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l
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s
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i
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fe
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t
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lu
ce
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in
fema
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sheep A
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ubm
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t
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in
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r
t
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l
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lmen
t of
the
r
equ
i
r
emen
t
s
fo
r
the
De
g
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f
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che
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th
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r
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t
L
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b
y L
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Pee
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s
-­‐
Ad
am
s L
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s
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gum
inou
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t
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r
s
th
a
t
m
a
y
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te
r
fe
re
w
i
th
rep
rodu
c
t
ion
in
sheep
.
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re
i
s
no
de
f
in
i
te
in
fo
rm
a
t
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abou
t
the
a
c
tu
a
l
le
ve
l
s
o
f
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s
t
ro
gen
i
c
i
t
y
o
f
New
Ze
a
l
and
lu
ce
rne
c
rop
s
and
the
m
a
gn
i
tude
o
f
the
e
f
fe
c
t
th
a
t
the
y
h
a
ve
on
the
rep
rodu
c
t
ion
o
f
sheep
.
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re
i
s
no
in
fo
rm
a
t
ion
abou
t
when
a
c
rop
m
a
y
be
un
s
a
fe
fo
r
ewe
s
to
g
r
a
ze
ju
s
t
p
r
io
r
to
m
a
t
in
g
and
a
s
imp
le
me
a
su
remen
t
o
f
sheep
i
s
needed
to
p
ro
v
ide
an
a
le
r
t
so
sheep
f
a
rme
r
s
c
an
mo
ve
sheep
o
f
f
a
c
rop
o
r
le
a
ve
them
on
know
in
g
th
a
t
the
re
w
i
l
l
be
no
de
le
te
r
iou
s
e
f
fe
c
t
s
on
sub
sequen
t
l
amb
in
g
pe
r
fo
rm
an
ce
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sheep
f
a
rm
s
tud
y
w
a
s
an
in
c
iden
t
a
l
f
ind
in
g
f
rom
a
f
a
rme
r
who
no
t
i
ced
udde
r
de
ve
lopmen
t
in
p
re-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
(25
-­‐
28
wee
k
s
o
f
a
ge
)
l
amb
s
(n
=
22
)
g
r
a
z
in
g
lu
ce
rne
(oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
i
t
y
r
an
g
in
g
f
rom
98
.6
– 149
.6 µ
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
equ
i
v
a
len
t
/
k
g
DM
) comp
a
red
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i
th
l
amb
s
g
r
a
z
in
g
g
r
a
s
s
(n
=
36
)
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a
t
showed
no
udde
r
de
ve
lopmen
t
.
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i
f
fe
ren
ce
s
in te
a
t
len
g
th
,
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a
t
w
id
th
,
m
amm
a
r
y
de
ve
lopmen
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l
v
a
co
lou
r
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me
a
su
red
on
two
o
c
c
a
s
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s
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t
r
a
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gh
t
a
f
te
r
g
r
a
z
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g
oe
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ro
gen
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r
c
h
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l
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r
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wee
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f
te
r
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l
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lu
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rop
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r
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t
a
l
s
tud
y
w
a
s
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s
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to
p
ro
v
ide
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re
fe
ren
ce
c
a
l
ib
r
a
t
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w
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th
known
do
s
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ge
o
f
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oe
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ro
gen
.
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r
th
i
s
12
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th
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-­‐
44
wee
k
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o
f
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ge
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r
andom
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gned
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r
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0
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r
40
d
a
y
s.
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su
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t
s
o
f
te
a
t
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g
th
,
te
a
t
w
id
th
and
m
amm
a
r
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de
ve
lopmen
t
w
a
s
me
a
su
red
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ve
r
y
6
d
a
y
s
and
,
on
d
a
y
41
,
the
ewe
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we
re
k
i
l
led
and
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l
v
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r
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amm
a
r
y
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gh
t
,
o
v
a
r
y
we
i
gh
t
and
u
te
ru
s
we
i
gh
t
we
re
me
a
su
red
and
the
numbe
r
o
f
fo
l
l
i
c
le
s
and
co
rpo
r
a
lu
te
a
were
coun
ted
.
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bo
th
s
tud
ie
s
pho
to
g
r
aph
s
o
f
the
m
amm
a
r
y
re
g
ion
we
re
t
a
ken
to
p
ro
v
ide
an
a
l
te
rn
a
t
i
ve
me
a
su
remen
t
te
chn
ique
to
u
se
o
f
c
a
l
ipe
r
s
.
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su
l
t
s
o
f
the
sheep
f
a
rm
s
tud
y
showed
l
amb
s
g
r
a
z
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
lu
ce
rne
we
re
he
a
v
ie
r
,
h
ad
lon
ge
r
te
a
t
len
g
th
s
(2
.1
mm
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
)
,
w
i
th
l
a
r
ge
r
te
a
t
w
id
th
s
(4
.63
mm
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
)
th
an
sheep
g
r
a
z
in
g
g
r
a
s
s
and
m
amm
a
r
y
de
ve
lopmen
t
(
in
14
ou
t
o
f
25
l
amb
s
g
r
a
z
in
g lu
ce
rne
)
h
ad
o
c
cu
r
red
.
The
re
w
a
s
no
ch
an
ge
in
vu
l
v
a
co
lou
r
.
A
f
te
r
remo
v
a
l
f
rom
lu
ce
rne
the
re
w
a
s
a
i
i
s
l
i
gh
t
redu
c
t
io
n
in
the
oe
s
t
ro
gen-­‐
re
l
a
ted
ch
an
ge
s
and
the
g
r
a
s
s
-­‐
fed
l
amb
s
h
ad
e
xpe
r
ien
ced
some
m
amm
a
r
y
/
te
a
t
de
ve
lopmen
t
in
the
in
te
r
ven
in
g
pe
r
iod
.
In
the
e
xpe
r
imen
t
a
l
t
r
i
a
l
,
the
re
we
re
do
se-­‐
re
l
a
ted
e
f
fe
c
t
s
on
the
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
,
te
a
t
len
g
th
,
m
amm
a
r
y
de
ve
lopmen
t
,
u
te
ru
s
we
i
g
h
t
,
o
v
a
r
y
we
i
gh
t
and
m
amm
a
r
y
we
i
gh
t
.
The
re
we
re
no
ch
an
ge
s
in
te
a
t
w
id
th
,
vu
l
v
a
redne
s
s
o
r
co
lou
r
s
a
tu
r
a
t
ion
,
numbe
r
s
o
f
o
v
a
r
i
an
fo
l
l
i
c
le
s
and
the
re
we
re
no
co
rpo
r
a
lu
te
a p
re
sen
t.
Me
a
su
remen
t
s
t
a
ken
f
rom
pho
to
g
r
aph
s
p
ro
v
ided
re
l
i
ab
le
in
fo
rm
a
t
ion
abou
t
m
amma
r
y
/
te
a
t
d
imen
s
ion
s
.
A
l
thou
gh
the
p
re
-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
l
amb
s
g
r
a
z
in
g
lu
ce
rne
we
re
re
ce
i
v
in
g
le
s
s
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
equ
i
v
a
len
t
d
a
i
l
y
th
an the
o
lde
r
ewe
s
supp
l
ied
w
i
th
k
nown
amoun
t
s
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
(181
.2
– 274
.9 µ
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
equ
i
v
a
len
t
ve
r
su
s
333
.3
µ
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
pe
r
d
a
y
,
re
spe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
),
the
y
showed
a
g
re
a
t
e
r sen
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
to
th
i
s
ho
rmon
a
l
s
t
imu
lu
s
th
an
w
a
s
e
xh
ib
i
ted
b
y
the
pube
r
t
a
l
ewe
s
.
Ke
ywo
rd
s
: ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
,
oe
s
t
ro
gen
,
sheep
,
lu
ce
rne
,
rep
rodu
c
t
ion
,
coume
s
t
ro
l,
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
i
i
i
A
c
know
led
gemen
t
s F
i
r
s
t
l
y
,
I
wou
ld
l
i
ke
to
th
an
k
m
y
supe
r
v
i
so
r
A
s
so
c
i
a
te
P
ro
fe
s
so
r
G
r
ah
am
B
a
r
re
l
l
fo
r
h
i
s
gu
id
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ce
,
suppo
r
t
and
con
s
t
ru
c
t
i
ve
c
r
i
t
i
c
i
sm
th
rou
ghou
t
the
ye
a
r
and
the
du
r
a
t
ion
o
f
m
y
de
g
ree
.
Th
i
s
wo
r
k
re
ce
i
ved
f
in
an
c
i
a
l
a
s
s
i
s
t
an
ce
f
rom
Bee
f
and
L
amb
New
Ze
a
l
and
and
u
sed
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
ie
s
p
ro
v
ided
b
y
the
Dep
a
r
tmen
t
o
f
A
g
r
i
cu
l
tu
r
a
l
S
c
ien
ce
s o
f
L
in
co
ln
Un
i
ve
r
s
i
t
y.
I
wou
ld
l
i
ke
to
e
x
tend
m
y
g
r
a
t
i
tude
to
the
s
t
a
f
f
a
t
the
John
s
tone
Memo
r
i
a
l
L
abo
r
a
to
r
y
fo
r
the
i
r
te
chn
i
c
a
l
a
s
s
i
s
t
an
ce
,
e
spe
c
i
a
l
l
y
J
ame
s
Me
ye
r
fo
r
a
l
l
h
i
s
he
lp
w
i
th
the
sheep
and
Rob
in
M
cAnu
l
t
y
fo
r
h
i
s
a
s
s
i
s
t
an
ce
.
Th
an
k
s
to
M
a
r
t
in
We
l
lb
y
fo
r
m
a
k
in
g
up
the
o
i
l
so
lu
t
ion
s
and
ge
t
t
in
g
the
equ
ipmen
t
and
re
sou
r
ce
s
o
r
g
an
i
sed
fo
r
me
and
Ch
r
i
s
Lo
g
an
fo
r
o
r
g
an
i
s
in
g
the
e
xpe
r
imen
t
a
l
sheep
.
Sh
a
r
yn
and
Ju
l
i
an
P
r
i
ce
,
th
an
k
you
f
o
r
supp
l
y
in
g
the
sheep
in
the
f
a
rm
sheep
s
tud
y
and
fo
r
you
r
en
thu
s
i
a
sm
o
f
the
p
ro
je
c
t
.
I
w
i
sh
to
a
c
know
led
ge
M
i
che
le
W
i
l
son
fo
r
he
r
a
s
s
i
s
t
an
ce
w
i
th
b
lood
s
amp
l
in
g
and
R
a
che
l
F
ie
ld
s
fo
r
he
r
le
ad
in
g
ro
le
in
the
sheep
f
a
rm
s
tud
y
.
To
a
l
l
m
y
f
r
iend
s
who
h
a
ve
pu
t
up
w
i
th
me
th
i
s
ye
a
r
– th
an
k
you
fo
r
the
en
cou
r
a
gemen
t
o
ve
r
the
p
a
s
t
ye
a
r
.
A
spe
c
i
a
l
shou
t
ou
t
to
m
y
fe
l
low
honou
r
s
s
tuden
t
s
who
h
a
ve
been
in
the
s
ame
po
s
i
t
ion
a
s
me
a
l
l
ye
a
r
and
h
a
ve
m
an
a
ged
to
m
a
ke
th
i
s
ye
a
r
le
s
s
s
t
re
s
s
fu
l
.
I
th
an
k
m
y
f
am
i
l
y
fo
r
a
l
l
the
i
r
unw
a
ve
r
in
g
suppo
r
t
and
en
cou
r
a
gemen
t
th
rou
ghou
t
the
ye
a
r
s
.
F
in
a
l
l
y
,
I
a
c
know
led
ge
and
th
an
k
m
y
p
a
r
tne
r
Ku
r
t
fo
r
he
lp
in
g
w
i
th
the
t
r
i
a
l
in
the
wee
kend
s
(
fo
r
s
a
k
in
g
hun
t
in
g
)
,
p
roo
f-­‐
re
ad
in
g
m
y
d
i
s
se
r
t
a
t
ion
m
an
y
t
ime
s
and
be
in
g
s
uppo
r
t
i
ve
th
rou
ghou
t
the
ye
a
r
s
.
i
v
T
ab
le
o
f
Con
ten
t
s Ab
s
t
ra
c
t .
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i
i
A
c
know
led
gemen
t
s .
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i
v
Tab
le
o
f
Conten
t
s
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v
L
i
s
t
o
f
Tab
le
s
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v
i
i
L
i
s
t
o
f
F
i
gu
re
s
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v
i
i
i
Chap
te
r
1
In
t
rodu
c
t
ion .
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1 Chap
te
r
2
L
i
te
ra
tu
re
Re
v
iew .
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3 2
.1 In
t
rodu
c
t
ion
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3 2
.2 Oe
s
t
ro
gen
s .
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3 2
.2
.1 Ro
le
o
f
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
in
rum
in
an
t
s .
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4 2
.3 Ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s .
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4 2
.3
.1 C
l
a
s
se
s
o
f
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s .
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5 2
.3
.2 Me
t
abo
l
i
sm
o
f
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s .
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6 2
.4 Oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
s .
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7 2
.5 E
f
fe
c
t
s
o
f
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
in
rum
in
an
t
s .
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7 2
.5
.1 C
lo
ve
r
d
i
se
a
se .
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8 2
.5
.2 Te
mpo
r
a
r
y
in
fe
r
t
i
l
i
t
y .
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8 2
.5
.3 Pe
rm
anen
t
in
fe
r
t
i
l
i
t
y .
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8 2
.6 Mo
rpho
lo
g
i
c
a
l
ch
an
ge
s
a
s
so
c
i
a
ted
w
i
th
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
and
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s .
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9 2
.6
.1 Te
a
t
s
i
ze
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9 2
.6
.2 M
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
s
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9 2
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r
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ge .
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10 2
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10 2
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11 2
.7 Summ
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r
y
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11 Chap
te
r
3
Ma
te
r
i
a
l
s
and
Me
thod
s .
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13 3
.1 Sheep
f
a
rm
s
tud
y
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13 3
.1
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a
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remen
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13 3
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xpe
r
imen
t
a
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s
tud
y .
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14 3
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.1 Oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
t
re
a
tmen
t .
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14 3
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remen
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s .
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15 3
.3 S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
an
a
l
y
se
s
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16 Chap
te
r
4
Re
su
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t
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17 4
.1 Sheep
f
a
rm
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tud
y
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17 4
.1
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gh
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17 4
.1
.2 M
amm
a
r
y
de
ve
lopmen
t .
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17 4
.1
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a
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17 4
.1
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l
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a
co
lou
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19 4
.1
.5 Pho
to
g
r
aph
i
c
me
a
su
remen
t
s
– comp
a
r
i
son
w
i
th
d
i
re
c
t
(
c
a
l
ipe
r
)
me
a
su
remen
t
s
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19 v
4
.2 E
xpe
r
imen
t
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tud
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20 4
.2
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20 4
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amm
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lopmen
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21 4
.2
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21 4
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.4 M
amm
a
r
y
de
ve
lopmen
t
and
te
a
t
s
i
ze
de
te
rm
ined
f
rom
pho
to
g
r
aph
s .
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23 4
.2
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rodu
c
t
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ve t
r
a
c
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24 4
.2
.6 Vu
l
v
a
co
lou
r .
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25 Chap
te
r
5
D
i
s
cu
s
s
ion .
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27 Con
c
lu
s
ion .
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32 Fu
r
the
r
re
se
a
r
ch
oppo
r
tun
i
t
ie
s
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32 Re
fe
ren
ce
s .
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34 Append
i
x
A Mamma
r
y
g
l
and
pho
to
g
raph
s
f
rom
sheep
fa
rm
s
tud
y .
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39 Append
i
x
B Vu
l
va
pho
to
g
raph
s
f
rom
sheep
fa
rm
s
tud
y .
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41 Append
i
x
C Mamma
r
y
g
l
and
pho
to
g
raph
s
f
rom
e
xpe
r
imen
ta
l
s
tud
y .
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43 Append
i
x
D
Vu
l
va
pho
to
g
raph
s
f
rom
e
xpe
r
imen
ta
l
s
tud
y .
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45 v
i
L
i
s
t
o
f
T
ab
le
s
T
ab
le
4
.1
Mean
(±
s
.e
.m
.
)
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
o
f
ewe
l
amb
s
fed
on
r
ye
g
r
a
s
s
/
c
lo
ve
r
p
a
s
tu
re
(G
r
a
s
s
)
o
r
lu
ce
rne
(
Lu
ce
rne
)
re
co
rded
on
2
o
c
c
a
s
ion
s
in
a
pe
r
iod
o
f
35
d
a
y
s
du
r
in
g
l
a
te
summe
r
2015
and
the
i
r
me
an
(±
s
.e
.m
.
)
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
g
a
in
du
r
in
g
th
i
s
pe
r
iod
. .
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.
17 1
1
T
ab
le
4
.2
Mean
(±
s
.e
.m
.
)
te
a
t
w
id
th1,
te
a
t
len
g
th
and
udde
r
w
id
th
me
a
su
remen
t
s
(
a
l
l
in
mm
)
re
co
rded
w
i
th
c
a
l
ipe
r
s
comp
a
red
w
i
th
v
a
lue
s
ob
t
a
ined
f
rom
pho
to
g
r
aph
s
and
the
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
s
(me
an
±
s
.e
.m
.
)
be
tween
the
se
me
a
su
remen
t
s
.
D
a
t
a
in
c
lude
a
l
l
me
a
su
remen
t
s
t
a
ken
on
12
M
a
r
ch
and
16
Ap
r
i
l
. .
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20 T
ab
le
4
.3
L
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
re
co
rded
o
n
3
o
c
c
a
s
ion
s
in
a
pe
r
iod
o
f
40
d
a
y
s
and
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
g
a
in
o
f
sheep
(n
=
4
pe
r
t
re
a
tmen
t
)
t
re
a
ted
w
i
th
0
.1
m
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
d
a
y
s
(
Low
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
)
,
1
.0
m
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
d
a
y
s
(H
i
gh
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
)
o
r
no
t
t
re
a
ted
(Con
t
ro
l
)
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20 1
1
1
T
ab
le
4
.4
Mean
(±
s
.e
.m
.
)
te
a
t
w
id
th ,
te
a
t
len
g
th and
udde
r
w
id
th me
a
su
remen
t
s
(
a
l
l
in
mm
)
when
t
a
ken
u
s
in
g
the
c
a
l
ipe
r
s
comp
a
red
to
when
t
a
ken
u
s
in
g
a
pho
to
g
r
aph
w
i
th
a
ru
le
r
in
p
re
sen
t
v
iew
and
the
me
an
(±
s
.e
.m
.
)
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
be
tween
the
two
me
a
su
remen
t
s
.
D
a
t
a
in
c
lude
s
a
l
l
me
a
su
remen
t
s
th
rou
ghou
t
the
du
r
a
t
ion
o
f
the
40-­‐
d
a
y
t
r
i
a
l .
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.
24 T
ab
le
4
.5
Po
s
t
s
l
au
gh
te
r
me
a
su
remen
t
s
(me
an
±
s
.e
.m
.
)
o
f
m
amm
a
r
y
we
i
gh
t
,
u
te
ru
s
we
i
gh
t
,
o
v
a
r
y
we
i
gh
t1 and
vu
l
v
a
co
lou
r
re
co
rded
on
d
a
y
41
o
f
sheep
(n
=
4
pe
r
t
re
a
tmen
t
)
t
re
a
ted
w
i
th
0
.1
m
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
d
a
y
s
(
Low
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
)
,
1
.0
m
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
d
a
y
s
(H
i
gh
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
)
o
r
no
t
t
re
a
ted
(Con
t
ro
l
)
. .
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.
25 T
ab
le
4
.6
Numbe
r
o
f
fo
l
l
i
c
le
s
w
i
th
in
d
i
ame
te
r
s
i
ze
r
an
ge
s
l
i
s
ted
he
re
re
co
rded
po
s
t
s
l
au
gh
te
r
on
d
a
y
41
o
f
the
sheep
o
f
sheep
(n
=
4
pe
r
t
re
a
tmen
t
)
t
re
a
ted
w
i
th
0
.1
m
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
d
a
y
s
(
Low
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
)
,
1
.0
m
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
d
a
y
s
(H
i
gh
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
)
o
r
no
t
t
re
a
ted
(C
on
t
ro
l
)
. .
.
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.
25 v
i
i
L
i
s
t
o
f
F
i
gu
re
s
F
i
gu
re
4
.1
Mean
te
a
t
len
g
th1 o
f
sheep
g
r
a
z
in
g
g
r
a
s
s
o
r
lu
ce
rne
up
to
12
M
a
r
ch
(
le
f
t
h
and
b
a
r
s
)
,
then
g
r
a
s
s
on
l
y
un
t
i
l
16
Ap
r
i
l
(
r
i
gh
t
h
and
b
a
r
s
)
.
Ve
r
t
i
c
a
l
b
a
r
s
rep
re
sen
t
±
S
.
E
.M
.
.
.
.
.
.
18 F
i
gu
re
4
.2
Mean
te
a
t
w
id
th1 o
f
sheep
g
r
a
z
in
g
g
r
a
s
s
o
r
lu
ce
rne
up
to
12
M
a
r
ch
(
le
f
t
h
and
b
a
r
s
)
,
then
g
r
a
s
s
on
l
y
un
t
i
l
16
Ap
r
i
l
(
r
i
gh
t
h
and
b
a
r
s
)
.
Ve
r
t
i
c
a
l
b
a
r
s
rep
re
sen
t
±
S
.
E
.M
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
19 F
i
gu
re
4
.3
Tea
t
len
g
th1 re
co
rded
e
ve
r
y
3
d
a
y
s
in
a
pe
r
iod
o
f
40
d
a
y
s
o
f
sheep
(n
=
4
pe
r
t
re
a
tmen
t
)
t
re
a
ted
w
i
th
0
.1
m
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
d
a
y
s
(
Low
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
)
,
1
.0
m
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
iol
e
ve
r
y
3
d
a
y
s
(H
i
gh
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
)
o
r
no
t
t
re
a
ted
(Con
t
ro
l
)
.
Ve
r
t
i
c
a
l
b
a
r
s
rep
re
sen
t
±
s
.e
.m
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
22 1
F
i
gu
re
4
.4
Tea
t
w
id
th
re
co
rded
e
ve
r
y
3
d
a
y
s
in
a
pe
r
iod
o
f
40
d
a
y
s
o
f
sheep
(n=4
pe
r
t
re
a
tmen
t
)
t
re
a
ted
w
i
th
0
.1
m
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
d
a
y
s
(
Low
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
)
,
1
.0
m
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
d
a
y
s
(H
i
gh
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
)
o
r
no
t
t
re
a
ted
(Con
t
ro
l
)
.
Ve
r
t
i
c
a
l
b
a
r
s
rep
re
sen
t
±
s
.e
.m
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
23 v
i
i
i
Ch
ap
te
r
1 In
t
rodu
c
t
ion
Fo
r
a
ge
p
l
an
t
s
f
rom
the
le
gum
inou
s
f
am
i
l
y
a
re
w
ide
l
y
u
sed
in
New
Ze
a
l
and
a
g
r
i
cu
l
tu
r
a
l
p
rodu
c
t
ion
s
y
s
tem
s
.
The
mo
s
t
common
fo
r
a
ge
spe
c
ie
s
u
sed
a
re
lu
ce
rne
(M
ed
i
cago
sa
t
i
va L
.
)
,
wh
i
te
c
lo
ve
r
(
T
r
i
fo
l
ium
r
ep
en
s
L
.
)
,
sub
te
r
r
ane
an
c
lo
ve
r
(
T
r
i
fo
l
ium
sub
t
e
r
ran
eum
L
.
)
and
red
c
lo
ve
r
(
T
r
i
fo
l
ium
p
ra
t
en
s
e
L
.
)
.
The
se
fo
r
a
ge
s
po
ten
t
i
a
l
l
y
con
t
a
in
b
io
lo
g
i
c
a
l
l
y
a
c
t
i
ve
oe
s
t
ro
ge
n
i
c
compound
s
c
a
l
led
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
th
a
t
h
a
ve
a
chem
i
c
a
l
s
t
ru
c
tu
re
s
im
i
l
a
r
to
n
a
tu
r
a
l
l
y
o
c
cu
r
r
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
the
re
fo
re
m
im
i
c
the
i
r
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
.
The
s
im
i
l
a
r
chem
i
c
a
l
s
t
ru
c
tu
re
a
l
low
s
them
to
a
c
t
on
the
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
s
to
indu
ce
oe
s
t
ru
s
and
c
au
se
mo
rpho
lo
g
i
c
a
l
ch
an
ge
s
in
the
rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
t
r
a
c
t
the
re
fo
re
the
y
c
an
redu
ce
the
rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
e
f
f
i
c
ien
c
y
o
f
dome
s
t
i
c
l
i
ve
s
to
c
k
(Ad
am
s
,
1995
;
Ku
r
ze
r
and
Xu
,
1997
)
.
Lu
ce
rne
i
s
a
h
i
gh
qu
a
l
i
t
y
feed
fo
r
d
r
y
l
and
p
a
s
tu
re
s
due
to
i
t
s
h
i
gh
w
a
te
r
u
se
e
f
f
i
c
ien
c
y
and
h
i
gh
c
rude
p
ro
te
in
con
ten
t
.
Coume
s
t
ro
l
,
a
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
compound
,
i
s
p
re
sen
t
in
lu
ce
rne
and
i
t
h
a
s
the
po
ten
t
i
a
l
to
redu
ce
the
o
vu
l
a
t
ion
r
a
te
o
f
ewe
s
th
a
t
g
r
a
ze
i
t
du
r
in
g
o
r
p
r
io
r
to
m
a
t
in
g
.
The
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
o
f
coume
s
t
ro
l
in
lu
ce
rne
i
s
h
i
gh
l
y
v
a
r
i
ab
le
and
h
i
gh
l
y
dependen
t
on
a
numbe
r
o
f
en
v
i
ronmen
t
a
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
the
re
fo
re
i
s
no
t
a
lw
a
y
s
po
ten
t
enou
gh
to
e
xe
r
t
an
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
e
f
fe
c
t
(O
ld
f
ie
ld
e
t
a
l
,
1966
)
.
The
le
ve
l
o
f
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
compound
s
in
lu
ce
rne
i
s
con
s
ide
r
ab
l
y
le
s
s
th
an
tho
se
repo
r
ted
in
sub
te
r
r
ane
an
c
lo
ve
r
the
re
fo
re
the
e
f
fe
c
t
s
on
rep
rodu
c
t
ion
a
re
no
t
a
s
p
rom
inen
t
.
The
se
e
f
fe
c
t
s
in
c
lude
de
c
re
a
sed
l
amb
in
g
r
a
te
s
,
de
c
re
a
sed
o
v
a
r
i
an
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
and
redu
ced
o
vu
l
a
t
ion
r
a
te
(Coop
,
1977
;
New
some
and
K
i
t
t
s
,
1977
;
S
c
a
le
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
1977
)
.
Lu
ce
rne
doe
s
con
t
a
in
o
the
r
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
,
su
ch
a
s
fo
rmonone
t
in
wh
i
ch
i
s
con
s
ide
red
the
mo
s
t
p
rom
inen
t
i
so
f
l
a
vone
th
a
t
in
f
luen
ce
s
rep
rodu
c
t
ion
in
dome
s
t
i
c
l
i
ve
s
to
c
k
,
howe
ve
r
,
the
se
on
l
y
a
c
cumu
l
a
te
in
sm
a
l
l
qu
an
t
i
t
ie
s
in
lu
ce
rne
comp
a
red
to
e
t
a
l
.
,
1995
)
.
coume
s
t
ro
l
(Ad
am
s
,
1995
;
Nw
annenn
a
Phy
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
h
a
ve
a
s
im
i
l
a
r
s
t
ru
c
tu
re
to
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
and
beh
a
ve
l
i
ke
endo
genou
s
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
.
In
the
i
r
a
c
t
i
ve
fo
rm
the
y
b
ind
w
i
th
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
s
.
Th
i
s
b
ind
in
g
c
au
se
s
de
te
c
t
ab
le
ch
an
ge
s
in
the
rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
t
r
a
c
t
o
f
fem
a
le
sheep
.
Ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
c
an
e
f
fe
c
t
u
te
r
ine
e
ven
t
s
and
indu
ce
in
c
re
a
sed
udde
r
and
vu
l
v
a
de
ve
lopmen
t
(O
ld
f
ie
ld
e
t
a
l
.
,
1966
;
New
some
and
K
i
t
t
s
,
1980
)
.
P
rob
lem
s
c
an
be
me
a
su
red
b
y
redu
ced
l
amb
in
g
r
a
te
s
and
ch
an
ge
s
in
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
,
vu
l
v
a
,
and
te
a
t
p
a
r
ame
te
r
s
.
The
a
im
o
f
th
i
s s
tud
y
w
a
s
to
me
a
su
re
the
s
t
imu
l
a
to
r
y
e
f
fe
c
t
s
o
f oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
lu
ce
rne
on
the
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
s
and
te
a
t
s
o
f
p
re
-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
sheep
in
New
Ze
a
l
and
and
to
re
l
a
te
the
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
e
f
fe
c
t
s
re
co
rded
on-­‐
f
a
rm
to
tho
se
p
rodu
ced
b
y
a
p
re
c
i
se
do
se
adm
in
i
s
t
r
a
t
ion
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
to
sheep
.
I
t
a
l
so
a
imed
to
1 demon
s
t
r
a
te
the
u
t
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
pho
to
g
r
aph
i
c
p
ro
cedu
re
to
rep
l
a
ce
d
i
re
c
t
me
a
su
remen
t
s
o
f
m
amm
a
r
y
and
te
a
t
de
ve
lopmen
t
and
oe
s
t
ro
gen
-­‐
indu
ced
co
lou
r
ch
an
ge
s
in
e
x
te
rn
a
l
gen
i
t
a
l
i
a
.
2 Ch
ap
te
r
2 L
i
te
r
a
tu
re
Re
v
iew
2
.1 In
t
rodu
c
t
ion
Ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
m
im
i
c
endo
genou
s
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
and
b
ind
w
i
th
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
s
e
xe
r
t
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
e
f
fe
c
t
s
on
the
cen
t
r
a
l
ne
r
vou
s
s
y
s
tem
s
c
au
s
in
g
ch
an
ge
s
in
the
rep
rodu
c
t
ion
t
r
a
c
t
o
f
sheep
(Ku
r
ze
r
and
Xu
,
1997
)
.
O
ve
r
300
p
l
an
t
s
h
a
ve
h
i
gh
enou
gh
le
ve
l
s
o
f
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
th
rou
gh
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
to
be
ab
le
to
in
i
t
i
a
te
oe
s
t
rou
s
beh
a
v
iou
r
in
an
im
a
l
s
(Ku
r
ze
r
and
Xu
,
1997
)
.
Ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
and
the
i
r
e
f
fe
c
t
s
h
a
s
been
w
ide
l
y
s
tud
ied
in
l
abo
r
a
to
r
y
an
im
a
l
s
,
hum
an
s
,
sheep
and
c
a
t
t
le
.
Th
i
s
l
i
te
r
a
tu
re
re
v
iew
co
ve
r
s
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
and
the
i
r
ro
le
in
the
de
ve
lopmen
t
and
the
re
gu
l
a
t
ion
o
f
rep
rodu
c
t
ion
s
y
s
tem
s
and
the
chem
i
c
a
l
s
t
ru
c
tu
re
and
me
t
abo
l
i
sm
o
f
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
and
the
e
f
fe
c
t
th
a
t
the
y
h
a
ve
in
sheep
w
i
th
p
a
r
t
i
cu
l
a
r
re
fe
ren
ce
to
the
i
r
po
ten
t
i
a
l
to
redu
ce
rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
pe
r
fo
rm
an
ce
on
f
a
rm
s
.
In
add
i
t
ion
,
the
mo
rpho
lo
g
i
c
a
l
ch
an
ge
s
a
s
so
c
i
a
ted
w
i
th
in
c
re
a
sed
oe
s
t
ro
gen
and
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
con
sump
t
ion
i
s
de
s
c
r
ibed
.
2
.2 Oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
Oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
a
re
a
g
roup
o
f
s
te
ro
id
ho
rmone
s
th
a
t
a
re
in
vo
l
ved
in
the
re
gu
l
a
t
ion
o
f
rep
rodu
c
t
ion
,
p
a
r
t
i
cu
l
a
r
l
y
in
fem
a
le
s
.
The
y
a
re
comp
r
i
sed
o
f
fou
r
c
a
rbon
r
in
g
s
,
one
o
f
the
se
(A-­‐
r
in
g
)
be
in
g
a
rom
a
t
i
c
,
and
h
a
ve
a
to
t
a
l
o
f
18
-­‐
c
a
rbon
a
tom
s
.
N
a
tu
r
a
l
l
y
o
c
cu
r
r
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
a
re
s
te
ro
id
b
a
sed
,
a
s
a
re
o
the
r
se
x
ho
rmone
s
in
vo
l
ved
in
rep
rodu
c
t
ion
su
ch
a
s
the
p
ro
ge
s
to
gen
s
(21
c
a
rbon
s
)
and
the
and
ro
gen
s
(19
c
a
rbon
s
)
.
S
te
ro
id
b
a
sed
ho
rmone
s
a
re
de
r
i
ved
f
rom
cho
le
s
te
ro
l
,
a
27
-­‐
c
a
rbon
mo
le
cu
le
.
Cho
le
s
te
ro
l
b
ind
s
to
l
ipop
ro
te
in
re
cep
to
r
s
and
i
s
t
a
ken
up
b
y
s
te
ro
ido
gen
i
c
ce
l
l
s
whe
re
i
t
i
s
s
to
red
and
t
r
an
spo
r
ted
to
the
s
i
te
s
o
f
s
te
ro
id
s
yn
the
s
i
s
.
Du
r
in
g
s
te
ro
id
s
yn
the
s
i
s
,
the
d
i
f
fe
ren
t
s
te
ro
id
-­‐
b
a
sed
ho
rmone
s
a
re
fo
rmed
th
rou
gh
a
reduc
t
ion
in
c
a
rbon
numbe
r
s
(G
rube
r
e
t
a
l
.
,
2002
)
.
The
th
ree
m
a
jo
r
n
a
tu
r
a
l
l
y
o
c
cu
r
r
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
a
re
17-­‐
β
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
, oe
s
t
rone
and
oe
s
t
r
io
l
.
The
y
a
re
chem
i
c
a
l
l
y
s
im
i
l
a
r
to
e
a
ch
o
the
r
ye
t
h
a
ve
d
i
f
fe
ren
t
ro
le
s
in
the
bod
y
and
a
re
p
re
sen
t
a
t
d
i
f
fe
r
in
g
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
s
th
rou
ghou
t
the
bod
y
.
Oe
s
t
rone
p
redom
in
a
te
s
in
dome
s
t
i
c
l
i
ve
s
to
c
k
du
r
in
g
p
re
gn
an
c
y
wh
i
le
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
i
s
in
abund
an
ce
in
the
non-­‐
p
re
gn
an
t
an
im
a
l
(Ree
ce
,
1991
)
.
The
p
r
im
a
r
y
sou
r
ce
s
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
a
re
the
the
c
a
and
g
r
anu
lo
s
a
ce
l
l
s
o
f
the
o
v
a
r
ie
s
,
howe
ve
r
o
the
r
t
i
s
sue
s
su
ch
a
s
ad
ipo
se
t
i
s
sue
h
a
ve
the
ab
i
l
i
t
y
to
s
yn
the
s
i
se
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
the
re
fo
re
con
t
r
ibu
t
in
g
to
i
t
s
o
ve
r
a
l
l
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
in
e
t
a
l
.
,
2002
)
.
the
bod
y
(Ne
l
son
and
Bu
lun
,
2001
;
G
rube
r
3 2
.2
.1 Ro
le
o
f
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
in
rum
in
an
t
s
Oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
p
l
a
y
a
ro
le
in
m
an
y
ph
y
s
io
lo
g
i
c
a
l
p
ro
ce
s
se
s
.
In
the
b
r
a
in
the
y
h
a
ve
been
shown
to
re
gu
l
a
te
the
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
m
an
y
neu
ro
t
r
an
sm
i
t
te
r
s
and
neu
ropep
t
ide
s
s
y
s
tem
s
b
y
a
l
te
r
in
g
the
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
o
f
the
i
r
re
cep
to
r
s
o
r
a
c
t
in
g
a
t
the
s
yn
the
s
i
s
/
re
le
a
se
le
ve
l
(B
a
l
th
a
z
a
r
t
e
t
a
l
.
,
2009
)
.
Howe
ve
r
,
the
i
r
p
r
in
c
ip
le
fun
c
t
ion
i
s
the
de
ve
lopmen
t
and
re
gu
l
a
t
ion
o
f
the
rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
s
y
s
tem
.
The
y
a
re
in
vo
l
ved
in
ce
llu
l
a
r
p
ro
l
i
fe
r
a
t
ion
and
g
row
th
o
f
rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
o
r
g
an
s
.
Th
i
s
in
c
lude
s
:
s
t
imu
l
a
t
ion
o
f
the
endome
t
r
i
a
l
g
l
and
g
row
th
,
s
t
imu
l
a
t
ion
o
f
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
du
c
t
g
row
th
and
in
c
re
a
s
in
g
se
c
re
to
r
y
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
u
te
r
ine
du
c
t
s
(Ree
ce
,
1991
)
.
The
y
a
l
so
h
a
ve
in
vo
l
vemen
t
in
feed
b
a
c
k
con
t
ro
l
o
f
gon
ado
t
rop
in
se
c
re
t
ion
,
s
t
imu
l
a
t
ion
o
f
fo
l
l
i
cu
l
a
r
g
row
th
and
m
a
tu
r
a
t
ion
,
in
i
t
i
a
t
ion
o
f
se
xu
a
l
re
cep
t
i
v
i
t
y
and
some
in
vo
l
vemen
t
in
c
re
a
t
in
g
a
f
a
vou
r
ab
le
u
te
r
ine
en
v
i
ronmen
t
fo
r
fe
r
t
i
l
i
sed
e
g
g
ce
l
l
s
to
de
ve
lop
and
he
lp
in
g
the
u
te
ru
s
p
rep
a
re
fo
r
p
a
r
tu
r
i
t
ion
(B
a
l
th
a
z
a
r
t
e
t
a
l
.
,
2009
)
. Fo
r
fem
a
le
con
cep
t
ion
to
be
su
c
ce
s
s
fu
l
,
o
vu
l
a
t
ion
need
s
to
o
c
cu
r
.
An
in
c
re
a
se
in
the
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
du
r
in
g
o
vu
l
a
t
ion
t
r
i
g
ge
r
s
the
gon
ado
t
rop
in
re
le
a
s
in
g
ho
rmone
(GnRH
)
su
r
ge
,
wh
i
ch
gene
r
a
te
s
the
p
reo
vu
l
a
t
o
r
y
su
r
ge
o
f
lu
te
in
i
z
in
g
ho
rmone
(
LH
)
.
Th
i
s
i
s
a
po
s
i
t
i
ve
feedb
a
c
k
me
ch
an
i
sm
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
th
a
t
wo
r
k
s
b
y
b
ind
in
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
to
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
re
cep
to
r
s
(
ERα
)
lo
c
a
ted
in
spe
c
i
f
i
c
h
ypo
th
a
l
am
i
c
nu
c
le
i
,
h
a
v
in
g
a
s
t
imu
l
a
t
i
ve
e
f
fe
c
t
in
the
su
r
ge
p
ro
ce
s
s
re
su
l
t
in
g
in the
ob
se
r
ved
su
r
ge
s
o
f
GnRH
and
LH
.
Th
i
s
su
r
ge
me
ch
an
i
sm
in
vo
l
v
in
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
i
s
demon
s
t
r
a
ted
in
fem
a
le
s
o
f
mo
s
t
spe
c
ie
s
(Go
rdon
,
1997
;
C
l
a
r
k
son
and
He
rb
i
son
,
2009
)
.
The
numbe
r
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
re
cep
to
r
s
in
the
an
te
r
io
r
p
i
tu
i
t
a
r
y
g
l
and
in
c
re
a
se
s
the
sen
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
gon
ado
t
roph
s
to
GnRH
(Ne
t
t
e
t
a
l
.
,
1984
)
.
2
.3 Ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s Ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
a
re
d
ipheno
l
i
c
,
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
,
p
l
an
t-­‐
de
r
i
ved
compound
s
th
a
t
h
a
ve
a
s
im
i
l
a
r
chem
i
c
a
l
s
t
ru
c
tu
re
to
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
and
c
an
b
ind
w
i
th
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
s
c
au
s
in
g
an
e
f
fe
c
t
.
A
l
thou
gh
the
y
m
im
i
c
the
beh
a
v
iou
r
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
,
the
i
r
e
f
fe
c
t
s
a
re
no
t
a
lw
a
y
s
in
te
r
ch
an
ge
ab
le
(Ad
am
s
,
1995
)
.
Ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
c
an
be
chem
i
c
a
l
l
y
de
s
c
r
ibed
a
s
be
in
g
compo
sed
o
f
‘
a
p
l
an
a
r
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
th
a
t
in
c
lude
s
a
p
-­‐
h
yd
ro
x
y
l-­‐
sub
s
t
i
tu
ted
a
rom
a
t
i
c
r
in
g
,
app
ro
x
im
a
te
l
y
12
A
° aw
a
y
f
rom
a
se
cond
p
l
an
a
r
h
yd
ro
x
y
l
g
roup
’
(
Tu
rne
r
e
t
a
l
.
,
2007
)
.
Ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
c
an
be
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
ied
in
to
th
ree
m
a
in
chem
i
c
a
l
c
l
a
s
se
s
-­‐
coume
s
t
an
s
,
i
so
f
l
a
vone
s
and
l
i
gn
an
s
.
E
a
ch
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
h
a
s
a
s
l
i
gh
t
l
y
d
i
f
fe
ren
t
chem
i
c
a
l
s
t
ru
c
tu
re
a
l
thou
gh
the
s
t
ru
c
tu
re
s
o
f
a
l
l
the
c
l
a
s
se
s
a
re
s
im
i
l
a
r
to
n
a
tu
r
a
l
and
s
yn
the
t
i
c
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
and
an
t
i
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
(Ku
r
ze
r
and
Xu
,
1997
)
.
The
se
s
l
i
gh
t
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
s
re
su
l
t
in
the
b
io
lo
g
i
c
a
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
the
d
i
f
fe
ren
t
c
l
a
s
se
s
h
a
v
in
g
v
a
r
i
a
t
ion
e
t
a
l
.
,
2007
)
.
Ph
y
to
-­‐
oes
t
ro
gen
s
e
xe
r
t
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
e
f
fe
c
t
s
on
the
cen
t
r
a
l
ne
r
vou
s
s
y
s
tem
,
(
Tu
rne
r
indu
ce
oe
s
t
ru
s
and
s
t
imu
l
a
te
g
row
th
o
f
gen
i
t
a
l
t
r
a
c
t
s
in
fem
a
le
s
(Ku
r
ze
r
and
Xu
,
1997
)
.
The
se
e
f
fe
c
t
s
4 a
re
e
xe
r
ted
th
rou
gh
a
s
in
g
le
nu
c
le
a
r
re
cep
to
r
known
a
s
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
s
and
two
fo
rm
s
e
x
i
s
t
– oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
α
and
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
β
(
Tu
rne
r
e
t
a
l
.
,
2007
)
.
The
se
re
cep
to
r
s
a
re
lo
c
a
ted
in
rep
rodu
c
t
ion
-­‐
a
s
so
c
i
a
ted
t
i
s
sue
s
a
s
we
l
l
a
s
in
the
he
a
r
t
,
b
r
a
in
,
l
i
ve
r
and
bone
s
.
Oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
α
i
s
p
r
im
a
r
i
l
y
e
xp
re
s
sed
in
the
gon
ad
a
l
t
i
s
sue
s
and
a
l
so
in
low
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
s
in
o
the
r
t
i
s
sue
s
su
ch
a
s
the
k
idne
y
,
the
b
r
a
in
and
ad
ipo
se
t
i
s
sue
,
whe
re
a
s
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
β
i
s
p
r
im
a
r
i
l
y
e
xp
re
s
sed
in
non
-­‐
gon
ad
a
l
t
i
s
sue
su
ch
a
s
co
lon
,
bone
m
a
r
row
and
the
b
r
a
in
(Cu
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
2013
)
.
The
a
f
f
in
i
t
y
o
f
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
to
b
ind
to
the
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
s
v
a
r
ie
s
depend
in
g
on
the
sub
s
t
r
a
te
.
Some
sub
s
t
r
a
te
s
h
a
ve
equ
a
l
a
f
f
in
i
t
ie
s
fo
r
bo
th
re
cep
to
r
s
,
some
h
a
ve
an
in
c
re
a
sed
a
f
f
in
i
t
y
fo
r
a
p
a
r
t
i
cu
l
a
r
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
and
some
se
le
c
t
i
ve
l
y
b
ind
to
a
s
in
g
le
oe
s
t
ro
gen
r
e
cep
to
r
.
Fo
r
e
x
amp
le
,
i
so
f
l
a
vone
s
a
re
c
ap
ab
le
o
f
b
ind
in
g
to
bo
th
o
f
the
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
s
,
ho
we
ve
r
gen
i
s
te
in
,
an
i
so
f
l
a
vone
, h
a
s
a
7
– 30
t
ime
s
g
re
a
te
r
b
ind
in
g
a
f
f
in
i
t
y
fo
r
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
β
.
Th
i
s
i
s
con
s
ide
red
re
l
a
t
i
ve
l
y
se
le
c
t
i
ve
b
ind
in
g
(
Tu
rne
r
e
t
a
l.
,
2007
)
.
2
.3
.1 C
l
a
s
se
s
o
f
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
A
s
in
g
le
p
l
an
t
w
i
l
l
o
f
ten
con
t
a
in
mo
re
th
an
one
c
l
a
s
s
o
f
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
.
Ou
t
o
f
the
th
ree
m
a
in
c
l
a
s
se
s
,
i
so
f
l
a
vone
s
and
l
i
gn
an
s
h
a
ve
been
iden
t
i
f
ied
a
s
be
in
g
the
mo
s
t
p
re
v
a
len
t
(Ku
r
ze
r
and
Xu
,
1997
;
Mu
r
k
ie
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
1998
)
.
I
so
f
l
a
vone
s
a
re
a
t
ype
o
f
i
so
f
l
a
v
ano
id
,
wh
i
ch
a
re
n
a
tu
r
a
l
l
y
o
c
cu
r
r
in
g
,
b
io
lo
g
i
c
a
l
l
y
a
c
t
i
ve
compound
s
.
The
y
a
re
a
lmo
s
t
e
x
c
lu
s
i
ve
l
y
p
rodu
ced
in
the
F
ab
a
ce
ae
f
am
i
l
y
,
wh
i
ch
in
c
lude
s
be
an
s
,
le
gume
s
and
pe
a
s
.
Fo
rmonone
t
in
,
gen
i
s
te
in
and
d
a
id
ze
in
a
re
a
l
l
e
x
amp
le
s
o
f
i
so
f
l
a
vone
s
and
a
l
l
e
xe
r
t
d
i
f
fe
ren
t
le
ve
l
s
o
f
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
wh
i
ch
depend
s
on
the
p
l
an
t
spe
c
ie
s
th
a
t
the
y
a
re
p
re
sen
t
in
.
Fo
rmonone
t
in
i
t
se
l
f
i
s
no
t
an
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
sub
s
t
r
a
te
bu
t
in
the
rumen
i
t
i
s
me
t
abo
l
i
sed
m
a
in
l
y
to
equo
l
,
wh
i
ch
i
s
oes
t
ro
gen
i
c
.
I
t
i
s
p
re
sen
t
in
red
c
lo
ve
r
and
be
l
ie
ved
to
be
the
m
a
in
c
au
se
o
f
rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
p
rob
lem
s
su
ch
a
s
pe
rm
anen
t
in
fe
r
t
i
l
i
t
y
in
sheep
th
a
t
h
a
ve
h
ad
p
ro
lon
ged
e
xpo
su
re
to
red
c
lo
ve
r
(Co
x
and
B
r
aden
,
1974
;
Ku
r
ze
r
and
Xu
,
1997
;
D
i
xon
,
2004
)
. Coume
s
t
ro
l
i
s
the
m
a
in
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
o
f
the
coume
s
t
an
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
ion
.
I
t
c
an
be
found
in
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
fo
r
a
ge
s
su
ch
a
s
lu
ce
rne
,
howe
ve
r
,
coume
s
t
an
s
le
ve
l
s
a
re
u
su
a
l
l
y
low
and
do
no
t
e
xe
r
t
an
e
f
fe
c
t
.
Coume
s
t
ro
l
le
ve
l
s
in
lu
ce
rne
c
an
r
i
se
due
to
an
a
r
r
a
y
o
f
f
a
c
to
r
s
and
when
the
y
a
re
p
re
sen
t
in
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
s
h
i
ghe
r
th
an
20
-­‐
50
m
g
/
k
g
o
f
DM
then
i
t
e
xe
r
t
s
an
e
f
fe
c
t
on
the
rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
s
y
s
tem
su
ch
a
s
in
c
re
a
s
in
g
rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
o
r
g
an
de
ve
lopmen
t
in
sheep
.
I
t
h
a
s
the
g
re
a
te
s
t
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
an
y
o
f
the
th
th
a
t
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
17
-­‐
β
(Won
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
compound
s
s
tud
ied and
i
t
s
po
ten
c
y
i
s
1
/1000
1971
;
New
some
and
K
i
t
t
s
,
1980
;
Ad
am
s
,
1986
;
Ad
am
s
1995
)
. L
i
gn
an
s
common
l
y
o
c
cu
r
th
rou
ghou
t
p
l
an
t
s
due
to
the
i
r
ro
le
in
p
l
an
t
de
fen
ce
.
The
y
a
re
common
l
y
found
in
r
ye
and
f
l
a
x
seed
s
and
in
the
ou
te
r
l
a
ye
r
s
o
f
ce
re
a
l
s
and
g
r
a
in
s
(D
i
xon
,
2004
)
.
On
l
y
ce
r
t
a
in
5 t
ype
s
o
f
p
l
an
t
l
i
gn
an
s
a
re
o
f
impo
r
t
an
ce
in
te
rm
s
o
f
e
xe
r
t
in
g
an
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
e
f
fe
c
t
s
and
the
se
a
re
the
one
s
th
a
t
a
re
con
ve
r
ted
to
en
te
ro
l
a
c
tone
and
en
te
rod
io
l
b
y
the
in
te
s
t
in
a
l
m
i
c
ro
f
lo
r
a
.
E
x
amp
le
s
o
f
l
i
gn
an
s
con
ve
r
ted
to
en
te
ro
l
a
c
tone
and
en
te
rod
io
l
a
re
se
co
i
so
l
a
r
i
c
i
re
s
ino
l
and
m
a
t
a
i
re
s
ino
l
(W
an
g
e
t
a
l
.
, 2002
)
. 2
.3
.2 Me
t
abo
l
i
sm
o
f
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s The
me
t
abo
l
i
c
f
a
te
o
f
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
in
f
luen
ce
s
the
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
e
f
fe
c
t
th
a
t
i
t
e
xe
r
t
s
due
to
me
t
abo
l
ism
e
i
the
r
in
c
re
a
s
in
g
o
r
de
c
re
a
s
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
(Ad
am
s
,
1995
;
Lundh
,
1995
)
.
Due
to
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
s
in
me
t
abo
l
i
sm
be
tween
rum
in
an
t
s
and
mono
g
a
s
t
r
i
c
s
,
the
y
b
re
a
k
down
and
me
t
abo
l
i
se
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
d
i
f
fe
ren
t
l
y
.
In
rum
in
an
t
s
,
me
t
abo
l
i
sm
o
f
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
i
s
d
i
re
c
t
l
y
a
f
fe
c
ted
b
y
the
rum
in
a
l
m
i
c
ro
f
lo
r
a
a
s
the
y
re
ad
i
l
y
h
yd
ro
l
y
se
the
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
(Chee
ke
,
1998
)
.
The
m
i
c
ro-­‐
o
r
g
an
i
sm
s
in
the
rumen
c
an
t
a
ke
be
tween
6
– 10
d
a
y
s
to
ad
ap
t
to
sub
s
t
r
a
te
s
su
ch
a
s
gen
i
s
te
in
and
b
io
ch
an
in
A
,
re
su
l
t
in
g
in
them
e
xe
r
tin
g
the
i
r
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
e
f
fe
c
t
s
fo
r
the
f
i
r
s
t
coup
le
o
f
d
a
y
s
fo
l
low
in
g
the
in
t
rodu
c
t
ion
o
f
an
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
bu
t
no
t
h
a
v
in
g
an
y
lon
g
-­‐
te
rm
e
f
fe
c
t
s
(Ad
am
s
,
1995
)
.
Me
t
abo
l
i
sm
o
f
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
depend
s
on
the
c
l
a
s
s
o
f
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
due
to
the
s
l
i
gh
t
d
i
ffe
ren
ce
s
in
the
chem
i
c
a
l
s
t
ru
c
tu
re
(Ku
r
ze
r
and
Xu
,
1997
)
.
Coume
s
t
ro
l
i
s
ab
so
rbed
in
to
an
an
im
a
l
in
i
t
s
a
c
t
i
ve
fo
rm
and
c
an
be
de
te
c
ted
in
the
p
l
a
sm
a
a
s
soon
a
s
1
hou
r
fo
l
low
in
g
in
ge
s
t
ion
(Ke
l
l
y
and
L
ind
s
a
y
,
1978
)
.
Deme
th
y
l
a
t
ion
c
an
in
c
re
a
se
the
oe
s
t
ro
gen
ic
i
t
y
b
y
in
c
re
a
s
in
g
the
sub
s
t
r
a
te
a
f
f
in
i
t
y
fo
r
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
s
.
Fo
r
e
x
amp
le
,
4
’me
tho
x
y
-­‐
coume
s
t
ro
l
h
a
s
g
re
a
te
r
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
i
t
y
fo
l
low
in
g
deme
th
y
l
a
t
ion
,
wh
i
ch
a
l
low
s
the
h
yd
ro
x
y
l
g
roup
to
b
ind
to
the
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
(Ad
am
s
,
1995
)
.
F
ree
coume
s
t
ro
l
,
wh
i
ch i
s
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
a
l
l
y
a
c
t
i
ve
,
a
c
coun
t
s
fo
r
20
-­‐
40%
o
f
the
c
i
r
cu
l
a
t
in
g
coume
s
t
ro
l
(Ke
l
l
y
and
L
ind
s
a
y
,
1978
)
. The
len
g
th
o
f
t
ime
th
a
t
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
s
t
a
y
in
the
rumen
,
a
f
fe
c
t
s
the
i
r
me
t
abo
l
i
sm
.
The
re
ten
t
ion
t
ime
o
f
i
so
f
l
a
vone
s
in
the
rumen
i
s
the
m
a
in
con
t
r
ibu
to
r
to
the
i
r
de
g
r
ad
a
t
ion
and
de
to
x
i
f
i
c
a
t
ion
(
L
i
v
in
g
s
tone
,
1978
;
Lundh
e
t
a
l
.
,
1990
)
.
Rumen
m
i
c
roo
r
g
an
i
sm
s
b
re
a
k
down
i
so
f
l
a
vone
s
su
ch
a
s
b
io
ch
an
in
A
and
gen
i
s
te
in
in
to
the
i
r
non-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
me
t
abo
l
i
te
s
(Co
x
and
B
r
aden
,
1974
)
.
Fo
rmonone
t
in
i
s
the
mo
s
t
i
mpo
r
t
an
t
i
so
f
l
a
vone
in
te
rm
s
o
f
lon
g-­‐
te
rm
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
e
f
fe
c
t
s
in
rum
in
an
t
s
con
sum
in
g
sub
te
r
r
ane
an
and
red
c
lo
ve
r
(
Lundh
e
t
a
l
.
,
1990
;
Ad
am
s
,
1995
)
.
Fo
rmonone
t
in
h
a
s
low
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
i
t
y
howe
ve
r
i
t
i
s
deme
th
y
l
a
ted
to
d
a
id
ze
in
and
fu
r
the
r
me
t
abo
l
i
sed
v
i
a
h
yd
rogen
a
t
ion
to
equo
l
,
wh
i
ch
i
s
a
h
i
gh
l
y
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
compound
and
i
s
r
ap
id
l
y
ab
so
rbed
th
rou
gh
the
rum
in
a
l
w
a
l
l
and
g
a
s
t
ro
-­‐
in
te
s
t
in
a
l
t
r
a
c
t
.
Equo
l
i
s
thou
gh
t
to
be
the
m
a
jo
r
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
compound
th
a
t
in
i
t
i
a
te
s
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
e
f
fe
c
t
s
in
sheep
(N
i
l
s
son
e
t
a
l
.
,
1967
;
Shu
t
t
and
B
r
aden
,
1968
;
Lundh
e
t
a
l
.
,
1990
;
Ad
am
s
,
1995
)
.
6 The
me
t
abo
l
i
sm
o
f
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
i
s
s
im
i
l
a
r
in
c
a
t
t
le
howe
ve
r
the
re
a
re
m
ino
r
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
s
(Ad
am
s
,
1995
)
.
C
a
t
t
le
appe
a
r
to
be
le
s
s
sen
s
i
t
i
ve
and
le
s
s
a
f
fe
c
ted
b
y
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
th
an
sheep
(
Lundh
,
1995
)
.
A
t
the
s
ame
re
l
a
t
i
ve
p
l
a
sm
a
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
,
i
so
f
l
a
vone
s
h
a
ve
been
shown
to
h
a
ve
le
s
s
o
f
an
e
f
fe
c
t
on
c
a
t
t
le
th
an
sheep
(Ad
am
s
,
1995
)
.
D
i
f
fe
ren
ce
s
be
tween
the
me
t
abo
l
i
sm
o
f
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
o
f
sheep
and
c
a
t
t
le
h
a
ve
been
con
t
r
ibu
ted
to
the
i
r
d
i
f
fe
r
in
g
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
s
o
f
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
s
and
the
i
r
ab
i
l
i
t
y
to
compe
t
i
t
i
ve
l
y
b
ind
.
Sheep
u
te
r
ine
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
o
f
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
s
i
s
two
to
fou
r
t
ime
s
h
i
ghe
r
th
an
in
c
a
t
t
le
.
Sheep
a
re
a
l
so
mo
re
e
f
f
i
c
ien
t
a
t
con
ju
g
a
t
in
g
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
th
an
c
a
t
t
le
– con
ju
g
a
t
in
g
i
s
an
impo
r
t
an
t
me
ch
an
i
sm
in
an
im
a
l
s
to
be
ab
le
to
de
to
x
i
f
y
feed
sub
s
t
an
ce
s
in
c
lud
in
g
p
l
an
t
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
(
Lundh
,
1995
)
.
2
.4 Oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
s Oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
l
an
t
s
a
re
common
th
rou
ghou
t
the
p
l
an
t
k
in
gdom
,
mo
re
so
in
le
gume
s
.
Le
gume
spe
c
ie
s
a
re
w
ide
l
y
u
sed
in
a
g
r
i
cu
l
tu
re
p
rodu
c
t
ion
s
y
s
tem
s
due
to
the
i
r
h
i
gh
p
ro
te
in
con
ten
t
and
the
i
r
ab
i
l
i
t
y
to
f
i
x
n
i
t
ro
gen
.
I
so
f
l
a
vone
s
a
re
mo
s
t
common
l
y
found
in
p
a
s
tu
re
s
;
n
ame
l
y
sub
te
r
r
ane
an
c
lo
ve
r
,
red
c
lo
ve
r
and
so
ybe
an
,
and
the
mo
s
t
common
sou
r
ce
s
o
f
coume
s
t
an
s
a
re
l
u
ce
rne
,
wh
i
te
c
lo
ve
r
and
the
med
i
c
s
.
The
d
ie
t
a
r
y
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
o
f
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
needed
to
e
xe
r
t
an
oe
s
t
rou
s
e
f
fe
c
t
i
s
re
l
a
t
i
ve
l
y
s
im
i
l
a
r
a
c
ro
s
s
spe
c
ie
s
(Ad
am
s
,
1996
)
.
The
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
con
ten
t
o
f
fo
r
a
ge
s
i
s
h
i
gh
l
y
v
a
r
i
ab
le
.
Gene
t
i
c
v
a
r
i
a
t
ion
i
s
re
spons
ib
le
fo
r
a
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
po
r
t
ion
o
f
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
v
a
r
i
a
t
ion
in
p
l
an
t
s
.
Th
i
s
i
s
e
v
iden
t
w
i
th
i
so
f
l
a
vone
v
a
r
i
a
t
ion
in
c
lo
ve
r
v
a
r
y
in
g
w
i
th
d
i
f
fe
ren
t
sub
te
r
r
ane
an
c
lo
ve
r
s
t
r
a
i
n
s
(M
i
l
l
in
g
ton e
t
a
l
.
,
1964;
N
i
co
l
l
ie
r
and
Thomp
son
,
1982
)
.
The
a
c
cumu
l
a
t
ion
o
f
ph
yto
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
and
the
po
ten
c
y
o
f
fo
r
a
ge
s
a
l
so
depend
s
on
the
se
a
son
,
en
v
i
ronmen
t
a
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
,
cu
l
t
i
v
a
r
,
a
ge
and
s
t
re
s
se
s
su
ch
a
s
d
i
se
a
se
and
fun
g
i
(O
ld
f
ie
ld
e
t
,
1966
)
.
The
p
l
an
t
p
a
r
t
a
l
so
d
i
f
fe
r
s
in
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
and
in
lu
ce
rne
a
v
a
r
i
a
t
ion
h
a
s
a
l.
been
ob
se
r
ved
be
tween
the
s
tem
,
le
a
f
and
f
lowe
r
o
f
the
p
l
an
t
.
The
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
in
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
con
ten
t
o
f
the
p
l
an
t
p
a
r
t
and
the
p
ropo
r
t
ion
s
o
f
p
l
an
t
componen
t
s
in
a
s
t
and
imp
a
c
t
the
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
con
ten
t
o
f
h
a
r
ve
s
ted
m
a
te
r
i
a
l
(
Se
gu
in
e
t
a
l
.
,
2004
)
.
The
v
a
r
i
ab
i
l
i
t
y
in
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
s
m
a
ke
s
i
t
d
i
f
f
i
cu
l
t
to
ge
t
an
a
c
cu
r
a
te
me
a
su
remen
t
o
f
the
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
i
t
y
o
f
a
c
rop
.
2
.5 E
f
fe
c
t
s
o
f
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
in
rum
in
an
t
s
The
e
f
fe
c
t
th
a
t
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
e
xe
r
t
in
te
rm
s
o
f
oe
s
t
rou
s
beh
a
v
iou
r
h
a
s
been
w
ide
l
y
s
tud
ied
in
rum
in
an
t
s
,
m
a
in
l
y
c
a
t
t
le
and
sheep
.
The
mo
s
t
d
am
a
g
in
g
e
f
fe
c
t
th
a
t
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
h
a
ve
on
rum
in
an
t
s
i
s
the
po
ten
t
i
a
l
to
supp
re
s
s
fe
r
t
i
l
i
t
y
th
rou
gh
a
redu
c
t
ion
in
the
o
vu
l
a
t
ion
r
a
te
.
Ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
c
an
c
au
se
tempo
r
a
r
y
and
pe
rm
anen
t
e
f
fe
c
t
s
on
the
fe
r
t
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
an
an
im
a
l
s
7 2
.5
.1 C
lo
ve
r
d
i
se
a
se ‘C
lo
ve
r
d
i
se
a
se
’
re
fe
r
s
to
the
lon
g
te
rm
in
fe
r
t
i
l
i
t
y
in
sheep
a
f
te
r
g
r
a
z
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
c
lo
ve
r
p
a
s
tu
re
s
,
sub
te
r
r
ane
an
and
red
,
fo
r
a
p
ro
lon
ged
pe
r
iod
.
‘C
lo
ve
r
d
i
se
a
se
’
i
s
ch
a
r
a
c
te
r
i
sed
b
y
u
te
r
ine
p
ro
l
ap
se
,
d
i
f
f
i
cu
l
t
l
amb
in
g
and
pe
rm
anen
t
in
fe
r
t
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
ewe
s
.
The
ab
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
ewe
s
to
con
ce
i
ve
i
s
redu
ced
the
re
fo
re
an
in
c
re
a
se
i
s
ob
se
r
ved
in
the
numbe
r
o
f
‘d
r
y
’
ewe
s
in
a
f
lo
c
k
(Ad
am
s
,
1986
)
.
Sub
te
r
r
ane
an
c
lo
ve
r
and
red
c
lo
ve
r
a
re
bo
th
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
s
t
yp
i
c
a
l
l
y
h
i
gh
in
i
so
f
l
a
vone
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
su
ch
a
s
gen
i
s
te
in
,
d
a
id
ze
in
and
the
i
r
p
re
cu
r
so
r
’
s
b
io
ch
an
in
A
and
fo
rmonone
t
in
.
Fo
rmonone
t
in
le
ve
l
w
a
s
co
r
re
l
a
ted
w
i
th
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
i
t
y
in
c
lo
ve
r
p
a
s
tu
re
s
and
a
l
thou
gh
no
t
h
i
gh
l
y
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
i
t
se
l
f
,
in
the
rumen
i
t
i
s
me
t
abo
l
i
sed
in
to
equo
l
,
wh
i
ch
i
s
h
i
gh
l
y
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
(Ku
r
ze
r
and
Xu
,
1997
)
.
In
fe
r
t
i
l
i
t
y
c
au
sed
b
y
‘
c
lo
ve
r
d
i
se
a
se
’
i
s
no
lon
ge
r
common
due
to
a
l
a
r
ge
r
p
ropo
r
t
ion
o
f
g
r
a
s
s
be
in
g
used
in
c
lo
ve
r
p
a
s
tu
re
s
and
th
rou
gh
the
u
se
o
f
low
-­‐
fo
rmonone
t
in
sub
te
r
r
ane
an
c
lo
ve
r
v
a
r
ie
t
ie
s
(Ad
am
s
,
1995
)
.
2
.5
.2 Tempo
r
a
r
y
in
fe
r
t
i
l
i
t
y
The
p
a
s
tu
re
th
a
t
a
sheep
i
s
m
a
ted
on
c
an
tempo
r
a
r
i
l
y
imp
a
c
t
an
an
im
a
l
’
s
fe
r
t
i
l
i
t
y
.
Con
sump
t
ion
o
f
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
du
r
in
g
ma
t
in
g
c
an
con
t
r
ibu
te
to
tempo
r
a
r
y
in
fe
r
t
i
l
i
t
y
ch
a
r
a
c
te
r
i
sed
b
y
a
redu
c
t
ion
in
l
amb
in
g
r
a
te
s
,
mu
l
t
ip
le
b
i
r
th
s
,
con
cep
t
ion
f
rom
f
i
r
s
t
se
r
v
i
ce
,
con
cep
t
ion
r
a
te
s
,
i
r
re
gu
l
a
r
oe
s
t
ru
s
and
an
in
c
re
a
se
in
the
amoun
t
o
f
spon
t
aneou
s
abo
r
t
ion
s
,
de
a
th
o
f
newbo
rn
s
,
d
i
f
f
i
cu
l
t
y
b
i
r
th
in
g
and
u
te
r
ine
p
ro
l
ap
se
ob
se
r
ved
in
a
f
lo
c
k
(New
some
and
K
i
t
t
s
,
1980
;
Ad
am
s
,
1995
;
Ve
t
te
r
,
1995
;
V
a
lde
r
rbon
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
198
8
)
.
Th
i
s
in
fe
r
t
i
l
i
t
y
i
s
tempo
r
a
r
y
and
u
su
a
l
l
y
re
so
l
ve
s
i
t
se
l
f
se
ve
r
a
l
wee
k
s
to
a
mon
th
fo
l
low
in
g
remo
v
a
l
o
f
an
im
a
l
s
f
rom
an oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
to
a
non-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
(Ad
am
s
,
1995
)
.
I
t
i
s
d
i
f
f
i
cu
l
t
to
a
t
t
r
ibu
te
a
tempo
r
a
r
y
d
rop
in
o
vu
l
a
t
ion
r
a
te
to
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
due
to
the
o
vu
l
a
t
ion
r
a
te
v
a
r
y
in
g
f
rom
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
,
s
t
a
ge
o
f
b
reed
in
g
se
a
son
and
nu
t
r
i
t
i
ve
v
a
lue
o
f
the
p
a
stu
re
(Ad
am
s
,
1995
)
.
2
.5
.3 Pe
rm
anen
t
in
fe
r
t
i
l
i
t
y
An
in
c
re
a
se
in
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
in
p
l
an
t
s
h
a
s
shown
to
be
co
r
re
l
a
ted
w
i
th
a
de
c
re
a
se
in
fe
r
t
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
ewe
s
g
r
a
z
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
s
(
L
i
v
in
g
s
tone
,
1978
)
.
P
ro
lon
ged
e
xpo
su
re
to
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
s
c
an
c
au
se
pe
rm
anen
t
in
fe
r
t
i
l
i
t
y
c
au
sed
b
y
a
redu
c
t
ion
in
the
ab
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
ewe
s
to
con
ce
i
ve
due
to
the
ce
r
v
i
x
no
t
pe
rm
i
t
t
in
g
the
no
rm
a
l
t
r
an
spo
r
t
o
f
the
spe
rm
a
to
zo
a
(
L
i
gh
t
foo
t
e
t
a
l
.
,
1974)
.
The
s
t
ru
c
tu
re
o
f
the
ce
r
v
i
x
a
l
so
ch
an
ge
s
and
s
t
a
r
t
s
to
re
semb
le
a
u
t
e
ru
s
in
bo
th
fun
c
t
ion
and
appe
a
r
an
ce
.
H
i
s
to
lo
g
i
c
a
l
l
y
,
pe
rm
anen
t
in
fe
r
t
i
l
i
t
y
i
s
e
a
s
y
to
de
te
c
t
th
rou
gh
the
ch
an
ge
s
in
the
ce
l
lu
l
a
r
compo
s
i
t
ion
o
f
the
ce
r
v
i
x
(Ad
am
s
,
1986
)
.
8 2
.6 Mo
rpho
lo
g
i
c
a
l
ch
an
ge
s
a
s
so
c
i
a
ted
w
i
th
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
and
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s The
con
sump
t
ion
o
f
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
th
rou
gh
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
s
re
su
l
t
s
in
mo
rpho
lo
g
i
c
a
l
ch
an
ge
s
in
an
an
im
a
l
.
The
s
ame
ch
an
ge
s
a
re
ob
se
r
ved
when
an
im
a
l
s
a
re
adm
in
i
s
te
red
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
,
su
ch
a
s
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
17
-­‐
β
,
e
i
the
r
th
rou
gh
oe
s
t
ro
gen
imp
l
an
t
s
o
r
in
je
c
t
ion
s
.
The
mo
rpho
log
i
c
a
l
ch
an
ge
s
a
s
so
c
i
a
ted
w
i
th
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
con
sump
t
ion
o
r
oe
s
t
ro
gen
adm
in
i
s
t
r
a
t
ion
in
c
lude
te
a
t
s
i
ze
p
a
r
ame
te
r
s
,
udde
r
de
ve
lopmen
t
,
vu
l
v
a
co
lou
r
ch
an
ge
,
u
te
r
ine
s
i
ze
and
ce
r
v
i
x
h
i
s
to
lo
g
y
.
2
.6
.1 Te
a
t
s
i
ze
E
lon
g
a
t
ion
o
f
the
te
a
t
len
g
th
due
to
oe
s
t
ro
gen
con
sumpt
ion
h
a
s
been
ob
se
r
ved
in
sheep
and
c
a
s
t
r
a
ted
we
a
the
r
l
amb
s
and
th
i
s
re
spon
se
i
s
we
l
l
ch
a
r
a
c
te
r
i
sed
th
rou
ghou
t
l
i
te
r
a
tu
re
.
G
a
lb
r
a
i
th
e
t
a
l.
(1997
)
t
re
a
ted
6
-­‐
mon
th
o
ld
r
am
l
amb
s
w
i
th
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
17-­‐
β
and
ob
se
r
ved
an
in
c
re
a
se
in
the
te
a
t
len
g
th
o
f
the
l
amb
s
c
omp
a
red
to
con
t
ro
l
s
.
Con
t
ro
l
l
amb
s
h
ad
te
a
t
len
g
th
o
f
8
.17
mm
wh
i
le
the
t
a
l
.
,
1997
)
.
An
oe
s
t
ro
gen
t
re
a
ted
r
am
l
amb
s
e
xpe
r
ien
ced
an
in
c
re
a
se
to
12
.1
mm
(G
a
lb
r
a
i
th
e
in
c
re
a
se
in
te
a
t
len
g
th
h
a
s
a
l
so
been
ob
se
r
ved
fo
r
we
the
r
s
g
r
a
z
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
s
.
Consump
t
ion
o
f
red
c
lo
ve
r
h
a
s
been
shown
to
c
au
se
an
in
c
re
a
se
in
te
a
t
len
g
th
o
f
2
.5
mm
comp
a
red
w
i
th
r
ye
g
r
a
s
s
,
wh
i
ch
showed
a
de
c
re
a
se
in
te
a
t
len
g
th
o
f
0
.35
mm
(B
r
aden
e
t
a
l
.
,
1971
)
.
Th
i
s
e
f
fe
c
t
h
a
s
been
ob
se
r
ved
fo
r
a
lon
g
t
ime
,
w
i
th
a
mob
o
f
we
the
r
s
e
xpe
r
ien
c
in
g
te
a
t
len
g
th
en
l
a
r
gemen
t
(up
to
2
-­‐
4
cm
)
and
te
a
t
b
a
se
en
l
a
r
gemen
t
(up
to
2
cm
)
a
f
te
r
con
sum
in
g
a
d
ie
t
l
a
r
ge
l
y
comp
r
i
sed
o
f
red
c
lo
ve
r
in
1954
.
The
se
we
the
r
s
a
l
so
e
xpe
r
ien
ced
m
amm
a
r
y
se
c
re
t
ion
s
(Cunn
in
gh
am
and
Ho
g
an
,
1954
)
.
Nw
annenn
a
e
t
a
l
.
(1995
)
and
O
ld
f
ie
ld
e
t
a
l
.
(1966
)
bo
th
ob
se
r
ved
an
in
c
re
a
se
in
te
a
t
s
i
ze
in
fem
a
le
sheep
.
Nw
annenn
a
e
t
a
l
.
(
1995)
me
a
su
red
the
te
a
t
len
g
th
o
f
ewe
s
fed
red
c
lo
ve
r
and
a
l
l
o
f
them
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
l
y
in
c
re
a
sed
in
s
i
ze
,
wh
i
ch
l
a
te
r
de
c
re
a
sed
b
a
c
k
to
no
rm
a
l
s
i
ze
25
d
a
y
s
a
f
te
r
remo
v
a
l
f
rom
red
c
lo
ve
r
.
The
s
tud
y
a
l
so
loo
ked
a
t
the
e
f
fe
c
t
s
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
17
-­‐
β
imp
l
an
t
s
and
the
re
spon
se
w
a
s
mu
ch
mo
re
ab
rup
t
w
i
th
no
t
i
ce
ab
le
ch
an
ge
s
o
c
cu
r
r
in
g
b
y
d
a
y
4
and
sheep
t
a
k
in
g
19
and
26
d
a
y
s
to
re
tu
rn
to
p
re
-­‐
t
re
a
tmen
t
te
a
t
len
g
th
(90
µ
g
/d
a
y
and
45
µ
g
/d
a
y
re
le
a
se
,
re
spe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
)
(Nw
annenn
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
1995
)
.
An
in
c
re
a
se
in
te
a
t
len
g
th
c
an
be
a
s
imp
le me
a
su
re
o
f
the
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
i
t
y
o
f
p
l
an
t
s
,
howe
ve
r
,
th
i
s
i
s
an
imp
re
c
i
se
me
thod
(Ad
am
s
,
1995
)
.
2
.6
.2 M
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
s
i
ze G
r
a
z
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
s
c
an
le
ad
to
an
in
c
re
a
se
in
the
m
amm
a
r
y
de
ve
lopmen
t
o
f
sheep
.
Non-­‐
p
re
gn
an
t
fou
r-­‐
ye
a
r
o
ld
ewe
s
g
r
a
z
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
sub
te
r
r
ane
an
c
lo
ve
r
h
ad
in
c
re
a
sed
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
de
ve
lopmen
t
and
e
xpe
r
ien
ced
m
i
l
k
y
se
c
re
t
ion
s
f
rom
the
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
(Ad
am
s
,
1977
)
.
V
a
lde
r
r
ab
ano
e
t
a
l
.
(1988
)
comp
a
red
3
-­‐
mon
th-­‐
o
ld
l
amb
s
g
r
a
z
in
g
on
lu
ce
rne
,
an
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
,
9 w
i
th
tho
se
g
r
a
z
in
g
on
I
t
a
l
ian
r
ye
g
r
a
s
s
,
a
t
yp
i
c
a
l
l
y
non
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
.
The
h
i
ghe
r
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
con
ten
t
o
f
lu
ce
rne
led
to
a
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
in
c
re
a
se
in
the
de
ve
lopmen
t
o
f
m
amm
a
r
y
t
i
s
sue
;
193
.0
g
fo
r
sheep
g
r
a
zed
on
lu
ce
rne
comp
a
red
w
i
th
129
.7
g
fo
r
sheep
g
r
a
zed
on
I
t
a
l
i
an
r
ye
g
r
as
s
.
The
in
c
re
a
se
in
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
de
ve
lopmen
t
c
an
be
a
t
t
r
ibu
ted
to
an
in
c
re
a
se
in
the
amoun
t
o
f
g
l
andu
l
a
r
t
i
s
sue
de
ve
lopmen
t
and
a
de
c
re
a
se
in
the
de
ve
lopmen
t
o
f
conne
c
t
i
ve
t
i
s
sue
.
Con
sump
t
ion
o
f
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
feed
s
a
l
so
c
au
sed
an
in
c
re
a
se
in
s
i
ze
o
f
the
reprodu
c
t
i
ve
t
r
a
c
t
;
181
.22
g
fo
r
sheep
g
r
a
zed
on
lu
ce
rne
comp
a
red
w
i
th
165
.00
g
fo
r
sheep
g
r
a
zed
on
I
t
a
l
i
an
r
ye
g
r
a
s
s
(V
a
lde
r
r
ab
ano
e
t
a
l
.
,
198
8
)
.
2
.6
.3 Vu
l
v
a
co
lou
r
ch
an
ge Nw
annenn
a
e
t
a
l
.
(1995
)
a
s
se
s
sed
the
co
lou
r
o
f
the
vu
l
v
a
in
o
v
a
r
ie
c
tom
i
zed
ewe
s
on
two
sep
a
r
a
te
o
c
c
a
s
ion
s
b
y
v
i
su
a
l
app
r
a
i
s
a
l
.
The
f
i
r
s
t
e
xpe
r
imen
t
o
c
cu
r
red
o
ve
r
sho
r
t
d
a
y
s
and
sheep
we
re
g
i
ven
red
c
lo
ve
r
s
i
l
a
ge
co
r
re
spond
in
g
to
6
.1
g
o
f
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
.
A
g
r
adu
a
l
ch
an
ge
f
rom
p
a
le
to
p
in
k
and
then
to
red
w
a
s
ob
se
r
ved
w
i
th
in
c
re
a
s
in
g
oedem
a
.
In
t
he
se
cond
e
xpe
r
imen
t
the
ewe
s
we
re
g
i
ven
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
17-­‐
β
imp
l
an
t
s
(45
o
r
90µ
g
)
,
on
ce
a
g
a
in
du
r
in
g
sho
r
t
d
a
y
s
.
The
vu
l
v
a
co
lou
r
ch
an
ged
ab
rup
t
l
y
f
rom
p
a
le
p
in
k
to
red
w
i
th
ob
v
iou
s
oedem
a
.
The
ch
an
ge
in
vu
l
v
a
co
lou
r
w
a
s
thou
gh
t
to
be
due
to
in
c
re
a
sed
b
lood
flow
th
a
t
a
c
comp
an
ie
s
h
ype
rp
l
a
s
i
a
and
h
ype
r
t
roph
i
c
en
l
a
r
gemen
t
o
f
the
rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
o
r
g
an
s
when
e
xpo
sed
to
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
(Nw
annenn
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
1995
)
.
Me
a
su
r
in
g
vu
l
v
a
co
lou
r
u
s
in
g
th
i
s
me
thod
,
v
i
su
a
l
app
r
a
i
s
a
l
,
c
an
be
b
i
a
sed
and
i
t
m
a
y
be
mo
re
a
c
cu
r
a
te
to
a
s
se
s
s
vul
v
a
co
lou
r
u
s
in
g
an
ob
je
c
t
i
ve
te
chn
ique
su
ch
a
s
me
a
su
r
in
g
the
co
lou
r
s
a
tu
r
a
t
ion
o
f
the
vu
l
v
a
.
Co
lou
r
s
a
tu
r
a
t
ion
ch
an
ge
s
o
f
the
vu
l
v
a
a
s
so
c
i
a
ted
w
i
th
oe
s
t
ro
gen
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
h
a
s
been
unde
r
t
a
ken
in
do
g
s
.
I
t
h
a
s
been
su
g
ge
s
ted
th
a
t
e
le
v
a
ted
oe
s
t
ro
gen
le
ve
l
s
cau
se
p
ro
l
i
fe
r
a
t
ion
o
f
the
ce
l
lu
l
a
r
s
t
ru
c
tu
re
and
oedem
a
o
f
the
mu
co
s
a
l
fo
ld
s
,
h
id
in
g
the
unde
r
l
y
in
g
b
lood
c
ap
i
l
l
a
r
ie
s
.
In
theo
r
y
,
b
y
the
end
o
f
the
fe
r
t
i
le
pe
r
iod
co
lou
r
s
a
tu
r
a
t
ion
wou
ld
in
c
re
a
se
due
to
de
c
re
a
sed
oedem
a
and
a
redu
c
t
ion
in
ce
l
lu
l
a
r
l
a
ye
r
s
(
Mo
xon
e
t
a
l
.
,
2012
)
.
Bo
th
s
tud
ie
s
h
ad
a
sm
a
l
l
s
amp
le
s
i
ze
the
re
fo
re
whe
the
r
the
re
i
s
a
co
lou
r
ch
an
ge
o
f
the
vu
l
v
a
a
s
so
c
i
a
ted
w
i
th
oe
s
t
ro
gen
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
s
h
a
s
no
t
been
con
f
i
rmed
.
2
.6
.4 U
te
r
ine
s
i
ze Oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
h
a
ve
been
shown
to
be
re
spon
s
ib
le
fo
r
p
ro
l
i
fe
r
a
t
ion
o
f
the
ce
l
l
s
in
the
u
te
ru
s
re
su
l
t
in
g
in
u
te
r
ine
g
l
and
de
ve
lopmen
t
.
Oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
and
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
do
s
in
g
o
f
l
amb
s
re
su
l
t
s
in
in
c
re
a
sed
u
te
r
ine
g
row
th
,
wh
i
ch
w
a
s
re
a
l
g
row
th
r
a
the
r
th
an
w
a
te
r
a
c
cumu
l
a
t
ion
(New
some
and
K
i
t
t
s
,
1980
)
.
In
an
e
xpe
r
imen
t
,
con
t
ro
l
sheep
we
re
comp
a
red
to
tho
se
do
sed
w
i
th
d
i
f
fe
r
in
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
s
(2
.5
m
g
/d
a
y
,
10
m
g
/d
a
y
and
50
m
g
/d
a
y
)
and
coume
s
t
ro
l
(132
µ
g
/d
a
y
)
.
A
l
l
sheep
do
sed
w
i
th
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
and
coume
s
t
ro
l
e
xpe
r
ien
ced
an
in
c
re
a
se
in
u
te
r
ine
we
i
gh
t
;
sheep
do
sed
w
i
th
10
m
g oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
/d
a
y
e
xpe
r
ien
ced
the
m
a
x
imum
u
te
r
ine
we
i
gh
t
re
spon
se
.
Due
to
th
i
s
,
i
t
w
a
s
10 con
c
luded
th
a
t
the
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
do
se
o
f
50
m
g
/d
a
y
w
a
s
too
h
i
gh
and
the
re
spon
se
when
do
sed
a
t
2
.5
m
g
/d
a
y
w
a
s
mo
re
l
i
ke
l
y
to
be
ph
y
s
io
lo
g
i
c
a
l
(New
some
and
K
i
t
t
s
,
1980
)
.
John
son
e
t
a
l
.
(1997
)
a
l
so
no
t
i
ced
a
d
r
am
a
t
i
c
in
c
re
a
se
in
the
u
te
r
ine
s
i
ze
fo
l
low
in
g
adm
in
i
s
t
r
a
t
ion
o
f
ewe
s
w
i
th
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l-­‐
17β
.
O
v
a
r
ie
c
tom
i
zed
ewe
s
t
re
a
ted
w
i
th
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
h
ad
an
a
ve
r
a
ge
u
te
r
ine
we
i
gh
t
o
f
64
.8
g
comp
a
red
w
i
th
tho
se
who
re
ce
i
ved
no
t
re
a
tmen
t
who
se
me
an
u
te
r
ine
we
i
gh
t
w
a
s
27
.0
g
(
John
son
e
t
a
l
.
,
1997
)
.
Loo
k
in
g
a
t
the
cou
r
se
re
spon
se
o
f
the
u
te
ru
s
to
oe
s
t
ro
gen
imp
l
an
t
s
(50
2
imp
l
an
t
s
pe
r
ewe
)
showed
th
a
t
the
f
re
sh
we
i
gh
t
o
f
the
u
te
ru
s
doub
led
in
s
i
ze
in
the
f
i
r
s
t
24
m
g
E2,
hou
r
s
fo
l
low
in
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
adm
in
i
s
t
r
a
t
ion
– in
c
re
a
s
in
g
f
rom
20
.6
to
46
.8
g
.
Be
tween
0
and
48
hou
r
s
,
the
u
te
ru
s
we
i
gh
t
unde
rwen
t
a
3
.3
-­‐
fo
ld
in
c
re
a
se
– f
rom
20
.6
g
to
68
.6
g
.
U
te
r
ine
g
row
th
re
spon
se
w
a
s
p
r
im
a
r
i
l
y
due
to
t
i
s
sue
g
row
th
r
a
the
r
th
an
an
in
c
re
a
se
in
the
d
r
y
we
i
gh
t
to
we
t
we
i
gh
t
r
a
t
io
.
T
i
s
sue
g
row
th
w
a
s
con
t
r
ibu
ted
equ
a
l
l
y
to
h
ype
rp
l
a
s
i
a
(
in
c
re
a
se
in
ce
l
l
numbe
r
)
and
h
ype
r
t
roph
y
(
in
c
re
a
se
in
ce
l
l
s
i
ze
)
i
n
the
f
i
r
s
t
24
hou
r
s
fo
l
low
in
g
t
re
a
tmen
t
(Re
yno
ld
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
1998
)
.
2
.6
.5 O
v
a
r
y
we
i
gh
t
Con
sump
t
ion
o
f
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
and
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
h
a
s
shown
to
de
c
re
a
se
o
v
a
r
i
an
we
i
gh
t
o
f
p
re-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
l
amb
s
.
In
a
s
tud
y
de
s
c
r
ibed
b
y
New
some
and
K
i
t
t
(1980
)
,
p
re-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
l
amb
s
we
re
do
sed
w
i
th
e
i
the
r
an
oe
s
t
ro
gen
o
r
coume
s
t
ro
l
o
r
we
re
con
t
ro
l
s
.
The
o
v
a
r
i
an
we
i
gh
t
s
o
f
the
l
amb
s
g
i
ven
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
and
coume
s
t
ro
l
we
re
lowe
r
th
an
tho
se
o
f
the
con
t
ro
l
s
.
The
redu
c
t
ion
in
o
v
a
r
i
an
we
i
gh
t
cou
ld
re
su
l
t
in
redu
ced
o
r
a
l
te
red
o
v
a
r
i
an
fun
c
t
ion
(New
some
and
K
i
t
t
,
1980
)
.
V
a
lde
r
r
ab
ano
e
t
a
l
.
(1988
)
a
l
so
no
t
i
ced
a
supp
re
s
s
ion
in
o
v
a
r
i
an
s
i
ze
in
ewe
l
amb
s
g
r
a
z
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
lu
ce
rne
comp
a
red
to
tho
se
g
r
a
z
in
g
I
t
a
l
i
an
r
ye
g
r
a
s
s
;
0
.53
g
and
0
.67
g
,
re
spe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
.
L
i
kew
i
se
,
Sm
i
th
e
t
a
l
.
(1990
)
ob
se
r
ved
the
o
v
a
r
y
s
i
ze
o
f
sheep
a
f
te
r
adm
in
i
s
t
r
a
t
ion
o
f
ze
a
r
a
lenone
,
a
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
.
Ewe
s
(5-­‐
6
ye
a
r
s
o
ld
)
we
re
e
i
the
r
adm
in
i
s
te
red
0
.0
,
1
.5
,
3
.0
,
6
.0
,
12
.0
o
r
24
.0
m
g
ze
a
r
a
lenone
pe
r
d
a
y
fo
r
10
d
a
y
s
.
The
t
rend
showed
th
a
t
the
h
i
ghe
r
the
do
se
o
f
z
ae
r
a
lonone
,
the
sm
a
l
le
r
in
we
i
gh
t
o
f
the
o
v
a
r
ie
s
.
The
on
l
y
e
x
cep
t
ion
to
th
i
s
w
a
s
a
t
the
do
se
o
f
1
.5
m
g
z
ae
r
a
lonone
pe
r
d
a
y
,
whe
re
a
s
l
i
gh
t
in
c
re
a
se
in
o
v
a
r
i
an
we
i
gh
t
w
a
s
ob
se
r
ved
comp
a
red
w
i
th
the
con
t
ro
l
ewe
s
(
Sm
i
th
e
t
a
l
.
,
1990
)
.
2
.7 Summ
a
r
y
Ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
a
re
found
m
a
in
l
y
in
le
gum
inou
s
p
a
s
tu
re
s
su
ch
a
s
lu
ce
rne
and
c
lo
ve
r
and
c
an
h
a
ve
de
le
te
r
iou
s
e
f
fe
c
t
s
on
an
im
a
l
rep
rodu
c
t
ion
,
p
a
r
t
i
cu
l
a
r
l
y
b
y
c
au
s
in
g
a
redu
c
t
ion
in
o
vu
l
a
t
ion
r
a
te
wh
i
ch
m
an
i
fe
s
t
s
a
s
fewe
r
mu
l
t
ip
le
b
i
r
th
s
.
I
t
i
s
re
commended
th
a
t
f
a
rme
r
s
remo
ve
ewe
s
f
rom
Lu
ce
rn
e-­‐
dom
in
an
t
p
a
s
tu
re
s
we
l
l
p
r
io
r
to
m
a
t
in
g
to
en
su
re
th
a
t
the
rep
rodu
c
t
ion
r
a
te
o
f
b
reed
in
g
ewe
s
i
s
no
t
comp
rom
i
sed
.
Howe
ve
r
,
remo
v
in
g
sheep
f
rom
lu
ce
rne
p
a
s
tu
re
s
re
su
l
t
s
in
the
in
ab
i
l
i
t
y
to
u
t
i
l
i
se
h
i
gh
qu
a
l
i
t
y
feed
th
a
t
c
an
in
c
re
a
se
the
bod
y
cond
i
t
ion
o
f
ewe
s
p
r
io
r
to
m
a
t
in
g
.
Oe
s
t
ro
gen
and
11 oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
s
a
l
i
ke
c
au
se
mo
rpho
lo
g
i
c
a
l
ch
an
ge
s
th
a
t
c
an
be
qu
an
t
i
f
ied
.
The
se
ch
an
ge
s
in
c
lude
a
ch
an
ge
in
te
a
t
s
i
ze
,
vu
l
v
a
co
lou
r
,
u
te
r
ine
s
i
ze
,
o
v
a
r
y
we
i
gh
t
and
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
de
ve
lopmen
t
.
Te
a
t
s
i
ze
,
u
te
r
ine
s
i
ze
and
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
de
ve
lopmen
t
a
l
l
in
c
re
a
se
unde
r
the
in
f
luen
ce
o
f
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
wh
i
le
vu
l
v
a
co
lou
r
be
come
s
in
c
re
a
s
in
g
l
y
d
a
r
ke
r
.
O
v
a
r
i
an
we
i
gh
t
de
c
re
a
se
s
w
i
th
in
c
re
a
s
ing
oe
s
t
ro
gen
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
s
and
o
v
a
r
i
an
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
l
so
de
c
re
a
se
s
.
The
se
ch
an
ge
s
cou
ld
po
ten
t
i
al
l
y
be
u
sed
to
de
te
c
t
when
sheep
h
a
ve
con
sumed
h
i
gh
le
ve
l
s
o
f
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
and
m
an
a
gemen
t
de
c
i
s
ion
s
cou
ld
be
m
ade
abou
t
t
im
in
g
o
f
remo
v
a
l
o
f
sheep
f
rom
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
c
rop
s
to
p
re
ven
t
an
y
imp
a
i
rmen
t
o
f
the
i
r
rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
pe
r
fo
rm
an
ce
. 12 Ch
ap
te
r
3 Ma
te
r
i
a
l
s
and
Me
thod
s 3
.1 Sheep
f
a
rm
s
tud
y
App
a
ren
t
udde
r
de
ve
lopmen
t
w
a
s
ob
se
r
ved
in
ewe
l
amb
s
g
r
a
z
in
g
lu
ce
rne
on
a
comme
r
c
i
a
l
f
a
rm
,
‘C
reedmo
re
’
lo
c
a
ted
17
km
sou
thwe
s
t
o
f
O
am
a
ru
,
C
an
te
rbu
r
y
,
New
Ze
a
l
and
.
Sheep
we
re
c
ro
s
s
-­‐
b
red
ewe
l
amb
s
o
f
Te
xe
l-­‐
E
a
s
t
F
r
ie
s
i
an
-­‐
Coopwo
r
th
an
ce
s
t
r
y
,
bo
rn
in
sp
r
in
g
2014
(25
– 28
wee
k
s
o
f
a
ge
)
and
a
t
we
an
in
g
(27
No
vembe
r
)
the
y
we
re
a
l
lo
c
a
ted
to
e
i
the
r
a
lu
ce
rne
c
rop
(
Lu
ce
rne
)
o
r
rem
a
ined
on
r
ye
-­‐
g
r
a
s
s
/wh
i
te
c
lo
ve
r
p
a
s
tu
re
(G
r
a
s
s
)
.
Th
i
s
a
l
lo
c
a
t
ion
w
a
s
b
a
sed
on
the
i
r
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
;
the
l
i
gh
te
r
l
amb
s
b
e
in
g
tho
se
a
l
lo
c
a
ted
to
the
lu
ce
rne
p
a
s
tu
re
.
On
12
M
a
r
ch
me
a
su
remen
t
s
o
f
the
sheep
we
re
t
a
ken
(
a
s
de
s
c
r
ibed
be
low
)
fo
r
25
o
f
the
Lu
ce
rne
l
amb
s
and
10
o
f
the
G
r
a
s
s
l
amb
s
.
Lu
ce
rne
l
amb
s
we
re
re
tu
rned
to
the
r
ye
-­‐
g
r
a
s
s
/wh
i
te
c
lo
ve
r
p
a
s
tu
re
w
i
th
the
G
r
a
s
s
l
amb
s
on
20
M
a
r
ch
and
ano
the
r
se
t
o
f
me
a
su
remen
t
s
w
a
s
re
co
rded
on
16
Ap
r
i
l
p
r
io
r
to
the
in
t
rodu
c
t
ion
o
f
r
am
s
.
L
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
o
f
a
l
l
an
im
a
l
s
w
a
s
re
co
rded
e
a
ch
mon
th
and
m
a
t
in
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
w
a
s
re
co
rded
d
a
i
l
y
b
y
u
se
o
f
c
r
a
yon-­‐
h
a
rne
s
sed
r
am
s
.
On
24
June
the
numbe
r
o
f
fe
tu
se
s
p
re
sen
t
in
ea
ch
ewe
w
a
s
de
te
rm
ined
b
y
t
r
an
s
abdom
in
a
l
u
l
t
r
a
sono
g
r
aph
y
c
a
r
r
ied
ou
t
b
y
a
comme
r
c
i
a
l
ope
r
a
to
r
. Po
s
t
ho
c an
a
l
y
s
i
s
(
ye
a
s
t
ce
l
l
b
io
a
s
s
a
y
)
o
f
the
lu
ce
rne
c
rop
on
12
M
a
r
ch
showed
i
t
to
h
a
ve
an
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
i
t
y
o
f
151
.4
µ
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
equ
i
v
alen
t
/
k
g
DM
w
i
th
a
coume
s
t
ro
l
le
ve
l
o
f
8
.25
m
g
/
k
g
DM
and
the
c
rop
Lu
ce
rne
sheep
mo
ved
on
to
the
s
ame
d
a
y
h
ad
an
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
i
t
y
o
f
99
.8
µ
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
equ
i
v
a
len
t
/
k
g
DM
w
i
th
a
coume
s
t
ro
l
le
ve
l
o
f
8
.32
µ
g /
k
g
DM
.
3
.1
.1 Me
a
su
remen
t
s
L
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
Non-­‐
f
a
s
ted
l
i
ve
we
i
g
h
t
w
a
s
re
co
rded
u
s
in
g
e
le
c
t
ron
i
c
s
c
a
le
s
.
Te
a
t
and
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
s
i
ze Me
a
su
remen
t
s
o
f
te
a
t
and
m
amm
a
r
y
d
imen
s
ion
s
we
re
t
a
ken
wh
i
l
s
t
e
a
ch
l
amb
w
a
s
he
ld
m
anu
a
l
l
y
in
a
sem
i
p
rone
po
s
i
t
ion
.
Te
a
t
len
g
th
and
te
a
t
w
id
th
a
t
the
b
a
se
we
re
me
a
su
red
w
i
th
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
a
l
ipe
r
s
.
I
f
udde
r
de
ve
lopmen
t
w
a
s
v
i
su
a
l
l
y
p
rom
inen
t
,
i
t
s
d
i
ame
te
r
w
a
s
me
a
su
red
w
i
th
c
a
l
ipe
r
s
.
E
a
ch
udde
r
w
a
s
pho
to
g
r
aphed
w
i
th
13 a
ru
le
r
p
re
sen
t
in
the
v
iew
f
ie
ld
so
th
a
t
a
sep
a
r
a
te
me
a
su
re
o
f
te
a
t
len
g
th
and
w
id
th
w
a
s
re
co
rded
f
rom
the
pho
to
g
r
aph
i
c
im
a
ge
s
.
Vu
l
v
a
co
lou
r A
pho
to
g
r
aph
w
a
s
t
a
ken
o
f
e
a
ch
l
amb
’
s
vu
l
v
a
to
en
ab
le
the
co
lou
r
o
f
the
in
te
rn
a
l
mu
co
s
a
to
be
e
v
a
lu
a
ted
.
The
im
a
ge
s
we
re
s
a
ved
a
s
2592
X
3888
p
i
xe
l
s
JP
EG
im
a
ge
s
w
i
th
a
ho
r
i
zon
t
a
l
and
ve
r
t
i
c
a
l
re
so
lu
t
ion
o
f
72
dp
i
and
a
b
i
t
dep
th
o
f
8
.
Co
lou
r
re
ad
in
g
s
we
re
ob
t
a
ined
u
s
in
g
Co
lo
rP
i
x
(h
t
tp
:
/
/www
.
co
lo
r
s
cheme
r
.
com
/
co
lo
rp
i
x_
in
fo
.php
)
.
The
co
lou
r
s
a
tu
r
a
t
ion
w
a
s
me
a
su
red
f
i
ve
t
ime
s
fo
r
e
a
ch
im
a
ge
and
the
me
an
v
a
lue
w
a
s
re
co
rded
,
a
vo
id
in
g
a
re
a
s
whe
re
the
l
i
gh
t
sou
r
ce
a
f
fe
c
ted
the
im
a
ge
.
3
.2 E
xpe
r
imen
t
a
l
s
tud
y
Twe
l
ve
non-­‐
p
re
gn
an
t
fem
a
le
Coopwo
r
th
sheep
,
a
ged
be
tween
42
and
44
wee
k
s
o
f
a
ge
(me
an
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
=
42
.75
±
5
.58
k
g
)
we
re
r
andom
l
y
a
l
lo
c
a
ted
in
to
th
ree
g
roup
s
(n
=
4
)
th
a
t
we
re
b
a
l
an
ced
fo
r
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
.
The
y
we
re
lo
c
a
ted
on
the
Re
se
a
r
ch
F
a
rm
,
L
in
co
ln
Un
i
ve
r
s
i
t
y
,
C
an
te
rbu
r
y
,
New
Ze
a
l
and
(43
°38
’54
”
S
172
°27
’24
”
E
,
a
t
an
a
l
t
i
tude
o
f
9m
)
and
we
re
g
r
a
zed
on
p
a
s
tu
re
con
s
i
s
t
in
g
p
redom
in
an
t
l
y
o
f
pe
renn
i
a
l
r
ye
g
r
a
s
s
(Lo
l
ium
p
e
r
enn
e
L
.
)
and
wh
i
te
c
lo
ve
r
(
T
r
i
fo
l
ium
r
ep
en
s L
.
)
w
i
th
w
a
te
r
a
v
a
i
l
ab
le
ad
l
ib
i
tum.
Fo
r
a
pe
r
iod
o
f
40
d
a
y
s
,
commen
c
in
g
on
26
Ju
l
y
,
the
ewe
s
we
re
t
re
a
ted
e
ve
r
y
3
d
a
y
s
w
i
th
e
i
the
r
0
,
0
.1
o
r
1
.0
m
g
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
,
depend
in
g
on
g
roup
,
so
th
a
t
the
y
re
ce
i
ved
13
t
re
a
tmen
t
s
du
r
in
g
the
e
xpe
r
imen
t
a
l
pe
r
iod
.
Th
rou
ghou
t
the
s
tud
y
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
and
o
the
r
me
a
su
remen
t
s
(
a
s
de
s
c
r
ibed
be
low
)
we
re
t
a
ken
a
t
re
gu
l
a
r
in
te
r
v
a
l
s
a
f
te
r
the
ewe
s
h
ad
been
mu
s
te
red
f
rom
the
i
r
p
addo
c
k
and
mo
ved
in
to
a
ne
a
rb
y
y
a
rd
.
A
t
comp
le
t
ion
o
f
the
s
tud
y
(D
a
y
41
)
the
ewe
s
we
re
k
i
l
led
,
u
s
in
g
c
ap
t
i
ve
bo
l
t
p
i
s
to
l
fo
r
s
tunn
in
g
fo
l
lowed
b
y
e
x
s
an
gu
in
a
t
ion
,
and
rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
t
r
a
c
t
s
and
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
s
we
re
remo
ved
fo
r
we
i
gh
in
g
.
A
l
l
an
im
a
l
p
ro
cedu
re
s
we
re
app
ro
ved
b
y
the
L
in
co
ln
Un
i
ve
r
s
i
t
y
An
im
a
l
E
th
i
c
s
Comm
i
t
tee
.
3
.2
.1 Oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
t
re
a
tmen
t Oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
(β-­‐
e
s
t
r
ad
io
l
,
S
i
gm
a
S
t
Lou
i
s
,
MO
.
C
a
t
E8875
)
w
a
s
d
i
s
so
l
ved
in
a
sm
a
l
l
vo
lume
o
f
e
th
y
l
a
l
coho
l
and
the
so
lu
t
ion
w
a
s
added
to
sun
f
lowe
r
o
i
l
(
Sun
f
ie
ld
O
i
l
,
Au
c
k
l
and
,
New
Ze
a
l
and
)
th
a
t
h
ad
been
rende
red
s
te
r
i
le
b
y
f
i
l
te
r
in
g
i
t
u
s
in
g
a
0
.22µm
f
i
l
te
r
(M
i
c
ron
Sep
a
r
a
t
ion
s
In
c
.
,
We
s
tbo
rou
gh
,
MA
,
U
SA
)
.
The
o
i
l
,
e
ithe
r
w
i
thou
t
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
o
r
con
t
a
in
in
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
,
w
a
s
s
to
red
in
sep
a
r
a
te
15
m
l
con
i
c
a
l
po
l
yp
rop
y
lene
cen
t
r
i
fu
ge
tube
s
(Co
rn
in
g
,
New
Yo
r
k
,
U
SA
)
so
th
a
t
0
.5
m
l
o
f
the
so
lu
t
ion
de
l
i
ve
red
0
,
0.1
o
r
1
.0
m
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
(depend
in
g
on
sheep
g
roup
)
when
i
t
w
a
s
adm
in
i
s
te
red
b
y
in
t
r
amu
s
cu
l
a
r
in
je
c
t
ion
in
to
the
ne
c
k
u
s
in
g
a
1
m
l
s
y
r
in
ge
and
18
-­‐
g
au
ge
need
le
(
Be
c
ton
D
i
c
k
in
son
and
Comp
an
y
,
14 F
r
an
k
l
in
L
a
ke
s
,
N
J
,
U
SA
)
.
Th
i
s
w
a
s
done
on
the
f
i
r
s
t
and
e
ve
r
y
sub
sequen
t
th
i
rd
d
a
y
wh
i
l
s
t
the
an
im
a
l
s
we
re
he
ld
b
y
m
anu
a
l
re
s
t
r
a
in
t
i
n
a
ho
ld
in
g
y
a
rd
. 3
.2
.2 Me
a
su
remen
t
s L
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
Non-­‐
f
a
s
ted
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
w
a
s
re
co
rded
u
s
in
g
e
le
c
t
ron
i
c
s
c
a
le
s
on
D
a
y
s
1
,
21
and
40
.
Te
a
t
and
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
s
i
ze Te
a
t
and
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
d
imen
s
ion
s
we
re
me
a
su
red
on
D
a
y
1
and
e
ve
r
y
6
d
a
y
s
the
re
a
f
te
r
(
i
.e
.
7
t
ime
s
)
wh
i
l
s
t
e
a
ch
ewe
w
a
s
he
ld
m
anu
a
l
l
y
b
y
an
a
s
s
i
s
t
an
t
in
a
sem
i
p
rone
po
s
i
t
ion
.
Te
a
t
len
g
th
and
te
a
t
w
id
th
a
t
the
b
a
se
we
re
me
a
su
red
w
i
th
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
a
l
ipe
r
s
.
I
f
udde
r
de
ve
lopmen
t
w
a
s
v
i
su
a
l
l
y
p
rom
inen
t
,
i
t
s
d
i
ame
te
r
w
a
s
me
a
su
red
w
i
th
c
a
l
ipe
r
s
and
i
t
s
c
i
r
cum
fe
ren
ce de
te
rm
ined
w
i
th
a
me
a
su
r
in
g
t
ape
.
E
a
ch
udde
r
w
a
s
pho
to
g
r
aphed
w
i
th
a
ru
le
r
p
re
sen
t
in
the
v
iew
f
ie
ld
so
th
a
t
a
sep
a
r
a
te
me
a
su
re
o
f
te
a
t
len
g
th
and
w
id
th
w
a
s
re
co
rded
f
rom
the
pho
to
g
r
aph
i
c
im
a
ge
s
.
B
lood
s
amp
l
in
g Venou
s
b
lood
s
amp
le
s
(10
m
L
)
we
re
ob
t
a
ined
on
D
a
y
s
1
and
41
b
y
venepun
c
tu
re
f
rom
an
e
x
te
rn
a
l
ju
gu
l
a
r
ve
in
wh
i
l
s
t
the
sheep
we
re
m
anu
a
l
l
y
re
s
t
r
a
ined
u
s
in
g
e
v
a
cu
a
ted
p
l
a
s
t
i
c
tube
s
con
t
a
in
in
g
sod
ium
e
th
y
lene
d
i
am
ine
te
t
r
a
a
ce
t
i
c
a
c
id
(K2
E
,
B
D
V
a
cu
t
a
ine
r®
,
Be
c
ton
D
i
c
k
in
son
and
Comp
an
y
,
Be
c
ton
F
r
an
k
l
in
L
a
ke
s
,
N
J
,
U
SA
)
a
s
an
t
i
co
a
gu
l
an
t
and
a
0
.9
x
25
mm
need
le
(P
re
c
i
s
ionG
l
ideTM,
D
i
c
k
in
son
and
Comp
an
y
)
.
Immed
i
a
te
l
y
on
w
i
thd
r
aw
a
l
o
f
the
s
amp
le
,
e
a
ch
tube
w
a
s
gen
t
l
y
in
ve
r
ted
a
few
t
ime
s
to
en
su
re
d
i
spe
r
s
a
l
o
f
the
an
t
i
co
a
gu
l
an
t
.
Soon
a
f
te
r
co
l
le
c
t
ion
b
lood
s
amp
le
s
we
re
cen
t
r
i
fu
ged
a
t
1000
g in
a
ben
ch
cen
t
r
i
fu
ge
fo
r
15
m
inu
t
e
s
and
p
l
a
sm
a
w
a
s
co
l
le
c
ted
b
y
a
sp
i
r
a
t
ion
and
p
l
a
ced
in
12
x75mm
po
l
y
c
a
rbon
a
te
tube
s
to
be
s
to
red
f
ro
zen
.
(No
te
:
the
p
l
a
sm
a
s
amp
le
ob
t
a
ined
on
d
a
y
41
w
a
s
co
l
le
c
ted
app
ro
x
im
a
te
l
y
96
hou
r
s
a
f
te
r
the
p
re
ced
in
g
do
se
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
h
ad
been
adm
in
i
s
te
red
to
e
a
ch
ewe
.
) Rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
t
r
a
c
t A
t
s
l
au
gh
te
r
the
vu
l
v
a
and
abou
t
2
cm
o
f
v
a
g
in
a
w
a
s
cu
t
f
rom
e
a
ch
rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
t
r
a
c
t
w
i
th
s
c
i
s
so
r
s
.
A
sep
a
r
a
te
pho
to
g
r
aph
w
a
s
t
a
ken
fo
r
e
a
ch
g
roup
o
f
ewe
s
’
vu
l
v
a
s
to
en
ab
le
the
co
lou
r
o
f
the
in
te
rn
a
l
mu
co
s
a
to
be
e
v
a
lu
a
ted
.
Pho
to
g
r
aph
s
we
re
t
a
ken
w
i
th
a
FAMACHA
©
ch
a
r
t
in
the
f
ie
ld
o
f
v
iew
to
u
se
a
s
a
re
fe
ren
ce
v
a
lue
.
The
im
a
ge
s
we
re
s
a
ved
a
s
2448
X
3264
p
i
xe
l
s
JP
EG
im
a
ge
s
w
i
th
a
ho
r
i
zon
t
a
l
and
ve
r
t
i
c
a
l
re
so
lu
t
ion
o
f
72
dp
i
and
a
b
i
t
dep
th
o
f
8
.
Co
lou
r
re
ad
in
g
s
we
re
ob
t
a
ined
u
s
in
g
Co
lo
rP
i
x
(h
t
tp
:
/
/www
.
co
lo
r
s
cheme
r
.
com
/
co
lo
rp
i
x_
in
fo
.php
)
.
The
co
lou
r
s
a
tu
r
a
t
ion
and
co
lou
r
redne
s
s
we
re
bo
th
me
a
su
red
f
i
ve
t
ime
s
fo
r
e
a
ch
im
a
ge
and
the
me
an
v
a
lue
w
a
s
re
co
rded
a
vo
id
in
g
a
re
a
s
whe
re
the
15 l
i
gh
t
sou
r
ce
a
f
fe
c
ted
the
im
a
ge
.
The
me
an
v
a
lue
s
we
re
co
r
re
c
ted
fo
r
v
a
r
i
a
t
ion
in
l
i
gh
t
b
y
u
s
in
g
the
FAMACHA
©
ch
a
r
t
re
fe
ren
ce
v
a
lue
.
The
u
te
ru
s
w
a
s
sep
a
r
a
ted
f
rom
the
v
a
g
in
a
b
y
cu
t
t
in
g
th
rou
gh
the
t
r
a
c
t
a
t
the
le
ve
l
o
f
the
ce
r
v
i
x
o
s
.
The
o
v
a
r
ie
s
we
re
remo
ved
b
y
d
i
s
se
c
t
ion
and
e
x
t
r
aneou
s
l
i
g
amen
t
a
l
t
i
s
sue
remo
ved
f
rom
the
u
te
ru
s
b
y
b
lun
t
d
i
s
se
c
t
ion
.
We
t
we
i
gh
t
o
f
the
u
te
ru
s
and
e
a
ch
ind
i
v
idu
a
l
o
v
a
r
y
w
a
s
me
a
su
red
u
s
in
g
e
le
c
t
ron
i
c
s
c
a
le
s
.
The
o
v
a
r
ie
s
we
re
in
spe
c
ted
v
i
su
a
l
l
y
fo
r
p
re
sen
ce
o
f
co
rpo
r
a
lu
te
a
and
the
numbe
r
o
f
l
a
r
ge
fo
l
l
i
c
le
s
(be
tween
5
and
7
mm
,
and
abo
ve
8
mm
)
w
a
s
re
co
rded
.
The
d
a
t
a
fo
r
e
a
ch
o
v
a
r
y
we
re
poo
led
to
g
i
ve
a
s
in
g
le
to
t
a
l
v
a
lue
fo
r
e
a
ch
ewe
. M
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and The
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
,
a
s
a
s
in
g
le
o
r
g
an
,
w
a
s
d
i
s
se
c
ted
f
ree
f
rom
the
s
k
in
and
unde
r
l
y
in
g
pe
r
i
toneum
and
i
t
s
we
t
we
i
gh
t
w
a
s
me
a
su
red
u
s
in
g
e
le
c
t
ron
i
c
s
c
a
le
s
.
3
.3 S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
an
a
l
y
se
s
Re
su
l
t
s
we
re
an
a
l
y
sed
u
s
in
g
E
x
ce
l
and
M
in
i
t
ab
17
.
M
in
i
t
ab
w
a
s
u
sed
to
an
a
l
y
se
the
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
(α
=
0
.05
)
e
f
fe
c
t
s
on
the
v
a
r
i
ab
le
s
f
rom
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
t
re
a
tmen
t
u
s
in
g
gene
r
a
l
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
v
a
r
i
an
ce
mode
l
.
I
t
w
a
s
u
s
ed
fo
r
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
,
te
a
t
s
i
ze
,
vu
l
v
a
co
lou
r
and
rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
t
r
a
c
t
me
a
su
remen
t
s
(u
te
ru
s
we
i
gh
t
,
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
we
i
gh
t
and
o
v
a
r
y
we
i
gh
t
)
.
Fo
r
comp
a
r
i
son
s
o
f
the
me
an
s
,
a
l
l
s
t
and
a
rd
e
r
ro
r
o
f
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
s
(
S
ED
)
h
a
ve
been
c
a
l
cu
l
a
ted
a
t
the
P
<
0
.05
le
ve
l
. M
in
i
t
ab
w
a
s
u
sed
to
an
a
l
y
se
the
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
s
o
ve
r
the
pe
r
iod
o
f
me
a
su
remen
t
s
u
s
in
g
a
P
a
i
red
t
-­‐
te
s
t
.
M
amm
a
r
y
de
ve
lopmen
t
and
te
a
t
s
i
ze
we
re
an
a
l
y
sed
b
y
th
i
s
app
ro
a
ch
to
de
te
rm
ine
i
f
the
re
w
a
s
an
y
ch
an
ge
o
ve
r
t
ime
.
A
P
a
i
red
t
-­‐
te
s
t
w
a
s
to
comp
a
re
me
a
su
remen
t
s
t
a
ken
u
s
in
g
the
c
a
l
ipe
r
s
w
i
th
tho
se
de
te
rm
ined
f
rom
the
pho
to
g
r
aph
s
.
E
x
ce
l
w
a
s
u
sed
fo
r
re
g
re
s
s
ion
mode
l
l
in
g
to
see
i
f
the
re
w
a
s
a
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
e
f
fe
c
t
on
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
we
i
gh
t
,
u
te
ru
s
we
i
gh
t
,
o
v
a
r
y
we
i
gh
t
and
te
a
t
len
g
th
and
w
id
th
.
Re
g
re
s
s
ion
mode
l
l
in
g
w
a
s
a
l
so
done
to
comp
a
re
c
a
l
ipe
r
me
a
su
remen
t
s
w
i
th
me
a
su
remen
t
s
t
a
ken
w
i
th
a
pho
to
g
r
aph
and
a
ru
le
r
in
p
re
sen
t
v
iew
.
O
v
a
r
i
an
fo
l
l
i
c
le
numbe
r
s
we
re
an
a
l
y
sed
b
y
u
se
o
f
a
Ch
i-­‐
squ
a
re
te
s
t
.
16 Ch
ap
te
r
4 Re
su
l
t
s 4
.1 Sheep
f
a
rm
s
tud
y
4
.1
.1 L
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
L
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
s
o
f
the
sheep
re
co
rded
on
two
o
c
c
a
s
ion
s
abou
t
4
wee
k
s
ap
a
r
t
a
re
p
ro
v
ided
in
T
ab
le
4
.1
.
G
r
a
s
s
l
amb
s
(n
=
22
)
we
re
he
a
v
ie
r
(P <
0
.01
) th
an
Lu
ce
rne
l
amb
s
(n
=
36
)
on
e
a
ch
o
c
c
a
s
ion
.
The
Lu
ce
rne
l
amb
s
h
ad
a
h
i
ghe
r
(P <
0
.001
)
g
a
in in
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
a
t
pe
r
iod
(
T
ab
le
4
.1
)
.
L
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
(
k
g
)
L
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
(
k
g
)
Ma
r
ch
L
i
ve
-­‐
we
i
gh
t
ga
in
(
k
g
) 16
Ap
r
i
l
G
ra
s
s
n
=
22 53
.2
±
0
.77 58
.3
±
2
.02 4
.1
±
0
.63 Lu
ce
rne
n
=
36
45
.4 ±
0
.87 52
.4
±
2
.34 7
.4
±
0
.74 Tab
le
4.
1 Mean
(±
s
.e
.m
.
)
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
o
f
ewe
l
amb
s
fed
on
r
ye
g
ra
s
s
/
c
lo
ve
r
pa
s
tu
re
(G
ra
s
s
)
o
r
lu
ce
rne
(
Lu
ce
rne
)
re
co
rded
on
2
o
c
ca
s
ion
s
in
a
pe
r
iod
o
f
35
da
y
s
du
r
in
g
l
a
te
summe
r
2015 and
the
i
r
mean
(±
s
.e
.m
.
)
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
ga
in
du
r
in
g
th
is
pe
r
iod
.
4
.1
.2 M
amm
a
r
y
de
ve
lopmen
t Some
(14
ou
t
o
f
25
)
o
f
the
ewe
l
amb
s
g
r
a
z
in
g
Lu
ce
rne
h
ad
v
i
s
ib
le
e
v
iden
ce
o
f
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
de
ve
lopmen
t
on
12
M
a
r
ch
(
see
Append
i
x
A
)
.
Fo
r
the
se
l
amb
s
,
me
an
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
d
i
ame
te
r
w
a
s
65
.8
±
7
.52
mm
(n
=
14
)
on
12
M
a
r
ch
and
w
a
s un
ch
an
ged
(P =
0
.133
)
35
d
a
y
s
l
a
te
r
(me
an
d
i
ame
te
r
61
.8
±
6
.40
mm
,
n
=
11
)
on
16
Ap
r
i
l
.
The
re
w
a
s
no
v
i
s
ib
le
e
v
iden
ce
o
f
m
amm
a
r
y
de
ve
lopmen
t
in
the
G
r
a
s
s
l
amb
s
on
e
i
the
r
o
c
c
a
s
ion
. 4
.1
.3 Te
a
t
s
i
ze
The
re
w
a
s
a
d
ie
t
-­‐
re
l
a
ted
e
f
fe
c
t
on
te
a
t
len
g
th
s
re
co
rded
on
12
M
a
r
ch
(
F
i
gu
re
4
.1
)
w
i
th
lon
ge
r
(
P
<
0
.05
)
te
a
t
s
on
Lu
ce
rne
l
amb
s
(me
an
22
.7
±
1
.20
mm
,
n
=
25
)
th
an
the
G
r
a
s
s
l
amb
s
(me
an
20
.6
±
1
.45
mm
,
n
=
10
)
.
Howe
ve
r
,
on
16
Ap
r
i
l
,
te
a
t
len
g
th
s
h
ad
de
c
re
a
sed
in
Lu
ce
rne
l
amb
s
(b
y
2
.28
±
1
.28
mm
,
to
a
me
an
len
g
th
o
f
20
.
4
±
1
.31
mm
,
n
=
22
)
whe
re
a
s
the
re
h
ad
been
an
in
c
re
a
se
in
te
a
t
len
g
th
o
f
17 G
r
a
s
s
l
amb
s
(b
y
1
.31
±
1
.81
mm
to
a
me
an
len
g
th
o
f
21
.9
±
1
.52
mm
,
n
=
10
)
so
th
a
t
,
a
t
th
i
s
d
a
te
,
the
re
w
a
s
no
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
in
te
a
t
len
g
th
be
tween
the
two
g
roup
s
o
f
sheep
(
P =
0
.16
)
.
30
T
e
a
t
Len
g
th
(mm
)
25
20
15
10
5
0
n=
10
n
=
25
n=
10
12
/03
/2015
16
/04
/2015
n=
22
D
a
t
e G
r
a
s
s
Lu
c
e
rn
e
o
f
sheep
g
ra
z
in
g
g
ra
s
s
o
r
lu
ce
rne
up
to
12
Ma
r
ch
(
le
f
t
hand
ba
r
s
)
,
F
i
gu
re
4.
1 Mean
tea
t
len
g
th1 then
g
ra
s
s
on
l
y
un
t
i
l
16
Ap
r
i
l
(
r
i
gh
t
hand
ba
r
s
)
.
Ve
r
t
i
ca
l
ba
r
s
rep
re
sen
t
±
S
.
E
.M
.
1
– me
an
s
a
re
c
a
l
cu
l
a
ted
f
rom
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
o
f
the
p
a
i
r
fo
r
e
a
ch
sheep The
re
w
a
s
a
g
r
a
z
in
g-­‐
re
l
a
ted
e
f
fe
c
t
on
te
a
t
w
id
th
s
re
co
rded
on
12
M
a
r
ch
(
F
i
gu
re
4
.2
)
w
i
th
mu
ch
w
ide
r
(
P
<
0
.001
)
te
a
t
s
on
Lu
ce
rne
l
amb
s
(me
an
18
.0
±
1
.01
mm
,
n
=
24
)
th
an
the
G
r
a
s
s
l
amb
s
(me
an
13
.4
±
1
.77
mm
,
n
=
10
)
.
On
16
Ap
r
i
l
,
te
a
t
w
id
th
s
h
ad
s
l
i
gh
t
l
y
in
c
re
a
sed
in
Lu
ce
rne
l
amb
s
(0
.90
±
1
.09
mm
to
a
me
an
w
id
th
o
f
18
.9
±
1
.20
mm
,
n
=
21
)
whe
re
a
s
the
re
h
ad
been
a
m
a
jo
r
in
c
re
a
se
in
te
a
t
w
id
th
o
f
G
r
a
s
s
l
amb
s
(b
y
5
.5
±
0
.54
mm
to
a
me
an
w
id
th
o
f
18
.9
±
2
.11
mm
,
n
=
10
)
so
th
a
t
,
a
t
th
i
s
d
a
te
,
the
re
=
0
.964
)
. w
a
s
no
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
in
te
a
t
w
id
th
be
tween
the
two
g
roup
s
o
f
sheep
(P 18 2
5
T
e
a
t
w
id
th
(mm
)
2
0
1
5
1
0
5
0
n
=
10
n
=
10
n=
24
12
/3
/2015
16
/04
/2015
D
a
t
e
G
r
a
s
s
n
=
22
Lu
c
e
rn
e
F
i
gu
re
4.
2 Mean
tea
t
w
id
th1 o
f
sheep
g
ra
z
in
g
g
ra
s
s
o
r
lu
ce
rne
up
to
12
Ma
r
ch
(
le
f
t
hand
ba
r
s
)
,
then
g
ra
s
s
on
l
y
un
t
i
l
16
Ap
r
i
l
(
r
i
gh
t
hand
ba
r
s
)
.
Ve
r
t
i
ca
l
ba
r
s
rep
re
sen
t
±
S
.
E
.M
.
1
– me
an
s
a
re
c
a
l
cu
l
a
ted
f
rom
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
o
f
the
p
a
i
r
fo
r
e
a
ch
sheep 4
.1
.4 Vu
l
v
a
co
lou
r The
re
w
a
s
no
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
(P =
0
.264
)
in
the
vu
l
v
a co
lou
r
s
a
tu
r
a
t
ion
be
tween
g
r
a
s
s
(57
.4
±
4
.88
,
n
=
10
)
and
lu
ce
rne
g
r
a
zed
ewe
s
(52
.8
±
3
.83
,
n
=
25
)
on
12
M
a
r
ch
(
see
Append
i
x
B
)
.
4
.1
.5 Pho
to
g
r
aph
i
c
me
a
su
remen
t
s
–
comp
a
r
i
son
w
i
th
d
i
re
c
t
(
c
a
l
ipe
r
)
me
a
su
remen
t
s The
re
w
a
s
a
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
be
tween
the
me
a
su
remen
t
s
t
a
ken
u
s
in
g
the
c
a
l
ipe
r
and
the
s
l
i
gh
t
l
y
sm
a
l
le
r
me
a
su
remen
t
s
ob
t
a
ined
f
rom
pho
to
g
r
aph
s
u
s
in
g
a
ru
le
r
fo
r
te
a
t
w
id
th
(
P
<
0
.001
)
(
see
T
ab
le
4
.2
)
.
Howe
ve
r
,
the
re
we
re
no
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
s
be
tween
the
c
a
l
ipe
r
and
pho
tog
r
aph
i
c
me
a
su
remen
t
s
fo
r
te
a
t
len
g
th
and
udde
r
w
id
th
(
see
T
ab
le
4
.2
)
.
19 Me
an
c
a
l
ipe
r
Me
an
pho
to
D
i
f
fe
ren
ce P-­‐
v
a
lue
me
a
su
remen
t
me
a
su
remen
t Tea
t
w
id
th 17
.9
±
0
.39 15
.3
±
0
.33 2
.5
±
0
.39 0
.000 Tea
t
len
g
th 21
.5
±
0
.35 22
.1
±
0
.55 0
.6
±
0
.42 0
.151 Udde
r
w
id
th 62
.0
±
1
.63 61
.6
±
1
.54 0
.3
±
2
.00 0
.826 1
tea
t
len
g
th
and
udde
r
w
id
th1 mea
su
remen
t
s
(
a
l
l
in
mm
)
Tab
le
4.
2 Mean
(±
s
.e
.m
.
)
tea
t
w
id
th1,
re
co
rded
w
i
th
ca
l
ipe
r
s
com
pa
red
w
i
th
va
lue
s
ob
ta
ined
f
rom pho
to
g
raph
s
and
the
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
s
(mean
±
s
.e
.m
.
)
be
tween
the
se
mea
su
remen
t
s
.
Da
ta
in
c
lude
a
l
l
mea
su
remen
t
s
ta
ken
on
12
Ma
r
ch
and
16
Ap
r
i
l
.
1
– me
an
s
a
re
c
a
l
cu
l
a
ted
f
rom
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
o
f
the
p
a
i
r
fo
r
e
a
ch
sheep 4
.2 E
xpe
r
imen
t
a
l
S
tud
y
4
.2
.1 L
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
Me
an
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
o
f
the
sheep
a
t
the
be
g
inn
in
g
o
f
the
e
xpe
r
imen
t
w
a
s
42
.8
(±
5
.58
)
k
g
.
Th
rou
ghou
t
the
pe
r
iod
o
f
the
s
tud
y
the
re
w
a
s
a
gene
r
a
l
in
c
re
a
se
in
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
(
T
ab
le
4
.3
)
bu
t
th
i
s
w
a
s
no
t
a
f
fe
c
ted
b
y
t
re
a
tmen
t
w
i
th
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
(
P v
a
lue
=
0
.727
)
(
see
T
ab
le
4
.3
).
L
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
da
y
1
L
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
da
y
19
L
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
da
y
40
L
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
ga
in (
k
g
)
(
k
g
)
(
k
g
)
(
g
/
da
y
)
41
.4
±
3
.61 48
.0
±
3
.27 52
.5
±
2
.89 284
.6
±
32
.15 Low
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
43
.8
±
1
.68 50
.3
±
1
.27 55
.8
±
1
.27 307
.7
±
16
.32 H
i
gh
oe
s
t
rad
io
l 43
.1
±
4
.13 50
.0
±
4
.28 55
.5
±
4
.20
318
.0
±
36
.65 Con
t
ro
l Tab
le
4.
3 L
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
re
co
rded
on
3
o
c
ca
s
ion
s
in
a
pe
r
iod
o
f
40
da
y
s
and
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
ga
in
o
f
sheep
(n
=
4
pe
r
t
rea
tmen
t
)
t
rea
ted
w
i
th
0
.1
m
g
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
da
y
s
(
Low
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
)
,
1
.0
m
g
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
da
y
s
(H
i
gh
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
)
o
r
no
t
t
rea
ted
(Con
t
ro
l
)
. 20 4
.2
.2 M
amm
a
r
y
de
ve
lopmen
t M
amm
a
r
y
de
ve
lopmen
t
o
c
cu
r
red
on
l
y
in
the
sheep
on
the
h
i
gh
do
se
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
(
see
Append
i
x
B
)
.
Th
i
s
w
a
s
f
i
r
s
t
ob
se
r
ved
in
one
an
im
a
l
a
t
6
d
a
y
s
a
f
te
r
commen
cemen
t
o
f
t
re
a
tmen
t
w
i
th
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
,
bu
t
a
l
l
the
sheep
in
th
i
s
g
roup
e
ven
tu
a
l
l
y
de
ve
loped
udde
r
s
b
y
the
end
o
f
the
s
tud
y
.
Fo
r
the
se
sheep
,
the
me
an
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
d
i
ame
te
r
when
i
t
be
c
ame
v
i
su
a
l
l
y
p
rom
inen
t
w
a
s
50
.62
±
0
.65
(n
=
4
)
and
w
a
s
un
ch
an
ged
(P =
0
.796
)
on
d
a
y
40
(me
an
d
i
ame
te
r
49
.92
±
2
.20
,
n
=
4
)
.
The
me
an
c
i
r
cum
fe
ren
ce
o
f
the
udde
r
when
i
t
be
c
ame
v
i
su
a
l
l
y
p
rom
inen
t
w
a
s
15
.50
±
0
.96
(n
=
4
)
and
w
a
s
un
ch
an
ged
(P
=
0
.103
)
on
d
a
y
40
(me
an
c
i
r
cum
fe
ren
ce
14
.00
±
1
.08
,
n
=
4
)
.
The
re
w
a
s
no
v
i
s
ib
le
e
v
iden
ce
o
f
m
amm
a
r
y
de
ve
lopmen
t
in
the
Con
t
ro
l
sheep
o
r
the
Low
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
sheep
th
rou
ghou
t
the
e
xpe
r
imen
t
. The
re
w
a
s
a
t
rend
fo
r
a
po
s
i
t
i
ve
do
se-­‐
re
l
a
ted
e
f
fe
c
t
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
t
re
a
tmen
t
on
me
an
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
we
i
gh
t
on
d
a
y
41
(
T
ab
le
4
.5)
bu
t
th
i
s
w
a
s
no
t
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
(
P =
0
.314
)
. 4
.2
.3 Te
a
t
s
i
ze
Ch
an
ge
s
in
me
an
te
a
t
len
g
th
a
re
shown
in
F
i
gu
re
4
.3
.
The
re
w
a
s
do
se-­‐
re
l
a
ted
e
f
fe
c
t
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
t
re
a
tmen
t
on
te
a
t
len
g
th
(
P <
0
.05
)
w
i
th
the
sheep
th
a
t
re
ce
i
ved
the
h
i
gh
do
se
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
h
a
v
in
g
a
me
an
in
c
re
a
se in
te
a
t
len
g
th
o
f
3
.97
±
2
.21
mm
and
tho
se
in
the
con
t
ro
l
and
low
do
se
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
g
roup
s
h
a
v
in
g
s
l
i
gh
t
de
c
re
a
se
s
in
me
an
te
a
t
len
g
th
(
redu
c
t
ion
s
o
f
1
.30
±
2
.05
mm
and
0
.62
±
5
.02
mm
,
re
spe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
)
.
21 2
8
.00
2
6
.00
Te
a
t
l
en
g
th
(mm
)
2
4
.00
2
2
.00
2
0
.00
1
8
.00
1
6
.00
1
4
.00
1
2
.00
1
7
13
19
25
31
40
T
im
e
(da
y
)
Non
e
Low
H
i
gh
F
i
gu
re
4.
3 Tea
t
len
g
th1 re
co
rded
e
ve
r
y
3
da
y
s
in
a
pe
r
iod
o
f
40
da
y
s
o
f
sheep
(n
=
4
pe
r
t
rea
tmen
t
)
t
rea
ted
w
i
th
0
.1
m
g
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
da
y
s
(
Low
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
)
,
1
.0
m
g
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
da
y
s
(H
i
gh
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
)
o
r
no
t
t
rea
ted
(Con
t
ro
l
).
Ve
r
t
i
ca
l
ba
r
s
rep
re
sen
t
±
s
.e
.m
.
1
– me
an
s
a
re
c
a
l
cu
l
a
ted
f
rom
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
o
f
the
p
a
i
r
fo
r
e
a
ch
sheep Re
su
l
t
s
fo
r
te
a
t
w
id
th
a
re
shown
in
F
i
gu
re
4
.4
.
The
re
w
a
s
no
e
f
fe
c
t
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
t
re
a
tmen
t
on
me
an
te
a
t
len
g
th
du
r
in
g
the
pe
r
iod
o
f
the
s
tud
y
.
22 2
2
.00
Te
a
t
w
id
th
(mm
)
2
0
.00
1
8
.00
1
6
.00
1
4
.00
1
2
.00
1
0
.00
8
.00
1
7
13
19
25
31
40
T
im
e
(da
y
s
)
Non
e
Low
H
i
gh
F
i
gu
re
4.
4 Tea
t
w
id
th1 re
co
rded
e
ve
r
y
3
da
y
s
in
a
pe
r
iod
o
f
40
da
y
s
o
f
sheep
(n=4
pe
r
t
rea
tmen
t
)
t
rea
ted
w
i
th
0
.1
m
g
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
da
y
s
(
Low
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
)
,
1
.0
m
g
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
da
y
s
(H
i
gh
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
)
o
r
no
t
t
rea
ted
(Con
t
ro
l
)
.
Ve
r
t
i
ca
l
ba
r
s
rep
re
sen
t
±
s
.e
.m
. 1
– me
an
s
a
re
c
a
l
cu
l
a
ted
f
rom
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
o
f
the
p
a
i
r
fo
r
e
a
ch
sheep
4
.2
.4 M
amm
a
r
y
de
ve
lopmen
t
and
te
a
t
s
i
ze
de
te
rm
ined
f
rom
pho
to
g
r
aph
s The
re
w
a
s
a
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
be
tween
the
me
a
su
remen
t
s
t
a
ken
u
s
in
g
the
c
a
l
ipe
r
and
the
me
a
su
remen
t
s
t
a
ken
u
s
in
g
a
pho
tog
r
aph
w
i
th
a
ru
le
r
in
p
re
sen
t
v
iew
fo
r
te
a
t
len
g
th
(P
<
0
.001
)
a
c
ro
s
s
a
l
l
the
me
a
su
remen
t
s
t
a
ken
th
rou
ghou
t
the
du
r
a
t
ion
o
f
the
40
-­‐
d
a
y
t
r
i
a
l
.
The
re
w
a
s
no
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
be
tween
the
c
a
l
ipe
r
and
pho
to
g
r
aph
i
c
me
a
su
remen
t
s
t
a
ken
fo
r
te
a
t
w
id
th
(P =
0
.932
)
o
r udde
r
w
id
th
(P =
0
.179
)
(
see
T
ab
le
4
.4
)
. 23 Me
an
c
a
l
ipe
r
Me
an
pho
to D
i
f
fe
ren
ce P-­‐
v
a
lue
me
a
su
remen
t
me
a
su
remen
t Tea
t
w
id
th 14
.4
±
0
.21 14
.4
±
0
.25 0
.0
±
0
.23 0
.932 Tea
t
len
g
th 18
.1
±
0
.27 19
.6
±
0
.36 1
.4
±
0
.29 0
.000 Udde
r
w
id
th 52
.9
±
1
.25 54
.9
±
1
.75 2
.0
±
1
.39 0
.179 1
tea
t
len
g
th
and
udde
r
w
id
th1 mea
su
remen
t
s
(
a
l
l
in
mm
)
Tab
le
4.
4 Mean
(±
s
.e
.m
.
)
tea
t
w
id
th1,
when
ta
ken
u
s
in
g
the
ca
l
ipe
r
s
compa
red
to
when
ta
ken
u
s
in
g
a
pho
tog
raph
w
i
th
a
ru
le
r
in
p
re
sen
t
v
iew
and
the
mean
(±
s
.e
.m
.
)
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
be
tween
the
two
mea
su
remen
t
s
.
Da
ta
in
c
lude
s
a
l
l
mea
su
remen
t
s
th
rou
ghou
t
the
du
ra
t
ion
o
f
the
40-­‐
da
y
t
r
i
a
l 1
– me
an
s
a
re
c
a
l
cu
l
a
ted
f
rom
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
o
f
the
p
a
i
r
fo
r
e
a
ch
sheep 4
.2
.5 Rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
t
r
a
c
t
U
te
ru
s
we
i
gh
t The
re
w
a
s
a
t
rend
fo
r
a
po
s
i
t
i
ve
do
se-­‐
re
l
a
ted
e
f
fe
c
t
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
t
re
a
tmen
t
on
u
te
ru
s
we
i
gh
t
(
T
ab
le
4
.5
)
bu
t
th
i
s
w
a
s
no
t
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
(P =
0
.1
)
. O
va
r
y
we
i
gh
t
The
re
w
a
s
a
t
rend
fo
r
a
po
s
i
t
i
ve
do
se-­‐
re
l
a
ted
e
f
fe
c
t
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
t
re
a
tmen
t
on
o
v
a
r
y
we
i
gh
t
(
T
a
b
le
4
.5
)
bu
t
th
i
s
w
a
s
no
t
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
(P =
0
.782
)
.
The
re
w
a
s
no
do
se-­‐
re
l
a
ted
e
f
fe
c
t
on
the
numbe
r
o
f
P =
0
.48
)
(
T
ab
le
4
.6
)
.
No
co
rpo
r
a
lu
te
a
we
re
p
re
sen
t
in
an
y
o
v
a
r
ie
s
.
fo
l
l
i
c
le
s
p
re
sen
t
in
the
o
v
a
r
ie
s
(
24 Con
t
ro
l
Low
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
Mamma
r
y
we
i
gh
t
201
.3
±
11
.99 234
.25
±
27
.79 H
i
gh
oe
s
t
rad
iol
P-­‐
va
lue
243
.00
±
13
.64 0
.314 (
g
)
U
te
ru
s
we
i
gh
t
(
g
) 28
.3
+
1
.76 36
.3
±
5
.27 44
.0
±
7
.33 0
.1 O
va
r
y
we
i
gh
t
(
g
) 1
.44
±
0
.22 1
.59
±
0
.07 1
.64
±
0
.29 0
.782 Vu
l
va
redne
s
s
(
°
) 168
.8
±
19
.97 196
.8
±
2
.05 184
.2
±
3
.69 0
.296 Vu
l
va
sa
tu
ra
t
ion
48
.0
±
1
.49 0
.027 53
.2
±
2
.45 40
.4
±
3
.73 (%
)
Tab
le
4.
5 Po
s
t
s
l
au
gh
te
r
mea
su
remen
t
s
(mean
±
s
.e
.m
.
)
o
f
mamma
r
y
we
i
gh
t
,
u
te
ru
s
we
i
gh
t
,
1
o
va
r
y
we
i
gh
t and
vu
l
va
co
lou
r
re
co
rded
on
da
y
41
o
f
sheep
(n
=
4
pe
r
t
rea
tmen
t
)
t
rea
ted
w
i
th
0
.1
m
g
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
da
y
s
(
Low
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
)
,
1
.0
m
g
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
da
y
s
(H
i
gh
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
)
o
r
no
t
t
rea
ted
(Con
t
ro
l
)
.
1
– me
an
s
a
re
c
a
l
cu
l
a
ted
f
rom
the
to
t
a
l
we
i
gh
t
o
f the
p
a
i
r
fo
r
e
a
ch
sheep
Fo
l
l
i
c
le
s
>
5mm
Con
t
ro
l n
=
4 5 Fo
l
l
i
c
le
s
>
8mm
3 Low
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
H
i
gh
oe
s
t
rad
io
l n
=
4 n
=
4 5 4 1 2
Tab
le
4.
6 Numbe
r
o
f
fo
l
l
i
c
le
s
w
i
th
in
d
i
ame
te
r
s
i
ze
ran
ge
s
l
i
s
ted
he
re
re
co
rded
po
s
t
s
l
au
gh
te
r
on
da
y
41
o
f
the
sheep
o
f
sheep
(n
=
4
pe
r
t
rea
tmen
t
)
t
rea
ted
w
i
th
0
.1
m
g
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
da
y
s
(
Low
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
)
,
1
.0
m
g
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
e
ve
r
y
3
da
y
s
(H
i
gh
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
)
o
r
no
t
t
rea
ted
(Con
t
ro
l
)
.
4
.2
.6 Vu
l
v
a
co
lou
r The
re
w
a
s
no
e
f
fe
c
t
o
f
oe
s
tr
ad
io
l
t
re
a
tmen
t
on
me
an
vu
l
v
a
redne
s
s
du
r
in
g
the
pe
r
iod
o
f
the
s
tud
y
(
T
ab
le
4
.5
)
.
Howe
ve
r
,
the
re
w
a
s
an
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
do
se
-­‐
re
l
a
ted
v
a
r
i
a
t
ion
in
vu
l
v
a
co
lou
r
s
a
tu
r
a
t
ion
(
see
T
ab
le
4
.5
and
Append
i
x
D
)
.
25 26 Ch
ap
te
r
5 D
i
s
cu
s
s
ion
Th
i
s
s
tud
y
h
a
s
me
a
su
red
the
s
t
imu
l
a
to
r
y
e
ffe
c
t
s
o
f
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
lu
ce
rne
on
the
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
s
and
te
a
t
s
o
f
p
re
-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
sheep
in
New
Ze
a
l
and
.
I
t
h
a
s
a
t
temp
ted
to
re
l
a
te
the
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
e
f
fe
c
t
s
re
co
rded
on
-­‐
f
a
rm
to
tho
se
p
rodu
ced
b
y
a
p
re
c
i
se
do
se
adm
in
i
s
t
r
a
t
ion
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
to
sheep
.
A
l
so
,
th
i
s
s
tud
y
h
a
s
demon
s
t
r
a
ted
the
u
t
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
a
pho
to
g
r
aph
i
c
p
ro
cedu
re
fo
r
rep
l
a
c
in
g
the
l
abo
r
iou
s
d
i
re
c
t
me
a
su
remen
t
o
f
m
amm
a
r
y
and
te
a
t
de
ve
lopmen
t
bu
t
h
a
s
ru
led
ou
t
the
po
ten
t
i
a
l
o
f
pho
to
g
r
aph
y
to
qu
an
t
i
f
y
oe
s
t
ro
gen-­‐
indu
ced
co
lou
r
ch
an
ge
s
in
e
x
te
rn
a
l
gen
i
t
a
l
i
a
.
In
ve
s
t
i
g
a
t
ion
o
f
the
e
f
fe
c
t
s
th
a
t
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
h
a
ve
on
the
rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
o
r
g
an
s
o
f
sheep
i
s
su
r
rounded
in
comp
le
x
i
t
y
.
Th
i
s
i
s
due
to
the
imp
a
c
t
th
a
t
a
numbe
r
o
f
in
c
iden
t
a
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
th
a
t
an
an
im
a
l
i
s
e
xpo
sed
to
cou
ld
h
a
ve
on
the
ou
t
come
.
In
c
iden
t
a
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
in
c
lude
p
l
an
t
nu
t
r
ien
t
compo
s
i
t
ion
,
s
imu
l
t
aneou
s
e
f
fe
c
t
o
f
o
the
r
ho
rmone
s
and
po
s
s
ib
le
in
vo
l
vemen
t
o
f
inh
ib
i
to
r
s
and
po
ten
t
i
a
to
r
s
o
f
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
(O
ld
f
ie
ld
e
t
a
l
.
,
1966
)
.
The
on-­‐
f
a
rm
e
xpe
r
imen
t
a
l
s
tud
y
c
a
r
r
ied
ou
t
w
a
s
an
in
c
iden
t
a
l f
ind
in
g
on
a
f
a
rm
th
a
t
showed
d
r
am
a
t
i
c
e
f
fe
c
t
s
o
f
an
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
c
rop
.
The
sheep
we
re
g
i
ven
ab
l
ib
i
tum a
c
ce
s
s
to
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
feed
so
i
t
w
a
s
no
t
po
s
s
ib
le
to
me
a
su
re
the
feed
in
t
a
ke
o
f
an
ind
i
v
idu
a
l
an
im
a
l
.
Th
i
s
l
im
i
t
s
the
ab
i
l
i
t
y
to
a
s
so
c
i
a
te
an
ind
i
v
idu
a
l
re
spon
se
w
i
th
le
ve
l
o
f
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
con
sumed
.
An
e
xpe
r
imen
t
a
l
t
r
i
a
l
w
a
s
c
a
r
r
ied
ou
t
in
a
t
temp
t
to
qu
an
t
i
f
y
the
p
re
c
i
se
amoun
t
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
th
a
t
mu
s
t
be
adm
in
i
s
te
red
to
p
rodu
ce
e
f
fe
c
t
s
o
f
a
s
im
i
l
a
r
m
a
gn
i
tude
to
tho
se
p
rodu
ced
b
y
the
lu
ce
rne
c
rop
.
Th
i
s
w
a
s
e
xpe
c
ted
to
p
ro
v
ide
a
mo
re
a
c
cu
r
a
te
a
s
se
s
smen
t
o
f
the
do
s
a
ge
le
ve
l
s
e
xpe
r
ien
ced
b
y
sheep
in
the
f
ie
ld
.
I
t
i
s
e
v
iden
t
th
a
t
the
sheep
u
sed
in
the
e
xpe
r
imen
t
a
l
t
r
i
a
l
we
re
mu
ch
le
s
s
sen
s
i
t
i
ve
to
the
e
f
fe
c
t
s
o
f
an
e
xo
genou
s
oe
s
t
ro
gen
th
an
the
l
amb
s
i
n
the
f
a
rm
s
tud
y
and
th
i
s
l
a
c
k
o
f
re
spon
s
i
vene
s
s
w
a
s
p
rob
ab
l
y
due
to
the
g
re
a
te
r
de
g
ree
o
f
m
a
tu
r
i
t
y
o
f
the
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
t
re
a
ted
sheep
– i
.e
.
the
y
we
re
o
lde
r
.
On
a
ve
r
a
ge
,
the
l
amb
s
(25
– 28
wee
k
s
o
f
a
ge
) g
r
a
z
in
g
lu
ce
rne
f
rom
the
sheep
f
a
rm
t
r
i
a
l
we
i
ghed
45
.4
k
g
the
re
fo
re
we
re
e
a
t
in
g
1
.82
k
g
DM
/d
a
y
(b
a
sed
on
in
t
a
ke
o
f
4%
o
f
bod
y
we
i
gh
t
)
.
The
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
i
t
y
o
f
the
lu
ce
rne
c
rop
w
a
s
an
a
l
y
sed
to
be
be
tween
99
.8
– 151
.41
µ
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
equ
i
v
a
len
t
/
k
g
DM
the
re
fo
re
the
l
amb
s
we
re
re
ce
i
v
in
g
the
equ
i
v
a
len
t
o
f
181
.2
– 274
.9 µ
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
equ
i
v
a
len
t
/d
a
y
.
The
o
lde
r
sheep
(42
-­‐
44
wee
k
s
o
f
a
ge
)
we
re
t
re
a
ted
w
i
th
0
,
33
.3
,
333
.3
µ
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
/d
a
y
.
A
l
thou
gh
,
the
l
amb
s
re
ce
i
ved
a
con
s
ide
r
ab
l
y
lowe
r
do
se
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
th
an
the
o
lde
r
sheep
,
the
y
we
re
mo
re
sen
s
i
t
i
ve
and
re
spon
s
i
ve
to
the
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
do
se
.
O
lde
r
sheep
a
re
le
s
s
re
spon
s
i
ve
due
to
c
h
an
ge
s
th
a
t
o
c
cu
r
du
r
in
g
pube
r
t
y th
a
t
in
f
luen
ce
s
the
i
r
sen
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
to
e
xo
genou
s
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
.
Pube
r
t
y
i
s
de
f
ined
a
s
27 the
f
i
r
s
t
t
ime
th
a
t
an
an
im
a
l
c
an
se
xu
a
l
l
y
rep
rodu
ce
and
m
an
y
re
se
a
r
che
r
s
u
se
f
i
r
s
t
oe
s
t
rou
s
a
s
an
ind
i
c
a
to
r
o
f
pube
r
t
y
.
Rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
o
r
g
an
s
de
ve
lop
re
l
a
t
i
ve
l
y
s
low
l
y
and
a
re
fun
c
t
ion
a
l
l
y
in
a
c
t
i
ve
in
the
e
a
r
l
y
l
i
fe
o
f
p
re
-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
l
amb
s
(H
a
fe
z
,
1952
).
P
ro
te
c
t
ion
a
g
a
in
s
t
e
xo
genou
s
oe
s
t
ro
gen
a
f
te
r
pube
r
t
y
o
c
cu
r
s
cou
ld
be
due
to
endo
genou
s
s
te
ro
id
ho
rmone
s
th
a
t
a
re
p
rodu
ced
du
r
in
g
pube
r
t
y
in
t
e
r
fe
r
in
g
w
i
th
re
cep
to
r
b
ind
in
g
.
A
r
an
ge
o
f
ho
rmone
s
te
ro
id
s
a
re
p
rodu
ced
a
f
te
r
the
on
se
t
o
f
pube
r
t
y
,
an
y
o
f
wh
i
ch
cou
ld
be
in
te
r
fe
r
in
g
w
i
th
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
s b
y
b
lo
c
k
in
g
o
r
inh
ib
i
t
in
g
re
cep
to
r
b
ind
in
g
.
Pube
r
t
a
l
ch
an
ge
s
m
a
k
in
g
sheep
le
s
s
sen
s
i
t
i
ve
to
the
e
f
fe
c
t
s
o
f
e
xo
genou
s
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
i
s
suppo
r
ted
b
y
en
t
i
re
r
am
s
no
t
be
in
g
a
f
fe
c
ted
b
y
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
wh
i
le
c
a
s
t
r
a
ted
m
a
le
s
a
re
.
Benne
t
t
s
e
t
a
l
.
(1946
)
showed
th
a
t
en
t
i
re
r
am
s
a
re
no
t
in
f
luen
ced
b
y
‘
c
lo
ve
r
d
i
se
a
se
’
and
o
the
r
s
tud
ie
s
h
a
ve
shown
th
a
t
the
re
i
s
no
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
e
f
fe
c
t
on
pube
r
t
y
,
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
o
r
rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
t
r
a
i
t
s
on
en
t
i
re
r
am
s
(Geo
r
ge
and
Tu
rnbu
l
l
,
1966
)
. C
a
s
t
r
a
ted
m
a
le
s
,
howe
ve
r
,
e
xh
ib
i
t
m
an
y
e
f
fe
c
t
s
in
c
lud
in
g
ch
an
ge
in
te
a
t
len
g
th
(Mone
y
e
t
a
l
.
,
1967
)
and
‘
c
lo
ve
r
d
i
se
a
se
’
,
wh
i
ch
in
c
lude
s
en
l
a
r
gemen
t
o
f
the
bu
lbou
re
th
r
a
l
g
l
and
s
and
de
a
th
(Ad
am
s
,
1995
)
.
C
a
s
t
r
a
ted
m
a
le
sheep
a
l
so
h
a
ve
mo
re
o
f
a
re
spon
se
to
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
th
an
en
t
i
re
ho
g
ge
t
s
.
C
a
s
t
r
a
ted
m
a
le
s
showed a
n
in
c
re
a
sed
o
f 11
.4
mm
in
te
a
t
len
g
th
when
do
sed
oe
s
t
ro
gen
comp
a
red
to
a
4
.8
mm
in
c
re
a
se
ob
se
r
ved
in
en
t
i
re ho
g
ge
t
s
(Mone
y
e
t
a
l
.
,
1967
)
,
show
in
g
th
a
t
when
sheep
a
re
no
t
p
rodu
c
in
g
the
i
r
own
ho
rmone
s
(
c
a
s
t
r
a
ted
,
p
re-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
,
o
v
a
r
ie
c
tom
i
zed
)
the
y
a
re
mo
re sen
s
i
t
i
ve
and
re
spon
s
i
ve
to
the
e
f
fe
c
t
s
o
f
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
.
Mo
re
o
f
an
e
f
fe
c
t
on
te
a
t
s
i
ze
w
a
s
ob
se
r
ved
in
p
re-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
l
amb
s
th
an
pube
r
t
a
l
sheep
.
L
amb
s
g
r
a
z
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
lu
ce
rne
h
ad
b
i
g
ge
r
te
a
t
s
th
an
tho
se
g
r
a
z
in
g
g
r
a
s
s
(4
.6
mm
w
ide
r
and
2
.1
mm
lon
ge
r
)
.
Th
i
s
i
s
in
a
c
co
rd
an
ce
w
i
th
p
re
v
iou
s
re
se
a
r
ch
(O
ld
f
ie
ld
e
t
a
l
.
,
1966
;
Ad
am
s
,
1995
)
.
The
re
w
a
s
2
=0
.00)
and
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
l
i
t
t
le
to
no
co
r
re
l
a
t
ion
o
f
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
w
i
th
te
a
t
len
g
th
and
te
a
t
w
id
th
(
r
co
r
re
c
ted
d
a
t
a
s
t
i
l
l
h
ad
a
po
s
i
t
i
ve
e
f
fe
c
t
o
f
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
r
e
s.
Fou
r
wee
k
s
a
f
te
r
the
sheep
we
re
remo
ved
f
rom
the
lu
ce
rne
c
rop
to
a
r
ye
-­‐
g
r
a
s
s
/wh
i
te
c
lo
ve
r
p
a
s
tu
re
,
mo
re
me
a
su
remen
t
s
we
re
t
a
ken
and
the
re
w
a
s
no
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
be
tween
the
l
amb
s
th
a
t
we
re
p
re
v
iou
s
l
y
g
r
a
z
in
g
lu
ce
rne
and
tho
se
g
r
a
z
in
g
g
r
a
s
s
.
Th
i
s
i
s
con
s
i
s
te
n
t
w
i
th
p
re
v
iou
s
re
se
a
r
ch
b
y
Nw
annenn
a
e
t
a
l
.
(1995
)
who
no
t
i
ced
th
a
t
i
t
too
k
25
d
a
y
s
fo
r
te
a
t
s
i
ze
to
re
tu
rn
b
a
c
k
to
no
rm
a
l
a
f
te
r
remo
v
a
l
f
rom
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
red
c
lo
ve
r
.
The
sheep
in
the
e
xpe
r
imen
t
a
l
t
r
i
a
l
e
xpe
r
ien
ced
a
s
l
i
gh
t
in
c
re
a
se
in
te
a
t
len
g
th
(3
.97
±
2
.21
mm
)
when
g
i
ven
h
i
gh
do
se
s
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
and
no
ch
an
ge
in
te
a
t
w
id
th
.
Te
a
t
len
g
th
and
te
a
t
w
id
th
we
re
bo
th
=
0
.33
and
0
.72
,
re
spe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
)
and
mo
s
t
o
f
the
ch
an
ge
s
in
mode
r
a
te
l
y
co
r
re
l
a
ted
w
i
th
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
(
r2 the
s
tud
y
cou
ld
be
e
xp
l
a
ined
b
y
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
s
.
Te
a
t
g
row
th
i
s
a
l
lome
t
r
i
c
and
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
c
au
se
a
s
t
imu
l
a
to
r
y
e
f
fe
c
t
th
a
t
c
au
se
s
i
t
to
g
row
mo
re
th
an
i
t
wou
ld
w
i
th
l
ine
a
r
g
row
th
o
f
an
an
im
a
l
.
The
re
w
a
s
d
a
i
l
y
v
a
r
i
a
t
ion
in
te
a
t
len
g
th
and
w
id
th
,
wh
i
ch
i
s
pu
t
down
to
the
en
v
i
ronmen
t
a
l
e
f
fe
c
t
on
te
a
t
s
i
ze
.
28 Oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
t
re
a
tmen
t and
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
s
c
au
se
s
m
amm
a
r
y
de
ve
lopmen
t
to
o
ccu
r
in
bo
th
p
re
-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
l
amb
s and
pube
r
t
a
l
sheep
;
in
c
lud
in
g
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
we
i
gh
t
o
f
pube
r
t
a
l
sheep
.
Th
i
s
i
s
in
a
g
reemen
t
w
i
th
o
the
r
s
tud
ie
s
and
the
in
c
re
a
se
in
m
a
mm
a
r
y
de
ve
lopmen
t
ob
se
r
ved
i
s
due
to
a
g
re
a
te
r
de
ve
lopmen
t
o
f
g
l
andu
l
a
r
t
i
s
sue
and
le
s
s
conne
c
t
i
ve
t
i
s
sue
de
ve
lopmen
t
(Ad
am
s
,
1977
;
V
a
lde
r
r
ab
ano
e
t
a
l
.
,
1988
)
.
P
ro
l
i
fe
r
a
t
ion
o
f
m
amm
a
r
y
ep
i
the
l
i
a
l
i
s
d
r
i
ven
b
y
the
se
x
s
te
ro
id
s
in
c
lud
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
.
Oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
e
xe
r
t
an
e
f
fe
c
t
on
the
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
and
the
b
io
lo
g
i
c
a
l
re
spon
se
s
a
re
p
redom
in
an
t
l
y
med
i
a
ted
b
y
re
cep
to
r
s
,
m
a
in
l
y
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
(
ERα
)
.
Th
i
s
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
med
i
a
ted
s
i
gn
a
l
l
in
g i
s
e
s
sen
t
i
a
l
fo
r
du
c
t
a
l
de
ve
lopmen
t
.
De
ve
lopmen
t
o
f
the
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
i
s
m
in
im
a
l
and
i
some
t
r
i
c
un
t
i
l
the
on
se
t
o
f
pube
r
t
y
,
when
m
ammo
gene
s
i
s
r
ap
id
and
a
l
lome
t
r
i
c
(
L
amo
te
e
t
a
l
.
,
2004
)
.
The
re
w
a
s
a
mode
r
a
te
co
r
re
l
a
t
ion
be
tween
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
and
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
we
i
gh
t
o
f
2
=
0
.29
)
and
th
i
s
c
an
be
e
xp
l
a
ined
b
y
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
g
row
th
be
in
g
the
e
xpe
r
imen
t
a
l
sheep
(R
a
l
lome
t
r
i
c
.
When
d
a
t
a
w
a
s
l
i
ve
-­‐
we
i
gh
t
co
r
re
c
ted
the
re
w
a
s
s
t
i
l
l
a
po
s
i
t
i
ve
do
se-­‐
re
l
a
ted
e
f
fe
c
t
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
.
I
t
i
s
no
t
su
rp
r
i
s
in
g
th
a
t
the
te
a
t
s
and
the
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
re
sponded
to
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
a
t
d
i
f
fe
ren
t
t
ime
s
.
The
udde
r
i
s
comp
r
i
sed
o
f
two
d
i
f
fe
ren
t
o
r
g
an
s
:
the
g
l
andu
l
a
r
t
i
s
sue
(m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
)
and
the
m
amm
a
r
y
s
k
in
(
te
a
t
)
.
The
re
a
re
d
i
f
fe
ren
t
ce
l
l
s
in
the
two
o
r
g
an
s
and
l
i
ke
l
y
re
spond
to
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
d
i
f
fe
ren
t
l
y
.
In
the
e
xpe
r
imen
t
a
l
s
tud
y
,
i
t
appe
a
r
s
th
a
t
the
g
l
andu
l
a
r
t
i
s
sue re
sp
ond
s
be
fo
re
the
m
amm
a
r
y
s
k
in
to
e
xo
genou
s
oe
s
t
ro
gen
.
The
re
w
a
s
a
po
s
i
t
i
ve
do
se
re
l
a
ted
e
f
fe
c
t
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
t
re
a
tmen
t
on
l
i
ve-­‐
we
i
gh
t
in
the
e
xpe
r
imen
t
a
l
s
tud
y
.
H
i
gh
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
sheep
g
rew
10
g
/d
a
y
f
a
s
te
r
th
an
low
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
sheep
and
33
g
/d
a
y
f
a
s
te
r
t
h
an
con
t
ro
l
sheep
.
Oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
h
a
ve
w
ide
l
y
been
u
sed
a
s
g
row
th
p
romo
te
r
s
in
sheep
a
s
the
y
re
su
l
t
in
imp
ro
ved
g
row
th
r
a
te
s
and
imp
ro
ved
feed
u
t
i
l
i
s
a
t
ion
due
to
a
sm
a
l
l
in
c
re
a
se
in
feed
in
t
a
ke
.
The
y
in
c
re
a
se
le
an
t
i
s
sue
depo
s
i
t
ion
(mu
s
c
le
,
bone
and
conne
c
t
i
ve
t
i
s
sue
)
and
de
c
re
a
se
sub
cu
t
aneou
s
and
in
t
r
amu
s
cu
l
a
r
f
a
t
depo
s
i
t
ion
(H
an
co
c
k
e
t
a
l
.
,
1991
)
.
In
the
sheep
f
a
rm
s
tud
y
,
the
re
w
a
s
a
l
so
an
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
e
f
fe
c
t
w
i
th
ewe
l
amb
s
g
r
a
z
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
lu
ce
rne
h
a
v
in
g
h
i
ghe
r
g
row
th
r
a
te
s
th
an
ewe
l
amb
s
g
r
a
z
in
g
r
ye
g
r
a
s
s
.
Lu
ce
rne
i
s
a
h
i
gh
qu
a
l
i
t
y
feed
sou
r
ce
w
i
th
a
h
i
gh
c
rude
p
ro
te
in
con
ten
t
and
g
r
a
z
in
g
an
im
a
l
s
e
xpe
r
ien
ce
he
i
gh
tened
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
g
a
in
re
l
a
t
i
ve
to
o
the
r
fo
r
a
ge
s
su
ch
a
s
g
r
a
s
s
spe
c
ie
s
,
wh
i
ch
e
i
the
r
don
’
t
con
t
a
in
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
o
r
h
a
ve
a
ve
r
y
low
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion.
L
amb
s
and
sheep
a
re
o
f
ten
g
r
a
zed
on
lu
ce
rne
to
in
c
re
a
se
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
fo
r
e
i
the
r
s
l
au
gh
te
r
o
r
to
f
lu
sh
ewe
s
on
p
r
io
r
to
m
a
t
in
g
due
to
he
i
gh
tened
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
in
c
re
a
s
in
g
o
vu
l
a
t
ion
(
Sm
i
th
e
t
a
l
.
,
1979
;
R
a
t
t
r
a
y
e
t
a
l
.
,
1980
;
M
i
l
l
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
2008
)
.
Endo
genou
s
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
c
au
se
swe
l
l
in
g
and
in
c
re
a
sed
redne
s
s
o
f
the
vu
l
v
a
and
i
t
i
s
repo
r
ted
th
a
t
coume
s
t
an
s
and
i
so
f
l
a
vone
s
con
sump
t
ion
m
a
y
e
xe
r
t
s
im
i
l
a
r
e
f
fe
c
t
s
.
When
sheep
g
r
a
ze
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
29 p
a
s
tu
re
s
o
r
a
re
t
re
a
ted
w
i
th
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l-­‐
17β
,
the
vu
l
v
a
unde
r
goe
s
ph
y
s
i
c
a
l
ch
ange
s
su
ch
a
s
swe
l
l
in
g
up
and
ch
an
g
in
g
in
co
lou
r
.
Th
i
s
ch
an
ge
m
a
y
be
indu
ced
b
y
the
in
c
re
a
sed
b
lood
f
low
th
a
t
a
c
comp
an
ie
s
h
ype
r
t
roph
i
c
and
h
ype
rp
l
a
s
t
i
c
en
l
a
r
gemen
t
o
f
the
rep
rodu
c
t
i
ve
o
r
g
an
s
(Nw
annenn
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
1995
)
.
The
re
w
a
s
no
c
le
a
r
e
f
fe
c
t
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
tre
a
tmen
t
o
r
g
r
a
z
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
s
on
the
s
a
tu
r
a
t
ion
and
redne
s
s
o
f
the
vu
l
v
a
in
bo
th
the
sheep
f
a
rm
s
tud
y
and
the
e
xpe
r
imen
t
a
l
t
r
i
a
l
.
The
re
w
a
s
a
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
e
f
fe
c
t
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
t
re
a
tmen
t
on
vu
l
v
a
s
a
tu
r
a
t
ion
,
w
i
th
the
vu
l
v
a
s
o
f
Low
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
t
re
a
t
men
t
sheep
be
in
g
le
s
s
s
a
tu
r
a
ted
(
vu
l
v
a
s
a
tu
r
a
t
ion
v
a
lue
s
we
re
53
.15%
±
2
.45
,
40
.4%
±
3
.73
and
48
.0%
±
1
.49
fo
r
Con
t
ro
l
sheep
,
Low
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
sheep
and
H
i
gh
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
sheep
,
re
spe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
)
.
Howe
ve
r
,
h
a
v
in
g
su
ch
a
sm
a
l
l
s
amp
le
s
i
ze
me
an
s
th
a
t
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
v
a
lue
s
h
appen
b
y
ch
an
ce
and
in
tu
i
t
i
ve
l
y
the
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
ce
in
vu
l
v
a
s
a
tu
r
a
t
ion
i
s
un
l
i
ke
l
y
to
h
a
ve
an
y
me
an
in
g
due
to
the
ch
an
ge
be
in
g
ob
se
r
ved
in
the
Low
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
g
roup
.
The
d
i
s
c
rep
an
c
ie
s
be
tween
the
se
re
su
l
t
s
and
o
the
r
p
re
v
iou
s
s
tud
ie
s
i
s
due
to
a
l
l
o
f
the
t
r
i
a
l
s
h
a
v
in
g
sm
a
l
l
s
amp
le
s
i
ze
the
re
fo
re
ch
an
ge
s
in
the
co
lou
r
o
f
the
vu
l
v
a
a
s
so
c
i
a
ted
w
i
th
oe
s
t
ro
gen
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
c
an
no
be
con
f
i
rmed
.
En
v
i
ronmen
t
a
l
e
f
fe
c
t
s
su
ch
a
s
l
i
gh
ten
in
g
m
a
y
a
l
so
c
au
se
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
in
vu
l
v
a
red
and
co
lou
r
s
a
tu
r
a
t
ion
.
Pho
to
g
r
aph
i
c
im
a
ge
s
we
re
t
a
ken
to
see
i
f
the
re
w
a
s
a
r
ap
id
,
e
a
s
y
w
a
y
fo
r
f
a
rme
r
s
to
me
a
su
re
the
te
a
t
s
i
ze
o
f
sheep
.
I
t
i
s
e
xpe
c
ted
th
a
t
the
re
wou
ld
be
good
re
l
a
t
ion
sh
ip
be
tween
te
a
t
s
i
ze
t
a
ken
u
s
in
g
c
a
l
ipe
r
s
and
te
a
t
s
i
ze
t
a
ken
o
f
f
a
pho
to
g
r
aph
w
i
th
a
ru
le
r
in
p
re
sen
t
v
iew
.
The
re
i
s
e
r
ro
r
in
bo
th
me
thod
s
o
f
me
a
su
r
in
g
and
the
pho
to
g
r
aph
t
a
ken
w
i
th
a
re
l
a
xed
te
a
t
and
a
ru
le
r
cou
ld
be
con
s
ide
red
mo
re
re
l
i
ab
le
due
to
the
c
a
l
ipe
r
me
a
su
remen
t
depend
in
g
on
whe
re
you
tou
ch
i
t
and
whe
re
you
squee
ze
the
c
a
l
ipe
r
to
.
I
n
the
sheep
f
a
rm
s
tud
y
the
re
w
a
s
no
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
s
be
tween
the
two
me
a
su
remen
t
s
fo
r
te
a
t
len
g
th
and
udde
r
w
id
th
(me
an
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
s
o
f
0
.61mm
±
0
.42
and
0
.37mm
±
1
.66
,
re
spe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
)
.
The
re
w
a
s
a
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
be
tween
the
two
d
i
f
fe
ren
t
me
a
su
remen
t
s
fo
r
2
v
a
lue
s
o
f
0
.09
,
0
.41
te
a
t
w
id
th
(me
an
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
o
f
2
.50mm
±
0
.39
)
.
Re
g
re
s
s
ion
mode
l
l
in
g
g
a
ve
R
and
0
.22
fo
r
te
a
t
w
id
th
,
te
a
t
len
g
th
and
udde
r
w
id
th
,
re
spe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
.
The
e
xpe
r
imen
t
a
l
t
r
i
a
l
showed
th
a
t
the
re
w
a
s
no
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
be
tween
the
c
a
l
ipe
r
me
a
su
remen
t
and
the
pho
to
g
r
aph
s
w
i
th
a
ru
le
r
in
p
re
sen
t
v
iew
me
a
su
remen
t
fo
r
te
a
t
w
id
th
and
udde
r
w
id
th
w
id
th
(me
an
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
s
o
f
0
.02
±
0
.23
and
1
.99
±
1
.39
,
re
spe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
)
.
The
re
w
a
s
a
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
be
tween
the
two
2
me
a
su
remen
t
s
fo
r te
a
t
len
g
th
(me
an
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
o
f
1
.43mm
±
0
.29
.
Re
g
re
s
s
ion
mode
l
l
in
g
g
a
ve
R
v
a
lue
s
o
f
0
.14
,
0
.36
and
0
.36
fo
r
te
a
t
w
id
th
,
te
a
t
len
g
th
and
udde
r
w
id
th
,
re
spe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
.
Fo
r
bo
th
s
tud
ie
s
,
te
a
t
len
g
th
and
udde
r
w
id
th
g
a
ve
mode
r
a
te
co
r
re
l
a
t
ion
s
be
tween
the
two
m
e
a
su
remen
t
s
wh
i
le
te
a
t
w
id
th
w
a
s
poo
r
l
y
co
r
re
l
a
t
ion
.
The
two
me
thod
s
o
f
me
a
su
remen
t
s
a
re
no
t
h
i
gh
l
y
co
r
re
l
a
ted
and
i
s
due
to
an
g
le
o
f
the
te
a
t
in
the
pho
to
g
r
aph
in
f
luen
c
in
g
the
pho
to
g
r
aph
i
c
me
a
su
remen
t
.
When
the
pho
to
g
r
aph
h
ad
a
c
le
a
r
p
i
c
tu
re
o
f
the
te
a
t
a
nd
l
i
gh
t
w
a
s
no
t
in
te
r
fe
r
in
g
w
i
th
i
t
,
then
the
re
w
a
s
a
good
re
l
a
t
ion
sh
ip
be
tween
the
two
me
a
su
remen
t
s
.
T
a
k
in
g
pho
to
g
r
aph
s
w
i
th
a
ru
le
r
in
p
l
a
in
v
iew
c
an
30 be
con
s
ide
red
a
good
enou
gh
ind
i
c
a
to
r
o
f
the
c
a
l
ipe
r
me
a
su
remen
t p
ro
v
ided
th
a
t
the
pho
to
s
a
re
t
a
ken
a
t
a
good
an
g
le
.
Oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l-­‐
17β
s
t
imu
l
a
ted
u
te
r
ine
g
row
th
in
t
re
a
ted
sheep
when
comp
a
red
w
i
th
the
i
r
con
t
ro
l
s
.
The
re
i
s
a
re
l
a
t
ion
sh
ip
be
tween
the
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
o
f
a
sheep
and
i
t
s
u
te
ru
s
s
i
ze
and
re
g
re
s
s
ion
v
a
lue
o
f
0
.51
.
When
d
a
t
a
w
a
s
co
r
re
c
ted
fo
r
l
i
ve
mode
l
l
in
g
showed
i
t
to
be
h
i
gh
l
y
co
r
re
l
a
ted
w
i
th
a
R2 we
i
gh
t
(e
xp
re
s
sed
a
s
g
u
te
ru
s
/
k
g
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
)
the
re
w
a
s
s
t
i
l
l
a
po
s
i
t
i
ve
do
se-­‐
re
l
a
ted
e
f
fe
c
t
me
an
in
g
th
a
t
no
t
a
l
l
o
f
the
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
s
ob
se
r
ved
in
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
c
an
be
a
t
t
r
ibu
ted
to
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
.
In
the
e
xpe
r
imen
ta
l
s
tud
y
,
H
i
gh
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
sheep
h
ad
a
u
te
r
ine
s
i
ze
o
f
0
.78
g
u
te
ru
s
/
k
g
o
f
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
,
Low
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
do
se
sheep
h
ad
a
u
te
r
ine
s
i
ze
o
f
0
.65
g
u
te
ru
s
/
k
g
o
f
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
and
Con
t
ro
l
sheep
h
ad
a
u
te
r
ine
s
i
ze
o
f
0
.51
g
u
te
ru
s
/
k
g
.
Th
i
s
in
c
re
a
se
in
u
te
r
ine
we
i
gh
t h
a
s
been
a
c
c
red
i
ted
to
re
a
l
g
row
th
o
f
the
u
te
ru
s
r
a
the
r
th
an
w
a
te
r
a
c
cumu
l
a
t
ion
(New
some
and
K
i
t
t
s
,
1980
)
.
U
te
r
ine
g
row
th
i
s
in
re
spon
se
to
the
u
te
ru
s
be
com
in
g
mo
re
sen
s
i
t
i
ve
to
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
t
imu
l
a
t
ion
,
wh
i
ch
in
c
re
a
se
s
u
te
r
ine
b
lood
f
low
c
au
s
in
g
the
u
te
ru
s
to
g
row
,
ce
l
l
p
ro
l
i
fe
r
a
t
ion
to
o
c
cu
r
and
h
ype
rem
i
a
(Re
yno
ld
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
1998
)
.
A
s
tud
y
done
b
y
New
some
and
K
i
t
t
s
(1980
)
showed
th
a
t
the
m
a
x
imum
u
te
r
ine
re
spon
se
i
s
when
l
amb
s
a
re
g
i
ven
10
m
g
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
pe
r
d
a
y
.
L
amb
s
g
i
ven
th
i
s
do
se
h
ad
u
te
ru
s
we
i
gh
t
s
o
f
0.6
g
u
te
ru
s
/
k
g
o
f
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
comp
a
red
to
con
t
ro
l
sheep
who
h
ad
u
te
ru
s
we
i
gh
t
s
o
f
0
.37
g
u
te
ru
s
/
k
g
o
f
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
.
Th
i
s
s
tud
y
a
l
so
loo
ked
a
t
the
re
spon
se
o
f
u
te
ru
s
in
l
amb
s
who
we
re
t
re
a
ted
w
i
th
132
µ
g
coume
s
t
ro
l
/d
a
y
(0
.132
m
g
/d
a
y
)
and
i
t
showed
th
a
t
a
l
tho
u
gh
coume
s
t
ro
l-­‐
t
re
a
ted
ewe
s
re
ce
i
ved
a
con
s
ide
r
ab
l
y
sm
a
l
le
r
con
cen
t
r
a
t
ion
th
an
the
o
the
r
g
roup
s
,
i
t
s
t
i
l
l
e
xe
r
ted an
e
f
fe
c
t
o
f
0
.46
g
u
te
ru
s
/
k
g
o
f
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
.
Th
i
s
re
spon
se
w
a
s
s
im
i
l
a
r
to
th
a
t
o
f
l
amb
s
who
re
ce
i
ved
2
.5
m
g
/d
a
y
(2500
µ
g
/d
a
y
)
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
,
show
in
g
th
a
t
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
e
xe
r
t
mo
re
o
f
an
e
f
fe
c
t
th
an
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
m
a
k
in
g
p
re-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
l
amb
s
mo
re
sen
s
i
t
i
ve
to
them
.
I
t
i
s
s
t
i
l
l
no
t
known
i
f
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
in
f
luen
ce
u
te
r
ine
g
row
th
in
a
po
s
i
t
i
ve
m
anne
r
o
r
de
l
a
y
s
pube
r
t
y
a
s
an
an
t
a
gon
i
s
t
.
P
re
v
iou
s
rese
a
r
ch
ind
i
c
a
te
s
th
a
t
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
s
and
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
supp
re
s
s
o
v
a
r
i
an
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
t
a
l
.
,
1988
;
Sm
i
th
e
v
iden
t
in
a
redu
c
t
ion
in
o
v
a
r
i
an
we
i
gh
t
(New
some
and
K
i
t
t
s
,
1980
;
V
a
lde
r
r
ab
ano
e
e
t
a
l
.
,
1990
)
.
G
r
a
z
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
a
l
so
re
su
l
t
s
in
sheep
de
ve
lop
in
g
h
i
gh
numbe
r
s
o
f
sm
a
l
l
and
med
ium
fo
l
l
i
c
le
,
howe
ve
r
,
th
i
s
abno
rm
a
l
de
ve
lopmen
t
i
s
a
c
comp
an
ied
w
i
th
e
a
r
l
y
a
t
re
s
i
a
(Ad
am
s
,
1977
)
.
Ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
h
a
ve
an
inh
ib
i
to
r
y
e
f
fe
c
t
on
o
v
a
r
i
an
fun
c
t
ion
,
howe
ve
r
,
no
t
a
l
l
ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
h
a
ve
an
equ
a
l
e
f
fe
c
t
on
o
va
r
i
an
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
and
coume
s
t
an
s
a
re
thou
gh
t
to
h
a
ve
the
b
i
g
ge
s
t
in
f
luen
ce
.
Ewe
s
in
ge
s
t
in
g
ph
y
to
-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
f
a
i
l
to
o
vu
l
a
te
and
the
i
r
fo
l
l
i
c
le
s
a
re
h
i
s
to
lo
g
i
c
a
l
l
y
abno
rm
a
l
and
s
im
i
l
a
r
to
the
fo
l
l
i
c
le
s
o
f
ewe
s
th
a
t
don
’
t
d
i
sp
l
a
y
oe
s
t
rou
s
.
Inh
ib
i
t
ion
o
f
oe
s
t
rou
s
i
s
due
to
the
o
v
a
r
y
f
a
i
l
in
g
to
se
c
re
te
endo
genou
s
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
,
wh
i
ch
a
re
wh
a
t
c
au
se
s
sheep
to
d
i
sp
l
a
y
oe
s
t
rou
s
.
Ph
y
to-­‐
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
c
au
se
an
abno
rm
a
l
re
l
a
t
ion
sh
ip
be
tween
the
p
i
tu
i
t
a
r
y
and
o
v
a
r
ie
s
31 re
su
l
t
in
g
in
de
c
re
a
se
endo
genou
s
oe
s
t
ro
gen
p
rodu
c
t
ion
(Ad
am
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
1979
;
Ke
l
l
y
e
t
a
l
.
,
1976
).
Th
i
s
s
tud
y
i
s
in
d
i
s
a
g
reemen
t
w
i
th
p
re
v
iou
s
re
se
a
r
ch
.
The
re
w
a
s
no
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
ob
se
r
ved
in
fo
l
l
i
c
le
numbe
r
s
then
wh
a
t
w
a
s
e
xpe
c
ted
and
no
co
rpu
s
lu
teum
we
re
p
re
sen
t
in
an
y
o
f
the
o
v
a
r
ie
s
.
Sheep
g
i
ven
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
e
xpe
r
ien
ced
an
in
c
re
a
se
in
o
v
a
r
y
we
i
gh
t
r
a
the
r
th
an
a
de
c
re
a
se
.
E
ven
thou
gh
the
re
2
=
0
.08
)
,
when
o
v
a
r
y
we
i
gh
t
w
a
s
i
s
a
we
a
k
co
r
re
l
a
t
ion
be
tween
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
and
o
v
a
r
y
we
i
gh
t
(R
co
r
re
c
ted
fo
r
l
i
ve
we
i
gh
t
the
re
w
a
s
no
d
i
f
fe
ren
ce
s
in
o
v
a
r
y
s
i
ze
a
c
ro
s
s
the
t
re
a
tmen
t
s
.
De
t
e
c
t
ion
o
f
the
ch
an
ge
s
in
o
v
a
r
i
an
we
i
gh
t
s
h
a
s
l
a
r
ge
l
y
bee
n
s
tud
ied
in
p
re-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
l
amb
s
;
in
t
a
c
t
adu
l
t
sheep
cou
ld
be
l
a
r
ge
l
y
p
ro
te
c
ted
f
rom
the
e
f
fe
c
t
s
o
f
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
so
the
re
a
re
no
t
the
d
r
am
a
t
i
c
ch
an
ge
s
th
a
t
a
re
ob
se
r
ved
in
p
re
-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
sheep
.
Howe
ve
r
,
o
lde
r
in
t
a
c
t
sheep
a
re
no
t
en
t
i
re
l
y
p
ro
te
c
ted
e
v
iden
t
b
y
the
ch
an
ge
s
ob
se
r
ved
in
o
v
a
r
y
we
i
gh
t
. Con
c
lu
s
ion The
pu
rpo
se
o
f
th
i
s
d
i
s
se
r
t
a
t
ion
w
a
s
to
me
a
su
re
the
e
f
fe
c
t
s
th
a
t
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
lu
ce
rne
h
ad
on
p
re-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
l
amb
s
and
to
qu
an
t
i
f
y
the
e
x
a
c
t
amoun
t
o
f
oe
s
t
rad
io
l
th
a
t
mu
s
t
be
adm
in
i
s
te
red
to
p
rodu
ce
e
f
fe
c
t
s
o
f
a
s
im
i
l
a
r
m
a
gn
i
tude
to
tho
se
p
rodu
ced
b
y
the
lu
ce
rne
c
rop
.
Re
su
l
t
s
showed
th
a
t
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
lu
ce
rne
re
su
l
ted
in
m
amm
a
r
y
g
l
and
de
ve
lopmen
t
and
an
in
c
re
a
se
in
te
a
t
w
id
th
and
te
a
t
len
g
th
o
f
p
re
-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
l
amb
s
.
T
re
a
tmen
t
w
i
th
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
d
id
no
t
a
ch
ie
ve
e
f
fe
c
t
s
o
f
the
s
ame
m
a
gn
i
tude
a
s
tho
se
p
rodu
ced
b
y
the
lu
ce
rne
c
rop
due
to
u
s
in
g
o
lde
r
,
pube
r
t
a
l
sheep
.
The
pube
r
t
a
l
sheep
in
the
e
xpe
r
imen
t
a
l
s
tud
y
we
re
re
ce
i
v
in
g
mo
re
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
th
an
the
p
re-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
l
amb
s
i
n
the
sheep
f
a
rm
s
tud
y
(333
.3 µ
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
/d
a
y v
s
98
.6
– 149
.6
µ
g
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
equ
i
v
a
len
t
/d
a
y
)
ye
t
we
re
le
s
s
sen
s
i
t
i
ve
to
the
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
e
f
fe
c
t
e
v
iden
t
b
y
the
sm
a
l
le
r
ch
an
ge
s
in
te
a
t
s
i
ze
th
an
the
l
amb
s
.
The
re
we
re
sm
a
l
l
e
f
fe
c
t
s
in
the
pube
r
t
a
l
sheep
bu
t
the
y
we
re
no
t
o
f
the
s
ame
m
a
gn
i
tude
a
s
in
the
p
re
-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
l
amb
s
g
r
a
z
in
g
lu
ce
rne
.
The
sheep
we
re
mo
s
t
l
i
ke
l
y
le
s
s
re
spon
s
i
ve
to
e
xo
genou
s oe
s
t
ro
gen due
to
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
sen
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
and
sen
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
ch
an
ge
s
w
i
th
the
on
se
t
o
f
pube
r
t
y
due
to
p
rodu
c
t
ion
o
f the
i
r
own
ho
rmone
s
p
ro
te
c
t
in
g
them
a
g
a
in
s
t
e
xo
genou
s
ho
rmone
s
.
The
u
se
o
f
pho
to
g
r
aph
s
to
me
a
su
re
m
amm
a
r
y
and
te
a
t
de
ve
lopmen
t
,
c
an
be
a
good
me
a
su
remen
t
p
ro
v
ided
th
a
t
the
pho
to
i
s
t
a
ken
a
t
su
ch
an
an
g
le
th
a
t
the
fu
l
l
te
a
t
len
g
th
and
w
id
th
c
an
e
a
s
i
l
y
be
di
s
t
in
gu
i
shed
and
l
i
gh
t
doe
sn
’
t
no
t
in
te
r
fe
re
w
i
th
m
amm
a
r
y
and
te
a
t
bound
a
r
ie
s
.
Pho
to
g
r
aph
s
a
re
no
t
a
u
se
fu
l
u
t
i
l
i
t
y
in
qu
an
t
i
f
y
oe
s
t
ro
gen-­‐
indu
ced
co
lou
r
ch
an
ge
s
in
e
x
te
rn
a
l
gen
i
t
a
l
i
a
.
Fu
r
the
r
re
se
a
r
ch
oppo
r
tun
i
t
ie
s
Fu
r
the
r
re
se
a
r
ch
i
s
requ
i
red
on
the
me
ch
an
i
sm th
a
t
m
a
ke
en
t
i
re
sheep
le
s
s
sen
s
i
t
i
ve
th
an
p
re
-­‐
pube
r
t
a
l
l
amb
s
and
sheep
th
a
t
a
ren
’
t
p
rodu
c
in
g
the
i
r
own
s
te
ro
id
s
(
gon
ade
c
tom
i
sed
,
32 o
v
a
r
ie
c
tom
i
zed
)
.
The
re
i
s
l
im
i
ted
l
i
te
r
a
tu
re
su
r
round
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
re
cep
to
r
sen
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
and
the
e
f
fe
c
t
s
th
a
t
e
xo
genou
s
oe
s
t
ro
gen
s
h
a
ve
on
re
spon
s
i
vene
s
s
.
33 Re
fe
ren
ce
s Ad
am
s
,
N
.
R
.
(1977
)
.
Mo
rpho
lo
g
i
c
a
l
ch
an
ge
s
in
the
o
r
g
an
s
o
f
ewe
s
g
r
a
z
in
g
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
sub
te
r
r
ane
an
c
lo
ve
r
.
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
v
e
t
e
r
ina
r
y
s
c
i
en
c
e,
22(2
)
,
216
-­‐
221
. Ad
am
s
,
N
.
R
.
,
O
ldh
am
,
C
.
M
.
,
&
He
ydon
,
R
.
A
.
(1979
)
.
O
vu
l
a
t
ion
r
a
te
and
oo
c
y
te
numbe
r
s
in
ewe
s
a
f
te
r
p
ro
lon
ged
e
xpo
su
re
to
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
p
a
s
tu
re
.
Jou
rna
l
o
f
r
ep
rodu
c
t
ion
and
f
e
r
t
i
l
i
t
y
,
55(1
)
,
87
-­‐
89
. Ad
am
s
,
N
.
R
.
(1986
)
.
Me
a
su
remen
t
o
f
h
i
s
to
lo
g
i
c
a
l
ch
an
ge
s
in
the
ce
r
v
i
x
o
f
ewe
s
a
f
te
r
p
ro
lon
ged
e
xpo
su
re
to
oe
s
t
ro
gen
i
c
c
lo
ve
r
o
r
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l-­‐
17β
.
Au
s
t
ra
l
ian
v
e
t
e
r
ina
r
y
jou
rna
l,
63(9
)
,
279
-­‐
282
. Ad
am
s
,
N
.
R
.
(1995
)
.
De
te
c
t
ion
o
f
the
e
f
fe
c
t
s
o
f
ph
y
toe
s
t
ro
gen
s
on
sheep
and
c
a
t
t
le
.
Jou
rna
l
o
f
an
ima
l
s
c
i
en
c
e,
73(5
)
,
1509
-­‐
1515
. P
ro
c
e
ed
ing
s
o
f
th
e
Ad
am
s
,
N
.
R
.
(1996
)
.
Ph
y
to-­‐
e
s
t
ro
gen
s
:
le
sson
s
f
rom
the
i
r
e
f
fe
c
t
s
on
an
im
a
l
s
.
nu
t
r
i
t
ion
so
c
i
e
t
y
o
f
Au
s
t
ra
l
ia
,
20,
156
-­‐
162
.
B
a
l
th
a
z
a
r
t
,
J
.
,
Co
rn
i
l
,
C
.
A
.
,
Ch
a
r
l
ie
r
,
T
.
D
.
,
T
a
z
i
au
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r
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Con
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show
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44 Append
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aph
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xpe
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imen
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a
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r
aph
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Con
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x
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Vu
l
v
a
pho
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g
r
aph
t
yp
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c
a
l
o
f
a
Low
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
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te
x
t
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.
45 Vu
l
v
a
pho
to
g
r
aph
t
yp
i
c
a
l
o
f
a
H
i
gh
oe
s
t
r
ad
io
l
sheep
(
see
te
x
t
)
46