Institute of Archaeology
ARCL2001
Roman Coinage
Second/third year half unit option
2015–2016
Co-ordinator: Dr Kris Lockyear
Email: k.lockyear@ucl.ac.uk
Preferred (and generally faster) email: noviodunum@hotmail.com
Room 204c, Tel. 020 7679 4568 (Ext. 24568)
Turnitin password: IoA1516; Turnitin code: 2970117
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Contents
1 Overview
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2 Aims, Objects and assessment
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3 Coursework
3.1 Assessment 1: Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Assessment 2: site find analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4 Schedule and syllabus
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5 Reading Lists and Lecture summaries
5.1 Introduction to the course: coinage, money and exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Numismatic History: coinage during the early Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Numismatic history: coinage during the later Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Numismatic History: the denarius system from Augustus to Commodus . . . . .
5.5 Art and propaganda under Augustus (Andrew Burnett) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6 Estimating the size of coin issues: the Crawford–Buttrey debate . . . . . . . . . .
5.7 Numismatic History: the collapse of the denarius system from the Severans to
Aurelian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.8 Numismatic History: the reforms of Aurelian and Diocletian . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.9 Numismatic History: Numismatic History: the fourth century from Constantine
to the end of Fel Temp Reparatio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.10 Numismatic History: the last century of Roman Coinage in the West . . . . . . .
5.11 Analysing site finds I: early methods of Casey, Reece and others . . . . . . . . . .
5.12 Analysing site finds II: Reece’s current methods and Lockyear’s advanced methods
5.13 Practicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.14 Hoards and hoarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.15 Copies, imitations and forgeries of coins: manufacture, epidemics, use and interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.16 Roman Provincial Coinage (John Casey) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.17 Websites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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6 Online resources
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7 Additional information
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Overview
The aim of the course is to provide you with a broad understanding of the development of the
Roman monetary system and the current debates which surround it, both in terms of purely “numismatic” problems, but also in the broader use of coinage evidence for archaeological purposes
and in the study of Roman society and economy.
Course syllabus
January 12th
1. Introduction to the course: coinage, money and exchange.
2. Numismatic History: coinage during the early Republic.
January 19th
1. Numismatic history: coinage during the later Republic.
2. Numismatic History: the denarius system from Augustus to Commodus.
January 26th 1. Art and propaganda in Roman coinage: the case of Augustus (Andrew
Burnett)
2. Estimating the size of ancient coinages: the case of the Roman Republic.
February 2nd 1. Numismatic History: the collapse of the denarius system from the Severans
to Aurelian.
2. Numismatic History: the reforms of Aurelian and Diocletian.
February 9th 1. Numismatic History: Numismatic History: the fourth century from Constantine to the end of Fel Temp Reparatio.
2. Numismatic History: the end of Roman coinage in the west (Sam Moorhead)
February 15th–19th Reading week.
February 23rd
1. Analysing site finds I: early methods of Casey, Reece and others.
2. Analysing site finds II: Reece’s current methods and Lockyear’s advanced methods.
February 29th First assessment due
March 1st Coin identification practical (Adrian Popescu, Kris Lockyear)
March 8th Coin identification practical (Adrian Popescu, Kris Lockyear)
March 15th
1. Coin Hoards (Kris Lockyear)
2. Copies, imitations and forgeries of coins: manufacture, epidemics, use and interpretation.
March 22nd Roman Provincial Coinage (John Casey)
March 24th Second assessment due.
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Basic texts
You should aim to read the entirety of Coinage in the Roman World (Burnett, 1987). This
is a short but excellent book. It has been recently reprinted and is available from Spink (69
Southampton Row). Please do not hog the limited library copies. The Oxford Handbook of Greek
and Roman coinage (Metcalf, 2012) has many period-based chapters which are essential reading
for much of the monetary history part of the course. This book is available online through
the library catalogue. Moorhead (2013) is excellently illustrated and a great companion to the
Handbook.
In addition, there are a number of other books worth reading, all of which are pretty short
and easy going. Howgego (1995) provides a classicists view of the usefulness of coin studies,
Reece (2002) provides an overview of coinage in Roman Britain, Casey (1986) and Reece (1987a)
provide information on how to analyse coin assemblages, pitfalls in interpretation and so forth.
You should aim to read substantial sections (if not all) of these books.
Other useful introductions include the very short book by Burnett (1991) and the old, but still
very useful book by Grierson (1975) and the introduction to numismatics by Crawford (1983).
The Shire books by Casey (1994a) and Abdy (2002) are useful, not only for Roman Britain.
Coins and the Archaeologist contains many essential papers (Casey & Reece, 1974, 1988). Kent
(1978) provides a plethora of high quality images of coins and is worth looking at. The book
by Reece (1970) is rather out-of-date now but has lots of useful detailed information. A good
starters guide to identifying coins was produced by Reece & James (1986, 2000). Moorhead
(2015) is useful for the second assignment.
Reading
Abdy, R. A. 2002. Romano-British Coin Hoards. Shire, Princes Risborough.
Burnett, A. 1987. Coinage in the Roman World. Seaby, London. Excellent introductory
book, essential reading. See review by Crawford in NC 1989, pp. 244–45. inst arch km bur
(two at issue desk).
Burnett, A. 1991. Interpreting the Past: Coins. British Museum, London. inst arch km
bur.
Casey, P. J. 1986. Understanding Ancient Coins. Batsford, London. yates r5 cas; inst
arch issue desk km cas.
Casey, P. J. 1994a. Carausius and Allectus: the British Usurpers. Batsford, London. inst
arch daa 170 cas; inst arch issue desk daa 170 cas.
Casey, P. J. & R. Reece (eds.) 1974. Coins and the Archaeologist. British Archaeological
Reports British Series 4, Oxford. inst arch daa qto series bri 4.
Casey, P. J. & R. Reece (eds.) 1988. Coins and the Archaeologist. Seaby, London, second
edition. The second edition of the classic work. Contains many fundamental papers (despite
original critical review by Crawford); many papers revised, and new ones added in this edition
— see the review by King in NC 1990. inst arch km cas; inst arch issue desk km cas.
Crawford, M. H. 1983. ‘Numismatics.’ In M. H. Crawford (ed.), Sources for Ancient History,
pp. 185–233. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ancient history m5 cra.
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Grierson, P. 1975. Numismatics. Oxford University Press, London. yates r 5 gri; inst
arch km gri.
Howgego, C. 1995. Ancient History from Coins. Routledge, London and New York. Useful
book which covers Greek as well as Roman coinage to the third century. Essential reading and
a relatively cheap buy. ancient history a4 how.
Kent, J. P. C. 1978. Roman Coins. Thames and Hudson, London. Not much text, but a
superb set of illustrations of the best coins. inst arch km qto ken; yates quartos r30
ken.
Metcalf, W. E. (ed.) 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage. Oxford
University Press, Oxford. issue desk ioa met 1.
Moorhead, S. 2013. A history of Roman coinage in Britain. Greenlight, Witham. inst arch
km qto moo.
Moorhead, S. 2015. ‘A survey of Roman coin finds from Hertfordshire.’ In K. Lockyear (ed.),
Archaeology in Hertfordshire: Recent Research, pp. 135–64. University of Hertfordshire Press,
Hatfield. inst arch daa 410 h.5 loc.
Reece, R. 1970. Roman Coins. Ernest Benn Ltd, London. Handbook for collectors and a bit
dated, but contains useful summary of the principal types, a guide to identifying coins, and a
quick summary the Roman coinage of Alexandria. inst arch km ree.
Reece, R. 1987a. Coinage in Roman Britain. Seaby, London. Useful summary of his methods
and results up to the mid 1980s. inst arch daa 170 ree; issue desk daa 170 ree.
Reece, R. 2002. The Coinage of Roman Britain. Tempus, Stroud. inst arch km ree.
Reece, R. & S. James 1986. Identifying Roman Coins. Seaby, London. A useful practical
guide for coins from Roman Britain. inst arch km ree.
Reece, R. & S. James 2000. Identifying Roman Coins. Seaby, London, second edition. A
useful practical guide for coins from Roman Britain. inst arch km ree.
Method of Assessment
This course is assessed by means of two pieces of course-work: an essay of 2,375–2,625 words
and a data analysis exercise with a discussion of a maximum of 2,375–2,625 word discussion (it
could be much less if you use the graphs well). Each contribute 50% to the final grade for the
course.
If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the
Course Co-ordinator.
The Course Co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the student’s approach to the
assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.
The nature of the assignment and possible approaches to it will be discussed in class, in
advance of the submission deadline.
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Teaching methods
The course is taught via 10 two-hour sessions. Attendance at all elements of the course is
compulsory. Of these, 16 classes will be lectures (given by KL, Andrew Burnett, Sam Moorhead
and John Casey) and four will be practical coin identification classes given by KL and Adrian
Popescu.
The lectures are designed to introduce you to the topics and provide necessary theoretical
background to the subject. The practicals are designed to allow you to handle Roman coins and
start to develop your coin identification skills.
Workload
There will be 16 hours of lectures and 4 hours of practical sessions for this course. Students will
be expected to undertake around 100 hours of reading for the course, plus 68 hours preparing
for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of approximately 188
hours for the course.
Prerequisites
While there are no formal prerequisites for this course, students are advised that previous attendance at ARCL1002 is likely to facilitate comprehension of the material presented in this
course. Note that the second assignment involves handling data and producing graphs, either
in R or in Excel so some familiarity with one or other software package is needed. Please let me
know as soon as possible if you need help with the software.
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Aims, Objects and assessment
Aims of the course
The aim of the course is to provide you with a broad understanding of the development of the
Roman monetary system and the current debates which surround it, both in terms of purely “numismatic” problems, but also in the broader use of coinage evidence for archaeological purposes
and in the study of Roman society and economy.
Objectives of the course
This course is designed to give students
1. A history of Roman coinage as struck from the introduction of the denarius to the fall of
Rome in the west.
2. An understanding of numismatic method and theory.
3. An understanding as to how numismatic evidence may be used in archaeological research.
4. A knowledge of the methods that can be used for the analysis of hoards and site assemblages.
5. A knowledge of some of the current debates.
6. The ability to undertake basic coin identification and cataloguing.
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Learning Outcomes
Beyond the course specific aims and objectives, students should also gain experience in:
• critical reflection and the evaluation of arguments;
• the use of a spreadsheet in the analysis and presentation of a large data set;
• examining and undertaking a critique of analytical methodologies;
• constructing a logical argument;
• writing and referencing an academic text;
• independent problem-solving based on real data sets.
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3.1
Coursework
Assessment 1: Essay
Choose one of the following essay topics. Deadline: February 29th 2016. The essay should
be 2,375–2,625 words long. Use of appropriate tables, graphs or illustrations is strongly encouraged — they can save you words! — as are headings which can help strengthen the structure of
your essay.
The Mazin and related hoards have puzzled numismatists for many years. How might an
understanding of broader concepts of money, gifts and exchange help us interpret these
hoards?
There isn’t much to read about the hoards themselves apart from the list of their contents,
RRCH 142, 145 and 146 (Crawford, 1969b) and an article by Crawford (1978) and the relevant
section of his later book (Crawford, 1985, pp. 222–3, Ap. 49). You will need to think about
possible reasons for these very odd collections in the light of anthropological work starting with,
of course, The Gift (Mauss, 1990). Following that there are lots of possibilities although I find
the article by Valeri (1994) fascinating, and the work of Bradley (1982, 1990) very useful.
Bradley, R. 1982. ‘The destruction of wealth in later prehistory.’ Man, New series 17: 108–122.
Bradley, R. 1990. The Passage of Arms: an archaeological analysis of prehistoric hoards and
votive deposits. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. inst arch bc 100 bra.
Buttrey, T. V. 1989. ‘Review of Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic.’ Classical
Philology 84(1): 68–76. classics pers.
Crawford, M. H. 1969b. Roman Republican Coin Hoards. Royal Numismatic Society, London.
Special Publication No 4. yates r30 cra.
Crawford, M. H. 1978. ‘Trade and movement of coinage across the Adriatic in the Hellenistic
period.’ In R. A. G. Carson & C. M. Kraay (eds.), Scripta Nummaria Romana. Essays
presented to Humphrey Sutherland, pp. 1–11. Spink and Son, London. yates r6 sut; inst
arch km sut.
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Crawford, M. H. 1985. Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic. Methuen, London.
See review by Buttrey (1989). yates quartos r30 cra.
Mauss, M. 1990. The Gift: the form and reason for exchange in archaic societies. Routledge,
London. Translated by W. D. Halls with a forward by M. Douglas. First published 1950 as
Essai sur le Don by Presses Universitaires de France. inst arch bd mau (4 one week,
two issue desk copies).
Valeri, V. 1994. ‘Buying women but not selling them: gift and commodity exchange in Huaulu
alliance.’ Man, New series 29(1): 1–26. anthropology pers.
Should applied numismatists rise to the challenge posed by Kemmers and Myrberg? If so,
how might their perspectives be applied in a Roman context?
Kemmers & Myrberg (2011) posed a challenge to applied numismatists to “get away from dating
and the economy” and look at other aspects of interpreting coin finds. See (Lockyear, 2012) for
a discussion of dating and (Howgego, 2009) looks at the problems of studying the economy. See
also the papers in Coins in Context I (von Kaenel & Kemmers, 2009), and the article by (Aarts,
2005).
Aarts, J. 2005. ‘Coins, money and exchange in the Roman world. a cultural-economic perspective.’ Archaeological Dialogues 12(1): 1–28. inst arch pers.
Howgego, C. 2009. ‘Some numismatic approaches to quantifying the Roman economy.’ In
A. Bowman & A. Wilson (eds.), Quantifying the Roman Economy: Methods and Problems,
pp. 287–5. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ancient history r 64 bow.
Kemmers, F. & N. Myrberg 2011. ‘Rethinking numismatics. the archaeology of coins.’
Archaeological Dialogues 18(1): 87–108. inst arch pers.
Lockyear, K. 2012. ‘Dating coins, dating with coins.’ Oxford Journal of Archaeology . see
kris.
von Kaenel, H.-M. & F. Kemmers (eds.) 2009. Coins in context I: new perspectives for the
interpretation of coin finds. P. von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein. inst arch km kae.
How did the rôle of the denarius expand and change under the Roman Republic?
Start with Woytek (2012) and the relevant sections of Burnett (1987). Crawford (1985) is
a major work on this period, although not uncontroversial (see the review by Buttrey, 1989,
although ignore the stuff on die estimation). You might find some of the papers in the volume
edited by Burnett & Crawford (1987) useful, as might that by Lo Cascio (1981). The relevant
section of the book by Harl (1996) has many oddities (use with caution) but is a good source of
references.
Burnett, A. 1987. Coinage in the Roman World. Seaby, London. Excellent introductory
book, essential reading. See review by Crawford in NC 1989, pp. 244–45. inst arch km bur
(two at issue desk).
Burnett, A. M. & M. H. Crawford (eds.) 1987. The Coinage of the Roman World in
the Late Republic, Oxford. British Archaeological Reports International Series No. 326. inst
arch km bur; yates quartos r30 bur.
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Buttrey, T. V. 1989. ‘Review of Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic.’ Classical
Philology 84(1): 68–76. classics pers.
Crawford, M. H. 1985. Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic. Methuen, London.
See review by Buttrey (1989). yates quartos r30 cra.
Harl, K. W. 1996. Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 b.c. to a.d. 700. John Hopkins
University Press, Baltimore and London. Excellent bibliography but many errors in the text.
ancient history r64 har.
Lo Cascio, E. 1981. ‘State and coinage in the late Republic and early Empire.’ Journal of
Roman Studies 71: 76–86. classics pers.
Woytek, B. E. 2012. ‘The denarius coinage of the Roman Republic.’ In W. E. Metcalf (ed.),
The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 315–34. Oxford University Press,
Oxford. issue desk ioa met 1.
Essay: Compare and contrast the monetary system of (a) The Roman Republic c. 100 bc;
(b) at the end of Augustus’ reign and (c) in the fourth century ad.
As always, start with the relevant bits of the books by Burnett (1987, 1991) and Howgego (1995).
Quite good but quick “potted” histories are given by Casey (1994b) and Reece (2002). A more
detailed (if a little old and detailed) account is given by Reece (1970). You should follow up
other references where needed.
Burnett, A. 1987. Coinage in the Roman World. Seaby, London. Excellent introductory
book, essential reading. See review by Crawford in NC 1989, pp. 244–45. inst arch km bur
(two at issue desk).
Burnett, A. 1991. Interpreting the Past: Coins. British Museum, London. inst arch km
bur.
Casey, P. J. 1994b. Roman Coinage in Britain. Shire Archaeology, Princes Risborough, third
edition. inst arch daa 170 cas.
Howgego, C. 1995. Ancient History from Coins. Routledge, London and New York. Useful
book which covers Greek as well as Roman coinage to the third century. Essential reading and
a relatively cheap buy. ancient history a4 how.
Reece, R. 1970. Roman Coins. Ernest Benn Ltd, London. Handbook for collectors and a bit
dated, but contains useful summary of the principal types, a guide to identifying coins, and a
quick summary the Roman coinage of Alexandria. inst arch km ree.
Reece, R. 2002. The Coinage of Roman Britain. Tempus, Stroud. inst arch km ree.
How helpful are modern concepts of propaganda in understanding the designs used on
Roman coins?
For the bibliography for this question, see the reading list for Andrew Burnett’s lecture on page
5.5.
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Discuss the metrology of Roman coinage during the first three centuries ad. What problems
do we have in studying metrology and how may they be overcome?
Start with Ponting (2012), Burnett (1987) and Howgego (1995). The three volume work by
Walker (1976, 1977, 1978) has been used by many people but is fundamentally flawed because
the analyses are only of the surface, often not representative of the coin as a whole. Various
articles by Butcher and Ponting are extremely important (Butcher & Ponting, 1995, 1998, 2005,
2015; Ponting & Gitler, 2003).
Casey (1994b) has some useful bits and the famous graph. Have a look through the series
Metallurgy in Numismatics for other useful articles.
Burnett, A. 1987. Coinage in the Roman World. Seaby, London. Excellent introductory
book, essential reading. See review by Crawford in NC 1989, pp. 244–45. inst arch km bur
(two at issue desk).
Butcher, K. & M. Ponting 1995. ‘Rome and the East: production of Roman provincial
silver coinage, AD 196–197.’ Oxford Journal of Archaeology 14(1): 17–36. inst arch pers,
also available online.
Butcher, K. & M. Ponting 1998. ‘Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Roman silver coins.’
In A. Oddy & M. Cowell (eds.), Metallurgy in Numismatics, pp. 308–34. Royal Numsimatic
Society, London.
Butcher, K. & M. Ponting 2005. ‘The Roman denarius under the Julio-Claudian Emperors:
Mints, metallurgy and technology.’ Oxford Journal of Archaeology 24(2): 163–197. inst arch
pers, also available online.
Butcher, K. & M. Ponting 2015. The Metallurgy of Roman Silver Coinage from the Reform
of Nero to the Reform of Trajan. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. available online
through ucl library.
Casey, P. J. 1994b. Roman Coinage in Britain. Shire Archaeology, Princes Risborough, third
edition. inst arch daa 170 cas.
Cope, L. H. 1967. ‘Roman Imperial silver coinage alloy standards: the evidence.’ Numismatic
Chronicle 127: 107–127. inst arch pers.
Howgego, C. 1995. Ancient History from Coins. Routledge, London and New York. Useful
book which covers Greek as well as Roman coinage to the third century. Essential reading and
a relatively cheap buy. ancient history a4 how.
Ponting, M. 2012. ‘The substance of coinage: the role of scientific analysis in ancient numismatics.’ In W. E. Metcalf (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, pp.
12–30. Oxford University Press, Oxford. issue desk ioa met 1.
Ponting, M. & H. Gitler 2003. The Silver Coinage of Septimius Severus and his family (AD
193–211). A Study of the Chemical Composition of the Roman and Eastern Issues. Ennerre,
Milan. yates r 5 git.
Walker, D. R. 1976. The Metrology of the Roman Silver Coinage: Part I, from Augustus to
Domitian. British Archaeological Reports International Series No. 5, Oxford.
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Walker, D. R. 1977. The Metrology of the Roman Silver Coinage: Part II, from Nerva to
Commodus. British Archaeological Reports International Series No. 22, Oxford.
Walker, D. R. 1978. The Metrology of the Roman Silver Coinage: Part III, from Pertinax to
Uranius Antoninus. British Archaeological Reports International Series No. 40, Oxford.
How did Aurelian or Diocletian reform the coinage system?
Start with Estiot (2012) and Abdy (2012b) (and follow-up references there-in). Crawford (1976)
gives an overview of the relevant period and one set of possible reconstructions, and those by
Hendy (1985) are important too. Williams (1985) gives and interesting account of the period
but his comments on the coinage are out of date. The inscription discussed by Erim et al. (1971)
is important. Harl (1996) is good for references but be careful with the text. Some of Lo Cascio
(1996) is useful.
Abdy, R. 2012b. ‘Tetrarchy and the House of Constantine.’ In W. E. Metcalf (ed.), The Oxford
Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 584–600. Oxford University Press, Oxford. issue
desk ioa met 1.
Burnett, A. 1987. Coinage in the Roman World. Seaby, London. Excellent introductory
book, essential reading. See review by Crawford in NC 1989, pp. 244–45. inst arch km bur
(two at issue desk).
Crawford, M. H. 1976. ‘Finance, coinage and money from the Severans to Constantine.’ In
Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II/2, pp. 560–593. ancient history r 5 tem.
Erim, K. T., J. Reynolds & M. Crawford 1971. ‘Diocletian’s currency reform: a new
inscription.’ Journal of Roman Studies 61: 171–7.
Estiot, S. 2012. ‘The later third century.’ In W. E. Metcalf (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of
Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 538–60. Oxford University Press, Oxford. issue desk ioa
met 1.
Harl, K. W. 1996. Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 b.c. to a.d. 700. John Hopkins
University Press, Baltimore and London. Excellent bibliography but many errors in the text.
ancient history r64 har.
Hendy, M. 1985. Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Lo Cascio, E. 1996. ‘How did the Romans view their coinage and its function?’ In C. E.
King & D. G. Wigg (eds.), Coin Finds and Coin Use in the Roman World, pp. 273–288. Gebr.
Mann Verlag, Berlin. inst arch km kin.
Williams, S. 1985. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. Methuen, New York.
How did coinage in the fourth century function?
Start with Abdy (2012b) and Moorhead (2012). Burnett (1987, chapter 7) is also useful. The
books by King (1980) and Hendy (1985) has useful information but you need to mine them
carefully for relevant information. Use the book by Harl (1996) for chasing up further references.
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Abdy, R. 2012b. ‘Tetrarchy and the House of Constantine.’ In W. E. Metcalf (ed.), The Oxford
Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 584–600. Oxford University Press, Oxford. issue
desk ioa met 1.
Burnett, A. 1987. Coinage in the Roman World. Seaby, London. Excellent introductory
book, essential reading. See review by Crawford in NC 1989, pp. 244–45. inst arch km bur
(two at issue desk).
Harl, K. W. 1996. Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 b.c. to a.d. 700. John Hopkins
University Press, Baltimore and London. Excellent bibliography but many errors in the text.
ancient history r64 har.
Hendy, M. 1985. Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
King, C. E. (ed.) 1980. Imperial Revenue, Expenditure and Monetary Policy in the Fourth
Century AD. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
Moorhead, S. 2012. ‘The coinage of the Later Roman Empire, 364–498.’ In W. E. Metcalf
(ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 601–32. Oxford University
Press, Oxford. issue desk ioa met 1.
3.2
Assessment 2: site find analysis
Deadline: Thursday March 24th 2016. As this assignment contains a practical and computing element, the final report could be shorter than official word-limit of 2,375–2,625, especially
if you use graphs effectively. (You will not be penalised for being under 2,375 but you will be
for being over 2,625.)
Table 1 presents a list of coins from an excavation of a small rural site in central Hertfordshire
at Hook’s Cross. The coins were identified by an expert and abbreviated details written on the
envelope. Your task is to tidy-up this list, and produce a report on the coins. This should
contain the following elements:
1. General introduction.
2. Catalogue of coins.
3. Table showing Hooks Cross coins by issue period.
4. Analysis of the Hooks Cross data with a discussion of the method chosen and the comparative data used.
5. Discussion of the results.
For the catalogue and table you will probably not be able to resolve all the problems with the
list, and so must make ‘judgement’ decisions on how to deal with some of the entries. The
catalogue should be of the fuller type favoured by Casey (see Casey & Hoffman, 1999) which
will mean you will need to consult RIC and LRBC. Note that all the coins are bronze issues,
there are no silver or gold coins in this assemblage.
To complete this task this you will need to look at some excavation reports and see how
the task has been approached by other scholars, for example Richard Reece (there are lots of
these in the reading list). The coins will have to be divided-up in issue periods (see discussion in
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Reece, 1987a, pp. 73–76). Reece’s latest book gives the results of his work without the methods
(Reece, 2002) although he does give some suggested ‘good’ coins reports (Reece, 2002, p. 151).
You should discuss the list in relation to other sites as published by Reece (1991b). You may
use any method you consider suitable, including using the tables provided by Reece, Reece’s
graphical methods, or more statistical methods. You can use all Reece’s data or subsets of it
(e.g., Hertfordshire sites, rural sites etc.). You may find the article by Moorhead (2015) helpful.
For published examples using Reece’s data see (Guest, 2008a) and Garrard (2010).
You will need to download two files from the web from Moodle. The first, hcross.xls,
is the Hook’s Cross data, the second, cbook01.xls is Reece’s 140 sites data. Both are Excel
spreadsheets.
NB. HK is Reece’s abbreviation for Late Roman Bronze Coinage, Part I and CK for Part II
(Carson et al., 1978). Copies of all the catalogues are available in the library and for consultation
in my room.
References for Assessment 2
Carson, R. A. G., P. V. Hill & J. P. C. Kent 1978. Late Roman Bronze Coinage. Spink
and Son, London. Originally published in two parts (Carson and Kent 1960 and Hill and Kent
1960) but later reprinted in one volume. Often abbreviated to CK and HK.
Casey, P. J. & B. Hoffman 1999. ‘Excavations at the Roman Temple in Lydney Park,
Gloucestershire in 1980 and 1981.’ The Antiquaries Journal 79: 81–143. inst arch pers.
Garrard, J. 2010. ‘Cathedral or granary? the Roman coins from Colchester House, City of
London (PEP89).’ Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 61: 81–8.
Guest, P. 2008a. ‘Coins.’ In P. Booth, A. Bigham & S. Lawrence (eds.), The Roman Roadside Settlement at Westhawk Farm, Ashford, Kent, Excavations 1998–9, pp. 135–48. Oxford
Archaeology, Oxford. inst arch daa 410 qto boo.
Moorhead, S. 2015. ‘A survey of Roman coin finds from Hertfordshire.’ In K. Lockyear (ed.),
Archaeology in Hertfordshire: Recent Research, pp. 135–64. University of Hertfordshire Press,
Hatfield. inst arch daa 410 h.5 loc.
Reece, R. 1987a. Coinage in Roman Britain. Seaby, London. Useful summary of his methods
and results up to the mid 1980s. inst arch daa 170 ree; issue desk daa 170 ree.
Reece, R. 1991b. Roman Coins from 140 sites in Britain. Cotswold Studies IV. Cotswold
Press, Cirencester, provisional edition. Essential collection of data.
Reece, R. 2002. The Coinage of Roman Britain. Tempus, Stroud. inst arch km ree.
Deadlines
The deadlines are: assessment 1: deadline: Monday 29th February 2016; assessment 2:
deadline: Thursday 24th March 2016.
If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the
Course Co-ordinator.
Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve their
marks. However, students may be permitted, in advance of the deadline for a given assignment,
to submit for comment a brief outline of the assignment.
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Type
Ref
Date
Urbs Roma
Tetricus II
Barb Radiate
Barb Radiate
Magnentius
Tetricus I
Tetricus I
Theodora
Constantine I
Carausius
Barb Radiate
Gallienus
Barb Radiate
Constantine I
Carausius
House of Constantine
illegible
Barb Radiate
Constantine I
House of Constantine
House of Constantine
House of Constantine
Barb Radiate
Constantinopolis
House of Constantine
? Tetricus I
Carausius
? Constantine I
Barb Radiate
? Claudius II
Allectus
Barb Radiate
House of Constantine
Claudius II
? Tetricus I
Maxiamian
Constantine II
Gallienus
Constans
Constantinopolis
House of Constantine
Constantine I
Carausius
Constantinopolis
Claudius II
? Tetricus I
House of Constantine
HK76
as RIC 270
rev Mars
rev illegible
copy as CK8
as RIC 130
as RIC 121
HK120
????
rev illegible
rev Pax
as RIC 280
rev Altar
RIC 6 London 155
RIC as 362
rev illegible
illegible
rev Spes
as RIC 6 Trier 203a
copy as HK137
as HK137
copy as CK25
rev Salus
copy as HK52
copy as CK25
rev illegible
as RIC 300
rev illegible
rev Fides
? as RIC 18
RIC 55
rev illegible
as HK447
RIC 266
as RIC 100
RIC 6 Trier 170b
copy as HK88
RIC 330
HK148
copy as HK52
copy as CK25
RIC 6 Trier 870
as RIC 149
copy as HK52
as RIC 104
? As RIC 146
copy as CK25
330–35
270–73
270–90
270–90
350–60
270–73
270–73
337–40
350–60
286–93
270–90
260–68
270–90
310–17
286–93
330–60
200–400
270–90
293–305
345–55
345–55
350–60
270–90
330–45
350–60
270–73
286–93
307–17
270–90
268–70
293–96
270–90
345–48
270
270–73
294–306
335–45
260–68
345–48
330–45
350–60
310–17
286–93
330–45
268–70
270–73
350–60
Table 1: The Hooks Cross find data.
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Word-length
The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of figure
and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, lists of references, captions and
contents of tables and figures, appendices. The word length for both assignments is 2,375–2,625.
Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no penalty
for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply for your
guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected.
4
Schedule and syllabus
Teaching schedule
Lectures/practicals will be held 11am–1pm on Tuesdays in room 412.
5
Reading Lists and Lecture summaries
The following is an outline for the course as a whole, and identifies essential and supplementary
readings relevant to each session. Information is provided as to where in the UCL library system
individual readings are available; their location and Teaching Collection (TC) number, and
status (whether out on loan) can also be accessed on the “Explore” computer catalogue system.
Readings considered essential to keep up with the topics covered in the course are noted at the
start of each section. Copies of individual articles and chapters identified as essential reading are
in the Teaching Collection in the Institute Library (where permitted by copyright). Remember
that many journals are now available online, e.g., The Numismatic Chronicle, check out jstor
via the library catalogue. A number of books, for example The Oxford Handbook to Greek and
Roman Coinage are also available electronically via the library catalogue.
5.1
Introduction to the course: coinage, money and exchange
This session will introduce the course and get you to handle some coins. We will think about
what we could use coinage evidence for and its limitations. We will also think about its role in
the study of the economy.
Crockett (1979, chapter 1) provides the rationalist theory for the origin of money, cf. Crump
(1981) and Gregory (1982, esp. p. 11). The other papers are an eclectic selection intended to
look at exchange and money in a wide range of contexts.
Essential reading for this class is the paper by Kemmers & Myrberg (2011).
Reading
Aarts, J. 2005. ‘Coins, money and exchange in the Roman world. a cultural-economic perspective.’ Archaeological Dialogues 12(1): 1–28. inst arch pers.
Booker, J. 1994. Travellers’ Money. Alan Sutton, Stroud.
Crockett, A. 1979. Money. Theory, Policy and Institutions. Nelson, Walton-on-Thames,
second edition. economics f 24 cro.
Crump, T. 1981. The Phenomenon of Money. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, Boston and
Henley. anthropology d 220 cru.
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Davies, G. 1996. A History of Money. University of Wales Press, Cardiff, paperback edition.
Davis, J. 1992. Exchange. Open University Press, Buckingham. anthropology d 222 dav.
Gregory, C. A. 1982. Gifts and Commodities. Academic Press, London. anthropology d
200 gre.
Grierson, P. 1959. ‘Commerce in the Dark Ages: a critique of the evidence.’ Transactions of
the Royal Historical Society, Fifth series 9: 123–140. history pers.
Hart, K. 1986. ‘Heads or tails? Two sides of the coin.’ Man, New series 21: 637–56. anthropology pers.
Kemmers, F. & N. Myrberg 2011. ‘Rethinking numismatics. the archaeology of coins.’
Archaeological Dialogues 18(1): 87–108. inst arch pers.
Mauss, M. 1990. The Gift: the form and reason for exchange in archaic societies. Routledge,
London. Translated by W. D. Halls with a forward by M. Douglas. First published 1950 as
Essai sur le Don by Presses Universitaires de France. inst arch bd mau (4 one week,
two issue desk copies).
Morris, I. 1986. ‘Gift and commodity in archaic Greece.’ Man 21: 1–17.
Polanyi, K. 1957. ‘The Economy as Instituted Process.’ In K. Polanyi, C. M. Arensberg &
H. W. Pearson (eds.), Trade and Markets in the Early Empires, pp. 243–270. The Free Press,
Glencoe, Illinois. ancient history a 68 pol; anthropology d 222 pol.
Spufford, P. 1988. Money and its use in medieval Europe. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge. history 82 cs spu.
Valeri, V. 1994. ‘Buying women but not selling them: gift and commodity exchange in Huaulu
alliance.’ Man, New series 29(1): 1–26. anthropology pers.
5.2
Numismatic History: coinage during the early Republic
This course will look at the development of coinage in Italy from the earliest Roman coins up
to the introduction of the denarius system in 211 bc.
The essential reading for this lecture is Burnett (2012).
The standard catalogue for the Roman Republic is that by Crawford (1974) who has also
produced a corpus of coin hoards (Crawford, 1969b). His Coinage and Money under the Roman
Republic Crawford (1985) is an important, if controversial book (see the review by Buttrey,
1989).
Reading
Burnett, A. 1987. Coinage in the Roman World. Seaby, London. Excellent introductory
book, essential reading. See review by Crawford in NC 1989, pp. 244–45. inst arch km bur
(two at issue desk).
Burnett, A. 2012. ‘Early Roman coinage and its Italian context.’ In W. E. Metcalf (ed.),
The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 297–314. Oxford University Press,
Oxford. issue desk ioa met 1.
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Buttrey, T. V. 1989. ‘Review of Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic.’ Classical
Philology 84(1): 68–76. classics pers.
Crawford, M. H. 1969b. Roman Republican Coin Hoards. Royal Numismatic Society, London.
Special Publication No 4. yates r30 cra.
Crawford, M. H. 1974. Roman Republican Coinage. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
The standard catalogue of this material which should be used to reference Republican coins.
yates r30 cra; inst arch issue desk km qto cra.
Crawford, M. H. 1985. Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic. Methuen, London.
See review by Buttrey (1989). yates quartos r30 cra.
5.3
Numismatic history: coinage during the later Republic
This lecture will look at the development of the denarius system under the Roman Republic.
The essential reading for this lecture is Woytek (2012). Mattingly (2004, chapters 13 and 16)
has some important material for the dating of issues.
Reading
Burnett, A. 1987. Coinage in the Roman World. Seaby, London. Excellent introductory
book, essential reading. See review by Crawford in NC 1989, pp. 244–45. inst arch km bur
(two at issue desk).
Burnett, A. M. & M. H. Crawford (eds.) 1987. The Coinage of the Roman World in
the Late Republic, Oxford. British Archaeological Reports International Series No. 326. inst
arch km bur; yates quartos r30 bur.
Crawford, M. H. 1978. ‘Trade and movement of coinage across the Adriatic in the Hellenistic
period.’ In R. A. G. Carson & C. M. Kraay (eds.), Scripta Nummaria Romana. Essays
presented to Humphrey Sutherland, pp. 1–11. Spink and Son, London. yates r6 sut; inst
arch km sut.
Hersh, C. A. 1952. ‘Sequence marks on the denarii of Publius Crepusius.’ Numismatic
Chronicle 112: 52–66. inst arch pers.
Hersh, C. A. 1976. ‘A Study of the Coinage of the Moneyer C. Calpurnius Piso L. F. Frugi.’
Numismatic Chronicle 136: 7–63. inst arch pers.
Hersh, C. A. 1977. ‘Notes on the chronology and interpretation of the Roman Republican
coinage.’ Numismatic Chronicle 137: 19–36. inst arch pers.
Lo Cascio, E. 1981. ‘State and coinage in the late Republic and early Empire.’ Journal of
Roman Studies 71: 76–86. classics pers.
Lockyear, K. 2007. Patterns and Process in Late Roman Republican coin hoards 157–2 bc.
British Archaeological Reports International Series 1733, Oxford.
Mattingly, H. B. 2004. From coins to history: selected numismatic studies. University of
Michigan Press, Ann Arbour. inst arch km mat.
Woytek, B. E. 2012. ‘The denarius coinage of the Roman Republic.’ In W. E. Metcalf (ed.),
The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 315–34. Oxford University Press,
Oxford. issue desk ioa met 1.
18
5.4
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Numismatic History: the denarius system from Augustus to Commodus
This lecture will consider the changes in the coinage system implemented during the reign of
Augustus, and then various changes and debasements that occurred thereafter.
The essential readings for this lecture are Wolters (2012), Carradice (2012), Amandry (2012),
Beckmann (2012) and Yarrow (2012).
.
Reading
Abdy, R. A. 2003. ‘Worn sestertii in Roman Britain and the Longhorsley hoard.’ Numismatic
Chronicle 163: 137–46. inst arch pers.
Amandry, M. 2012. ‘The coinage of the Roman provinces through Hadrian.’ In W. E. Metcalf
(ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 391–404. Oxford University
Press, Oxford. issue desk ioa met 1.
Barrett, A. A. 1999. ‘The invalidation of currency in the Roman Empire: the Claudian
demonetization of Caligula’s aes.’ In G. M. Paul & M. Ierardi (eds.), Roman Coins and
Public Life Under the Empire, pp. 83–93. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbour. inst
arch km pau.
Beckmann, M. 2012. ‘Trajan and hadrian.’ In W. E. Metcalf (ed.), The Oxford Handbook
of Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 405–22. Oxford University Press, Oxford. issue desk ioa
met 1.
Breglia, L. 1968. Roman Imperial Coins: their art and technique. Thames and Hudson,
London. inst arch km bre.
Burnett, A. 1987. Coinage in the Roman World. Seaby, London. Excellent introductory
book, essential reading. See review by Crawford in NC 1989, pp. 244–45. inst arch km bur
(two at issue desk).
Burnett, A. 1999. ‘Buildings and monuments on Roman coins.’ In G. M. Paul & M. Ierardi
(eds.), Roman Coins and Public Life Under the Empire, pp. 137–164. University of Michigan
Press, Ann Arbour. inst arch km pau.
Butcher, K. & M. Ponting 2005. ‘The Roman denarius under the Julio-Claudian Emperors:
Mints, metallurgy and technology.’ Oxford Journal of Archaeology 24(2): 163–197. inst arch
pers, also available online.
Carradice, I. 1983. Coinage and Finance in the Reign of Domitian ad 81–96. British Archaeological Reports International Series 178, Oxford. inst arch km car.
Carradice, I. 2012. ‘Flavian coinage.’ In W. E. Metcalf (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Greek
and Roman Coinage, pp. 375–90. Oxford University Press, Oxford. issue desk ioa met 1.
Cope, L. H. 1967. ‘Roman Imperial silver coinage alloy standards: the evidence.’ Numismatic
Chronicle 127: 107–127. inst arch pers.
Duncan, G. L. 1993. Coin Circulation in the Danubian and Balkan Provinces of the Roman
Empire. Royal Numismatic Society, London. Special Publication No. 26. see kl.
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King, C. E. 1999. ‘Roman portraiture: Images of power?’ In G. M. Paul & M. Ierardi (eds.),
Roman Coins and Public Life Under the Empire, pp. 123–136. University of Michigan Press,
Ann Arbour. inst arch km pau.
Kraay, C. M. 1956. ‘The behaviour of early Imperial countermarks.’ In R. A. G. Carson
& C. H. V. Sutherland (eds.), Essays in Roman Coinage presented to Harold Mattingly, pp.
112–136. Oxford University Press, Oxford. inst arch km mat; yates r 30 mat.
Levick, B. 1999. ‘Messages on the Roman coinage: Types and inscriptions.’ In G. M. Paul &
M. Ierardi (eds.), Roman Coins and Public Life Under the Empire, pp. 41–60. University of
Michigan Press, Ann Arbour. inst arch km pau.
MacDowall, D. W. 1979. The Western Coinages of Nero. American Numismatic Society,
New York. inst arch km mac.
Mattingly, H., E. A. Sydenham, C. H. V. Sutherland, R. A. G. Carson, J. P. C.
Kent & A. M. Burnett 1926–1994. Roman Imperial Coinage. Spink, London. Ten volumes,
first volume has two editions. inst arch km ser rom; yates r30 mat.
Reece, R. 1970. Roman Coins. Ernest Benn Ltd, London. Handbook for collectors and a bit
dated, but contains useful summary of the principal types, a guide to identifying coins, and a
quick summary the Roman coinage of Alexandria. inst arch km ree.
Reece, R. 1977a. ‘Coinage and currency.’ Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology 14: 167–178.
inst arch pers.
Reece, R. 1983. ‘Coins and medals.’ In M. Henig (ed.), A Handbook of Roman Art, pp.
166–178. Phaidon, Oxford. yates a 40 hen; inst arch issue desk hen.
Wolters, R. 2012. ‘The Julio-Claudians.’ In W. E. Metcalf (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of
Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 335–55. Oxford University Press, Oxford. issue desk ioa
met 1.
Yarrow, L. M. 2012. ‘Antonine coinage.’ In W. E. Metcalf (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of
Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 423–52. Oxford University Press, Oxford. issue desk ioa
met 1.
5.5
Art and propaganda under Augustus (Andrew Burnett)
The imagery on coins has attracted a great deal of attention as to meaning and purpose. This
lecture will take the coinage of Augustus as an example and examine the choice of designs from
both an artistic and a political viewpoint.
Essential reading is Wallace-Hadrill (1986)
Reading
Burnett, A. 1987. Coinage in the Roman World. Seaby, London. Excellent introductory
book, essential reading. See review by Crawford in NC 1989, pp. 244–45. inst arch km bur
(two at issue desk).
Howgego, C. 1995. Ancient History from Coins. Routledge, London and New York. Useful
book which covers Greek as well as Roman coinage to the third century. Essential reading and
a relatively cheap buy. ancient history a4 how.
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Levick, B. 1982. ‘Propaganda and the Imperial coinage.’ Antichthon 16: 104–16. online via
library catalogue.
Levick, B. 1999. ‘Messages on the Roman coinage: Types and inscriptions.’ In G. M. Paul &
M. Ierardi (eds.), Roman Coins and Public Life Under the Empire, pp. 41–60. University of
Michigan Press, Ann Arbour. inst arch km pau.
Marzano, A. 2009. ‘Trajanic building projects on base-metal denominations and audience
targeting.’ Papers of the British School at Rome 77: 125–58. classics pers and online
via library catalogue.
Metcalf, W. E. 2006. ‘Roman Imperial Numismatics.’ In D. S. Potter (ed.), A Companion
to the Roman Empire, pp. 35–44. Blackwell, Malden, MA. ancient history r 14 pot and
online via library catalogue.
Noreña, C. F. 2001. ‘The communication of the Emperor’s virtues.’ Journal of Roman Studies
91: 146–68. online via library catalogue.
Sobocinski, M. G. 2006. ‘Visualizing ceremony: The design and audience of the Ludi Saeculares coinage of Domitian.’ American Journal of Archaeology 110(4): 581–602. inst arch
pers and online via library catalogue.
Wallace-Hadrill, A. 1986. ‘Image and authority in the coinage of Augustus.’ Journal of
Roman Studies 76: 66–87. online via library catalogue.
Welch, D. 2013. Propaganda: power and persuasion. British Library, London. ssees misc.xx.3
wel; art pr wel.
Zanker, P. 1988. The power of images in the age of Augustus. University of Michigan Press,
Ann Arbor. ancient history r 15 zan.
5.6
Estimating the size of coin issues: the Crawford–Buttrey debate
Estimating the volume of coin production is a topic which has generated considerably more heat
than light. This lecture will look at one specific case in detail, that of the production of the
denarius during the later Republic.
Essential reading is my paper (Lockyear, 1999).
Reading
Buttrey, S. E. & T. V. Buttrey 1997. ‘Calculating ancient coin production, again.’ American Journal of Numismatics, Second series 9: 113–135.
Buttrey, T. V. 1989. ‘Review of Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic.’ Classical
Philology 84(1): 68–76. classics pers.
Buttrey, T. V. 1993. ‘Calculating ancient coin production: facts and fantasies.’ Numismatic
Chronicle 153: 335–351. inst arch pers.
Buttrey, T. V. 1994. ‘Calculating Ancient Coin Production II: Why it Cannot be Done.’
Numismatic Chronicle 154: 341–352. inst arch pers.
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Esty, W. W. 1984. ‘Estimating the size of a coinage.’ Numismatic Chronicle 144: 180–3. inst
arch pers.
Esty, W. W. 1986. ‘Estimation of the size of a coinage: a survey and comparison of methods.’
Numismatic Chronicle 146: 185–215. inst arch pers.
Grierson, P. 1967. ‘The volume of Anglo-Saxon coinage.’ Economic History Review, Second
series 20: 153–160. history pers.
Hopkins, K. 1980. ‘Taxes and trade in the Roman Empire.’ Journal of Roman Studies 70:
101–125. classics pers.
Kinns, P. 1983. ‘The Amphictionic coinage reconsidered.’ Numismatic Chronicle 143: 1–22.
inst arch pers.
Lockyear, K. 1999. ‘Hoard structure and coin production in antiquity — an empirical investigation.’ Numismatic Chronicle 159: 215–243. inst arch pers; inst arch teaching
collection 1921.
Lockyear, K. 2007. Patterns and Process in Late Roman Republican coin hoards 157–2 bc.
British Archaeological Reports International Series 1733, Oxford.
Lyon, C. S. S. 1989. ‘Die estimation: some experiments with simulated samples of a coinage.’
British Numismatic Journal 59: 1–12.
Volk, T. R. 1987. ‘Mint output and coin hoards.’ In G. Depeyrot, T. Hackens & G. Moucharte
(eds.), Rythmes de la production monétaire de l’antiquité à nous jours, Numismatica Lovaniensia, pp. 141–221. Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve. history store 82bs
dep.
5.7
Numismatic History: the collapse of the denarius system from the Severans
to Aurelian
This lecture will examine what happened in the third century from the introduction of a new
coin, variously called the antoninianus or the radiate, and the reform of the coinage in the latter
part of the third century.
The essential readings for this lecture are Abdy (2012a), Bland (2012) and Estiot (2012).
.
Reading
Abdy, R. 2012a. ‘The severans.’ In W. E. Metcalf (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Greek and
Roman Coinage, pp. 499–513. Oxford University Press, Oxford. issue desk ioa met 1.
Bland, R. 2012. ‘From Gordian III to the Gallic Empire.’ In W. E. Metcalf (ed.), The Oxford
Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 514–37. Oxford University Press, Oxford. issue
desk ioa met 1.
Burnett, A. 1987. Coinage in the Roman World. Seaby, London. Excellent introductory
book, essential reading. See review by Crawford in NC 1989, pp. 244–45. inst arch km bur
(two at issue desk).
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Casey, P. J. 1994a. Carausius and Allectus: the British Usurpers. Batsford, London. inst
arch daa 170 cas; inst arch issue desk daa 170 cas.
Cope, L. H. 1969. ‘The nadir of the Imperial antoninianus in the reign of Claudius II Gothicus,
ad 268–270.’ Numismatic Chronicle 129: 145–161. inst arch pers.
Estiot, S. 2012. ‘The later third century.’ In W. E. Metcalf (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of
Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 538–60. Oxford University Press, Oxford. issue desk ioa
met 1.
Reece, R. 1981a. ‘Coinage and currency in the Third Century.’ In A. King & M. Henig
(eds.), The Roman West in the Third Century, pp. 79–88. British Archaeological Reports
International Series 109(i), Oxford. inst arch da 170 kin; ancient history r17 kin.
5.8
Numismatic History: the reforms of Aurelian and Diocletian
This lecture will examine the extremely important reforms of the coinage by Aurelian and
Diocletian, and the various possible reconstructions of the system. Williams (1985) is good for
the history of the period but his comments on the coinage are out of date, and Harl (1996) is
good for references but be careful with the text.
Essential readings are Estiot (2012) and Abdy (2012b), as well as the relevant parts of the
book by Hendy (1985).
Reading
Abdy, R. 2012b. ‘Tetrarchy and the House of Constantine.’ In W. E. Metcalf (ed.), The Oxford
Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 584–600. Oxford University Press, Oxford. issue
desk ioa met 1.
Burnett, A. 1987. Coinage in the Roman World. Seaby, London. Excellent introductory
book, essential reading. See review by Crawford in NC 1989, pp. 244–45. inst arch km bur
(two at issue desk).
Crawford, M. H. 1976. ‘Finance, coinage and money from the Severans to Constantine.’ In
Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II/2, pp. 560–593. ancient history r 5 tem.
Erim, K. T., J. Reynolds & M. Crawford 1971. ‘Diocletian’s currency reform: a new
inscription.’ Journal of Roman Studies 61: 171–7.
Estiot, S. 2012. ‘The later third century.’ In W. E. Metcalf (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of
Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 538–60. Oxford University Press, Oxford. issue desk ioa
met 1.
Harl, K. W. 1996. Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 b.c. to a.d. 700. John Hopkins
University Press, Baltimore and London. Excellent bibliography but many errors in the text.
ancient history r64 har.
Hendy, M. 1985. Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Lo Cascio, E. 1996. ‘How did the Romans view their coinage and its function?’ In C. E.
King & D. G. Wigg (eds.), Coin Finds and Coin Use in the Roman World, pp. 273–288. Gebr.
Mann Verlag, Berlin. inst arch km kin.
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Williams, S. 1985. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. Methuen, New York.
5.9
Numismatic History: Numismatic History: the fourth century from Constantine to the end of Fel Temp Reparatio
This lecture will look at the changes in the coinage from Constantine until the end of the Fel
Temp Repartatio issues.
The essential reading for this lecture is Abdy (2012b).
Reading
Abdy, R. 2012b. ‘Tetrarchy and the House of Constantine.’ In W. E. Metcalf (ed.), The Oxford
Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 584–600. Oxford University Press, Oxford. issue
desk ioa met 1.
Brickstock, R. J. 1987. Copies of the Fel Temp Reparatio coinage in Britain. British
Archaeological Reports British Series No. 176, Oxford. inst arch daa qto series bri 176.
Burnett, A. 1987. Coinage in the Roman World. Seaby, London. Excellent introductory
book, essential reading. See review by Crawford in NC 1989, pp. 244–45. inst arch km bur
(two at issue desk).
Carson, R. A. G., P. V. Hill & J. P. C. Kent 1978. Late Roman Bronze Coinage. Spink
and Son, London. Originally published in two parts (Carson and Kent 1960 and Hill and Kent
1960) but later reprinted in one volume. Often abbreviated to CK and HK.
Kent, J. P. C. 1967. ‘Fel. Temp. Reparatio.’ Numismatic Chronicle 127: 83–90. inst arch
pers.
5.10
Numismatic History: the last century of Roman Coinage in the West
This lecture by Sam Moorhead will survey the final century of Roman coinage in the west.
The essential reading is Moorhead (2012).
Reading
Abdy, R. 2006. ‘After Patching: imported and recycled coinage in fifth and sixth-century
Britain.’ In B. Cook & G. Williams (eds.), Coinage and History in the North Sea World, c.
500–1250, pp. 75–98. Brill, Leiden. see kris.
Burnett, A. 1987. Coinage in the Roman World. Seaby, London. Excellent introductory
book, essential reading. See review by Crawford in NC 1989, pp. 244–45. inst arch km bur
(two at issue desk).
Guest, P. S. W. 2005. The late Roman gold and silver coins from the Hoxne treasure. British
Museum Press, London. inst arch daa 410 s.7 gue.
Guest, P. S. W. 2008b. ‘Roman gold and Hun kings: the use and hoarding of solidi in the
late fourth and fifth centuries.’ In A. Bursche, R. Ciołek & R. Wolters (eds.), Roman Coins
outside the Empire, pp. 295–307. Moneta, Wetteren. see kris.
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Moorhead, S. 2012. ‘The coinage of the Later Roman Empire, 364–498.’ In W. E. Metcalf
(ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, pp. 601–32. Oxford University
Press, Oxford. issue desk ioa met 1.
Moorhead, S. & P. J. Walton 2014. ‘Coinage at the end of Roman Britain.’ In AD 410:
The History and Archaeology of late and post-Roman Britain, pp. 99–116. Society for the
Promotion of Roman Studies, London. inst arch daa 170 qto haa.
5.11
Analysing site finds I: early methods of Casey, Reece and others
This lecture will look at how assemblages of coins from excavations have been analysed up to
c. 1995, and in particular the development of coinage periods by Reece, Casey and others, and
the wide variety of graphical methods used in the analysis of these assemblages.
Reece (1987a) summarises his work up to that date, and his latest book gives the results
(although not the methods) since then (Reece, 2002). Papers in Coins and the Archaeologist are
represent some important early work (Casey & Reece, 1974, 1988). There is plenty of data to
play with published by Reece (1991b). The remainder of the reading list consists of some of the
many useful articles published on this topic, and overlaps with the next lecture.
Reading
Casey, P. J. & B. Hoffman 1999. ‘Excavations at the Roman Temple in Lydney Park,
Gloucestershire in 1980 and 1981.’ The Antiquaries Journal 79: 81–143. inst arch pers.
Casey, P. J. & R. Reece (eds.) 1974. Coins and the Archaeologist. British Archaeological
Reports British Series 4, Oxford. inst arch daa qto series bri 4.
Casey, P. J. & R. Reece (eds.) 1988. Coins and the Archaeologist. Seaby, London, second
edition. The second edition of the classic work. Contains many fundamental papers (despite
original critical review by Crawford); many papers revised, and new ones added in this edition
— see the review by King in NC 1990. inst arch km cas; inst arch issue desk km cas.
Hodder, I. & R. Reece 1977. ‘A model for the distribution of coins in the western Roman
Empire.’ Journal of Archaeological Science 4: 1–18. inst arch pers; natural sciences
pers.
Hodder, I. & R. Reece 1980. ‘An analysis of the distribution of coins in the western Roman
Empire.’ Archaeo-Physika 7: 179–192. inst arch aj series arc 7 (stores).
Mann, J. E. & R. Reece 1983. Roman coins from Lincoln 1970–1979. The Archaeology of
Lincoln, Volume VI–2. Lincoln Archaeological Trust, Lincoln. inst arch daa 410 l.6 series
lin 6/2.
McKay, B. 1992. ‘The coins.’ In D. R. Evans & V. M. Metcalf (eds.), Roman Gates Caerleon,
Oxbow Monographs 15, pp. 87–96. Oxbow Books, Oxford. inst arch daa 610 eva.
Reece, R. 1972b. ‘A short survey of the Roman coins found on fourteen sites in Britain.’
Britannia 3: 269–276. inst arch pers.
Reece, R. 1973. ‘Roman coinage in the Western Empire.’ Britannia 4: 227–252. inst arch
pers.
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Reece, R. 1974a. ‘Clustering of coin finds in Britain, France and Italy.’ In P. J. Casey
& R. Reece (eds.), Coins and the Archaeologist, pp. 64–77. British Archaeological Reports
British Series 4, Oxford. inst arch daa qto series bri 4.
Reece, R. 1975. ‘The Coins.’ In B. Cunliffe (ed.), Excavations at Portchester Castle, volume
1, chapter 6, pp. 188–197. Society of Antiquaries, London. inst arch daa 410 h.5 cun.
Reece, R. 1977a. ‘Coinage and currency.’ Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology 14: 167–178.
inst arch pers.
Reece, R. 1977b. ‘Coins and frontiers — or supply and demand.’ In J. Fitz (ed.), Limes.
Akten des XI. Internationalen Limeskongresses, pp. 643–646, Budapest. Akadémiai Kiadó.
inst arch da 170 lim (2nd copy in store).
Reece, R. 1978. ‘Bronze coinage in Roman Britain and the Western Provinces, a.d. 330–402.’
In R. A. G. Carson & C. M. Kraay (eds.), Scripta Nummaria Romana. Essays presented to
Humphrey Sutherland, pp. 124–142. Spink and Son, London. yates r6 sut; inst arch km
sut.
Reece, R. 1979b. ‘Roman monetary impact.’ In B. C. Burnham & H. B. Johnson (eds.), Invasion and Response: the case of Roman Britain, pp. 211–217. British Archaeological Reports
British Series, Oxford. inst arch daa qto series bri 73.
Reece, R. 1980. ‘Religion, coins and temples.’ In W. Rodwell (ed.), Temples, Churches and
Religion: Recent Research in Roman Britain, pp. 115–128. British Archaeological Reports
British Series 77, Oxford. inst arch issue desk da 170 qto hor; inst arch daa qto
series bri 77.
Reece, R. 1981c. ‘The Roman coins from Richborough—a summary.’ Bulletin of the Institute
of Archaeology 18: 49–71. inst arch pers.
Reece, R. 1982a. ‘A collection of coins from the centre of Rome.’ Papers of the British School
at Rome 50: 116–145. classics pers.
Reece, R. 1982b. ‘Roman coinage in the western Mediterranean: a quantitative approach.’
Opus 1: 341–350.
Reece, R. 1984. ‘The coins.’ In S. S. Frere (ed.), Verulamium Excavations Volume III, pp.
3–17. Oxford Committee for Archaeology, Oxford. inst arch daa 410 h.5 fre.
Reece, R. 1987a. Coinage in Roman Britain. Seaby, London. Useful summary of his methods
and results up to the mid 1980s. inst arch daa 170 ree; issue desk daa 170 ree.
Reece, R. 1987b. ‘The Roman coins.’ In N. Crummy (ed.), The coins from excavations in
Colchester 1971–9, pp. 17–23. Colchester Archaeological Trust, Colchester. inst arch daa
e.7 col.
Reece, R. 1988a. ‘Clustering of coin finds in Britain, France and Italy.’ In P. J. Casey
& R. Reece (eds.), Coins and the Archaeologist, pp. 73–85. Seaby, London, second edition
edition. inst arch km cas (two copies, one at issue desk).
Reece, R. 1988c. My Roman Britain. Cotswold Studies III. Cotswold Press, Cirencester. inst
arch daa 170 ree.
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Reece, R. 1988e. ‘Theory and practice in Roman coinage.’ In P. Kos & Ž. Demo (eds.), Studia
Numismatica Labacensia, pp. 271–278. Ljubljana.
Reece, R. 1989. ‘The Roman coins and their interpretation.’ In I. M. Stead & V. Rigby (eds.),
Verulamium: the King Harry Lane site, pp. 12–15. English Heritage, London. inst arch daa
410 qto ste.
Reece, R. 1991a. ‘Portchester revisited.’ Oxford Journal of Archaeology 10(2): 253–260. inst
arch pers.
Reece, R. 1991b. Roman Coins from 140 sites in Britain. Cotswold Studies IV. Cotswold
Press, Cirencester, provisional edition. Essential collection of data.
Reece, R. 1993. ‘British sites and their Roman coins.’ Antiquity 67: 863–869. inst arch
pers.
Reece, R. 1994. ‘The regional study of coin site-finds.’ Journal of Roman Archaeology 7:
480–490. inst arch pers.
Reece, R. 1996. ‘The interpretation of site finds—a review.’ In C. E. King & D. G. Wigg (eds.),
Coin Finds and Coin Use in the Roman World, pp. 341–355. Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin. inst
arch km kin.
Reece, R. 2002. The Coinage of Roman Britain. Tempus, Stroud. inst arch km ree.
Ryan, N. S. 1988. Fourth Century Coin Finds in Roman Britain: a Computer Analysis. British
Archaeological Reports British Series No. 183, Oxford. inst arch daa series qto bri 183.
Walker, D. 1988. ‘The Roman coins.’ In B. Cunliffe (ed.), The Temple of Sulis Minerva at
Bath. Vol. 2: the Finds from the Sacred Spring, pp. 281–358. Oxford Committee for Archaeology, Oxford. inst arch daa 410 qto cun.
Walton, P. J. 2012. Rethinking Roman Britain: coinage and archaeology. Moneta, Wetteren.
inst arch daa 170 qto wal.
5.12
Analysing site finds II: Reece’s current methods and Lockyear’s advanced
methods
This lecture will look at Reece’s current method for analysing site finds and compare it to the
use of two statistical methods, Cluster Analysis and Correspondence Analysis.
The essential readings for this lecture are the articles by Reece (1995b) and Lockyear (2000).
Reports using Reece’s latest method includes those by Reece (1998) and Esmonde Cleary (2001).
Many of the articles listed for the previous lecture are also relevant here. Other applied numismatic papers are also listed.
Reading
Butcher, K. 2003. Small change in Ancient Beirut. The coin finds from BEY006 and BEY045:
Persian, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods. Berytus Archaeological Studies, Beirut.
inst arch pers berytus.
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Esmonde Cleary, S. 2001. ‘Roman coins.’ In P. Leach (ed.), Excavation of a Romano-British
Roadside Settlement in Somerset. Fosse Lane, Shepton Mallet 1990, Britannia Monographs
No. 18, pp. 211–25. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, London.
Garrard, J. 2010. ‘Cathedral or granary? the Roman coins from Colchester House, City of
London (PEP89).’ Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 61: 81–8.
Guest, P. 2008a. ‘Coins.’ In P. Booth, A. Bigham & S. Lawrence (eds.), The Roman Roadside Settlement at Westhawk Farm, Ashford, Kent, Excavations 1998–9, pp. 135–48. Oxford
Archaeology, Oxford. inst arch daa 410 qto boo.
Lockyear, K. 2000. ‘Site finds in Roman Britain: a comparison of techniques.’ Oxford Journal
of Archaeology 19(4): 397–423. inst arch pers.
Moorhead, S. 2001. ‘Roman coin finds from Wiltshire.’ In P. Ellis (ed.), Roman Wiltshire
and After, pp. 85–105. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Devizes. inst
arch daa 410 w.7 ell.
Moorhead, S. 2007. ‘The ancient and early mediaeval coins from the Triconch Palace at
Butrint, c. 2nd century BC – c. AD 600.’ Numismatic Chronicle 167: 287–384. inst arch
pers.
Moorhead, S. & P. J. Walton 2014. ‘Coinage at the end of Roman Britain.’ In AD 410:
The History and Archaeology of late and post-Roman Britain, pp. 99–116. Society for the
Promotion of Roman Studies, London. inst arch daa 170 qto haa.
Reece, R. 1995b. ‘Site-finds in Roman Britain.’ Britannia 26: 179–206. inst arch pers.
Reece, R. 1998. ‘The Roman coins.’ In J. R. Timby (ed.), Excavations at Kingscote and
Wycomb, Gloucestershire, pp. 400–421. Cotswold Archaeological Trust Ltd., Cirencester. inst
arch daa 410 g.4 tim.
Walton, P. J. 2012. Rethinking Roman Britain: coinage and archaeology. Moneta, Wetteren.
inst arch daa 170 qto wal.
Walton, P. J. 2015. ‘From barbarism to civilisation? rethinking the monetisation of Roman
Britain.’ Revue Belge de Numismatique 161: 105–120. contact kl.
5.13
Practicals
Four hours of coin identification practicals.
5.14
Hoards and hoarding
This lecture will examine the nature of hoarding. Why do people hoard? What uses do numismatists and archaeologists use coin hoards for? What can they tell us about patterns of coinage
production and use? What are the problems and pitfalls in the interpretation of coin hoard
evidence?
Essential reading consists of the two papers by Crawford (1969a) and Kent (1988). My
two papers (Lockyear, 1991, 1993) build on the the earlier observations by Reece (1981b). The
papers by Creighton (1994), van Arsdell (1996) and Orton (1997) form an interesting sequence
papers and should be read in that order. Note, however, that Creighton and van Arsdell use
different typologies.
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Bradley, R. 1990. The Passage of Arms: an archaeological analysis of prehistoric hoards and
votive deposits. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. inst arch bc 100 bra.
Crawford, M. H. 1969a. ‘Coin hoards and the pattern of violence in the late Republic.’ Papers
of the British School at Rome 37: 76–81. classics pers.
Creighton, J. D. 1992. ‘The decline and fall of the Icenian monetary system.’ In M. Mays
(ed.), Celtic Coinage: Britain and Beyond, pp. 83–92, Oxford. British Archaeological Reports
British Series 222. inst arch daa qto series bri 222.
Creighton, J. D. 1994. ‘A time of change: the Iron Age to Roman monetary transition in
East Anglia.’ Oxford Journal of Archaeology 13(3): 325–334. inst arch pers.
Ghey, E. 2014. The Beau Street hoard. British Museum Press, London. inst arch daa 410
a.1 ghe.
Ghey, E. 2015. Hoards. Hidden history. bmp, London. in cataloguing.
Hobbs, R. 2006. Late Roman precious metal deposits, c. AD 200–700: changes over time and
space. BAR International Series No. 1504, Oxford. inst arch kea 3 qto hob.
Kent, J. P. C. 1988. ‘Interpreting coin finds.’ In P. J. Casey & R. Reece (eds.), Coins and the
Archaeologist, pp. 201–217. Seaby, London, second edition. inst arch km cas (two copies,
one at issue desk).
Lockyear, K. 1991. ‘Simulating coin hoard formation.’ In K. Lockyear & S. P. Q. Rahtz
(eds.), Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology 1990, pp. 195–206,
Oxford. British Archaeological Reports International Series 565. inst arch ak series com
18.
Lockyear, K. 1993. ‘Coin hoard formation revisited. . . .’ In J. Andresen, T. Madsen &
I. Scollar (eds.), Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology 1992, pp.
367–376, Aarhus. Aarhus Uinversity Press. inst arch ak series com.
Lockyear, K. 1996b. Multivariate Money. A statistical analysis of Roman Republican coin
hoards with special reference to material from Romania. Ph.D. thesis, Institute of Archaeology,
University College London. ucl thesis store; or as a pdf file from kl.
Lockyear, K. 2007. Patterns and Process in Late Roman Republican coin hoards 157–2 bc.
British Archaeological Reports International Series 1733, Oxford.
Moorhead, S., A. Booth & R. Bland 2010. The Frome Hoard. British Museum Press,
London. issue desk ioa moo 15.
Orton, C. R. 1997. ‘Testing significance or testing credulity?’ Oxford Journal of Archaeology
16(2): 219–225. inst arch pers.
Reece, R. 1974b. ‘Numerical aspects of Roman coin hoards in Britain.’ In P. J. Casey
& R. Reece (eds.), Coins and the Archaeologist, pp. 78–94. British Archaeological Reports
British Series 4, Oxford. inst arch daa qto series bri 4.
Reece, R. 1981b. ‘The “normal” hoard.’ In C. Carcassonne & T. Hackens (eds.), Numismatique
et Statistique, pp. 299–308. PACT 5. inst arch pers.
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Reece, R. 1988b. ‘Interpreting coin hoards.’ World Archaeology 20: 261–269. inst arch pers.
Reece, R. 1988d. ‘Numerical aspects of Roman coin hoards in Britain.’ In P. J. Casey &
R. Reece (eds.), Coins and the Archaeologist, pp. 86–101. Seaby, London, second edition. inst
arch km cas (two copies, one at issue desk).
Reece, R. 1995a. ‘Roman coin hoards in Dacia and beyond.’ Studii şi Cercetări de Numismatică
11: 107–118. Published 1997.
Robertson, A. S. 1974. ‘Romano British coin hoards: their numismatic, archaeological and
historical significance.’ In P. J. Casey & R. Reece (eds.), Coins and the Archaeologist. British
Archaeological Reports British Series 4, Oxford. inst arch daa qto series bri 4.
van Arsdell, R. D. 1996. ‘A statistical analysis of Icenian coin hoards.’ Oxford Journal of
Archaeology 15(2): 235–243. inst arch pers.
5.15
Copies, imitations and forgeries of coins: manufacture, epidemics, use and
interpretation
The copying and forgery of coins became endemic almost as soon as coinage was invented. This
lecture looks at some of the aspects of the copying of coins including the technology of copying,
the difference between ‘copies’ and ‘forgeries’ and periods of endemic copying.
The essential reading for this lecture is King (1996) although Boon (1988) is extremely useful.
Boon, G. C. 1988. ‘Counterfeit coins in Roman Britain.’ In P. J. Casey & R. Reece (eds.),
Coins and the Archaeologist, pp. 102–188. Seaby, London. inst arch km cas (two copies,
one at issue desk).
Crawford, M. H. 1968. ‘Plated coins—false coins.’ Numismatic Chronicle, Seventh series 128:
55–59. inst arch pers.
Davies, J. A. 1986. ‘The Meare Heath, Somerset, hoard and the coinage of barbarous radiates.’
Numismatic Chronicle 146: 107–118. inst arch pers.
King, C. E. 1978. ‘The Woodeaton (Oxfordshire) hoard and the problem of Constantinian
imitations.’ Numismatic Chronicle 138: 38–65. inst arch pers.
King, C. E. 1996. ‘Roman copies.’ In C. E. King & D. G. Wigg (eds.), Coin Finds and Coin
Use in the Roman World, pp. 237–263. Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin. inst arch km kin.
Mattingly, H. B. 1963. ‘The Lightwood hoard and the coinage of Barbarous radiates.’ North
Staffs Journal of Field Studies . inst arch pers.
Mattingly, H. B. 1971. ‘The Verulamium (1960) hoard of barbarous radiates.’ Britannia 2:
196–199. inst arch pers.
Walker, D. 1988. ‘The Roman coins.’ In B. Cunliffe (ed.), The Temple of Sulis Minerva at
Bath. Vol. 2: the Finds from the Sacred Spring, pp. 281–358. Oxford Committee for Archaeology, Oxford. inst arch daa 410 qto cun.
Zeepvat, R. J. 1994. ‘A Roman coin manufacturing hoard from Magiovinium, Fenny Stratford,
Bucks.’ Britannia 25: 1–19. inst arch pers.
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5.16
2015–2016
Roman Provincial Coinage (John Casey)
Details and bibliography to be announced although many of the chapters in The Oxford Handbook
of Greek and Roman Coinage cover provincial issues.
5.17
Websites
There are lots of websites but please be careful with them. Many are written by enthusiastic
but ignorant amateurs, and many are for collectors and dealers. Some useful ones include the
list below.
• Royal Numismatic Society (including bibliography of articles in The Numismatic Chronicle).
http://www.numismatics.org.uk/
• The American Numismatic Society. Lots of useful pages and links including Numismatic
Literature.
http://www.numismatics.org/
• The Numismatic Bibliomania Society. Rather odd in places but some useful parts especially the bibliography.
http://www.coinbooks.org/
• The Harry Bass Foundation maintains an index of numismatic journals.
http://www.harrybassfoundation.org/search_numlit.asp
• De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and their Families.
http://www.roman-emperors.org/
• The Virtual Catalog of Roman Coins.
http://vcrc.austincollege.edu/
• Coin Hoards of the Roman Republic Online is the online version of my coinage database:
http://numismatics.org/chrr/.
6
Online resources
Information will be posted on Moodle for course ARCL2001, including resources needed for the
second assignment. Previous course participants have been contributing to a Roman coinage
wiki. You will be asked to contribute to this.
7
Additional information
Libraries and other resources
In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, other libraries in UCL with holdings
of particular relevance to this degree are the main library in the classics and history section.
Additional copies of some works can be found in the Senate House library.
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Information for intercollegiate and interdepartmental students
Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should obtain the InstituteâĂŹs coursework guidelines from Judy Medrington (email j.medrington@ucl.ac.uk), which will also be available on the IoA website.