1 ARCL 3072 ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE LEVANT, ARCL 3072 HANDBOOK - FINAL

ARCL 3072 HANDBOOK - FINAL

ARCL 3072 ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE LEVANT, 2015-2016

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ARCL 3072 ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE LEVANT (0.5 unit)

2015-2016, Term 2, Tuesdays 4-6 PM, Room 410, Institute of Archaeology

Co-ordinator: Katherine (Karen) Wright (k.wright@ucl.ac.uk), Room 101, IoA. Tel. 0207 679 4715

GENERAL. This handbook contains introductory information. If you have queries, please consult the Coordinator. For policies & procedures, see Appendix A at end of this document. If changes need to be made to course arrangements, these will be communicated by email; it is essential that you consult your UCL e-mail regularly. PLEASE BRING THIS HANDOUT TO ALL SESSIONS.

COURSE CONTENT,

This course is an introduction to the archaeology of the Levant (modern-day Syria, Lebanon, Jordan,

Israel/Palestine, northernmost Arabia, the Negev, Sinai & the Hatay-Gaziantep region of southern Turkey).

The temporal scope is early prehistory to the end of the Iron Age (333 BC). Topics include initial colonization, Palaeolithic hunter-gatherer societies, human ecology & the emergence of agrarian societies & villages in the aceramic Neolithic; technological change, craft specialization & the emergence of ceramic

Neolithic & Chalcolithic cultures; the evolution of complex societies in the fourth & third millennia BCE;

(Early Bronze Age); the growth of Canaanite & Amorite civilizations & urban cultures in the early second millennium BCE (Middle Bronze Age); relations of the Late Bronze Age Levant with the empires of New

Kingdom Egypt, Mitanni & the Hittites; the Late Bronze Age “collapse;” the emergence of Iron Age city states, kingdoms & tribal polities after 1200 BCE (Philistia, Phoenicia, Israel, Judah, Ammon, Moab, Edom,

Arabia, Aram, the Neo-Hittites); & the impact of the Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian & Persian empires. Major themes are social-cultural diversity, long-term cycles of culture change, regional interactions & the impact of ancient history on present-day societies. The approach is multi-disciplinary, drawing on history, anthropology, human ecology, materials science & archaeology. Material culture is taught in artifact labs & museum visits.

AIMS, OBJECTIVES & LEARNING OUTCOMES

The aims of this course are: (1) to teach the present state of knowledge about societies of the Levant from prehistory to the end of the Iron Age; topics include civilizations of the Canaanites, Phoenicia, Philistia,

Israel, Judah, Aram, the Neo-Hittites, Ammon, Moab, Edom & Arabia; (2) to present recent archaeological

& historical research on these periods; (3) to consider ethnohistoric & literary accounts (e.g. the Hebrew

Bible); (4) to explore the growth & collapse of empires, international exchange & interaction, ethnicity, gender, writing systems, the development of religions. On successful completion of this course a student should: have a command of issues, debates & evidence on the archaeology & history of the Levant; be able to evaluate the validity of theories, methods & quality of evidence; & appreciate the effects of modern social

& political frames of reference on interpreting this region. By the end of the course students should be able to demonstrate: an understanding & critical awareness of interpretations, analytical methods & quality of evidence in research on the Levant; written skills in analysis & presentation; & an ability to apply appropriate analytical methods to research for 2 essays.

TEACHING METHODS, PREREQUISITES & WORKLOAD

The course is taught via lectures & seminars. There are no pre-requisites. There are 20 hours of required class sessions; & 4 additional hours of museum visits / artifact handling labs. Students are expected to spend ca. 80 hours doing the reading & about 50 hours in producing assessed work ( ca. 150 hours total)..

ASSESSMENT. This course is assessed by two essays, each contributing 50% to the final mark.

TURNITIN: Course Code = ARCL3072 Class ID = 2970222 Password = IoA1516

MOODLE : if you have problems getting onto this course in Moodle, contact Charlotte Frearson

(c.frearson@ucl.ac.uk)

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SCHEDULE (all sessions are in Room 410 IoA from 4-6 PM, unless stated otherwise)

Tuesday, 12 January 2016

Session 1 Geography, History of Research, the Palaeolithic


Session 2 The Natufian & the Aceramic Neolithic


Session 3 Ceramic Neolithic & Chalcolithic

Tuesday, 2 February 2016

NO CLASS


Session 4 The Early Bronze Age

15 – 19 February READING WEEK


Session 5 The Middle Bronze Age


Session 6 The Late Bronze Age

Tuesday, 1 March 2016

Session 7 The LBA collapse & Philistia


Session 8 Neo-Hittites, Aramaeans, Phoenicia


Session 9 Israel & Judah


Session 10 Ammon, Moab, Edom, Arabia

Special session: British Museum, artifact handling, tutorial – to be arranged

ASSESSMENT DUE DATES:

Assessment 1 Turnitin deadline: (midnight)

Hardcopy deadline: (5 pm, Reception)

Monday 29 February 2016


Assessment 2: Turnitin deadline: (midnight)

Hardcopy deadline: (5 pm, Reception)

Monday 25 April 2016

Tuesday 26 April 2016

If you are not in London on hardcopy due dates, you may post the hardcopy, but make sure there is a postmark showing posting before 5 pm on hardcopy due date. Turnitin deadlines apply in any case.

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REFERENCE WORKS

Shelf numbers refer to Institute of Archaeology Library except where noted.

You are NOT expected to read everything on this list. * = an especially useful source

Recommended introductory texts: the Levant

*Akkermans, P. & Schwartz, G. 2002. Archaeology of Syria . New York: Cambridge University Press.

DBD100 AKK; ISSUE DESK AKK

*Doumet-Serhal, C. 2004. Decade: A Decade of Archaeology & History in the Lebanon. Beirut: The

Lebanese British Friends of the National Museum. DBD 100 Qto DOU

Institut du Monde Arabe 1998. Liban: l'Autre Rive . Paris: Flammarion. DBD 100 LIB (illustrations)

Klengel, H. 1991. Syria: 3000-300 BC: A Political History . Berlin: Akademie Verlag. DBD 100 KLE (texts)

*Levy, T. (ed) 1995. Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land . Leicester: Leicester University Press. DBE

100 LEV; ISSUE DESK LEV 3

*MacDonald, B., et al. 2001. The Archaeology of Jordan.

Sheffield: Sheffield Univ. DBE 100 MAC

Pritchard, J. 1967. Ancient Near Eastern Texts . REFERENCE DBA 600 QTO (texts only; historic periods)

Redford, D. 1993. Egypt, Canaan & Israel in Ancient Times .

Princeton. DBA100 RED

Tubb, J. 1998. The Canaanites.

London: British Museum. DBE 100 TUB

Weiss, H. (ed) 1985. Ebla to Damascus . Washington: Smithsonian. DBD 300 WEI

Other introductory syntheses: the Levant & adjacent regions

Broodbank, C. 2013. The Making of the Middle Sea . London: Thames & Hudson.

Charvát, P. 2002. Mesopotamia Before History . London: Routledge. DBB 100 CHA

During, B. 2011 The Prehistory of Asia Minor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Hallo, W. & Simpson, W. 1998. The Ancient Near East: A History . New York: HBJ. DBA 200 HAL

Hole, F. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran . Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Karageorghis, V. 1982. Cyprus. London: Thames & Hudson. DAG15 KAR

Knapp, B. 1988. History & Culture of Ancient Western Asia & Egypt . Chicago. DBA 200 KNA

Kuhrt, A. 1995. The Ancient Near East , c. 3000-330 BC. London: UCL Press. DBA 100 KUH

Matthews, R. 2000. The Early Prehistory of Mesopotamia . Turnhout: Brepols. DBB100 Qto MAT

Mellaart, J. 1975. The Neolithic of the Near East . London: Thames & Hudson. DBA 100 MEL

Midant-Reynes, B. 2000. The Prehistory of Egypt from the First Egyptians to the First Pharaohs. Oxford :

Blackwell Publishers.

Mieroop, M. v. d. 2003. A History of the Ancient Near East . Malden, MA: Blackwell. DBA 100 MIE

Postgate, J.N. 1992. Early Mesopotamia . London: Routledge. DBB 100 POS

Sagona, A.G., Zimansky, P.E., 2009. Ancient Turkey . Routledge, London.

Steel, L., 2004. Cyprus Before History . Duckworth, London.

Trigger, B. G. et al. 1983. Ancient Egypt: A Social History . Cambridge. ISSUE DESK TRI

Wengrow, D. 2006. The Archaeology of Early Egypt . Cambridge.

Encyclopedias (for specific sites or topics):

Stern, E. et al. (eds) 1993. New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land . Jerusalem.

DBE 100 Qto NEW

Meyers, E. et al. 1996. (eds) Oxford Encyclopedia of Near Eastern Archaeology . Oxford. DBE 100 Qto

Sasson, J. (ed) 1995. Civilizations of the Ancient Near East . New York: Scribners. DBA 100 SAS

Levantine Material Culture: Selected Works

Amiran, R. 1969. Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land . Jerusalem: Massada Press. DBE 300 AMI (EBA)

Leonard, A. 1994. An Index to the LBA Aegean Pottery from Syria-Palestine . Jonsered.

Schreiber, N. 2003. The Cypro-Phoenician pottery of the Iron Age . Leiden: Brill. DAG 15 SCH

Sparks, R., 2007. Stone Vessels in the Levant . Maney, Leeds.

Wright, K. 1992. A classification system for ground stone tools from the prehistoric Levant. Paléorient 18,

53-81.

Shea, J. 2013. Stone Tools in the Palaeolithic & Neolithic Near East: A Guide . Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

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Session 1 Geography, History of Research, the Palaeolithic

Geography; history of research; the Palaeolithic

Geography, Ethnoarchaeology, Nomad-Sedentary Interaction, Site Formation (read 1)

Astour, M. 1995. Overland trade routes in ancient Western Asia. In: J. Sasson, ed. Civilizations of the

Ancient Near East.

New York: Scribners. Vol. III: 1401-1420. DBA 100 SAS

Butzer, K. 1982. Archaeology as Human Ecology . Cambridge: CUP. Ch. 6, 87-97 (“village mounds”); Ch. 7,

117-122.

Cribb, R. 1992. Nomads in Archaeology . Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. DBA 100 CRI

*Fisher, W. 1978. The Middle East: A Physical, Social & Regional Geography . London: Methuen. Ch. 14.

Rosen, A. 1982. Cities of Clay . Chicago : Univ. Of Chicago Press. ISSUE DESK DBE 100 ROS

Simms, S. 1988. The archaeological structure of a Bedouin camp. Journ. Archaeolog. Science 15:197-211.

Wilkinson, T. J. 2003. Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East . Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press. DBA

100 WIL

History of Research (read 3)

Kramer, C. 1984 Spatial organization in contemporary SW Asian villages & archaeological sampling. In T.

Young et al. (eds) The Hilly Flanks , 347-368. Chicago. ISSUE DESK BRA 3; DBA 100 QTO BRA

Meskell, L. 1998. Archaeology under Fire . London: Routledge. AG MES (Introduction)

Moorey, P. 1991. A Century of Biblical Archaeology . Cambridge. Chapters 3-6. AG MOO. (locate what is said about MacAlister at Gezer & Kenyon at Jericho).

Pollock, S. & Bernbeck, R. 2005. Archaeologies of the Middle East . Oxford: Blackwell. DBA 100 POL

(Introduction)

Said, E. 1978. Orientalism . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Silberman, N.A. 1995. Power, politics & the past: the social construction of antiquity in the Holy Land. In T.

Levy (ed) The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land . Leicester: University of Leicester Press, 9-23.

DBE 100 LEV; ISSUE DESK LEV 3

*Wheeler, M. 1954. Archaeology from the Earth . London: Pelican. Chapter 2 (‘Historical’), pages 29-37, on

Petrie; Chapter 4 (‘Stratigraphy’ – note Near Eastern examples). ISSUE DESK AL WHE

Recent Events

*Newson, P. And Young, R. 2015. The archaeology of conflict-damaged sites: Hosn Niha in the Biqa

Valley, Lebanon. Antiquity 89: 449–463.

Shaheen, Karim. 2015. The Guardian 5 October 2015. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/05/isis-blows-up-another-monument-in-2000-year-old-city-of-palmyra

Selected Relevant Anthropology (explore)

Bintliff, J. 1994. The Annales School and Archaeology . Leicester: Leicester University Press.

Roberts, M. 2004. The Annales school and historical writing. In P. Lambert and P. Schofield, eds. Making

History: An Introduction to the History and Practices of a Discipline, pp. 78–92. London: Routledge.

Sweet, L. 1971. The Central Middle East: A Handbook of Anthropology and Published Research. New

Haven : Human Relations Area Files.

The Palaeolithic (read 1)

Akkermans, P. & Schwartz, G. 2002. Archaeology of Syria.

New York: Cambridge University Press.

(Chapter on the Palaeolithic)

Levy, T.E. (ed), The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land . Leicester: Leicester University Press, chapters by Goren-Inbar (pp. 93-109); Bar-Yosef (110-123); Gilead (121-140); *Goring-Morris (141-168).

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Session 2 The Natufian & the Aceramic Neolithic

Natufian & early Neolithic: sedentism, plant domestication, villages, technological change, symbolism.

Overviews (read 2)


New York. (Chap. 3)

Levy, T. 1995. Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. Leicester. Valla (169-187); Bar-Yosef (190-204).

Tsuneki, A., et al. 2006. The early PPNB in the north Levant. Paléorient 32(1): 47-71.

Models of Domestication (read 1)

Fuller, D., et al. 2011. Cultivation & domestication had multiple origins. World Archaeology 43(4): 628-652

Hayden, B. 2009. The proof is in the pudding. Current Anthropology 50(5): 597-601.

Hodder, I. 2001. Symbolism & the origins of agriculture. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11: 107-112.

Hodder, I. 2012. Entangled. Oxford: Wiley & Blackwell. Chapters 9-10.

Moore, A., Hillman, G. 1992 The Pleistocene-Holocene transition & human economy in SW Asia. American

Antiquity 57(3):482-494.

Zeder, M. & Smith, B. 2009. A conversation on agricultural origins. Current Anthropology 50(5): 681-690.

Social Organization, Emergence of Villages, “Collapse” (read 1)

Byrd, B. 2005. Reassessing the emergence of villages in the Near East. J. Arch. Research 13(3):231-290.

Goring-Morris, A. N. 2005. Life, death & the emergence of differential status in the Near Eastern Neolithic.

In J. Clarke (ed) Archaeological Perspectives on the Transmission & Transformation of Culture in the

Eastern Mediterranean : 89-105. Oxford: Oxbow.

Goring-Morris, N. & Belfer-Cohen, A. 2010. Great expectations of the inevitable collapse of the early

Neolithic of the Near East. In M. Bandy & J. Fox (eds) Becoming Villagers : 62-71. Tucson:

University of Arizona Press.

Kuijt, I. & Finlayson, B. 2009. Evidence for food storage and predomestication: granaries 11,000 years ago in the Jordan Valley. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA , 106(27): 1066-1070.

Kuijt, I. 1995. Pre-pottery Neolithic A settlement variability. Journal of Mediterr. Arch. 7(1): 165-192.

Kuijt, I. & Goodale, N. 2009. Daily practice and the organization of space at the dawn of agriculture.

American Antiquity , 74(3): 403-422.

Kuijt I. & Goring-Morris N. 2002. Foraging, farming & social complexity in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the

Southern Levant. Journal World Prehistory 16: 361-440.

Willcox, G. 2002. Charred plant remains from a 10th millennium BP kitchen at Jerf el-Ahmar. Vegetation

History & Archaeobotany , 11: 55-60.

Wright, K. 1994. Ground stone tools & hunter-gatherer subsistence in SW Asia. Amer. Antiq.

59(2): 238-263.

Wright, K. 2000. The social origins of cooking & dining in early villages of western Asia. Proceedings

Prehistoric Soc.

66(1): 89-121.

Art, Symbolism, Ritual (read 1)

Bar-Yosef, O. 1985. A Cave in the Desert. Jerusalem : Israel National Museum.

Bar-Yosef, O. and Alon, D. 1988. Nahal Hemar Cave. Jerusalem : Atiqot 18.

Bar-Yosef Mayer, D. & Porat, N. 2008. Green stone beads at the dawn of agriculture. Proceedings of the

National Academy of Sciences , 105(25): 8548-8551.

Cauvin J. 2000. The Birth of the Gods & the Origins of Agriculture . Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Fletcher, A., Pearson, J. and Ambers, J. 2008. The manipulation of social and physical identity in the prepottery Neolithic. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 18(3):309-325.

Goren, Y., Segal, I. and Bar-Yosef, O. 1993. Plaster artifacts and the interpretation of Nahal Hemar Cave.

Mitekufat Haeven, Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society, 25(1):120-131.

*Goren, Y., et al.2008. The technology of skull modelling in the PPNB. J. Arch. Sci.

28(7): 671-690.

Goring-Morris, A.N. 2000. The quick and the dead. In Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social

Organization, Identity and Differentiation (ed I. Kuijt). New York: Kluwer /Plenum, pp. 103-136.

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Goring-Morris, N. & Horwitz, L. 2007. Funerals & feasts during the PPNB of the Near East. Antiquity

81(314): 902-919.

*Grissom, C. A. 2000. Neolithic statues from 'Ain Ghazal. American Journal of Archaeology, 104(1): 25-45.

Kuijt, I. 2000. Keeping the peace. In Kuijt (ed) Life in Neolithic Farming Communities : 137-164. New

York: Kluwer.

Stordeur, D. 2000. New discoveries in architecture & symbolism at Jerf el-Ahmar (Syria). Neo-Lithics ,

2000(1): 1-4.

Wright, K. & Garrard, A. 2003. Social identities & the expansion of stone beadmaking in Neolithic western

Asia. Antiquity , 77(296): 267-284.

*Wright, K. et al. 2008. Stone bead technologies & early craft specialization. Levant , 40(2): 131-165.

Regional Interactions (read 1)

Asouti, E. 2006. Beyond the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B interaction sphere. Journ. World Prehistory 20: 87-126.

Garrard, A., et al. 1996. Emergence of crop cultivation & caprine herding in the marginal zone of the southern Levant. In D. Harris (ed) The Origins & Spread of Agriculture & Pastoralism in Eurasia .

London: UCL, 204-226. HA HAR

Peltenburg, E. J. 2001. Agro-pastoralist colonization of Cyprus in the 10th millennium BP: initial assessments. Antiquity , 74: 844-853.

Peltenburg, E. & Wasse, A. 2004. Neolithic Revolution . Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Watkins, T. 2008. Supraregional networks in the Neolithic of SW Asia. J. World Prehis. 21(2): 139-171.


Dietler, M. and Hayden, B. 2001. Feasts. Washington, D.C

: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Goody, J. 1971. The Developmental Cycle in Domestic Groups. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Lee, R.B. and DeVore, I. 1969. Man the Hunter. Chicago : Aldine.

Lee, R.B. 1979. The !Kung San. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Levi-Strauss, C. 1982. The Way of the Masks. Seattle : University of Washington Press.

Guyer, J.1997. Households. In The Dictionary of Anthropology (ed T.Barfield). Oxford: Blackwell, 245-246.

Netting, R.M., Wilk, R. and Arnold, E. 1984. Households. Berkeley : University of California Press.

Sahlins, M. 1974. Stone Age Economics . Chicago: Aldine.

Service, E.R. 1962. Primitive Social Organization. New York : Random House.

Smith, B.D. 2006. Human behavioral ecology and the transition to food production. In Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture (eds D. Kennett and B. Winterhalder). Berkeley: UC Press, 289-303.

Smith, E.A., et al. 2010. Production systems, inheritance and inequality in premodern societies. Current

Anthropology, 51(1):84-94.

For further reading

Bar-Yosef, O., 1986. The walls of Jericho: an alternative interpretation. Current Anthropology 27: 157-162.

Bar-Yosef, O., Goring-Morris, A.N. and Gopher, A. 2010. Gilgal. Oxford : Oxbow Books.

Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F. (eds) 1991. The Natufian Culture in the Levant . Madison: Prehistory Press.

Bar-Yosef, O. & Valla, F. (eds) 2013. Natufian Foragers in the Levant . Ann Arbor. Prehistory Press.

Byrd, B. F. 2005. Early Village Life at Beidha, Jordan . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Caneva, I. 2001. Beyond Tools: Redefining Pre-Pottery Neolithic Lithic Assemblages of the Levant . Berlin: Ex Oriente.

Croucher, K. 2012. Death & Dying in the Neolithic Near East . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Edwards, P. 2013. Wadi Hammeh 27, an Early Natufian Settlement at Pella in Jordan . Leiden: E.J. Brill

Finlayson, B. & Mithen, S. 2011. Architecture, sedentism & social complexity at WF16, Jordan. Proceedings Nat.

Acad. of Sciences , 108: 8138-8188.

Gebel, H.G., et al. 2006. Basta II: the Architecture & Stratigraphy . Ex Oriente, Berlin.

Kuijt, I. 2000. Life in Neolithic Farming Communities . New York: Kluwer. (Kuijt, Goring-Morris, Rollefson)

Kuijt, I. & Mahasneh, H. 1998. Dhra': an early Neolithic village. Journal Field Archaeology 25(1):153-161.

Moore, A. et al. 2000. Village on the Euphrates . Oxford: OUP. Ch. 4, 5, 12, Ch. 15.

Mellaart, J. 1975. The Neolithic of the Near East.

London: Thames & Hudson. (illustrations)

Rollefson, G. et al. 1992. Neolithic cultures at 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan. Journ. of Field Archaeology 19(1): 443-470.

Verhoeven, M. 2002. Transformations of society. Paléorient , 28(1): 5-14

Verhoeven, M. & Akkermans, P. 2000. Tell Sabi Abyad II . Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut .

Wright, K. 1993. Early Holocene ground stone assemblages in the Levant. Levant , 25(1): 93-111.

Zeder, M. 2011. The origins of agriculture in the Near East. Current Anthropology , 52(S4): 221-235.

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Session 3 Ceramic Neolithic & Chalcolithic

Emergence of ceramic cultures & development of complex non- urban societies

The Ceramic Neolithic: Overview (read 1)


New York: CUP. (Chap. 4) (North Levant)

Gopher, A. 1995. Early pottery-bearing groups in Israel: the Pottery Neolithic period. In T. E. Levy (ed)

The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land : 205-225. Leicester: Leicester Univ. Press. (South Levant)

The Chalcolithic: Overview (read 1)


New York: CUP. (Chap. 5) (North Levant)

Levy, T. 1995. Cult, metallurgy & rank societies. In T. Levy (ed) Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land,

226-243. Leicester: Leicester University Press. (South Levant)

Rowan, Y. & Golden, J. 2009. The Chalcolithic period of the southern Levant. Journal of World Prehistory

22: 1-92.

The Ceramic Neolithic: Social Organization (read 1)

Akkermans, P. 2000. Old & new perspectives on the origins of the Halaf culture, In O. Rouault & M. Wäfler

(eds)., La Djéziré et l'Euphrate syriens de la Protohistoire à la fin du IIe millénaire av.J.-C . Brepols:

Turnhout. 43-54.

Akkermans, P. 2010. Late Neolithic architectural renewal: the emergence of round houses in the northern

Levant, 6500-6000 BC. In Bolger, D. & Maguire, L.(eds) The Development of Pre-State Communities in the Ancient Near East , 22-28. Oxford: Oxbow.

Akkermans, P. & Duistermaat, K. 1996. Of storage & nomads. Paleorient, 22(2):17-32.

Brereton, G. 2013. Cultures of infancy & capital accumulation in pre-urban Mesopotamia. World Arch.

45(2): 232-251.

Duistermaat, K. 2013. Private matters: the emergence of sealing practices in Neolithic Syria. In Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia (eds O.P. Nieuwenhuyse, et al), Turnhout: Brepols, 315-322.

Garfinkel, Y. & Miller, M. A. 2002. Sha'ar ha-Golan: Neolithic Art in Context . Oxford: Oxbow.

Gibbs, K. 2013. Late Neolithic pottery & ambiguous symbols in the southern Levant. Paléorient , 39: 69-84.

Nieuwenhuyse, O.P. 2013. The social uses of decorated ceramics in Late Neolithic Upper Mesopotamia. In

Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia (eds O.P. Nieuwenhuyse, R. Bernbeck, P.M.M.G.

Akkermans & J. Rogasch). Turnhout: Brepols, 315-322.

Tsuneki, A. 2011. A glimpse of human life from the Neolithic cemetery at Tell el Kerkh, northwest Syria.

Documenta Praehistorica 38.

Wright, K. I., et al. 2008. Stone bead technologies & early craft specialization. Levant , 40(2): 131-165.

The Chalcolithic: Social Organization (read 1)

Anfinsnet, N. 2011. The formation of economic systems & social institutions during the 5 th

-4th millennia BC in the southern Levant. In T. Wilkinson, et al. (eds) Interweaving Worlds : 145-157. Oxford: Oxbow.

Drabsch, B. & Bourke, S. 2014. Ritual, art & society in the Levantine Chalcolithic: the ‘Processional’ wall painting from Teleilat Ghassul. Antiquity 88 (342): 1081 - 1098

Joffe, A. H., Dessel, J. P., & Hallote, R. S. 2001. The "Gilat Woman": female iconography, Chalcolithic cult,

& the end of southern Levantine prehistory. Near Eastern Archaeology, 64(1/2): 8-23.

Namdar, D., et al. 2009. The contents of unusual cone-shaped vessels (cornets) from the Chalcolithic of the southern Levant. Journal of Archaeological Science , 36(3): 629-636.

Stein, G. 1994. Economy, ritual, & power in 'Ubaid Mesopotamia. In G. Stein & M. Rothman (eds)

Chiefdoms & Early States in the Near East . Prehistory Press: Madison (WI)., 35-45.

The Adoption of Ceramic Vessels (read 1)

*Gopher, A. & Goren, Y. 1995. The beginning of pottery. In T. E. Levy (ed) The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land : 224-225. Leicester: Leicester University Press.

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LeMière, M. & Picon, M. 2003. Appearance & first development of cooking & non-cooking ware concepts in the Near East. In S. DiPierro, et al. (eds), Ceramic in the Society : 175-188. Fribourg.

*Nieuwenhuyse, O., Akkermans, P. , van der Plicht, J. 2010. Not so coarse, nor always plain – the earliest pottery of Syria. Antiquity 84 (323): 71 - 85

Tsuneki, A. & Miyake, Y. 1996. The earliest pottery sequence of the Levant. Paléorient , 22(1): 109-123.

Metallurgy (read 1)

*Bar-Adon, P. 1980. The Cave of the Treasure . (Nahal Mishmar) Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society

Gopher, A., et al. 1996. The Nahal Qanah Cave . Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University.

Hauptmann, A. 2007. The Archaeometallurgy of Copper . Heidelberg: Springer.

*Levy, T. E. 2007. Journey to the Copper Age . San Diego: San Diego Museum of Man.

Tadmor, M., et al. 1995. The Nahal Mishmar copper hoard. Atiqot 27: 95-148. (note conclusions)

Subsistence Economies (read 1)

Allentuck, A. 2015. Temporalities of human-livestock relationships in the late prehistory of the southern

Levant. Journal of Social Archaeology , 15(1): 94-115.

*Grigson, C. 1995. Plough & pasture in the early economy of the southern Levant. In T. Levy (ed) The

Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. Leicester. pp.245-68. ISSUE DESK DBE 100 LEV

Horwitz, L., et al. 1999. Animal domestication in the southern Levant. Paléorient , 25(2): 61-78.

Sherratt, A. 1981. Plough & pastoralism: aspects of the secondary products revolution. In A.Sherratt (ed)

Economy & Society in Prehistoric Europe . Edinburgh, pp.155-198. ISSUE DESK SHE9; DA 100 SHE


Borgerhoff Mulder, M., et al. 2009. Intergenerational wealth transmission and the dynamics of inequality in small scale societies. Science, 326:682-688.

Goody, J. 1976. Production and Reproduction. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Gurven, M., et al. 2010. Domestication alone does not lead to inequality. Current Anthropology 51(1):49-64.


Sherratt, A. 1981. Plough and pastoralism: aspects of the secondary products revolution. In Pattern of the

Past (eds I. Hodder, et al.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 261-305.

Smith, E.A., et al. 2010. Production systems, inheritance and inequality in premodern societies: conclusions.

Current Anthropology, 51(1):84-94.

Wright, K.I. 2014. Domestication and inequality? Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 33:1-33.

Yoffee, N. 1993. Too many chiefs? In N. Yoffee & A. Sherratt (eds), Archaeological Theory 60-78.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Bourke, S. 2002. Teleilat Ghassul. In T. Levy & E. van den Brink (eds), Egypt & the Levant, 154-164. London.

Clarke, J. 2007. On the Margins of Southwest Asia: Cyprus during the 6 th

- 4 th

Millennia BC.

Oxford: Oxbow.

Epstein, C. 2001. The Chalcolithic Culture of the Golan . Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

Garfinkel, Y. & Epstein, C. 1999. Neolithic & Chalcolithic pottery of the Southern Levant . Jerusalem: Hebrew Univ.

Hijara, I. 1997. The Halaf Period in Northern Mesopotamia . Nabu: London.

Levy, T. 2006. Archaeology, Anthropology & Cult: The Sanctuary at Gilat . London: Equinox.

Lovell, J. L. & Rowan, Y. 2011. Culture, Chronology & the Chalcolithic:Theory & Transition . Oxford: Oakville.

Nieuwenhuyse, O. P. (ed) 2013. Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia . Turnhout: Brepols.

Rosen, S. A. 1997. Lithics after the Stone Age . Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.

Selected Sites

Stern, E. et al. (eds) 1993. New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land . Jerusalem. Shaar

Hagolan; Ghassul; Nahal Mishmar (Cave of the Treasure); En Gedi; Gilat

Meyers, E. et al. 1996. (eds) Oxford Encyclopedia of Near Eastern Archaeology . Oxford. Byblos, Ras Shamra

(prehistoric occupations), Amuq

9


Session 4 The Early Bronze Age

Regional variations in early urbanism; north vs. south; contacts with Egypt & Mesopotamia

Historical Documents (scan 1)

Archi, A. 2003. Archival record keeping at Ebla 2400-2350 BC. In Ancient Archives & Archival Traditions

(ed M. Brosius). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 17-36.

Pritchard, J. 1967. Ancient Near Eastern Texts . Princeton: Princeton University Press. The Curse of Agade.

REFERENCE DBA 600 QTO

Overviews (read 1-2)

*Akkermans, P. & Schwartz, G. & 2002. The Archaeology of Syria . New York: CUP. (Chapters 6-9)

*Levy, T. (ed) 1995. The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land . Leicester. (Gophna, 269-281).

MacDonald, B., et al. (eds) 2001. The Archaeology of Jordan . Sheffield: Sheffield Academic. (Philip on EBA)

The 4 th

millennium BCE: emergence of complexity & relations with Mesopotamia and Egypt (read 2)

Algaze, G. 1993. Expansionary dynamics of early pristine states. Amer. Anthropologist 95: 304-333.

*Brink, E. van den & Levy, T. 2002 . Egypt & the Levant . New York. (pp. 3-38 and 190-212)

Esse, D. 1989 Secondary state formation & collapse in Early Bronze Age Palestine. In P. de Miroschedji (ed)

L’urbanisation de la Palestine . 81-96. Oxford: BAR S-527. TC 992; DBE 100 Qto MIR

*Falconer, S. E. & Savage, S. H. 1995. Heartlands & hinterlands. Antiquity 60: 37-58.

Guyot, F. 2008. The origins of the "Nagadan expansion" & the interregional exchange mechanisms between

Lower Nubia, Upper & Lower Egypt, the south Levant & north Syria during the 1 st

half of the 4th millennium B.C. In B. Midant-Reynes, et al. (eds), Egypt at its Origins 2 : 707-740. Leuven: Peeters.

Hartung, U. 2014. Interconnections between the Nile Valley & the Southern Levant in the 4th Millennium

B.C. In F. Hoflmayer & R. Eichmann (eds) Egypt & the Southern Levant in the Early Bronze Age : 107-

134. Berlin: Orient-Archäologie, Band 37.

Joffe, A. 1991. Early Bronze I & the evolution of social complexity in the southern Levant. Journal of

Mediterranean Archaeology , 4(1): 3-58.

Joffe, A.H. 2000. Egypt & Syro-Mesopotamia in the 4 th

millennium.

Current Anthropology 41: 113-23 .

*Lawrence, B. & Wilkinson, T. 2015. Hubs & upstarts: pathways to urbanism in the northern Fertile

Crescent. Antiquity 89 (344)

Paleorient special issue. 2013. The transition Late Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age in the southern Levant.

Paleorient 39 (1). esp. Braun & Roux, 15-22; Braun et al. 23-46; Hartung 177-191

Philip, G. 2002.Contacts between the Uruk world & the Levant during the 4 th

millennium BC. In J.N.

Postgate (ed) Artefacts of Complexity. Warminster: British School of Archaeology in Iraq,207-35.

Schwartz, G.M., 2001. Syria & the Uruk expansion. In: Rothman, M.S. (ed), Uruk Mesopotamia & its

Neighbors.

School of American Research, Sante Fe, 233-264.

Weiss, H., et al. 1993. The genesis & collapse of third millennium BC north Mesopotamian civilization.

Science 261: 995-1004.

The Southern Levant in EB II-III . (read 1)

Chesson, M. 2007. Remembering & forgetting in Early Bronze Age mortuary practices on the southeastern

Dead Sea plain, Jordan. In N. Laneri (ed) Performing Death : 109-141. Chicago: University of Chicago.

*Chesson, M. & Philip, G. 2003. Tales of the city? Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 16(1): 3-16.

Falconer, S. & Savage, S. 2009. The Bronze Age political landscape of the southern Levant. In S. Falconer

& C. L. Redman (eds) Polities & Power : 125-151. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. AH FAL

Finkelstein, I.1991.Early Arad: urbanism of the nomads. Zeitschrift für Deutsche Palästina Vereins ,106:34-

50.

Harrison, T. 1997. Shifting patterns of settlement in the highlands of central Jordan in the EBA. Bull.

American Sch. of Oriental Research 306: 1-38.

Harrison, T. 2001. Early Bronze social organization as reflected in burial patterns from the southern Levant.

In: Wolff, S.R. (ed), Studies in the Archaeology of Israel & Neighboring Lands . Chicago, 215-236.

10


*Levy, T. et al. 2002. Early Bronze Age metallurgy. Antiquity 76, 425-437.

Levy, T. E. 2007. Journey to the Copper Age . San Diego: San Diego Museum of Man.

*Miroschedji, P. & Sadeq, M. 2005. The frontier in the EBA. In J. Clarke (ed) Archaeological Perspectives on Transmission & Transformation of Culture in the Eastern Mediterranean : 155-169. Oxford: Oxbow.

*Philip, G. 2003. The Early Bronze Age of the southern Levant. Journal Mediterr. Arch.

16(1): 103-132.

*Savage, S. H., et al. 2007. The Early Bronze Age city-states of the southern Levant: neither cities nor states.

In T. E. Levy, et al. (eds) Crossing Jordan : 285-300. London: Equinox.

The Northern Levant in EB II-III (read 1)

*Espinal, A., 2002. The role of the temple of Baalat Gebal as intermediary between Egypt & Byblos during the Old Kingdom. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 30, 103-119.

Frost, H. 2005. Byblos and the sea. In: Doumet-Serhal, C. (ed) Decade . London.

Matthiae, P. and Marchetti, N. 2013. Ebla and its Landscape. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press.

*Mazzoni, S. 2003. Ebla. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 16: 173-191.

Philip, G., et al. 2005. Settlement & landscape development in the Homs region, Syria. Levant 37, 21-42.

Porter, A. 2002. Communities in conflict. Near Eastern Archaeology , 65(3): 156-173.

Porter, A. 2002. The dynamics of death. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , 325: 1-36.

Milano, L. 1995. Ebla. In Sasson, J. (ed), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East . New York, 1219-1230.

Schwartz, G. M. 2006. A third-millennium B.C. elite mortuary complex at Umm el-Marra, Syria. American

Journal of Archaeology , 110(4): 603-641.

Schwartz, G. 2007. Status, ideology & memory in third millennium Syria: the 'royal' tombs at Umm el-

Marra. In: Laneri, N. (ed), Performing Death . The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Schwartz, G. 2012. Era of the living dead. In P. Pfälzner et al. (eds), Reconstructing Funerary Rituals in the

Ancient Near East : 59-78. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

The EBA ‘collapse’ (EBIV) (read 1)

Dever, W. 1992. Pastoralism & the end of the Early Bronze Age in Palestine. In Pastoralism in the Levant

(eds. O. Bar-Yosef & A. Khazanov). Madison: Prehistory Press, 83-92. DBD 100 BAR

Matthiae, P. 1989. The destruction of Ebla royal palace G. In High, Middle or Low (ed. P. Astrom).

Gothenburg: Univ. of Gothenburg, 163-169. AJ 10 AST

*Rosen, A, 1995. The social response to environmental change in EBA Canaan. Journ. Anthrop.

Archaeology 14: 26-44.

Weiss, H. 2000. Causality & chance. In: O. Rouault & M. Wafler (eds) La Djéziré et l’Euphrate syriens .

Turnhout : Brepols, 207-17. DBD 100 QTO ROU

Weiss, H. & Bradley, R. S. 2001. What drives societal collapse? Science, 291(5504): 609-610.


Goody, J. 1976. Production & Reproduction . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bowles, S. et al. 2010. Emergence & persistence of inequality in premodern societies. Curr. Anth.

51(1).


Sherratt, A. 1981. Plough & pastoralism. In A.Sherratt (ed) Economy & Society in Prehistoric Europe.

Edinburgh, 155-198.

Smith, A. 2011. Archaeologies of sovereignty. Annual Review of Anthropology , 40: 415-432.

Spriggs, M. 2008. Ethnographic parallels & the denial of history. World Archaeology , 40(4): 538-552.

Wallerstein, I.M. 1974. The Modern World System. New York : Academic Press.

Yoffee, N. 1993. Too many chiefs? In N. Yoffee & A. Sherratt (eds), Archaeological Theory 60-78.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Yoffee, N. 1995. Political economy in early Mesopotamian states. Annual Review of Anthr.

24(1): 281-312.


Glassner, J.J., Bahrani, Z. and Van de Mieroop, M. 2003. Writing in Sumer. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press.

Nissen, H.J., Damerow, P. and Englund, R.K. 1993. Archaic Bookkeeping. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.

Postgate, J.N., Wang, T. and Wilkinson, T. 1995. The evidence for early writing. Antiquity, 69:459-480.

11


Session 5 The Middle Bronze Age

The florescence of the Amorite & Canaanite worlds; the Hyksos; Minoan contacts.

Historical Documents (scan a selection)

Pritchard, J. 1967. Ancient Near Eastern Texts . Mari Letters; Execration Texts; Expulsion of the Hyksos.

Overviews (read 2)

Akkermans, P. & Schwartz, G. 2002. The Archaeology of Syria . New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. (Ch. 9)

Ilan, D. 1995. The dawn of internationalism: the Middle Bronze Age. In The Archaeology of Society in the

Holy Land (ed. T. Levy). Leicester, 297-319.

Southern Levant (read 1)

Andreou, P. 2012, Thanatography & the contextualization of ritual activities. preliminary observations on mortuary ritual practice at Middle Bronze Age Jericho. In: Reconstructing Funerary Rituals in the

Ancient Near East. (Pfälzner, P., et al., eds.), Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden: p. 137-148.

*Bietak, M. 2009. From where came the Hyksos & where did they go? In M. Marée (ed) The Second

Intermediate Period (13th-17th Dynasties): Leuven: Peeters.

Bietak, M. & Forstner-Müller, I. 2009. The Hyksos palace at Tell ed-Dab'a. Ägypten & Levante , 19: 1-28.

Cohen, S. L. 2009. Cores, peripheries & ports of power: theories of Canaanite development in the early second millennium BCE. In J. D. Schloen (ed) Exploring the longue durée: essays in honor of

Lawrence E. Stager : 69-76. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. DBE 100 SCH

Falconer, S.E., Fall, P. and Jones, J. 2007. Life at the foundation of Bronze Age civilization: agrarian villages in the Jordan valley. In Crossing Jordan: North American contributions to the archaeology of

Jordan (eds T.E. Levy, P.M.M. Daviau, R.W. Younker and M. Shaer). London: Equinox, 261-268.

Finkelstein, I. 1992. Middle Bronze Age 'fortifications.' Tel Aviv 19: 201-220.

Goren, Y. & Cohen-Weinberger, A. 2004. Levantine - Egyptian interactions: preliminary results of the petrographic study of the Canaanite pottery from Tell el-Dab'a. Äegypten und Levante (Egypt & the

Levant) , 14: 69-100.

Hallote, R. S. 2002. Real & ideal identities in MBA tombs. Near Eastern Archaeology , 65(2): 105-111.

*Phillip, G. 1995. Warrior burials in the ancient Near Eastern Bronze Age. In S.Campbell & A. Green (eds)

The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East.

Oxford, 140-154. DBA 100 Qto CAM; Issue Desk

Niemeier, B. & W.-D.Niemeier 2000. Aegean frescoes in Syria-Palestine: Alalakh & Tel Kabri. In S.Sherratt

(ed) The Wall Paintings of Thera . Athens: Thera Foundation,763-802. ISSUE DESK SHE 11,12,13

Stager, L. E. 2001. Port power in the Early & Middle Bronze Age. In S. R. Wolff (ed) Studies in the archaeology of Israel & neighboring lands : 625-638. Chicago. DBA 100 Qto WOL

Northern Levant (read 2)

Iamoni, M. 2015, The eastern palace of Qatna & the Middle Bronze Age architectural tradition of western

Syria. In: Qatna & the Networks of Bronze Age Globalism, (Pfälzner, P. & al-Maqdissi, M., eds. ),

Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden: p. 451-466.

*Marchetti, N., Nigro, L., 1997. Cultic activities in the sacred area of Ishtar at Ebla during the Old Syrian

Period. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 49, 1-44.

Pfälzner, P. 2015, Royal funerary practices & inter-regional contacts in the Middle Bronze Age Levant: new evidence from Qatna. In: Contextualising Grave Inventories in the Ancient Near East (Pfälzner, P., et al., eds.), Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden: p. 141-156.

Qatna (Mishrife) Project Website. http://www.qatna.org/en-index.html. See: Mishrife in the Middle Bronze

Age; Operation J; The Pottery Maufacturing Area on the Summit of the Acropolis

Ristvet, L. & Weiss, H. 2005. The Habur region in the late third & early second millennia BC. In The

History & Archaeology of Syria, Volume 1 (ed W. Orthmann). Saarbrucken: Saarbrucken.

*Ristvet, L. 2008. Legal & archaeological territories of the second millennium BC in northern Mesopotamia.

Antiquity , 82(317): 585-599.

12


Ristvet, L. 2012, Resettling Apum: tribalism & tribal states in the Tell Leilan Region, Syria. In: Looking

North, (Laneri, N., Pfälzner, P., & Valentini, S., eds.), Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden: p. 37-50.

*Sader, H. 2015, Intertwined history: Lebanon's role in the transmission of Egyptian culture to inland Syria in the Middle Bronze Age. In: Qatna & the Networks of Bronze Age Globalism (Pfälzner, P. & al-

Maqdissi, M., eds.), Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden: p. 117-126.

Weiss, H., et al. 1990. 1985 Excavations at Tell Leilan. American Journal of Archaeology, 94(4):529-581.

Weiss, H. 1985. Tell Leilan on the Habur plains of Syria. Biblical Archaeologist, 48(1):5-34.

*Ziegler, N. 2015, Qatna at the time of Samsi-Addu. In: Qatna & the Networks of Bronze Age Globalism,

(Pfälzner, P. & al-Maqdissi, M., eds. ) Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden: p. 139-148.


Alcock, S.E. 2001. Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History. Cambridge: CUP.

Conrad, G.W. and Demarest, A.A. 1984. Religion and Empire. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Dennen, J.v.d. and Folger, V. 1990. Sociobiology and Conflict. London : Chapman and Hall.

Haas, J. 1990. The Anthropology of War. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Knapp, A.B. 1992. Archaeology, Annales, and Ethnohistory. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Sinopoli, C.M. 1994. The archaeology of empires. Annual Review of Anthropology, 23(1):159-179.


Treherne, P. 1995. The warrior's beauty. Journal of European Archaeology, 3:105-144.


South Levant

Bietak, M. (ed) 2002. The Middle Bronze Age in the Levant . Vienna.

Burke, A. 2008. Walled up to Heaven. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana.

Cohen, S. L. 2002. Canaanites, Chronologies & Connections . Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.

Hallote, R. 1995. Mortuary archaeology & the MBA southern Levant. Journal of Mediterranean Arch.

8(1): 93-122.

Hallote, R. 2001. Tombs, cult & chronology. In S.R. Woolf (ed) Studies in the Archaeology of Israel & Neighbouring

Lands in Memory of Douglas L. Esse . Chicago, 199-214.

Kopetzky, K. 2015, Burial practices & mortuary rituals at Tell el-Dab'a, Egypt. In: Contextualising Grave Inventories in the Ancient Near East: (Pfälzner, P., et al., eds.). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden: p. 123-140.

Niemeier, W.-D. 1991. Minoan artisans travelling overseas. In Thalassa (eds R. Laffineur & L. Basch). Aegaeum 7,

189-201. ISSUE DESK LAF

Oren, E. (ed) 1997. The Hyksos . Philadelphia.

Petrie, W. M. F. 1931. Ancient Gaza I-V . London: BSAE.

Volume V.

North Levant

Doumet-Serhal, C. 2004. Sidon (Lebanon): twenty Middle Bronze Age burials. Levant 36: 89-154.

Doumet-Serhal, C. 2004. Weapons from the Middle Bronze Age burials at Sidon. In C. Doumet-Serhal (ed) Decade.

154-179. Beirut: The Lebanese British Friends of the National Museum. DBD 100 QTO DOU

Frost, H. 2004. Byblos & the sea. In C. Doumet-Serhal (ed) Decade, 316-347. Beirut.

Margueron, J. 1995. Mari. Sasson (ed) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East : 885-899. New York. DBA100

Matthiae, P. 1979. Ebla in the Period of the Amorite Dynasties & the Dynasty of Akkad . Malibu: Undena.

Matthiae, P. 1980, Ebla: an Empire Rediscovered . Hodder & Stoughton, London.

Matthiae, P. 1984. New discoveries at Ebla. Biblical Archaeologist 47: 18-32.

Matthiae, P. 1990. A new monumental temple of MB II at Ebla & the unity of architectural tradition in Syria-Palestine.

Annales archéologiques arabes syriennes 40: 111-121.

Matthiae, P., et al. 1995, Ebla alle origini della civiltà urbana Electa, Milano.

Meyers, E. 1996. Oxford Encyclopedia of Near Eastern Archaeology. Alalakh, Byblos, Ebla, Mari. DBE100

Niemeier, B. & W.-D.Niemeier 2000. Aegean frescoes in Syria-Palestine: Alalakh & Tel Kabri. In E.S.Sherratt (ed) The

Wall Paintings of Thera . Athens: Thera Foundation, pp.763-802. Issue Desk SHE 12, SHE 13

Pfälzner, P. 2012, The question of deurbanisation versus reurbanisation of the Syrian Jazirah in the late third & early second millennium BC. In: Looking North (Laneri, N., et al. eds.) Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden: 51-80.

Woolley, L. 1955. Alalakh . London: Society of Antiquaries. DBC 10 WOO SITE REPORT. (Level VII)

Yener, K.A. (ed) 2010. Tell Atchana, ancient Alalakh. Volume 1 . Istanbul: Koç Üniversitesi.

13


Session 6 Late Bronze Age

The Levant & its relationship to the empires of the Egyptian New Kingdom, Mitanni & the Hittites.

Historical Documents (scan a selection)

Pritchard, J. (ed) 1969. Ancient Near Eastern Texts . Princeton.

The Story of Idrimi; Asiatic Campaigns of

Thutmosis III; The Battle of Megiddo; Amarna Letters; Beth-Shan Stelae of Seti I & Ramesses II;

Asiatic Campaigns of Ramesses II; The Battle of Kadesh; Ugaritic texts.

DBA 600 QTO

Pardee, P. 2002. Ritual and Cult at Ugarit. Leiden : Brill.

Schloen, J. D. 2001. The House of the Father as Fact & Symbol.

Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. (scan texts)

Young, G. (ed) 1981. Ugarit in Retrospect. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.

Overviews (read 2)

Akkermans, P. & Schwartz, G. 2002. Archaeology of Syria . New York. (Chap. 10) ISSUE DESK AKK

Bunimovitz, S. 1995. On the edge of empires: the Late Bronze Age. In The Archaeology of Society in the

Holy Land (ed. T. Levy). Leicester, 320-331. DBE 100 LEV; ISSUE DESK LEV 3

Southern Levant (read 1)

*Bonfil R, Zarzecki-Peleg A. 2007. The palace in the upper city of Hazor as an expression of a Syrian architectural paradigm. Bulletin American Schools of Oriental Research 348, 25-47.

Dothan, T. 1987. The impact of Egypt on Canaan during the 18 th

-19th dynasties in light of excavations at

Deir el-Balah. In Egypt, Israel, Sinai (ed. A. Rainey). Tel Aviv, 121-135. DBE 100 RAI

Finkelstein, I. 1993. The socio-political organization of the central hill country in the 2 nd

millennium. In

Biblical Archaeology Today II (eds. A. Biran & J. Aviram). Jerusalem, 119-131. DBE 100 ISR

*Goren, Y. et al 2002. Petrographic examination of Amarna tablets. Near Eastern Archaeology , 65:196-205.

Goren, Y. & et al 2003. The expansion of the kingdom of Amurru according to the petrographic investigation of the Amarna tablets. Bulletin American Schools of Oriental Research 329: 1-11.

Higginbotham, C. 1996. Elite emulation & Egyptian governance in Ramesside Canaan. Tel Aviv 23(2).

*Mazar, A. 1997. 4000 years of history at Tel Beth-Shean. Biblical Archaeologist 60(2).

Steel, L. 2002. Consuming passions: a contextual study of the local consumption of Mycenaean pottery at

Tell el-'Ajjul. Journal of Mediterranean Arch.

15: 25-51.

Northern Levant (read 2)

*Dassow, E. von 2005. Archives of Alalakh IV in archaeological context. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 338, 1-69.

Glatz, C. 2009. Empire as network: spheres of material interaction in Late Bronze Age Anatolia. Journal of

Anthropological Archaeology , 28: 127-141.

Heinz, M. 2004. Kamid el-Loz: from village to city & back to village. In C. Doumet-Serhal (ed) Decade :

562-581. Beirut: Lebanese British Friends of the National Museum. DBD 100 Qto DOU

*Lange, K. 2005. Unearthing ancient Syria's cult of the dead. National Geographic 207(2):113-123.

Macqueen, J. 1995. The history of Anatolia & the Hittite empire: an overview. In J. Sasson (ed) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East.

Vol. II, 1085-1105. DBA 100 SAS

*Morandi Bonacossi, D. 2004, The chronology of the royal palace of Qatna revisited. Egypt & the Levant ,

14: 221-239.

Morandi Bonacossi, D. 2015, The lower city palace at Qatna. In: Qatna & the Networks of Bronze Age

Globalism, (Pfälzner, P. & al-Maqdissi, M., eds. ), Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden: p. 359-376.

*Pfälzner, P. 2012, How did they bury the kings of Qatna? In: Reconstructing Funerary Rituals in the

Ancient Near East.

(Pfälzner, P., et al., eds.) Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden: 205-220.

Qatna (Mishrife) Project Website. http://www.qatna.org/en-index.html. Mishrife in the Late Bronze;

Operation H; Royal Palace; Operation K; Lower City Palace

Wilhelm, G. 1995. Mitanni. In Sasson, Civilizations of the Ancient Near East.

, 1243-54. DBA100 SAS

*Yon, M. et al. 2000. Ugarit special issue. Near Eastern Archaeology , 63(4).

14


Cyprus & the Eastern Mediterranean (read 1)

Budd, P. et al. 1995. Oxhide ingots, recycling & the Mediterranean metals trade. Journal of Mediterranean

Archaeology 8(1): 1-32. (and comments by Sherratt, Gale, Yener)

Cline, E. & Cline, M. 1991. Of shoes & ships & sealing wax. Expedition 33(3): 46-54.

*Goren, Y. 2003. The location of Alashiya. American Journal of Archaeology 107: 233-255.

*Grave, P., et al. 2014. Ceramics, trade, provenience, geology: Cyprus in the LBA. Antiquity 88: 1180-1200.

Keswani, P. 2012, Urban mortuary practices at Enkomi & Ugarit in the 2nd millennium BC. In:

Reconstructing Funerary Rituals in the Ancient Near East. (Pfälzner, P., et al. eds.). Harrassowitz,

Wiesbaden: p. 183-204.

Kolb, F. 2004. Troy VI: trading center & commercial city? American Journal of Archaeology 108: 577-613; also Jablonka & Rose, 615-630.

Manning, S. 2014, Dating the Thera (Santorini) eruption: archaeological & scientific evidence supporting a high chronology. Antiquity 88: 1164-1179.

Negbi O. 2005. Urbanism on Late Bronze Age Cyprus. BASOR 1-45.

Pulak, C. 1994. The Uluburun Shipwreck. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 27(3): 11-224.

Sherratt, S. 2000, Circulation of metals & the end of the Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean. In:

Metals Make the World Go Round, (Pare, C., Ed.), Oxbow, Oxford: p. 82-95.


Alcock, S.E. 2001. Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History. Cambridge: CUP.

Haas, J. 1990. The Anthropology of War. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Lightfoot, K.G. and Martinez, A. 1995. Frontiers and boundaries in archaeological perspective. Annual

Review of Anthropology, 24(1):471-491.

Sinopoli, C.M. 1994. The archaeology of empires. Annual Review of Anthropology, 23(1):159-179.


Wallerstein, I.M. 1974. The Modern World System. New York : Academic Press.


Ben Tor, A. & Bonfil, R. 1997. Hazor V.

Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

Dassow, Eva.von 2008. State & Society in the Late Bronze Age . Bethesda: CDL Press.

Gale, N. 1991. Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean . London. Peltenburg; Sherratt & Sherratt; Bass.

Gonen, R. 1992. Burial Patterns & Cultural Diversity in LBA Canaan . Winona Lake. DBE 100 GON

Goren, Y. & et al 2004. Inscribed in Clay . Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press. DBA 300 GOR

Hasel, M.G. 1998. Domination & Resistance . E.J. Brill, Leiden. EGYPTOLOGY B20 HAS.

Higginbotham, C. 2000. Egyptianization & Elite Emulation in Ramesside Palestine . Boston.

Liverani, M. 2001. International Relations in the Ancient Near East . Basingstoke: Palgrave. ANC HIST B61 LIV

Meyers, E. et al. 1996. Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East . Oxford. Alalakh, Ugarit, Byblos, Kamid el-Loz, Kadesh/Nebi Mend; Carchemish; Uluburun, Enkomi, Kition DBE 100 Qto

Morandi-Bonacossi, D. & et al 2003. Tel Mishrife/Qatna. Akkadica, 124: 65-120.

Morandi-Bonacossi, D. 2006. A new royal statue from Tel Mishrife/Qatna. In Czerny, E. et al. (eds) Timelines: Studies in Honor of Manfred Bietak . Leuven: OLA 149 Vol. 3, 53-62.

Morandi Bonacossi, D. 2008, Qatna I . Forum Editrice,

Pfälzner, P. & al-Maqdissi, M. 2015, Qatna & the Networks of Bronze Age Globalism.

Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.

Singer, I. 1999. A political history of Ugarit. In W. Watson & N. Wyatt (eds), Handbook of Ugaritic Studies: 603-733.

Leiden: Brill.

Soldt, W. H. van. 1995. Ugarit. in J. Sasson (eds) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East.

Vol. II, 1255-1266.

Stern, E. 1993. New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land . Beth-Shean, Megiddo, Lachish,

Shechem, Hazor, Jericho, Gezer, Aphek, Deir el-Balah.

DBE 100 Qto NEW

Tubb, J. 1998. The Canaanites . London: British Museum. DBE 100 TUB

Wachsmann, S. 1998. Seagoing Ships & Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant . Dallas: Texas A&M University

Woolley, L.1953. A Forgotten Kingdom. Harmondsworth. (Ch. 7) ANC HIST H52 WOO

Woolley, L. 1955. Alalakh . London: Society of Antiquaries. DBC 10 WOO SITE REPORT. (Level IV)

Yener, K.A. (ed) 2010. Tell Atchana, ancient Alalakh. Volume 1 . Istanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.

Yon, M. 1992. Ugarit, the urban habitat. Bulletin American Schools of Oriental Research 286: 19-34.

Zacagnini, C. 1987 Aspects of ceremonial exchange in the Near East during the late 2 nd

millennium BC. In Centre &

Periphery in the Ancient World, ed. M. Rowlands et al., 57-65. Cambridge. AB ROW

15


Session 7 The LBA collapse; Philistia

The LBA collapse, the Sea Peoples & the emergence of Philistine cities.

Historical Documents (read a selection)

Pritchard, J. (ed) 1969. Ancient Near Eastern Texts (3rd Edition). Princeton: Princeton University Press.

DBA 600 Qto Hymn of Victory of Mernepthah - the 'Israel' stele; War Against the Sea Peoples

Overviews (read 1)

Dever, W. 1992. The Late Bronze-Early Iron I horizon in Syria-Palestine: Egyptians, Canaanites, 'Sea

Peoples' & Proto-Israelites. In The Crisis Years (eds. W. Ward & M. Joukowsky). Dubuque, 99-110.

(whole book is relevant) ISSUE DESK WAR1; ANC HIST B6 WAR

*Stager, L. 1995. The impact of the Sea Peoples in Canaan. In The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land

(ed. T. Levy). Leicester, 332-348. DBE 100 LEV; ISSUE DESK LEV 3

The LBA collapse (read 1)

Cline, E. 2014. 1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed. Princeton : Prjnceton University Press.

Drake, B.L. 2012. The influence of climatic change on the Late Bronze Age collapse and the Greek Dark

Ages. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39:1862-1870.

Drews, R. 1993. The End of the Bronze Age .

Princeton: Princeton University Press. BC150 DRE.

Langgut, D., Finkelstein, I. and Litt, T. 2013. Climate and the Late Bronze collapse: new evidence from the

Southern Levant. Tel Aviv, 40(2):149-175.

*Nur, A. & Cline, E. 2000. Poseidon’s horses: plate tectonics & earthquake storms in the LBA Aegean & eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Archaeological Science 27: 43-63.

Sherratt, S., 2000. Circulation of metals & the end of the Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean. In: Pare,

C. (ed) Metals Make the World Go Round.

Oxbow, Oxford, 82-95.

Yurco, F. 1999. End of the Late Bronze Age & other crisis periods: a volcanic cause? E. Teeter & J. Larson

(eds). Gold of Praise , 455-463. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago. EGYPTOL QTO A6 WEN

*Yon, M. 1992. The end of the kingdom of Ugarit. In The Crisis Years (eds. W. Ward & M. Joukowsky).

Dubuque:Kendall/Hunt, 111- 122. ISSUE DESK WAR1; ANC HIST B6 WAR

Sea Peoples & Philistines (read 2)

Artzy, M. 1997. Nomads of the sea. In S. Swiny, R. L. Hohlfelder, & H. W. Swiny (eds), Res Maritimae:

Cyprus & the Eastern Mediterranean from Prehistory to Late Antiquity: 1-16. Atlanta: Scholars Press.

DAG 15 Qto SWI

Barako, T. 2000. The Philistine settlement as mercantile phenomenon. American Journal of Archaeology

104: 513-530.

Bauer, A. 1998. Cities of the sea: maritime trade & the origin of Philistine settlement in the early Iron Age southern Levant. Oxford Journal of Archaeology , 17(2): 149-168.

Bunimovitz,S. 1990.Problems in ethnic identification of Philistine material culture. Tel Aviv 17:210-222.

Bunimovitz, S. & Yasur-Landau, A. 1996. Philistine & Israelite pottery. Tel Aviv 23(1).

Cline, E. H. & O'Connor, D. B. 2003. The mystery of the Sea Peoples. In D. B. O'Connor & S. Quirke (eds),

Mysterious Lands: Encounters with Ancient Egypt: London: UCL Press. EGYPTOLOGY B20 OCO;

ISSUE DESK OCO

Dothan, T. 1997. Tel Miqne-Ekron. In The Archaeology of Israel (eds. N. Silberman & D. Small). Sheffield:

Sheffield Academic Press, 98-106. DBE 100 SIL

Dothan, T. K. & Zukerman, A. 2004. A preliminary study of the Mycenaean IIIC1 pottery assemblages from

Tel Miqne-Ekron & Ashdod. Bulletin American Schools of Oriental Research , 333: 1-54.

Dothan, T. 1982. The Philistines & Their Material Culture.

New Haven: Yale. DBE 100 DOT

Hesse, B.1986.Animal use at Tel Miqne-Ekron. Bulletin American Sch. Oriental Research 264: 17-28.

Hesse, B. 1990. Pig lovers & pig haters. Journal of Ethnobiology , 10(2): 195-225.

Oren, E. 2000. The Sea Peoples & their World . Philadelphia: Univ. Pennsylvania. DBA 100 ORE

16


Stern, E. et al. (eds) 1993. The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land .

Jerusalem. Ashdod (XIII & XII-X); Ashkelon; Miqne-Ekron (VII & VI-IV); Qasile (XII-X). DBE 100

Qto

Strange, J. 2000. The Philistine city-states. In M. H. Hansen (ed) A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State

Cultures: 129-139. Copenhagen: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences & Letters.

Wachsmann, S. 1997. Were the Sea Peoples Mycenaeans? The evidence of ship iconography. In S. Swiny, et al. (eds), Res Maritimae.

Nicosia, Cyprus, 339-356. DAG 15 Qto SWI

Yasur-Landau, A. 2010. The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age.

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.


Burmeister, S. 2000. Archaeology and migration: approaches to an archaeological proof of migration.

Current Anthropology 41(4):539-567.

Butzer, K. 2012. Collapse, environment and society. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the

United States of America, 109(10):3632-3639.

Cowgill, G. 1988. Onward and upward with collapse. In The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations

(eds N. Yoffee and G. Cowgill). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Mascie-Taylor, C.G.N. and Lasker, G.W. 1988. Biological Aspects of Human Migration. Cambridge

Cambridgeshire : Cambridge University Press.

Strathern, A. and Stèurzenhofecker, G. 1994. Migration and transformations: regional perspectives on New

Guinea. Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press.

Lipinski, E., Lerberghe, K.v. and Schoors, A. 1995. Immigration and Emigration within the Ancient Near

East. Leuven : Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Orièentalistiek.

Tainter, J.A. 1988. The Collapse of Complex Societies. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Weiss, H. and Bradley, R.S. 2001. What drives societal collapse? Science, 291(5504):609-610.

Yoffee, N. and Cowgill, G. 1988. The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations. Tucson : University of

Arizona Press.


Finkelstein, I. 1995. The date of the settlement of the Philistines in Canaan. Tel Aviv , 22(2): 213-239.

Gitin, S., Mazar, A. & Stern, E. (eds). 1998. Mediterranean Peoples in Transition . Jerusalem. DAG 100 GIT; ISSUE

DESK GIT (Ashkelon & Miqne-Ekron)

Gunneweg, J. et al. 1986. On the origin of pottery from Tel Miqne-Ekron. Bull. Amer. Schools of Oriental Research,

264: 3-16.

Killebrew, A. et al. 1996 . Tel Miqne-Ekron: the Bronze & Iron ages.

Jerusalem: Albright Institute of Archaelogical

Research.

Master, D. 2003. Trade & politics: Ashkelon's balancing act in the seventh century BCE. Bulletin of the American

Schools of Oriental Research, 330.

Petrie, W. M. F. 1928. Gerar . London: British school of Archaeology in Egypt.

Petrie, W. M. F., et al. 1930. Beth-pelet (Tell Fara) . London: British school of archaeology in Egypt etc.

Stager, L., Schloen, D., Master, D. 2008. Ashkelon. 1.

Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. DBE 10 ASH

Stager, L., Schloen, D., Master, D. 2008. Ashkelon 3.

Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. DBE 10 ASH

Stone, B. 1995. The Philistines & acculturation. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , 298: 7-32.

17


Session 8 Neo-Hittites, Aramaeans, Phoenicia

City-states of the northern Levant in the Iron Age


Pritchard, J. (ed) 1969. Ancient Near Eastern Texts . Princeton. Ben-Hadad of Damascus; Zakir of Hamat &

Lu'ath; Journey of Wen-Amon; Ahiram of Byblos; Tabnit of Sidon; Eshmunazar of Sidon

Klengel, H. 1992. Syria, 3000-300 BC . Berlin. Chapter 4.2-4.3 (pp. 187-219) DBD 100 KLE

Neo-Hittites (read 1)

Hawkins, J.D. 1981. The Neo-Hittite states in Syria & Anatolia. In The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume

III Part 1 (2nd Ed.) (ed. I.E.S. Edwards et al.). Cambridge. DBA 100 CAM

Hawkins, J. David. 1995. Karkamish & Karatepe: Neo-Hittite city-states in north Syria. In Jack M. Sasson et al., eds., Civilizations of the Ancient Near Eas t. II. New York, 1295-1307. DBA 100 SAS

Thuesen, I. 2002. The Neo-Hittite city-states. In M. H. Hansen (ed) A Comparative Study of Six City-State

Cultures: 43-55. Copenhagen: Danish Academy of Sciences & Letters. BC 100 Qto HAN

Aramaeans (read 1)

Akkermans, P. & Schwartz, G. 2002. Archaeology of Syria . New York. (Chap. 11) ISSUE DESK AKK

Dion, Paul E., 1995. Aramaean tribes & nations of first-millennium western Asia. In: J. Sasson (ed)

Civilizations of the Ancient Near East . New York. Vol. II: 1281-1294. DBA 100 SAS

Ward, W. & Joukowsky, M. (eds) 1996. The Crisis Years . Dubuque. (Sader, McClellan, Caubet)

Weiss, H. (ed) 1985. Ebla to Damascus . Washington. DBD 300 WEI (Snell & Strommenger, p. 322-9)

Phoenicians (read 1)

*Aubet, M. E. 2004. The Tyre al Bass necropolis. In C. Doumet-Serhal (ed) Decade: A Decade of

Archaeology & History in the Lebanon, 16-27. Beirut. DBD 100 Qto DOU

Bikai, P. 1992. The Phoenicians. In The Crisis Years (eds. W. Ward & M. Joukowsky). Dubuque, Iowa:

Kendall/Hunt, 132-141. ANC. HIST. B6 WAR

Gubel, E. 1999. The Phoenicians. In Binst, O. et al. 1999. The Levant: History & Archaeology in the Eastern

Mediterranean.

Köln (Cologne): Könemann, 46-79.

Markoe, G. 2000. The Phoenicians . Berkeley: University of California Press. DBE100 MAR

Moscati, S. (ed) 1988. The Phoenicians . Milan/: Bompiani/John Murray. DAG Qto VEN

*Pritchard, J. 1978. Recovering Sarepta, a Phoenician City . Princeton. DBD 10 PRI

Rollig, W. 1983. On the origins of the Phoenicians. Berytus 31: 79-93.

*Stern, E. 1995. Between Persia & Greece. In The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land (ed. Thomas

Levy). Leicester: Leicester University Press, 432-445. DBE 100 LEV; ISSUE DESK LEV 3

Phoenicia, Cyprus & Colonization (read 1)

Aubet, M.E. 1993. The Phoenicians & the West . Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. DAG 100 AUB

*Ballard, R. D. & et al 2002, Iron Age shipwrecks in deep water off Ashkelon, Israel. American Journal of

Archaeology , 106: 151-168.

Bisi, A. 1992. Early Phoenician presence in the Mediterranean islands. American Journ. of Archaeology , 96.

Dommelen, P. v 2005. Colonial interactions & hybrid practices: Phoenician & Carthaginian settlement in the

Mediterranean. In: G. Stein (ed) The Archaeology of Colonial Encounters . Santa Fe: SAR, 109-142.

Frankenstein, S. 1979. The Phoenicians in the far west. In M. Larsen (ed) Power & Propaganda.

Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag (Mesopotamia 7), 263-294. DBB Series MES 7

Hodos, T. 2006. Responses to Colonization in the Iron Age Mediterranean. London : Routledge.

Niemeyer, H. G. 2000. The early Phoenician city-states on the Mediterranean. In M. Hansen (ed) A

Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures : 89-115. Copenhagen. BC 100 Qto HAN

18


Schwartz, J., et al. 2012. Bones, teeth, & estimating age of perinates: Carthaginian infant sacrifice revisited.

Antiquity , 85: 859-874.

Smith, P., et al. 2011 Aging cremated infants: sacrifice at the tophet of Carthage. Antiquity , 85: 859-874.

Stieglitz, R. 1990 The geopolitics of the Phoenician littoral in the early Iron Age. BASOR 279: 9-12.

Waldbaum, J. 1994. Early Greek contacts with the south Levant. Bull. Amer. Sch. Oriental Rsch 293, 53-66.

Xella, P., et al. 2012. Phoenician bones of contention. Antiquity 87(338): 1199-1207.

*Yon, M. 1997. Kition in the 10 th

-4 th

centuries BC. Bulletin Amer. Schools Oriental Research , 308: 9-18.

Evolution & Spread of the Alphabet (read 1)

Cross, F. 1980. Old Canaanite & early Phoenician scripts. Bulletin Amer. Sch. Oriental Research, 238:1-20.

*Cross, F.M. 1985. Origins of the alphabet. In Ebla to Damascus (ed. H. Weiss). Washington, D.C.:

Smithsonian, 271-278. DBD 300 WEI

Isserlin, B. 1982. The earliest alphabetic writing. In The Cambridge Ancient History (Second Edition), Vol.

III Part 1 (ed. J. Boardman et al). Cambridge. 794-818. DBA 100 CAM Reference

Kooij, G. van der 1987. The identity of trans-Jordanian alphabetic writing in the Iron Age. Studies in the

History & Archaeology of Jordan III (ed. A. Hadidi). Amman: Department of Antiquities, 107-122.

*Millard, A. R. 1986. The infancy of the alphabet. World Archaeology , 17(3): 390-398.

Naveh, Y. 1987. Early History of the Alphabet . Jerusalem: Magness Press. HEBREW P25 NAV


Aswad, B. 1971. Property Control and Social Strategies in Settlers in a Middle Eastern Plain. Ann Arbor :

Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Papers No. 44.

Etienne, M. and Leacock, E.B. 1980. Women and Colonization. New York : Praeger.

Goody, J. 1986. The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society. Cambridge : CUP.

Lyons, C.L. and Papadopoulos, J.K. 2002. The Archaeology of Colonialism. Los Angeles : Getty Institute.

Sanders, S. (ed) 2005. Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.

Sweet, L. 1974. Tell Toqaan: a Syrian Village. Ann Arbor : Museum of Anthropology, University of

Michigan, Anthropological Papers No. 14.


Neo-Hittites & Aramaeans

Daviau, P. M. M., et al. 2001. The World of the Aramaeans.

Sheffield: Sheffield Academic. ANC HIST HK5 DAV

Lipinski, E. 2000. The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion . Leuven: Peeters. DBE 100 LIP

Pitard, W. 1987. Ancient Damascus . Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. (Chapters 4-6) DBD 10 PIT

Stone, E. C. & Zimansky, P. E. 1999. The Iron Age Settlement at 'Ain Dara. Oxford: J. & E. Hedges. DBD Qto STO

Winter, I. 1997. Art in empire. In Assyria 95 (eds. S. Parpola & R.Whiting). Helsinki. DBB 200 PAR

Yamada, S. 2000. The Construction of the Assyrian Empire.

Boston: Brill.

Phoenicia

Anderson, W. 1988. Sarepta I.

Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. DBD 10 SERIES SAR

Aubet. M. 2002. Tyre al-Bass. Bulletin d’art et archeologie de Liban . (BAAL). PERIODICALS

Bikai, P. 1992. Phoenicians. In The Crisis Years (eds. W. Ward & M. Joukowsky). Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt, 132-141.

Bikai, P. & Bikai, P. 1987. Tyre at the end of the twentieth century. Berytus 35: 67-96.

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 1990. Volume 279

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 1997. Volume 308

Curvers, H. H. & Stuart, B. 2004. Beirut central district archaeology project, 1994-2003. In C. Doumet-Serhal (ed)

Decade: 248-265. Beirut. DBD 100 QTO DOU

Gras, M., et al. 1991. The Phoenicians & death. Berytus 39: 127-176. PERIODICALS B

Herrmann, G. & Millard, A. 2003. Who used ivories in the early first millennium BC? In T. Potts, M. Roaf & D. Stein

(eds) Culture through Objects.

Oxford: Griffith Institute, 377-402. ISSUE DESK POT 3

Institut du Monde Arabe 1998. Liban . Paris. DBD 100 LIB section on Phoenicians –illustrations

Joukowsky, M. (ed) 1992 The Heritage of Tyre . Dubuque: Kendall-Hunt. DBD 200 JOU

Luke, J. 2003. Ports of Trade, Al Mina & Geometric Greek Pottery in the Levant . Oxford: Archaeopress.

Schreiber, N. 2003. The Cypro-Phoenician pottery of the Iron Age . Leiden: Brill. DAG 15 SCH

Stern, E.. (ed) 1993 . New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land . Jerusalem. Akhziv, Dor

Stern, E. 1995. Excavations at Dor.

Jerusalem: Hebrew University. DBE 10 QTO STE

Ziderman, I. 1990. Seashells & ancient purple dyeing. Biblical Archaeologist , 53(2): 98-103.

19


Session 9 Israel & Judah

South Levantine Iron Age kingdoms, between Philistia & Phoenicia


Pritchard, J., 1967., Ancient Near Eastern Texts . Princeton: Princeton University Press. DBA 600 QTO PR,

DBA 100 PRI. Moabite Stone, Samaria Ostraca; Siloam; Lachish Ostraca

Overviews (read either the 3 articles in Levy (ed), or the Finkelstein-Silberman book)

Levy, T. (ed) The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land : 349-367. Leicester: Leicester University Press.

(Read Finkelstein, 349-377; Holladay, 368-398; and Dever, 416-431).

Finkelstein, I. & Silberman, N. A. 2001. The Bible Unearthed . New York: Free Press. DBE 100 FIN ISSUE

DESK FIN (entire book)

The Bible & Archaeology . (read 1)

The Bible: 2 Kings 3: 4-27. http://www.biblegateway.com

Dever, W. 2001. What Did the Biblical Writers Know & When Did They Know It?. Cambridge: Eerdmans.

Chapter 4, “Getting at the History Behind the History,”, 97-157. ISSUE DESK DEV.

*Finkelstein, I. 2005. Archaeology, the Bible, & the history of the Levant in the Iron Age. In S. Pollock & R.

Bernbeck (eds) Archaeologies of the Middle East. Oxford: Blackwell, pp.207-222. ISSUE DESK van Seters, J. 1997. In Search of History . (esp. Ch. 7). Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. ANCIENT HISTORY A8

VAN; SENATE HOUSE HISTORY 6 th

Floor (63) L43 Van; SOAS QB907.2 /482462.

Political-Social Organization and Culture (read 2)

Dever, W. 1996. Archaeology & the religions of Israel. BASOR, 301: 83-90.

Faust, A. 2002. Burnished pottery & gender hierarchy in Iron Age Israelite society. Journ. Med. Arch 15: 53-

73.

Faust, A. & Bunimovitz, S. 2003. The 4 room house. Near Eastern Archaeology 66: 22-31.

Finkelstein, I. 1988. The Archaeology of the Israelite Settlement . Tel Aviv. DBE 100 FIN

Finkelstein, I. 1996. Ethnicity & the origin of the Iron I settlers in the highlands of Canaan. Biblical Arch.

59(4).

Finkelstein, I. 1996. The archaeology of the United Monarchy: an alternative view. Levant , 28: 177-187.

Finkelstein, I. & Ussishkin, D. 2000. Archaeological & historical conclusions. In I. Finkelstein, D.

Ussishkin, & B. Halpern (eds), Megiddo III: the 1992-1996 seasons. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University.

Franklin, N., 2008. Trademarks of the Omride builders? In: Fantalkin, A., Yasur-Landau, A. (eds) Bene

Israel: Studies in the Archaeology of Israel & the Levant in Honour of Israel Finkelstein.

Leiden, 45-54.

Halpern, B. 1994. The stela from Dan. Bulletin of American Schools of Oriental Research 296: 63-80.

Hesse, B. 1990. Pig lovers & pig haters. Journal of Ethnobiology , 10(2): 195-225.

Master, D. 2001. State formation theory & the kingdom of ancient Israel. Journal of Near Eastern Studies ,

60: 117-131.

Mazar, A. 1993. Beth-Shean in the Iron Age. Israel Exploration Journal , 43:201-229.

Stager, L. 1990. Shemer's estate. Bulletin American Schools of Oriental Research 277: 93-107.

Chronology Debate (read 1 by each author)

Finkelstein, I., 2005. A Low Chronology update: archaeology, history & the Bible. In: Levy, T.E., Higham,

T. (eds), The Bible & Radiocarbon Dating. Equinox, London, 31-42.

Finkelstein, I., 2007. King Solomon's golden age: history or myth? In: Schmidt, B.B. (ed) The Quest for the

Historical Israel. Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta, 107-116.

Mazar, A., 2007. The search for David & Solomon: an archaeological perspective. In: Schmidt, B.B. (ed)

The Quest for the Historical Israel. Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta, 117-139.

Mazar, A., 2005. The debate over the chronology of the Iron Age in the southern Levant. In: Levy, T.E.,

Higham, T. (eds), The Bible & Radiocarbon Dating. Equinox, London, 15-30.

20



Crone, P. 1986. The tribe and the state. In States in History (ed J.A. Hall). Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 48-77.

Douglas, M. 1966. Purity and Danger. London : Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Douglas, M. 1984. Food in the Social Order. New York : Russell Sage Foundation.

Douglas, M. 1999. Leviticus as Literature. Oxford : Oxford University Press.

Douglas, M. 2001. In the Wilderness: the Doctrine of Defilement in the Book of Numbers. Journal for the

Study of the Old Testament. Supplement Series, 158.

Ferguson, R.B. 1997. Tribe, tribal organization. In The Dictionary of Anthropology (ed T.J. Barfield).

Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 475-476.

Gottwald, N. 1979. The Tribes of Yahweh: A Sociology of the Religion of Liberated Israel. New York : Orbis.

Harris, M. 1977. Cannibals and Kings: the origins of cultures. New York : Random House.

Harris, M. 1974. Cows, Pigs, Wars & Witches: the riddles of culture. New York : Random House.

Harris, M. 1985. Good to Eat. New York : Simon and Schuster.

Harris, M. 1987. The Sacred Cow and the Abominable Pig. New York : Simon & Schuster.

Levi-Strauss, C. 1963. Structural Anthropology. New York : Basic Books.

Levi-Strauss, C. 1964. The Raw and the Cooked. London : Jonathan Cape.

Levi-Strauss, C. 1979. Myth and Meaning. New York : Schocken Books.

Levi-Strauss, C. 1987. Anthropology and Myth: Lectures, 1951-1982. Oxford : Blackwell.


Ben Tor, A. & Bonfil, R. 1997. Hazor V.

Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Soc. DBE10 QTO SERIES HAZ 5

Bloch-Smith, E. 2003. Israelite ethnicity in Iron I. Journal of Biblical Literature , 122(3).

Bruins, H.J., et al., 2003. C14 dates from Tel Rehov: Iron Age chronology, pharaohs, & Hebrew kings. Science 300,

315-318.

Dever, W. 1995. Ceramics, ethnicity & the question of Israel's origins. Biblical Archaeologist , 58(4).

Dever, W. 1995. Will the real Israel please stand up? Bulletin American Schools of Oriental Research , 297: 61-80.

Dever, W. 1990.

Recent Archaeological Discoveries & Biblical Research . Seattle.(Ch 2-5) DBE100 DEV

Faust, A. 2003. Abandonment, urbanization, resettlement & the formation of the Israelite state. Near Eastern

Archaeology 66: 147-161.

Faust, A. 2007. Rural settlements, state formation & Bible & archaeology. Near Eastern Archaeology 70(1): 4-9.

Finkelstein, I. 2005 Deformation of the Israelite state. Near Eastern Archaeology 68: 202-208.

Finkelstein, I. & Na'aman, N. 1994. From Nomadism to Monarchy . Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

Finkelstein, I., et al. 1997. Highlands of Many Cultures: The Southern Samaria survey . Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University.

Finkelstein, I. et al. 2000. Megiddo III.

Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University. DBE 10 FIN

Finkelstein, I., et al. 2006. Megiddo IV . Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University. DBE 10 FIN

Fritz, V. & Davies, P. 1996. The Origins of the Ancient Israelite States . Sheffield. HEBREW A15 VOL

Hadley, J. M. 2000. The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel & Judah . New York: Cambridge University Press.

Joffe, A. 2003. The rise of secondary states in the Iron Age Levant. Journal of the Social & Economic History of the

Orient, 45(4): 425-467.

Killebrew, A.E., 2005. Biblical Peoples & Ethnicity.

Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta.

Kletter, R. 1996. The Judean Pillar Figurines & the Archaeology of Asherah . Oxford: Tempus Reparatum.

Lipschitz, O. & Blenkinsopp, J. 2003. Judah & the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian period . Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.

Mazar, A., Mathias, G., 2001. Studies in the Archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel & Jordan . Sheffield. DBE 100 MAZ

Miller, R. 2004. Identifying earliest Israel. Bulletin American Schools of Oriental Research 333: 55-68.

Na'aman, N. 1995. Tiglath-Pileser III's campaigns against Tyre & Israel (734-732 BC). Tel Aviv , 22(2).

Nakhai, B. A. 2001. Archaeology & the Religions of Canaan & Israel . Boston: ASOR. DBE 100 NAK

Peersmann, J. 2000. Assyrian Magiddu: the town planning of stratum III. In I. Finkelstein, D. Ussishkin, & B. Halpern

(eds), Megiddo III . Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University. DBE 10 FIN

Steiner, M. L. 2001. Excavations by Kathleen Kenyon in Jerusalem, 1961-1967. Volume III: The Settlement in the

Bronze & Iron Ages . Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. DBE10 Qto

Stern, E. 1990. Hazor, Dor & Megiddo in the time of Ahab & under Assyrian rule. Israel Exploration Journal 40:12-

30.

Stern, E. et al. (eds) 1993. The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. Jerusalem: IES.

DBE 100 Qto NEW. Izbet Sartah, Khirbet Raddanah, Masos, Hazor, Megiddo, Gezer, Jerusalem, Kuntillet ‘Ajrud,

Samaria, Lachish (III); Beersheva (II), Jemmeh, Dan

Tappy, R. 1992 The Archaeology of Israelite Samaria . Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. DBE 10 TAP

Ussishkin, D. 1982. The Conquest of Lachish by Sennacherib . Tel Aviv. DBE 10 QTO USS

Ussishkin, D. 2004. Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish Tel Aviv. DBE 10 USS

21


Session 10 Ammon, Moab, Edom, Arabia

Political entities with Aramaean affiliations in Transjordan

Historical Documents

Pritchard, J., 1967., Ancient Near Eastern Texts . Princeton: Princeton University Press. DBA 600 QTO PR,

DBA 100 PRI; EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS R 80 PRI. The Moabite Stone

Eph'al, I. 1982. The Ancient Arabs . Leiden: E.J. Brill. Chapters 1-2. DBA 200 EPH

Overviews . (read 1)

Herr, L. & Najjar, M. 2001. The Iron Age. In: The Archaeology of Jordan (eds. B. MacDonald et al.), 323-346.

Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. ISSUE DESK MAC4; DBE 100 MAC

*LaBianca, O.S. & Younker, R. 1995. The kingdoms of Ammon, Moab & Edom. In The Archaeology of

Society in the Holy Land (ed. T. Levy). Leicester, 399-415. DBE 100 LEV; ISSUE DESK LEV 3

Younker, R. W. 2003. The Iron Age in the southern Levant. In S. Richard (ed) Near Eastern Archaeology: A

Reade r: 367-382. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. DBA 100 RIC

Social – Political Organization . (read 2)

Bienkowski, P. & van der Steen, E. 2001. Tribes, trade & towns: a framework for the Iron Age in southern

Jordan & the Negev. Bulletin American Schools of Oriental Research 323.

Daviau, P.M.M. and Dion, P.E. 2007. Independent and well connected: the Ammonite territorial kingdom in

Iron Age II. In Crossing Jordan: North American contributions to the archaeology of Jordan (eds

T.E. Levy, P.M.M. Daviau, R.W. Younker and M. Shaer). London: Equinox, 301-308.

Finkelstein, I. 1988. Arabian trade & socio-political conditions in the Negev, 12th-11th centuries. JNES 47:

241-252.

Levy, T.E., Higham, T. and Najjar, M. 2006. Response to van der Steen and Bienkowski. Antiquity, 80(307).

Levy, T.E. 2009. Ethnic identity in Biblical Edom, Israel and Midian: some insights from mortuary contexts in the lowlands of Edom. In Exploring the longue durée: essays in honor of Lawrence E. Stager (ed

J.D. Schloen). Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 251-263.

Routledge, B. 2000. The politics of Mesha: segmented identities & state formation in Iron Age Moab.

Journal of Economic & Social History of the Orient , 43(3): 221-256.

Routledge, B. 2004. Moab in the Iron Age: Hegemony, Polity, Archaeology . Philadelphia: University of

Pennsylvania Press. DBE 100 ROU

Selected Sites (read 2)

Bienkowski, P. 2003. Busayra . Oxford: Oxford University Press. DBE 10 Qto BIE

*Daviau, P.M.M. and Chadwick, R. 2007. Shepherds and weavers in a global economy: Moab in late Iron

Age II - Wadi ath-Thamad project (Khirbet al-Mudayna). In Crossing Jordan: North American contributions to the archaeology of Jordan (eds T.E. Levy, P.M.M. Daviau, R.W. Younker and M.

Shaer). London: Equinox, 309-314.

Geraty, L.T. 2007. How crossing Jordan made the difference: the case of the Madaba Plains project 1967-

2007. In Crossing Jordan: North American contributions to the archaeology of Jordan (eds T.E.

Levy, P.M.M. Daviau, R.W. Younker and M. Shaer). London: Equinox, 107-110.

Harrison, T.P., Foran, D. and Graham, A. 2007. Investigating 5000 years of urban history: the Tell Madaba

Archaeological Project. In Crossing Jordan: North American contributions to the archaeology of

Jordan (eds T.E. Levy, et al.). London: Equinox, 143-152.

Levy, T.E., Adams, R.B. & Shafiq, R. 1999. The Jabal Hamrat Fidan Project: excavations at the Wadi Fidan

40 Cemetery, Jordan (1997). Levant 31: 293-308. (Edom)

*Levy, T.E., Adams, R., Najjar, M., Hauptmann, A., Anderson, J., Brandl, B., Robinson, M. and Higham, T.

2004. Reassessing the chronology of Biblical Edom: new excavations and 14C dates from Khirbet en-Nahas (Jordan). Antiquity, 78:865-879.

22


*Porter, B., Routledge, B., Steen, D. and al-Kawamlha, F. 2007. The power of place: the Dhiban community through the ages. In Crossing Jordan: North American contributions to the archaeology of Jordan

(eds T.E. Levy, P.M.M. Daviau, R.W. Younker and M. Shaer). London: Equinox, 315-322.

Routledge, B. 2000. Seeing through walls: interpreting Iron I architecture of Khirbet al-Mudayna al-Aliya,

Jordan. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 319: 37-70.

Routledge, B. and Porter, B. 2007. A place in between: Khirbat al-Mudayna al-'Aliya in the early Iron Age.

In Crossing Jordan: North American contributions to the archaeology of Jordan (eds T.E. Levy,

P.M.M. Daviau, R.W. Younker and M. Shaer). London: Equinox, 323-332.

Smith, N.G. and Levy, T.E. 2008. The Iron Age pottery from Khirbet en-Nahas, Jordan: a preliminary study.

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 352:41-91.

MacDonald, B. & Younker, R. 1999. Ancient Ammon.

Leiden: Brill. DBE 100 MAC

*Tushingham, A. & Pedrette, P. 1995. Mesha's citadel complex at Dhiban. Studies in the History &

Archaeology of Jordan V, 151-160.

Younker, R. W. 2003. The emergence of Ammon. In: B. Nakhai (ed) The Near East in the Southwest.

Boston. DBE SERIES ANN 58

*Zayadine, F. 1991. Ammonite sculpture. In P. Bienkowski (ed) Treasures from an Ancient Land: the Art of

Jordan.

Liverpool. 38-51. DBE 300 BIE


Barfield, T.J. 1993. The Nomadic Alternative. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice Hall.

Crone, P. 1986. The tribe and the state. In States in History (ed J.A. Hall). Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 48-77.

Ferguson, R.B. and Whitehead, N.L. 1992. War in the Tribal Zone: Expanding States and Indigenous

Warfare. Santa Fe, New Mexico : School of American Research Press.

Ferguson, R.B. 1997. Tribe, tribal organization. In The Dictionary of Anthropology (ed T.J. Barfield).

Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 475-476.

Fried, M. 1975. The Notion of Tribe. Menlo Park, California : Cummings.

Friedman, J. 1975. Tribes, states and transformations. In Marxist Analyses and Social Anthropology (ed M.

Bloch). London: Malaby Press.

Helm, J. 1968. Essays on the Problem of Tribe. Seattle : University of Washington Press.

Khazanov, A.M. and Crookenden, J. 1984. Nomads and the Outside World. Cambridge : Cambridge

University Press.

Kuper, A. 1982. Lineage theory: a critical retrospective. Annual Review of Anthropology, 11:71-95.

Middleton, J. and Tait, D. 1958. Tribes without Rulers. London : Routledge.

Peters, E. 1967. Some structural aspects of feuding among the camel-herding Bedouin of Cyrenaica. Africa,

37:261-282.

Sahlins, M. 1961. The segmentary lineage: an organization of predatory expansion. American

Anthropologist, 63(2):332-345.


Bawden, G. & Edens, C. 1988. Tayma painted ware & the Hejaz Iron Age. Levant, 20: 197-215.

Bienkowski, P. (ed) 1992. Early Edom & Moab.

Sheffield. DBE 100 BIE

Bienkowski, P. 2001. Iron Age settlement in Edom. In P. M. M. Daviau, et al. (eds), The World of the Aramaeans ,

Volume II: Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. ANC. HIST. HK5 DAV

Cleuziou, S. & Tosi, M. 2002. Essays on the Late Prehistory of the Arabian Peninsula . Roma: Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente.

Eph'al, I. 1988. Syria-Palestine under Achaemenid rule. Cambridge Ancient History IV, 139-164. DBA 100 CAM

Herr, L. G. 1997. The Iron Age II period. Near Eastern Archaeology , 60(3): 114-183.

Herr, L. G. (ed) 2002. Madaba Plains Project . Berrien Springs: Andrews University Press. DBE 10 MAD

Hoyland, R. 2001. Arabia & the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to Islam . London. DBF HOY (Iron Age)

Kuhrt, A. 1995. The Ancient Near East , London. (Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian empires) DBA 100 KUH

Miller, M. (ed) (1997). The archaeology of Moab. Biblical Archaeologist 60(4). (all articles)

Na'aman, N. 1991. Forced participation in alliances in the course of the Assyrian campaigns to the west. In Ah,

Assyria,eds. M. Cogan & R. Eph’al. Jerusalem, 80-98. ANCIENT HISTORY D6 COG

Ray, P. J., 2001. Tell Hesban & Vicinity in the Iron Age . Berrien Springs, Mich: Institute of Archaeology. DBE 10 RAY

23


ASSESSMENTS (for due dates, see schedule)

In your essays, strive for the following

(1) Illustrations: use them to highlight points (give these Figure Numbers & refer to them in the text). Please include at least 4 illustrations (they can be drawings, photos, tables or diagrams). At least one illustration should be a site plan showing excavated trenches. Refer to these trenches in the text & comment on the limitations of the data deriving from them.

(2) Your own direct observations of artefacts & displays in the British Museum & in the Institute (make use of these wherever possible). Feel free to use photos you have taken, to illustrate your points.

(3) Select 2-3 sites as case studies for close analysis & specific details (you will also refer to other sites). You only have 2500 words, so you need to be concise and to target relevant data. Give a very brief explanation of why a case study you choose is a good one for the question you are asking (1-2 sentences at most).

(4) Attention to site formation issues & contexts in which artefacts were found.

(5) Primary sources (ie, translations of texts & information in site reports) – as opposed to over-reliance on others’ interpretations or conclusions. You want to analyse evidence directly, yourself.

(6) Use the most important and recent references in bibliographies. Do not rely on introductory texts.

(7) Be careful not to over-emphasize historical documents (texts) at the expense of archaeology and material culture. Also, do not let ancient texts bias your interpretations of excavated remains.

(8) Original thinking.

(9) The Harvard system & page numbers (eg Finkelstein 1988:14).

(10) If you have problems with the word limit, use footnotes to refer make additional points (note, however, that marking is on the main body of the essay).

(11) It is recommended that you submit a rough outline in advance – the coordinator can then advise you on your initial approach.

ESSAY 1 (2500 words)

1.1 When, where and why did early agricultural villages in the Levant first appear? Does the archaeological record suggest social tensions that stimulated, or resulted from, sedentary agrarian life?

1.2 How and why was art made in the aceramic Neolithic? In addition to stylistic analysis or iconography, what do archaeological / spatial contexts and special technical analyses of the artworks tell us about how the art was was made and used and what it may have symbolized? Focus on 3 of the following: modeled skulls, statues, paintings, masks, figurines, beads.

1.3 What accounts for the changes in technologies that we see in the ceramic Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods (eg, ceramics, metallurgy)? Did these changes affect social organization / hierarchy (or vice versa)?

Is there evidence for craft specialization and if so, what form does this take?

1.4 What role did animal domestication, animal herding and pastoralism play in the development of trade systems, surplus production and the evolution of early Levantine civilizations?

1.5 On the basis of certain assumptions about trade and exchange, Levantine societies in the 4 th

millennium have been characterized as “peripheries” of the “core” civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Why? Do you think this is accurate? In the EBA, what role did trade play in Levantine interactions with Egypt and

Mesopotamia and to what degree were Levantine groups “in charge” of their own resources?

1.6 What stimulated the first formation of urban societies in the Levant? When, where and why did this first happen in the region? How were 3 rd

millennium societies in the Levant organized, politically?

1.7 Who were the Hyksos? Where did they come from? Where did they go? Why? How did they acquire power in Egypt and why did they lose it?

1.8 What is the earliest evidence for warfare in the Levant? What can we infer about the evolution of war from the Levantine archaeological record, from prehistory to the end of the Middle Bronze Age? What role did warfare play in the emergence of Levantine complex societies?

24


____________________

ESSAY 2 (2500 words)

2.1 What does evidence from palaces and temples tell us about Levantine social and political organization in the LBA period? You may want to consider architecture, burials, texts, art. In cases where empires expanded into the Levant, did subordinate city-states use material culture to emulate or express subservience to other cultures -- or to resist political domination? Which elements most clearly retained an indigenous Levantine character?

2.2 In the Medinet Habu inscription ‘War against the Peoples of the Sea,’ Ramesses III presents a detailed narrative of an invasion by the Sea Peoples. What is this scenario & does the archaeological evidence from the Levant back it up? What caused the Sea Peoples phenomenon and what was its impact in the Levant?

2.3 What was the nature of indigenous Neo-Hittite and Aramaean political organization? How do these societies illustrate Assyrian methods of imperial conquest and responses by local rulers facing conquest?

You may want to consider landscapes and texts as well as other data.

2.4 Why did the Phoenicians colonize the Mediterranean, whilst the Philistines seemingly did not? Or is this an inaccurate statement?

2.5 The invention & spread of the alphabet is often attributed to the Phoenicians. Is this accurate? When, how and why did the alphabet emerge? How did it spread -- and to where? On what types of artefacts and in what archaeological contexts are alphabetic inscriptions found? What does this tell us?

2.6 Where did the early Israelites come from & when did formation of the Israelite state take place?

2.7 Using data only from Iron Age archaeology and ancient texts (but not the Bible) – to what degree did early Israelite religion incorporate elements of older Near Eastern belief systems from the Bronze Age?

Consider architecture, burial, texts, art, iconography. (Exclude the Bible so as to maintain a purely archaeological approach.)

2.8 Which of the three main Jordanian kingdoms in the Iron Age was the most powerful, and why do you think so? Were these cultures linked to the Arabian peninsula and what do Assyrian sources say about them and about the Arabs?

___________________________________________________________

APPENDIX A

INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES

General policies & procedures concerning courses & coursework, including submission procedures, assessment criteria, & general resources, are available in your Degree Handbook & on the following website: http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin. It is essential that you read & comply with these. Note that some of the policies & procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult your course co-ordinator.

GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: .

New UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework have been introduced with effect from the 2015-16 session. Full details will be circulated to all students & will be made available on the IoA intranet. Note that Course Coordinators are no longer permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a new UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy

Medrington’s office & will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are now acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make special arrangements

25

1 ARCL 3072 ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE LEVANT, ARCL 3072 HANDBOOK - FINAL

ARCL 3072 ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE LEVANT (0.5 unit)

Session 1 Geography, History of Research, the Palaeolithic

Session 2 The Natufian & the Aceramic Neolithic

Session 3 Ceramic Neolithic & Chalcolithic

Session 4 The Early Bronze Age

Session 5 The Middle Bronze Age

Session 6 Late Bronze Age

Session 7 The LBA collapse; Philistia

Session 8 Neo-Hittites, Aramaeans, Phoenicia

Session 9 Israel & Judah

Session 10 Ammon, Moab, Edom, Arabia

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1 ARCL 3072 ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE LEVANT, ARCL 3072 HANDBOOK - FINAL

ARCL 3072 ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE LEVANT (0.5 unit)

Session 1 Geography, History of Research, the Palaeolithic

Session 2 The Natufian & the Aceramic Neolithic

Session 3 Ceramic Neolithic & Chalcolithic

Session 4 The Early Bronze Age

Session 5 The Middle Bronze Age

Session 6 Late Bronze Age

Session 7 The LBA collapse; Philistia

Session 8 Neo-Hittites, Aramaeans, Phoenicia

Session 9 Israel & Judah

Session 10 Ammon, Moab, Edom, Arabia

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