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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS
International General Certificate of Secondary Education
* 9 0 1 9 9 0 8 6 1 2 *
0449/02
BANGLADESH STUDIES
Paper 2 Environment and Development of Bangladesh
May/June 2013
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials:
Insert
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the boxes above.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a pencil for any sketch maps, diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE ON ANY BARCODES.
Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
If additional space is required, you should use the lined page at the end of this booklet. The question number(s)
must be clearly shown.
Answer three questions.
You are advised to spend about 30 minutes on each question.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
The Insert contains Photograph A for Question 2.
The Insert is not required by the Examiner.
This document consists of 22 printed pages, 2 blank pages and an insert.
DC (LEG/SW) 70116
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1
(a) Study the map of Bangladesh (Fig. 1) and name the following features.
0 20 40 miles
0 30 60 kms
N
C
B
D
A
E
Fig. 1
•
area A .......................................................................................................................
•
river B .......................................................................................................................
•
main crop grown in area C .......................................................................................
•
power generated at D ...............................................................................................
•
hills E ................................................................................................................... [5]
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Examiner’s
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3
(b) (i)
Study Fig. 2, which shows arsenic pollution of groundwater in parts per billion.
For
Examiner’s
Use
0 20 40 miles
0 30 60 kms
N
Key
Pollution level
over 1000 ppb
500 – 1000 ppb
50 – 499 ppb
under 50 ppb
Fig. 2
Using Fig. 2, describe the distribution of arsenic pollution levels in Bangladesh.
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(ii)
Explain how groundwater becomes polluted with arsenic.
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(iii) What effects does arsenic pollution have on the people who drink the water?
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(c)
Study Fig. 3, a climate graph of Bogra.
temperature °C
30
mm rainfall
400
20
350
10
300
250
200
150
100
50
J
F
M
A
M
J
J A
months
S
O
N
D
0
Fig. 3
(i)
What is the highest temperature? ......................................... °C
[1]
(ii)
Which month has the lowest temperature? .........................................
[1]
(iii)
What is the highest rainfall? ......................................... mm
[1]
(iv)
Which month has the lowest rainfall? .................................................
[1]
(v)
Explain why there are seasonal variations in the climate.
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(d) Study the two statements below.
For
Examiner’s
Use
A ‘The climate of Bangladesh is ideal for growing crops.’
B ‘Many problems are caused for farmers by Bangladesh’s climate.’
(i)
Give one piece of evidence which supports statement A.
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(ii)
Give one piece of evidence which supports statement B.
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(iii)
Which statement do you agree with the most? Give reasons for your answer.
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[Total: 25]
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2
(a) (i)
Study Photograph A on the Insert, which is a satellite image of part of the Padma
(Ganges) delta.
Describe the river features seen in the photograph.
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(ii)
Explain how a delta, such as the Padma (Ganges), is formed.
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(b) (i)
Study Fig. 4, which shows areas of drought and coastal floods.
For
Examiner’s
Use
0 20 40 miles
0 30 60 kms
N
Key
drought
coastal floods
Fig. 4
Describe the location of areas affected by drought and coastal floods.
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(ii)
Explain how coastal floods are caused.
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(iii)
What can people and organisations do to limit the damage caused by coastal
floods?
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(c) Study the two statements below.
For
Examiner’s
Use
A ‘Climate change is causing heavier and less reliable rainfall.’
B ‘Climate change is causing less rainfall.’
(i)
Give one piece of evidence which supports statement A.
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(ii)
Give one piece of evidence which supports statement B.
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(iii)
In your opinion, which pattern of climate change poses the greater threat to
Bangladesh, A or B? Give reasons for your answer.
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[Total: 25]
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3
(a) (i)
Aquaculture is also known as the Blue Revolution.
What is aquaculture?
For
Examiner’s
Use
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(ii)
Study Fig. 5, a graph of aquaculture production in Bangladesh.
thousand tonnes
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
years
1995
2000
2005
Fig. 5
Using Fig. 5, describe the general trends in aquaculture production in Bangladesh.
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(iii)
Why is aquaculture important to the people of Bangladesh?
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For
Examiner’s
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(b) (i)
What is meant by ‘sustainable development’?
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(ii)
Explain how the sustainable development of natural resources, such as forests,
can be achieved.
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(c) (i)
Study Fig. 6, which shows coal production in Bangladesh.
For
Examiner’s
Use
thousand short tonnes
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
years
2007
2008
2009
Fig. 6
Using Fig. 6, describe the changes in coal production between 2002 and 2009.
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(ii)
How can the use of coal help to reduce deforestation?
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(d) There were many differing opinions when it was proposed to open a new coal mine at
Phulbari. Below are two different views.
Coal under the
ground is worth
more than growing
rice on the surface.
I do not want to lose
my home and fields
to a coal mine.
local farmer
(i)
For
Examiner’s
Use
government official
Give one piece of evidence in support of the farmer.
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(ii)
Give one piece of evidence in support of the government official.
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(iii)
Which opinion do you agree with the most? Give reasons for your answer.
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[Total: 25]
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4
(a) (i)
Study Fig. 7, a graph of the production of two food crops, wheat and pulses,
between 1989 and 2010.
thousand tonnes
2000
Key
wheat
pulses
1500
1000
500
0
1990
1995
2000
years
2005
2010
Fig. 7
Using Fig. 7, compare the production of wheat and pulses, noting the differences
and similarities.
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(ii)
Explain how technological advances, such as the Green Revolution, may have
caused the changes in wheat production between 1989 and 1999.
For
Examiner’s
Use
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(b) Study Fig. 8, which shows simple technology that helps farmers to grow crops on the
infertile sand bars (chars).
A pit is dug into the
sand bar, one metre
deep and one metre
in diameter.
After a few days, four
to six seeds are placed
into the sack.
One jute sack filled with compost is placed in the hole. In
some areas, farmers are able to use compost generated from
the previous year’s crop, making the programme sustainable.
At harvest time, farmers should be
able to reap up to ten gourds or
pumpkins from each pit.
Fig. 8
Explain how the farmers can grow crops in the infertile sand.
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(c) Complete the table below to compare a cottage industry and a large-scale industry.
cottage industry
large scale industry
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example
[2]
labour
[2]
machinery
export and
earnings
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[2]
[2]
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Examiner’s
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17
(d) Study the two statements below.
A ‘It is important to encourage more cottage industries to reduce unemployment.’
B ‘Investment in large-scale industries is necessary for Bangladesh’s continuing
development.’
(i)
For
Examiner’s
Use
Give one piece of evidence which supports statement A.
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(ii)
Give one piece of evidence which supports statement B.
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(iii)
In your opinion, which statement will be the more beneficial to Bangladesh? Give
reasons for your answer.
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[Total: 25]
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5
(a) (i)
Study Fig. 9, which shows the percentage of the population living in rural and urban
areas in Bangladesh.
Key
rural
urban
1969
1979
years
1989
1999
2009
0
50
100 %
Fig. 9
On Fig. 9, complete the bar for 2009 when 73% lived in rural areas and 27% lived
in urban areas. (It has been left blank for you to fill in.)
[2]
(ii)
What does Fig. 9 show about the changes to rural and urban populations in
Bangladesh?
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(iii)
What are the effects in rural and urban areas of the changes shown in Fig. 9?
in rural areas ............................................................................................................
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in urban areas ..........................................................................................................
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19
(b) (i)
Study Fig. 10, which shows the population structure of Bangladesh in 1979 and 2009.
1979
0%
75%
2009
0%
75%
25%
For
Examiner’s
Use
25%
Key
0 – 14 years
50%
15 – 64 years
50%
65+ years
Fig. 10
Using Fig. 10, describe the changes that took place in each age group between
1979 and 2009.
0–14 years ................................................................................................................
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15–64 years ..............................................................................................................
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65+ years .................................................................................................................
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(ii)
Explain how improvements in health care have led to the changes in the 0–14 years
age group that you described in (b)(i).
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(iii)
Give one reason for the change in the 65+ age group.
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(c) (i)
Study Fig. 11, which shows the percentage of children at secondary school in three
countries in 1973 and 2003.
%
50
%
50
Key
1973
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
n
ta
is
Pa
k
di
In
de
la
2003
Ba
ng
a
40
sh
40
Fig. 11
Using Fig. 11, describe how the percentage of children in secondary schools in
Bangladesh changed compared to India and Pakistan.
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(ii)
In Bangladesh, the percentage of children in primary schools is 95%. Why is there
such a decrease when children go to secondary school?
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(iii)
Why is secondary education important?
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(d) ‘Developing occupational skills is more important than university qualifications for the
economic development of Bangladesh.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer and examples
where possible.
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[Total: 25]
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Additional Page
If you use the following lined page to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question
number(s) must be clearly shown.
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23
BLANK PAGE
© UCLES 2013
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BLANK PAGE
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 1(b)(i)
Question 2(a)(i)
Question 2(b)(i)
Question 3(a)(ii)
Question 4(a)(i)
Question 4(b)
Question 5(a)(i)
© adapted: http://www.nvo.com/ghosh_research/arseniccontaminationinthebengalbasin1.
© NASA.
© adapted: http://climatechangepsychology.blogspot.com/2010/12/deborah-phelan-bangladesh-cop16-real.html.
© adapted: http://www.fao.org/fi/figis/graphs/countrysector/Aquaculture/16.gif.
© adapted: http://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=bd&commodity=wheat&graph=production.
© adapted: http://praticalaction.org/appeal_bangladeshcompost.
© adapted: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/bangladesh/school-enrolment-secondary-percent-gross-wb-data-html.
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2013
0449/02/M/J/13