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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
General Certificate of Education
Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level
8291/01
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere
October/November 2006
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials:
Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided.
At the end of the examination,
1.
fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;
2.
enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite.
For Examiner’s Use
Section A
1
2
Section B
Total
This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.
SP (CW/CGW) T07542/3
© UCLES 2006
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For
Examiner’s
Use
2
Section A
Answer all questions in this section.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
1
(a) Fig. 1.1 is a simple classification of resources.
Resources
non-renewable
renewable
recyclable
Fig. 1.1
(i)
Define the terms non-renewable and renewable resource.
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(ii)
(iii)
Name an example of a non-renewable resource that would be used to provide for
each of the following:
1.
electricity ...........................................................................................................
2.
road construction ..............................................................................................
3.
a car body .....................................................................................................[3]
Identify a renewable resource that could be used to provide electricity.
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Briefly explain how this resource could be used to provide electricity.
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(b) Fig. 1.2 shows the consumption of resources in rich and poor nations.
consumption of resources
20 %
share
60 %
share
cereals
fish
meat
total energy
electricity
telephone connections
paper
cars
total consumption
20 %
share
key:
rich
nations
medium
wealth
poorer
nations
Fig. 1.2
Describe how the consumption of resources in rich nations is different from that in poor
nations.
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(c) Fig. 1.3 shows trends in world energy consumption of different energy sources.
World energy consumption
by energy source 1970-2020.
250
oil
energy / 1018J
200
150
al
tur
s
ga
na
coal
100
renewables
50
nuclear
0
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Fig. 1.3
(i)
Describe the trends in the consumption of energy shown in Fig. 1.3.
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(ii)
Suggest two reasons why the consumption of natural gas will exceed that of coal
from 2005.
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(iii)
Why is it likely that renewable and nuclear energy consumption will remain relatively
low?
For
Examiner’s
Use
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(iv)
Outline two possible environmental consequences of a continuation in these trends
in energy consumption.
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[20 marks]
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2
(a) Fig. 2.1 shows a summer anticyclonic weather system that developed over the west
coast of the USA.
LOW
10
08
mb
W
HIGH
Los Angeles
X
1012 mb
PACIFIC OCEAN
Fig. 2.1
(i)
Insert the values 1016 mb and 1000 mb in their correct locations in Fig. 2.1.
[2]
(ii)
Insert arrows at points W and X on Fig. 2.1 to show the horizontal direction of air
movement in this anticyclone.
[2]
(iii)
Describe the weather conditions that would be associated with this summer
anticyclone.
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Examiner’s
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7
(iv)
Why are such weather systems relatively stable?
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(b) Fig. 2.2 shows weather conditions and atmospheric pollution over Los Angeles during a
summer anticyclone.
subsiding warm air
San Gabriel Mountains
San
Bernadino
mountains
warm air
smog
cooler air
Pacific Ocean
smog
Los Angeles
Smog is a term used to describe a mixture of smoke and fog.
Fig. 2.2
(i)
Describe the possible cause of the smog resting over Los Angeles.
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(ii)
Why does the atmospheric pollution over Los Angeles have difficulty in escaping
under anticyclonic conditions?
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(iii)
Identify and explain two effects of such pollution within urban areas.
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[20 marks]
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Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answers must be in continuous prose.
Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.
3
(a) Fig. 3.1 shows how precipitation and temperature affect the type and rate of rock weathering.
variations of weathering with climate
strong
mechanical
weathering
mean annual temperature / °C
-10
no land areas with these
climatic conditions
moderate mechanical
weathering
slight
mechanical
weathering
0
moderate chemical
weathering with
frost action
10
moderate chemical
weathering
20
strong chemical
weathering
very slight weathering
2000 1750 1500 1250 1000
750
500
250
0
mean annual precipitation / mm
Fig. 3.1
Describe how temperature and precipitation affect the type and rate of rock weathering in
Fig. 3.1.
[10]
(b) With reference to examples you have studied, outline the causes and effects of land instability.
How might such hazards be managed?
[30]
[40 marks]
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4
(a) Fig. 4.1 shows how the weather conditions in a valley may change between late afternoon
and early morning the next day.
late afternoon
incoming
radiation
incoming
radiation
warm air
rising
7°C
7°C
12°C
rising mists
become clouds
up-valley (anabatic) winds
early morning
cold air
descending
outgoing
radiation
outgoing
radiation
4°C
cold air
descending
4°C
1°C
fog
down-valley (katabatic) winds
Fig. 4.1
Describe and explain the changes in the weather conditions between late afternoon and early
morning shown in Fig. 4.1.
[10]
(b) With reference to examples you have studied or experienced, describe the characteristics and
effects of tropical cyclones. Assess the extent to which the effects of such weather hazards
can be reduced.
[30]
[40 marks]
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5
(a) Describe and explain two ways in which a natural process can cause environmental
degradation in rural areas.
[10]
(b) Using named examples with which you are familiar, outline how the growth of urban areas
may affect the environment of their surrounding regions.
[30]
[40 marks]
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BLANK PAGE
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 4
Fig. 4.1 © Copyright Oxford University Press, from Advanced Geography by Garrett Nagle (OUP, 2000), reprinted by permission of Oxford University
Press.
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department
of the University of Cambridge.
8291/01/O/N/06