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Syllabus
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For examination in June and November 2009
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014
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General Certificate of Education
Ordinary Level
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
GCE ORDINARY LEVEL
Syllabus code: 5014
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION
1
AIMS
2
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
3
ASSESSMENT
5
CURRICULUM CONTENT
6
Exclusions
This syllabus must not be offered in the same session with the following syllabus:
0680 Environmental Management
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014 O LEVEL 2009
INTRODUCTION
GCE Ordinary level syllabuses are designed as two-year courses for examination at age 16 plus.
This syllabus is available for examination in both the June and November sessions.
Environmental Management is concerned with education for sustainable development in a world
where the security of resources and life-sustaining systems is endangered by human impact. It is
wide-ranging in its scope, topical in its coverage and targeted on important skills that young people
need for life.
As a syllabus Environmental Management draws upon disciplines such as Biology, Earth Science,
Geography, Economics and Anthropology. Its starting-point is the functioning interdependence of the
Earth’s natural systems, and how people use natural resources. It moves on to examine the impact of
development on the environment. Such issues as environmental pollution and resource depletion are
examined, but the view of them is forward-looking, to see how we may change the nature of
development towards future sustainability. Environmental Management is thus concerned not only
with the impact of humankind on the planet but also with the patterns of human behaviour necessary
to preserve and manage the environment in a self-sustaining way. For this reason study is linked to
the expanding areas of new thinking in environmental management, environmental economics and the
quest for alternative technologies. Case studies enable students to obtain a local as well as a global
perspective.
Environmental Management recognises that human behaviour towards the environment is guided by
the survival needs, perceptions and values of people. Underlying the syllabus framework there is a
firm recognition that cultural, social and political attitudes directly influence the economy of nature.
Environmental Management, therefore, seeks to present not only a global view of human ecology but
one in which the student is a participant as well as an observer, formulating opinion ahead of
environmental policymaking. In this direct sense the examination syllabus aims to enhance education
for sustainable development, by providing for students a deeper insight into processes and, long term,
a greater capacity for change in their knowledge, skills and values. It is a fundamental principle of the
syllabus that the achievement of sustainability will be governed by the way people think and make
decisions. A course in Environmental Management therefore calls upon young people to be
participants in defining the future of their world. In this it encourages the prospective view that ‘we
have not so much inherited the world from our parents as borrowed it from our children’.
1
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014 O LEVEL 2009
AIMS
The aims of the syllabus are set out below and describe the educational purposes of a course in
Environmental Management for the GCE examination. They are not listed in order of priority. Aims 7,
8 and 11 are intended as general course outcomes, but are not directly assessed in the examination.
The aims are to enable students to acquire:
1.
knowledge of the functioning of the natural system which makes life possible on Earth;
2.
an understanding that humankind is part of this system and depends on it;
3.
an appreciation of the diverse influences of human activity on the natural system;
4.
an awareness of the need for management and human responsibility to keep the system in a
healthy condition if life as we know it is to continue;
5.
an understanding of sustainable development and management to meet the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs;
6.
an understanding of how local environments contribute to the global environment;
7.
a sensitivity to, and a sense of responsibility and concern for, the welfare of the environment and
all other life forms which share this planet;
8.
an awareness of their own values concerning environmental issues;
9.
an awareness of the values of others;
10. a willingness to review their own attitudes in the light of new knowledge and experiences;
11. a sound basis for further study, personal development and participation in local and global
environmental concerns.
2
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014 O LEVEL 2009
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
Assessment Objectives are relatively independent sets of skills and activities. The three Assessment
Objectives in Environmental Management are:
A
Knowledge with understanding
B
Skills of enquiry, presentation and analysis
C
Evaluation, judgement and decision making.
A description of each Assessment Objective follows.
A
KNOWLEDGE WITH UNDERSTANDING
Students should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:
1.
the wide range of processes contributing to
(a) the functioning of the Earth’s natural, geophysical and ecological systems,
(b) human development within the natural system and the impact of human activity on the total
environment;
2.
the concept of environmental interdependence, with the ability to place local environmental
questions in an international or global setting;
3.
the implications of the unequal distribution of resources and of the unequal patterns of human
development;
4.
the concept and practice of sustainable development,
5.
ways of reducing and repairing environmental damage.
These assessment objectives will mainly be covered in the Resources and Development elements of
the syllabus.
B
SKILLS OF ENQUIRY, PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Students will be expected to demonstrate the ability to:
6.
select and use suitable basic techniques to
(a) observe, record and classify relevant primary data,
(b) extract and classify relevant secondary data from appropriate sources;
7.
organise and present their findings
(a) in a logical and concise manner,
(b) in a clear and coherent form, using appropriate techniques including graphs, diagrams,
maps and tables;
8.
analyse data to
(a) recognise patterns and deduce relationships,
(b) draw reasoned conclusions;
These assessment objectives will be met throughout all parts of the syllabus.
3
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014 O LEVEL 2009
C
EVALUATION, JUDGEMENT AND DECISION MAKING
Students should be able to:
9.
recognise that cultural, economic, social, and political factors influence the different ways in
which people perceive, value, use and make decisions about the environment;
10.
discuss and evaluate the choices available to decision makers and the influences and
constraints within which they operate;
11.
recognise, analyse, discuss and evaluate strategies for sustainable development;
12.
make reasoned judgements about environmental issues.
These assessment objectives will mainly be covered in the Impact and Management elements of the
syllabus.
4
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014 O LEVEL 2009
ASSESSMENT
Scheme of assessment
All candidates will take Papers 1 and 2.
Paper 1 (2¼ hours)
This will consist of two sections.
Section A will consist of four compulsory structured short-answer questions, each based on one of the
four spheres (lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere). (40 marks)
Section B will consist of a number of compulsory structured questions, involving short-answer and free
response, based upon several pieces of related source material concerning environmental issues of
global impact. Candidates will be expected to use case studies to illustrate issues of environmental
management. (80 marks)
Paper 2 (1½ hours)
This paper will primarily test skills in Assessment Objectives B and C. Candidates will be provided
with data about an environmental problem which could provide the basis for a project. They will be
required to identify issues raised by the data, and to indicate ways in which a project could be
organised in order to identify a possible management strategy. (60 marks)
Weighting of papers
Paper
Marks
Weighting
1
120
60%
2
60
40%
Specification grid
Paper
Assessment Objective
A
B
C
Marks
Marks
Marks
1
40
44
36
2
12
24
24
Overall
52 (30%)
68 (37%)
60 (33%)
Marks and percentages are approximate.
5
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014 O LEVEL 2009
CURRICULUM CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
The Environmental Management syllabus can be seen as a positive educational response to the
Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, ‘Our Common Future’ (1987:
published by Oxford University Press), commonly known as the ‘Brundtland Report’.
The Commission and the Report arose from a deep concern among world leaders and experts over
both the speed and apparent irreversibility with which the planet’s environmental resources are being
exploited.
The Commission’s main task was to come up with a ‘global agenda for change’. Its mandate spelled
out three objectives:
•
to re-examine the critical environment and development issues and to formulate realistic
proposals for dealing with them;
•
to propose new forms of international co-operation on these issues that will influence policies
and events in the direction of needed changes;
•
to raise the levels of understanding and commitment to action of individuals, voluntary
organisations, businesses, institutes and governments.
The core concept in the Report from which this Environmental Management syllabus has evolved is
that of: sustainable development. This may be defined as
‘Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.’
Two concerns are fundamentally tied to the process of sustainable development of the Earth’s
resources:
(i)
The basic needs of humanity - for food, clothing, shelter and jobs - must be met.
(ii)
The limits to development are not absolute but are imposed by present states of
technology and social organisation and by their impacts upon environmental resources
and upon the biosphere’s ability to absorb the effect of human activities. But technology
and social organisation can be both managed and improved to make way for a new era of
economic growth.
The Environmental Management syllabus is not tied to the Brundtland Report directly, but reflects its
thinking and relates to the ongoing debate that Brundtland initiated, such as the UNCED World
Summit in Brazil in June 1992. Agenda 21 of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
addresses the pressing problems facing the world in the 21st century and reflects the global consensus
and political commitment to development and environmental co-operation.
6
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014 O LEVEL 2009
UNDERLYING QUESTIONS
There are certain dimensions which should be considered by students as they work on examples and
case studies, whatever the issue involved, and these can usefully be phrased as questions.
•
Can the resources involved - whether they are non-living, living or human - be defined as
renewable or non-renewable in relation to the pace, scale and character of development?
•
To what extent, and why, do people use and value the same natural resource in different ways?
•
What dilemmas face individuals, communities and countries in their use and management of
natural resources?
•
How compatible and how viable are different economic approaches in tackling an environmental
issue?
•
What are the relative costs, advantages and disadvantages of different strategies for managing
the environment?
•
What are the factors influencing dispute and co-operation over the use of natural resources?
•
What are the current and potential roles of the following;
international organisations,
national and local governments,
environmental organisations,
aid agencies,
industry and commerce,
community groups,
individuals?
Impact and Management should be presented in an open-ended way. The syllabus does not
prescribe solutions as to how environments should be managed. As the Brundtland Report and its
successors such as the 1992 Rio de Janeiro UNCED conference indicate, the relationship between
environment and development is dynamic. Strategies have to be altered, adjusted and changed as
new problems arise. The same solutions may not be applicable in all regions or cases.
Students should be encouraged to look for and evaluate alternative solutions, rather than to expect or
reproduce the ‘right answer’. Students need to understand the role played by value judgements and
be able to accept that other people in their own society and elsewhere may hold values different from
their own.
Candidates should be able to show a basic knowledge and understanding of the processes listed
under Resources and Development and give examples to illustrate that understanding. With Impact
and Management, they should be able to analyse, discuss and draw conclusions based on reasoned
evidence. Teaching methods should encourage student enquiry and discussion as much as possible
and this should be based, as far as possible, on case studies, at an appropriate scale. The emphasis
should be on applying knowledge and understanding to international, national and local environmental
problems such that students are prepared to be involved in both current and future environmental
management issues.
7
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014 O LEVEL 2009
THE SYLLABUS MATRIX
The Environmental Management curriculum is designed to emphasise that
(a)
life on Earth as we know it is an integrated and interdependent whole;
(b)
its future is endangered by the impact of human development on natural resources;
(c)
its survival for future generations will depend on concerted action to conserve and manage the
environment as a self-sustaining resource base.
For each of the four spheres of the Earth’s environment (lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and
biosphere), the following aspects are considered.
1. Resources:
How does the natural system work?
2. Development:
How do people use natural resources?
3. Impact:
How does development change the environment?
4. Management:
How can the environment be developed sustainably?
This matrix of aspects and spheres frames the detailed curriculum objectives (page 7). It serves as a
map of the ground to be covered.
The divisions between the four spheres should not be regarded as rigid or exclusive.
Many environmental issues, e.g. water pollution, soils/agriculture, etc., involve more than one sphere.
Teachers should be aware of the links which exist between various parts of the matrix and by using
suitable cross references emphasise environmental interdependence. There are many different ways
of making a journey, using the same map: similarly, the syllabus does not prescribe a particular
sequence of study.
The approach in considering the curriculum objectives relating to resources and development should
be largely descriptive, leading to a basic knowledge and understanding of processes. It is
recommended that these should occupy some 35% of teaching time. They provide the foundation for
the analysis and discussion of impact and management, to which the remaining 65% of teaching time
should be allocated.
In the detailed curriculum, examples (in italics) are given to amplify many of the objectives. These are
to guide teachers in teaching a topic and examiners in setting papers. They are not intended to be
definitive or prescriptive, for there are a range of factors bearing on any topic and a range of possible
strategies that might follow.
It is recommended that the curriculum objectives should be covered by investigating specific examples
and case studies from both the ‘Developed’ and the ‘Developing World’.
8
Hydrosphere
IMPACT
MANAGEMENT
Human activity and the
lithosphere
Lithosphere in crisis
Action on the lithosphere
The water cycle
Human intervention in the water
cycle
Water hazards
Clean, safe, water strategies
The oceans
Exploitation of the oceans
The oceans at risk
Managing the oceans
The atmospheric system
Human activity and the
atmosphere
Atmosphere in crisis
Action on the atmosphere
Agriculture: development
consequences
Managing agriculture
The changing role of people in the
environment
Ecosystems at risk
Conservation of the ecosystem
Human population
People in crisis
Population management
Land at risk
Managing the land
The lithosphere:
structure and processes
Elements of soil
Agriculture as a response to
climate
The ecosystem
Biosphere
9
Atmosphere
DEVELOPMENT
Types of vegetation
Modification of vegetation and
soils
The Syllabus Matrix
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014 O LEVEL 2009
Lithosphere
RESOURCES
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014 O LEVEL 2009
RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT
HOW DOES THE NATURAL SYSTEM
WORK?
HOW DO PEOPLE USE NATURAL
RESOURCES?
All students should have knowledge and
understanding of:
All students should have knowledge
and understanding of:
1. Lithosphere: structure and
processes
3. Human activity and the
lithosphere
1.1 the structure of the Earth
3.1 the methods of search and
extraction of rocks, minerals and
fossil fuels
core, mantle, crust
3.2 the uses of rocks and minerals in
industrial processes
1.2 the types of rock
igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
Lithosphere
1.3 the distribution, types and reserves of
major minerals
3.3 types of energy production from
fossil and nuclear fuels
3.4 the location of the main centres of
mining and energy production in
relation to major centres of
population and industry
metal ores and fossil fuels (oil, gas,
coal)
1.4 the formation of fossil fuels
3.5 main supply and demand
constraints in exploiting mineral
resources
1.5 the crust/tectonic cycle
plate tectonics, earth movements
(folding, faulting, mountain building)
earthquake zones, vulcanicity
geological factors, depletion rates,
climatic factors, transport,
fluctuations of prices
2. Elements of soil
2.1 the formation and composition of soils
mineral and organic content, air, water,
role of soil organisms, particle size
(clay, silt, sand), soil texture
2.2 soil as a medium for growth and land
use potential
nutrients, pH, pore space, aeration,
drainage
10
3.6 the economic aspects and
limitations of earthquake and
volcanic zones
3.7 the implications of the patterns of
global trade in minerals and
energy
3.8 how industrial development is used
to achieve social and economic
goals
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014 O LEVEL 2009
IMPACT
MANAGEMENT
HOW DOES DEVELOPMENT
CHANGE THE ENVIRONMENT?
HOW CAN THE ENVIRONMENT BE
DEVELOPED SUSTAINABLY?
All students should be able to analyse
and discuss:
All students should be able to analyse
and discuss:
4. Lithosphere in crisis
5. Action on the lithosphere
4.1 the impact of mineral exploitation
on the environment and on human
activity and health
5.1 conservation schemes for
damaged environments
4.2 the global economic
consequences of the overexploitation and depletion of
mineral and fossil fuel reserves
4.3 the implications in social,
economic and environmental terms
of different types of energy
production
fossil fuels compared with nuclear
damage, loss of life, danger to
health in aftermath, economic
dislocation
4.5 the impact of industrial
development on the environment
and on human activity and health
4.6 causes and consequences of land
pollution
salination, toxic waste, nuclear
waste, domestic waste, harmful
effects of pesticides and fertilisers;
groundwater contamination, health
risks.
5.2 technologies and viability of
alternative energy sources
solar, wind, wave, geothermal,
hydro-electric biomass
5.3 strategies for conservation and
management of mineral and fossil
fuel resources
increased efficiency in use,
insulation, recycling, power from
waste, new technology
5.4 strategies for managing the
impacts of earthquakes and
volcanic activity
planning site of settlement (land
use zoning) and structure of
buildings, disaster relief
5.5 industrial materials, technologies,
and approaches which can
contribute to solving environmental
problems
monitoring, remedial action,
recycling (processing wastes and
industrial products at end of life),
low waste technology (developing
cleaner processes and products,
conservation and efficiency)
11
Lithosphere
4.4 the impact of earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions on human
communities
landscaping, restoration,
reclamation, filtration, waste
management
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014 O LEVEL 2009
RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT
HOW DOES THE NATURAL SYSTEM
WORK?
HOW DO PEOPLE USE NATURAL
RESOURCES?
All students should have knowledge and
understanding of:
All students should have knowledge
and understanding of:
6. The water cycle
8. Human intervention in the water
cycle
6.1 how the water cycle operates
8.1 collection and control of water for a
variety of uses
6.2 how the natural availability of water
varies from place to place
water supply (storage, transfer,
dams, reservoirs); industry and
domestic use; waste disposal;
power; agriculture (irrigation)
6.3 the role of the water cycle within
ecosystems
links between rainfall, vegetation and
soils (interception, infiltration, surface
run-off)
8.2 competing demands for water
8.3 mismatch between water supply
and demand
Hydrosphere
8.4 the ways in which processes
operating within the water cycle
affect development
causes and effects of flooding and
drought
7. The oceans
9. Exploitation of the oceans
7.1 the role of the ocean as an environment
for interdependent ecosystems
7.2 the resource potential of the oceans
9.1 the environment and human
factors in the distribution and
exploitation of the world’s ocean
fisheries
7.3 the distribution of ocean currents and
their effects
9.2 factors that limit full exploitation of
the ocean’s potential resources
on climate and on fisheries
7.4 reversal of ocean currents, e.g. el nino
and its effects
12
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014 O LEVEL 2009
IMPACT
MANAGEMENT
HOW DOES DEVELOPMENT
CHANGE THE ENVIRONMENT?
HOW CAN THE ENVIRONMENT BE
DEVELOPED SUSTAINABLY?
All students should be able to analyse
and discuss:
All students should be able to analyse
and discuss:
10.
12.
Water hazards
10.1 the causes and consequences
of water pollution
Clean, safe water strategies
12.1 ways of improving water
quantity, quality and access
pollution control, improved
sanitation, distribution for more
efficient water use, desalination
impact on natural ecosystems,
the physical environment,
human activity and health
10.2 contrasts in availability of water
in terms of quality, quantity and
access
12.2 strategies to control and
eradicate water-related diseases
drugs, vector control and
eradication, improved sanitation,
clean water supply, chlorination
between urban and rural
communities; between countries
Hydrosphere
10.3 the cycle of water-related
diseases, and their impact on
human activities and
development
water-based (bilharzia); waterborne (typhoid, cholera); waterbred (malaria)
11.
The oceans at risk
11.1 the implications of uncontrolled
exploitation of marine resources
13.
Managing the oceans
13.1 strategies for the sustainable
harvesting of ocean fisheries
net types and sizes, quotas,
conservation laws, territoriality
fishing, continental shelf and
deep-sea mineral resources
11.2 causes of marine pollution and
its impact on the marine
ecosystem and on coastal zones
13.2 marine pollution controls and
remedial action
international co-operation and
legislation, dealing with oil spills,
managing raw sewage
raw sewage, heavy metals, oil
and plastics
13
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014 O LEVEL 2009
RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT
HOW DOES THE NATURAL SYSTEM
WORK?
HOW DO PEOPLE USE NATURAL
RESOURCES?
All students should have knowledge and
understanding of:
All students should have knowledge
and understanding of:
14.
15.
The atmospheric system
14.1 the sun as an energy source; varying
rates of surface insolation
14.2 the factors which contribute to solar
heat balance of earth and
atmosphere
Human activity and the
atmosphere
15.1 water, solar and, wind as power
resources
15.2 use of the atmosphere as a
dispersal medium for waste
gases
radiation, absorption, reflection
14.3 the structure and composition of the
atmosphere
Atmosphere
importance of the ozone layer,
oxygen, carbon dioxide and water
vapour in the air
14.4 the balances which maintain the
Earth’s atmosphere as a mixture of
gases
oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen
14.5 how the elements of weather are
measured, recorded, and interpreted
temperature, precipitation,
atmospheric pressure, wind, sun
14.6 location of major climatic types and
their main characteristics through
interpretation of climatic graphs and
maps
Tropica
Dry
Temperate Cold
-
equatorial, savanna
desert
cool interior
tundra
14.7 ‘climatic hazards’ (extremes of
weather): causes and occurrence
smoke particles and exhaust
fumes
15.3 the interaction between climate
and human activity
shelter; farming affected by
climate
15.4 the different types and systems
of farming
croplands/grazing lands,
intensive/extensive,
subsistence/commercial
15.5 the environmental,
technological, economic and
social factors which influence
the distribution of different types
and systems of farming
15.6 new agricultural techniques
which increase yields
irrigation, biological controls, the
benefits of chemicals (fertilisers
and pesticides), mechanisation,
capital subsidies
15.7 the factors which influence the
patterns of agricultural output
and trade
cyclone, flood, drought
North-South trade in
commodities, cash crops vs.
food crops
14
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014 O LEVEL 2009
IMPACT
MANAGEMENT
HOW DOES DEVELOPMENT
CHANGE THE ENVIRONMENT?
HOW CAN THE ENVIRONMENT BE
DEVELOPED SUSTAINABLY?
All students should be able to analyse
and discuss:
All students should be able to analyse
and discuss:
16.
18.
Atmosphere in crisis
16.1 human activities which alter the
composition of the atmosphere
and climate
deforestation, burning of fossil
fuels, industrial and vehicle
emissions, use of CFCs
16.2 causes of atmospheric pollution
carbon dioxide, CFCs, methane,
sulphur and nitrogen oxides,
lead
16.3 damage to the ozone layer and
links to atmospheric pollution
Action on the atmosphere
18.1 strategies to reduce atmospheric
pollution and climatic change
CFC replacement, reduction of
pollutant emissions,
reforestation
18.2 the need for international action
and changing attitudes to deal
with the causes and
consequences of the damage to
the atmosphere
18.3 strategies to reduce the negative
impact of climatic hazards
improved forecasting,
appropriate settlement patterns
and buildings, disaster relief
16.4 the effects of pollution on
atmospheric conditions
acid rain, the greenhouse effect,
temperature inversion
Managing Agriculture
19.1 strategies for sustainable
agriculture
plant breeding, integrated pest
control, mixed cropping, gene
banks, new crop strains, trickle
drip irrigation, organic
alternatives to inorganic
fertilisers
effects on health, food
production, water supply,
ecosystems
16.6 the impact of climatic hazards
on human communities
damage, loss of life, danger to
health in aftermath, loss of
production
17
19.2 harvesting energy from living
resources to provide power
biomass, biogas (methane), fuel
from organic waste
Agriculture: consequences of
development
17.1 the impact of indiscriminate
agricultural practices
overuse of pesticides and
inorganic fertilisers, crops
requiring irrigation, traditional
crop varieties disappearing,
overproduction and waste in
developed countries,
concentration of land in hands
of fewer owners, environmental
damage (pollution, soil erosion)
17.2 the advantages and
disadvantages of the ‘green
revolution’
15
Atmosphere
16.5 the implications of changes in
the atmosphere and climate
19
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014 O LEVEL 2009
RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT
HOW DOES THE NATURAL SYSTEM
WORK?
HOW DO PEOPLE USE NATURAL
RESOURCES?
All students should have knowledge and
understanding of:
All students should have knowledge
and understanding of:
20.
22.
Biomes
The changing role of people in
the environment
20.1 the concept of an ecosystem
20.2 organisation within an ecosystem
22.1 how different types of human
society use and value their
natural environment
population, community, habitat, niche
hunter-gatherer, nomadic
pastoralist, farming, industrial,
tourism
20.3 physical factors
temperature, humidity, water, salinity,
light, pH, soils, nutrients, wind
20.4 relationships of living organisms
producers, consumers, food chains
and webs, competition, predation,
pollination, dispersal, vegetational
succession
22.2 the increasing ability of
humankind to create artificial
environments as a result of
economic and technological
development and social and
cultural change
e.g. in agriculture: domestication
of plants and animals, modern
agricultural methods, genetic
engineering
Biosphere
20.5 energy flow
photosynthesis, respiration, food
chains, food webs
23.
Human population
23.1 population growth
20.6 nutrient cycling
rates of birth, death and fertility,
life expectancy, infant mortality
carbon and nitrogen cycle
20.7 resource potential
23.2 population structure
biodiversity as a genetic resource,
and as a food base
21.
population pyramids, young and
ageing populations
Types of vegetation
23.3 migration
21.1 the distribution and main
characteristics of natural vegetation
zones (biomes) and relationship to
climatic zones
Forest
- tropical rainforest,
monsoon forest, taiga
Grassland
- savanna
Desert
- desert, tundra
push/pull, urban/rural
23.4 the model of demographic
transition and its limitations
24.
Modification of vegetation
24.1 factors influencing the clearance
of natural vegetation over time
farming (crops, grazing), timber
(fuel, building, furniture), paper
(pulp), chemicals (gums, resins),
settlement (towns, cities)
16
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5014 O LEVEL 2009
IMPACT
MANAGEMENT
HOW DOES DEVELOPMENT CHANGE
THE ENVIRONMENT?
HOW CAN THE ENVIRONMENT BE
DEVELOPED SUSTAINABLY?
All students should be able to analyse and
discuss:
All students should be able to analyse and
discuss:
25.
Ecosystems at risk
28.
Conservation of the ecosystem
25.1
habitat destruction, loss of
biodiversity, genetic depletion
28.1
strategies for conservation of
biodiversity and the genetic
resource
25.2
the effect of loss of habitat on
wildlife and on the food chain
sustainable harvesting of wild plant
and animal species, national parks,
wildlife reserves, world biosphere
reserves, gene banks
draining of wetlands, impounding
water, deforestation, intensive
agricultural practices
28.2
25.3
the impact of tourism
26.
People in crisis
26.1
social, economic and environmental
implications of population growth
rates and structures
26.2
26.3
29.
Population management
29.1
strategies for managing population
growth
family planning, improved health
and education, national policies
29.2
the implications of the cycle of
poverty, as it effects individuals and
communities, for the environment
planning, environmental
improvement, community
participation
urbanisation
29.3
causes (push/pull factors), problems
(housing, congestion, pollution, loss
of agricultural land, provision of
services)
27.
Land at risk
27.1
causes and consequences of rapid
and progressive deforestation
clearance for fuelwood, subsistence
and cash crop farming, settlement,
timber extraction and grazing; links
with soil erosion and desertification,
climate changes, effect on people
(displacement, lack of fuel)
managing tourism
National Parks, ecotourism
30.
Managing the land
30.1
strategies for soil conservation
tree planting, terracing, contour
ploughing, dry land farming, wind
breaks, integrated rural
development programmes, land
reform, community participation
causes and consequences of soil
erosion and desertification
removal of vegetation, overgrazing,
overcultivation, clearance of slopes,
poor irrigation; food shortage and
water shortage, displacement of
people
strategies for overcoming world
inequalities
improved trade and aid conditions,
governmental and nongovernmental aid, food aid
29.4
27.2
strategies for managing the urban
and rural environments
30.2
sustainable forest management
techniques
agro-forestry, community forestry,
reforestation, sustainable harvesting
of hardwoods, fuelwood planting,
genetic engineering
30.3
alternatives to deforestation
more efficient use of timber,
recycling (paper/timber), alternative
materials to timber
17
Biosphere
26.4
the work of organisations such as
UNEP, IUCN, WWF, CITES
measures of world poverty and the
North-South divide
per capita incomes, inadequacy of
housing, levels of disease and
nutrition
world conservation strategies and
legislation