complexities in Late Bronze Age Greece. AJA 114:381-­‐401. Renfrew, A.C. 1981. ‘The sanctuary at Phylakopi’, in R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds.) Sanctuaries and Cults in the Aegean Bronze Age, 67-­‐80. TC 1006. Schallin, A.-­‐L. 1993. Islands Under Influence: The Cyclades in the Late Bronze Age and the Nature of the Mycenaean Presence (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 111). Studia Troica, a series with abundant information on the new excavations at Troy. Wright, J.C. 1984. ‘Umpiring the Mycenaean empire’, Temple University Aegean Symposium 9:58-­‐
70. March 10th: Session 15 (lecture) Aegean interaction with the east and central Mediterranean Mycenaean palatial age interaction with the wider Mediterranean both continues earlier Aegean traditions and raises fresh issues, in terms of new regions, forms, and types of evidence, including shipwrecks, great successes with provenance and residue analysis, and documentary insights from Ugarit and Amarna. The rapid development of Cyprus as an urban society reconfigured Mediterranean metal supply mechanisms and trading patterns, and its changing role had significant effects on Mycenaean trade. Growing Aegean contact with the central Mediterranean opened up a new series of vectors. Essential Bevan, A. 2010. Making and marking relationships. Bronze Age brandings and Mediterranean commodities. In A. Bevan and D. Wengrow (eds) Cultures of Commodity Branding. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press:35-­‐85. IoA AH BEV. TC 3729 Sherratt, A.G. and E.S. Sherratt 1991. ‘From luxuries to commodities: the nature of Mediterranean Bronze Age trading systems’, in N.H. Gale (ed.) Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean (SIMA 90), 351-­‐86. TC 507; DAG Qto STU 90. Vagnetti, L. 1999. ‘Mycenaean pottery in the central Mediterranean; imports and local production in their context’, in J. P. Crielaard, V. Stissi, and G. J. van Wijngaarden (eds.), The Complex Past of Pottery, 137-­‐61. TC 3601. Recommended Barber, E.J.W. 1991. Prehistoric Textiles (especially Chapter 15). Beckman, G., T. Bryce and E. Cline. 2011. The Ahhiyawa Texts. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. Bell, C. 2009. Continuity and change: the divergent destinies of Late Bronze Age ports in Syria and Lebanon across the LBA/Iron Age transition. In C. Bachhuber and R.G. Roberts (eds) Forces of Transformation. The end of the Bronze Age in the Mediterranean. Oxford: Oxbow Books:30-­‐8. Bell, C. 2012. The merchants of Ugarit: oligarchs of the Late Bronze Age trade in metals? In V. Kassianidou and G. Papasavvas (eds) Eastern Mediterranean Metallurgy and Metalwork in the Second Millennium BC: A conference in honour of James D. Muhly. Oxford:180-­‐ 87. Bevan, A.H. 2007. Stone Logics: Vessels and Values in the Bronze Age East Mediterranean. Burns, B. 2010. Mycenaean Greece, Mediterranean Commerce and the Formation of Identity. 26
Cline, E.H. 2009 (second edition). Sailing the Wine-­‐Dark Sea: International Trade and the Late Bronze Age Aegean. Cline, E. 2009. Bronze Age Interactions between the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean Revisited: Mainstream, Periphery, or Margin? In W. Parkinson and M. Galaty (eds) Archaic State Interaction: The Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age. Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press:161-­‐80. Cline, E.H. and D. Harris-­‐Cline (eds.) 1998. The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium (Aegaeum 18), especially papers by Knapp, Morris, and the Sherratts. Feldman, M. 2006. Diplomacy by Design: Luxury Arts and an ‘International Style’ in the Ancient Near East, 1400-­‐1200 BCE. Gale, N. (ed.) 1991. Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean (Studies in Mediterraean Archaeology 90), especially papers by Bass, Gale, Knapp, and the Sherratts. Gale, N. and Z.A. Stos-­‐Gale 1999. ‘Copper oxhide ingots and the Aegean metals trade: new perspectives’, in P.P. Betancourt, V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur, and W.-­‐D. Niemeier (eds.) Meletemata (Aegaeum 20), 267-­‐77. Knapp, A.B. 2008. Prehistoric and Protohistoric Cyprus: Identity, Insularity, and Connectivity. Laffineur, R. and E. Greco (eds.) 2005. Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean (Aegaeum 25), especially papers by Bell, Cline and Jasink. Liverani, M. 2001. International Relations in the Ancient Near East, 1600-­‐1100 BC. Manning, S.W. and Hulin, L. 2005. ‘Maritime commerce and geographies of mobility in the Late Bronze Age of the eastern Mediterranean: problematizations’, in E. Blake and A. B. Knapp (eds.). The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory, 270-­‐302. Monroe, C. 2009. Scales of Fate: Trade, Tradition and Transformation in the Eastern Mediterranean, ca. 1350-­‐1175 BCE. Schon, R. 2009. ‘Think Locally, Act Globally: Mycenaean Elites and the Late Bronze Age World-­‐
System.’ In W. Parkinson and M. Galaty (eds) Archaic State Interaction: The Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age. Santa Fe:213-­‐36. IoA Issue Desk PAR 10 Sherratt, E.S. 1999. ‘E pur si muove: pots, markets and values in the second millennium Mediterranean’, in J.P. Crielaard, V. Stissi and G.J. van Wijngaarden (eds.), The Complex Past of Pottery: Production, Circulation and Consumption of Mycenaean and Greek Pottery, 163-­‐211. Shortland, A.J. (ed.) 2001. The Social Context of Technological Change: Egypt and the Near East, 1650-­‐1550 BC (papers by Bourriau et al, the Sherratts and Shortland). Wachsmann, S. 1998. Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant. van Wijngaarden, G.-­‐J. 1999. ‘An archaeological approach to the concept of value: Mycenaean pottery at Ugarit (Syria)’, Archaeological Dialogues 1999:2-­‐40. van Wijngaarden, G.J. 2002. Use and Appreciation of Mycenaean Pottery in the Levant, Cyprus and Italy (1600-­‐1200 BC). Vianello, A. 2005. Late Bronze Age Mycenaean and Italic Products in the West Mediterranean: A Social and Economic Analysis (BAR International Series 1439). March 10th: Session 16 (Tutorial) Mycenaean Trade Trade in the Late Bronze Age east Mediterranean is richly illustrated by a wide range of material, from texts to modern scientific analyses. We will focus on the unique data provided by shipwrecks to help us think about the nature and intensity of this trade. We will use also material from the Institute’s collections to help us to understand better archaeological approaches to trade during this period. Essential 27
Bass, G. F. 1991. ‘Evidence of trade from Bronze Age shipwrecks’, in N. H. Gale (ed.), Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean (SIMA 90), 69-­‐82. TC 508. Pulak, C. 1998. ‘The Uluburun shipwreck: an overview’, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Excavation 27: 188-­‐224. INST ARCH Pers (for images see also Das Schiff von Uluburun at issue desk). Recommended Bass, G.F. 1967. Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck (Transactions of the American Philological Society 57, part 8). Bass, G.F. ‘Cape Gelidonya and Bronze Age maritime trade’, in H.A. Hoffner (ed.) Orient and Occident: Essays Presented to Cyrus Gordon, 29-­‐37. Bass, G.F. 1987. ‘Oldest known shipwreck reveals Bronze Age splendors’, National Geographic 172.6 (December): 693-­‐733. Bass, G.F. 1996. Shipwrecks in the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology. Gibbins, D. 1990. ‘Analytical approaches in maritime archaeology: a Mediterranean perspective’, Antiquity 64: 376-­‐89. TC 539. Haldane, C. 1993. ‘Direct evidence for organic cargoes in the Late Bronze Age’, World Archaeology 24: 348-­‐60. TC 518; Inst Arch Pers. Monroe, C. 2010. ‘Sunk costs at Late Bronze Age Uluburun’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 357, 19-­‐33. Parker, A.J. 1992. ‘Cargoes, containers and storage: the ancient Mediterranean’, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 21: 89-­‐100. Phelps, W., Y. Lolos and Y. Vichos (eds.) 1999. The Point Iria Wreck: Interconnections in the Mediterranean, ca. 1200 BC. Raban, A. 1985. Harbour Archaeology (British Archaeological Reports 257). Serpico, M. and R. White 2000. ‘The botanical identity and transport of incense during the Egyptian New Kingdom’, Antiquity 74: 884-­‐97. Wachsmann, S. 1998. Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant. Yalçin, Ü., C. Pulak and R. Slotta 2005. Das Schiff von Uluburun: Welthandel vor 3000 Jahren (superb illustrations, and if you can read the German, the most up-­‐to-­‐date information). March 17th: Session 17 (lecture) Collapse or transformation: The end of the palatial Aegean Unlike the end of Neopalatial Crete, the collapse of the Mycenaean palatial system coincides with a wider horizon of transformation across the eastern Mediterranean. Traditional explanations stress invasion or migration (e.g. ‘sea peoples’), but can we gain a deeper understanding of the shift from Bronze to Iron Age societies? Essential Deger-­‐Jalkotzy, S. 2008. ‘Decline, destruction, aftermath’. In C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, 387-­‐415. IoA Issue Desk SHE 16; DAG 100 SHE. Dickinson, O. 2006. The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age: Continuity and Change Between the Twelfth and Eighth Centuries BC, 24-­‐78. Issue desk DIC; DAG 100 DIC. Sherratt, E.S. 1998. ‘”Sea peoples” and the economic structure of the late second millennium in the Eastern Mediterranean’, in S. Gitin, A. Mazar and E. Stern (eds.) Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE, 92-­‐313. TC 2183; Issue Desk GIT. Recommended 28
Aegean processes Deger-­‐Jalkotzy , S. 2008. ‘Decline, destruction, aftermath’, in C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, 387-­‐415. Maran, J. 2009. ‘The crisis years? Reflections on signs of instability in the last decades of the Mycenaean palaces.’ Scienze dell'antichità: Storia archeologia antropologia 15:241-­‐ 62 Maran, J. 2011. Contested pasts -­‐ the society of the 12th c. BCE Argolid and the memory of the Mycenaean palatial period. In W. Gauss, M. Lindblom, R.A. Smith and J. Wright (eds) Our cups are full: pottery and society in the Aegean Bronze Age. Oxford: BAR:169-­‐78. Rutter, J.B. 1990. ‘Some comments on interpreting the dark-­‐surfaced handmade burnished pottery of the 13th and 12th century BC Aegean’, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3: 29-­‐
49. Shelmerdine, C.W. 1987. ‘Architectural change and economic decline at Pylos’, Minos 20-­‐22: 557-­‐68. Sherratt, E.S. 2001. ‘Potemkin palaces and route-­‐based economies’,in S. Voutsaki and J.T. Killen (eds.) Economy and Politics in the Mycenaean Palace States (Cambridge Philological Society Supplement 27), 214-­‐238. Wright, J.C. 1984. ‘Change in form and function of the palace at Pylos’, in C.W. Shelmerdine & T.G. Palaima (eds.) Pylos Comes Alive: Industry and Administration in a Mycenaean Palace, 19-­‐29. Eastern Mediterranean and ‘sea peoples’ Dothan, T. and M. Dothan 1992. The People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines. Bell, C. 2006. The Evolution of Long Distance Trading Relationships across the LBA /Iron Age Transition on the Northern Levantine Coast (BAR International Series 1574). Killibrew, A. 1998. ‘Aegean and Aegean-­‐style material culture in Canaan during the 14th-­‐12th centuries BC: trade, colonisation, diffusion or migration?’, in E. Cline and D. Harris-­‐Cline (eds.) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium (Aegaeum 18), 159-­‐169. Liverani, M. 1985. ‘The collapse of the Near Eastern regional system at the end of the Bronze Age: the case of Syria’, im M. Rowlands, M. Larsen and K. Kristiansen (eds.) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, 66-­‐73. TC 2202. Oren, E. (ed.) 2000. The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment. Sandars, N.K. 1985. The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean (dated in approach but a great read . . . if you believe it). Ward, W.A. and M.S. Joukowsky (eds.) The Crisis Years: The 12th Century B.C. From Beyond the Danube to the Tigris, especially papers by Muhhly and Rutter. Yasur-­‐Landau, A. 2010. The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age. On collapse Diamond, J. 2005. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. McAnany, P. and N. Yoffee (eds.) 2010. Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability and the Aftermath of Empire. Schwartz, G. and J. Nichols (eds.) 2006. After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies. March 17th: Session18 (lecture) A new beginning: the world of the Early Iron Age The traditional narrative of a ‘dark age’ separating the palatial Bronze Age from the Archaic world has been comprehensively reviewed and new narratives explore the transition between Bronze Age and Early Iron Age from a less catastrophic point of view. There is much interest in alternative models of collapse and in studying the Bronze Age roots of many of the Early Iron Age dynamics. The lecture aims to answer the question: Is the Early Iron Age a clean break from the past or just a continuation of trends already present in the last Palatial period? 29
Essential Popham, M.R. 1987. ‘Lefkandi and the Greek Dark Age’, in B. Cunliffe (ed.) Origins: the Roots of European Civilisation, 67-­‐80. TC 494; DA 100 CUN. Sherratt, S.E. and A.G. Sherratt 1993. ‘The growth of the Mediterranean economy in the early first millennium BC’, World Archaeology 24: 361-­‐378. Recommended The transition Bass, G.F. 1967. Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck (Transactions of the American Philological Society 57, part 8). Dickinson, O. 2006. The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age: Continuity and Change Between the Twelfth and Eighth Centuries BC. Foxhall, L. 1995. ‘Bronze to iron: agricultural systems and political structures in Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Greece’, Annual of the British School at Athens 90:239-­‐50. TC 2221. Maran, J. 2001. ‘Political and religious aspects of architectural change on the upper citadel of Tiryns: the case of building T’, in R. Laffineur and R. Hägg (eds) Potnia: Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 22), 113-­‐22. Rutter, J.B. 1992. ‘Cultural novelties in the post-­‐palatial Aegean world: indices of vitality or decline?’, in W.A. Ward and M.S. Joukowsky (eds.)The Crisis Years: The 12th Century BC from Beyond the Danube to the Tigris, 61-­‐78. Sherratt, E.S. 1994. ‘Commerce, iron and ideology: metallurgical innovation in 12th-­‐ 11th century Cyprus’, in V. Karageorghis (ed.) Proceedings of the International Symposium: Cyprus in the 11th Century BC, 59-­‐106. Sherratt, E.S. 2000. ‘Circulation of metals and the end of the Bronze Age in the eastern Mediterranean’, in C. Pare (ed.) Metals Make the World Go Round: The Supply and Circulation of Metals in Bronze Age Europe, 82-­‐98. Morris, S.P. 1992. Daidalos and the Origins of Greek Art. The Early Iron Age Morris, I. 2000. Archaeology as Cultural History: Words and Things in Iron Age Greece. Morris, I. 2008. ‘Early Iron Age Greece’, in W. Scheidel, I. Morris and R. Saller (eds.) The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-­‐Roman World, 211-­‐41. Osborne, R. 1996. Greece in the Making 1200 -­‐ 479 BC (earlier chapters). Whitley, J. 2001. The Archaeology of Ancient Greece (earlier chapter) Phoenicians and wider networks Aubet, M.E. 2001. The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade (2nd edition). Malkin, I. 2003. ‘Networks and the emergence of Greek identity’, Mediterranean Historical Review 18: 56-­‐74. Muhly, J.D. 1999. ‘The Phoenicians in the Aegean’, in P. Betancourt, V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur & W.-­‐D. Niemeier (eds.) Meletemata: Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Wiener (Aegaeum 20), 517-­‐26. Purcell, N. 1990. ‘Mobility and the polis’, in O. Murray and S. Price (eds.), The Greek City: From Homer to Alexander, 29-­‐58. TC 570. Riva, C. and Vella, N. (eds.) 2006. Debating Orientalization: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Processes of Change in the Ancient Mediterranean (Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology 10) NB Session 19 on March 24th (tutorial) Modern representations of a Golden Age 30
From Schliemann to Brad Pitt, From Homer to BBC one, the Aegean has attracted the interest of the general public that in many ways has formed a vision of the period that is quite different from the Academic one. How are the two linked? Do they influence each other? How should Academics communicate to the general public? March 24th: Session 20 (lecture) From Bronze Age archaeology to Homeric epic and conclusion The Homeric epics are where Aegean prehistory began, with Schliemann at Troy and Mycenae. But what can be the relationship between poems that we now know to have been oral compositions, altered with each performance, and the archaeological record that we have explored — and can we, or should we try to, date the poems by aligning them with any particular period of the past? Rather, perhaps the poems as much as archaeological sites have their layers of development, their own form of stratigraphy? And perhaps each age has its own Homer, as each generations defines its own vision of Aegean prehistory. Essential Bennet, J. 1997. ‘Homer and the Bronze Age’, in I. Morris and B. Powell (eds.) A New Companion to Homer, 511-­‐34. TC 2418; Main CLASSICS GN 10 MOR. Sherratt, E.S. 1990. ‘”Reading the texts’’: archaeology and the Homeric question’, Antiquity 64:807-­‐24. TC 486; INST ARCH Pers. Recommended Bennet, J. 2004. ‘Iconographies of value: words, people and things in the Late Bronze Age Aegean’, in J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds.) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 6), 90-­‐106. Carter, J.B. and S.M. Morris (eds.) 1995. The Ages of Homer. Dickinson, O.T.P.K. 1986. ‘Homer, the poet of the dark age’, Greece and Rome n.s. 33, 1: 20-­‐37. TC 542. Finley, M.I. 1978. The World of Odysseus (2nd revised edition). Goody, J. 1987. The Interface between the Written and the Oral (chapters 1-­‐3). Lorimer, H. 1950. Homer and the Monuments. Manning, S.W. 1992. ‘Archaeology and the world of Homer: introduction to a past and present discipline’, in C. Emlyn-­‐Jones, L. Hardwick & J. Purkis (eds.) Homer: Readings and Images, 117-­‐
42 (useful survey). TC 488. Foxhall, L. and J.K. Davies (eds.) 1984. The Trojan war: Its Historicity and Context (papers by Easton, Mee, Davies, Hainsworth, Cook, Discussion). Mellink, M.J. (ed.) 1986. Troy and the Trojan War (especially paper by Vermeule). Morris, S. and R. Laffineur (eds.) 2007. Epos: Reconsidering Greek Epic and Aegean Bronze Age Archaeology (Aegaeum 28). Morris, I. 1986. ‘The use and abuse of Homer’, Classical Antiquity 5: 81-­‐138. TC 531. Morris, S.P. 1989. ‘A tale of two cities: the miniature frescoes from Thera and the origins of Greek poetry’, American Journal of Archaeology 93: 511-­‐35. TC 520. Parry, A (ed.) 1971. The Making of Homeric Verse: The Collected Papers of Milman Parry. Rubens, B. and O. Taplin 1989. An Odyssey Round Odysseus. Snodgrass, A.M. 1974. ‘An historical Homeric society?’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 94: 114-­‐25. TC 528. Thomas, R. 1992. Literacy and Orality in Ancient Greece. West, M. 1988. ‘The rise of the Greek epic’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 108: 151-­‐172. TC 512. Vansina, J. 1965. Oral Tradition (a bit dated now, but still the classic exposition). 31
Wood, M. 1985. In Search of the Trojan War (a popular introduction). 32
4
ONLINE RESOURCES
4
ONLINE RESOURCES
The full UCL Institute of Archaeology coursework guidelines are given here:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook
The full text of this handbook is available here (includes clickable links to Moodle
and online reading lists if applicable)
5
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Libraries and other resources
Libraries
The reading for this course is largely contained in the Institute’s own library, with
essential readings in its Teaching Collection, or in books held at issue desk, or
available on-line. For in-depth reading beyond that required, works not held in the
Institute’s library are usually available in the UCL Main Library (specifically in
Ancient History or Classics) and the DMS Watson Science Library. On the following
pages, information is given for the essential and some other reading as to where
in the UCL library system it is available. The location and Teaching Collection (TC)
number, and status (e.g. if on loan) for all UCL holdings can be accessed on the
eUCLid computer catalogue.
Reports on recent archaeological work
Archaeological Reports
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=ARE and the ‘Chronique
des Fouilles’ included in the Bulletin de correspondance héllenique summarise
work in Greece each year. Inst Arch Periodicals and, for BCH:
http://www.efa.gr/ follow links to CEFAEL and BCH; Archaeological Reports was
published, until ca. 1955, as ‘Archaeology in Greece’, in the Journal of Hellenic
Studies Main CLASSICS Periodicals and
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublication?journalCode=jhellenicstudies .
For readers of modern Greek, Archaiologikon Deltion, Ergon and Praktika may be
useful, although no specific reading from non-English sources will be expected.
The first generally reports annually on rescue archaeology in Greece, while the
latter two provide summary and full preliminary reports on the annual work of the
Archaeological Society of Athens. All are available in the Institute of Classical
Studies, the last 25 years of the Praktika are in the Institute of Archaeology
library.
Several conference and monograph series focus on Aegean prehistory. The
Swedish Institute at Athens organised annual thematic conferences, many on
prehistoric themes, most edited by Robin Hägg and co-editors. These have been
somewhat superseded by the biennial conferences organised by Robert Laffineur
and colleagues, and published in the series Aegaeum; other conferences and
monographs are also published in this series. Short but useful papers were
produced for a series of Temple University Aegean Symposia, organised by Phillip
Betancourt in the 1970s and 1980s. Over the past decade, an excellent series of
thematic volumes have come out of an annual workshop at Sheffield University. A
series of conferences have been organised around the site of Akrotiri on Thera,
and its interconnections with the rest of the Aegean. Finally, the Mycenaean
Seminar of the University of London has run an annual series of lectures for the
past 50 years, of which abstracts appear in the Bulletin of the Institute of
Classical Studies.
33
In addition to the Aegaeum series, many Aegean prehistory volumes have been
published as Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology (SIMA) or SIMA-Pocket Books,
by Paul Åström, or over the last three decades by British Archaeological Reports
(BAR). Monograph series have been established by various institutions and
journals, such as the Institute for Aegean Prehistory (INSTAP), British School at
Athens, Archaeological Society of Athens, Hesperia, American Journal of
Archaeology, and Bulletin de correspondance héllenique. Most are in the Institute
library individually as books, but the Hesperia Supplementary Volumes, are
(mostly) filed immediately after Hesperia, on the periodical shelves.
Electronic journals
Most of the journals from which readings have been noted, are available in the
library of the Institute. For most only the last 20 years are on the shelves; earlier
volumes need to be called from store, either on-line, or using a slip from the
library Issue Desk. The location of holdings for each journal can be ascertained
using eUCLid. Journals which have articles on the reading lists and which are
available on-line, include the following, which you will have access to (short of the
last 2-5 years) if you locate them via the UCL library web-site and your UCL
account. Many journal sites provide lists of the Tables of Contents (TOC) for
various years, some provide abstracts, some allow download as PDF files, and a
few have searchable indices. The main journals for this course are available online are:
American Journal of Archaeology; Antiquity; Archaeological Reports: Bulletin de
correspondance héllenique; Cambridge Archaeological Journal; European Journal
of Archaeology; Hesperia; Journal of Archaeological Science; Journal of Hellenic
Studies; Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology; Mediterranean Archaeology and
Archaeometry; Oxford Journal of Archaeology; World Archaeology.
Websites and other internet resources
An increasing number of resources are available on the web, but should be used
with caution; many are enthusiasts’ sites with holiday snaps, and some are
worse; note that there is no vetting system on the web (unlike academic
publications). You should be extremely cautious about relying on information from
web-sites, and should not, normally, use them as citation sources for your essays.
If you feel information from a website is essential and cannot track it back to a
printed source, ask the Course Co-ordinator whether it is reputable, before citing
it. Many current field projects maintain their own websites, which may provide
more up-to-date information than has appeared in print. These can be found by
Googling the site name (beware of alternative spellings, particularly
transliterations of Greek names). Many museums are increasingly putting images
and details of their holdings on the web - search for the specific museum’s website to see what is available. Some conferences put abstracts of papers on the
web, and some publishers do likewise for the publication of conference
proceedings.
General sites with useful links are
Hellenic Ministry of Culture: http://www.culture.gr/ links for individual sites and museums.
Nestor: http://classics.uc.edu/nestor/. Home site, with bibliographic database search
http://classics.uc.edu/nestor/index.php/nestorbib .
American School of Classical Studies: http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/ with links to projects
http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/index.php/fieldwork/fieldwork.
Perseus: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ a Classics teaching resource; links to maps and
images.
INSTAP East Crete Study Centre: http://www2.forthnet.gr/instapec/ .
Metis: http://www.stoa.org/metis/cgi-bin/cat interactive panoramic views of sites.
Minoan Crete: http://www.uk.digiserve.com/mentor/minoan/index.html includes
information about major Bronze Age sites on Crete.
34
The Aegeus society: http://www.aegeussociety.org/en/index.php/ great site devoted to the
Bronze Age Aegean with news about new publications, seminars and also book reviews.
Jeremy Rutter has introductory material by topic for his Dartmouth College undergraduate
course available at: http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/ . Each
lesson/topic has attached a fairly useful bibliography and range of images.
The Nestor website has a search facility http://classics.uc.edu/nestor/index.php/nestorbib
which can be useful for finding references for Aegean publications from 1959-2010; it is
not comprehensive, but is strong for the English language literature, and can be searched
by author, title words, journal, book title or year. It adds about 500-800 publications per
year.
The Aegeus society is a great place to check for newer publications including articles, fairly
comprehensive but not exhaustive: http://www.aegeussociety.org/en/index.php/ .
TOCS-IN at the University of Toronto is a journal and festschrift index for classical journals
from 1992. The Home site http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/amphoras/tocs.html#arts will
lead you the search facility; the list of journals
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/amphoras/tdata/inform.html and festschrifts/collections
<http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/cgi-bin/amphoras/tocsrch?trm=BkColl&coll=on> indicates
the sources searched.
Aegeanet: is a discussion group. If you join, it is better as a reader than participant;
people take a dim view of requests for reading lists or requests for ideas for essays. It will
also fill your inbox rapidly with loads of waffle. Home page:
http://people.ku.edu/~jyounger/aegeanet.html .
Studies in Mycenaean Inscriptions and Dialect: A collection of resources on Aegean scripts:
http://paspserver.class.utexas.edu/
Corpus of the Minoan and Mycenaean Seals: a searchable database of Bronze Age seals
from the Aegean http://arachne.uni-koeln.de/drupal/?q=en/node/196
University of Heidelberg digitized Archaeological literature: http://digi.ub.uniheidelberg.de/en/sammlungen/archaeologie.html?sid=e918f190085a2afc066e82931994db
a8&tree_cmd=-178#xRezeption:20der:20Antike:2350004 Includes electronic versions of
some out of print books, including Arthur Evans’ Palace of Minos.
Malcolm and Carolyn Wiener Dendrochronology Lab: http://www.arts.cornell.edu/dendro/
University of Crete: Remote sensing and archaeological maps:
http://digitalcrete.ims.forth.gr/index.php?l=1 .
6. INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES
General policies and procedures concerning courses and coursework, including
submission procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available
in
your
Degree
Handbook
and
on
the
following
website:
http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin. It is essential that you read and comply
with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be different
depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate,
graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult
your course co-ordinator.
35