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Coursework Training
Handbook (Part 2):
Teacher Accreditation
Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level
Agriculture
0600 and 5038
Cambridge Secondary 2
Cambridge International Examinations retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered Centres
are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However, we cannot give
permission to Centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use
within a Centre.
® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.
© Cambridge International Examinations 2013
Contents
Section 1: How to use this handbook to become an accredited coursework assessor ....... 3
Section 2: Sample practical investigation A ........................................................................ 5
Section 3: Sample practical investigation B ....................................................................... 15
Appendix 1: Coursework Accreditation Cover Sheet ......................................................... 33
Appendix 2: Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample A ................................................... 35
Appendix 3: Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample B ................................................... 37
Appendix 4: Accreditation mark sheet Task 2 ................................................................... 39
Section 1: How to use this handbook to become an accredited coursework assessor
Section 1: How to use this handbook to become an
accredited coursework assessor
The coursework assessor training in this handbook requires that you first work through the advice and
complete the marking exercises in the Coursework Training Handbook (Part 1): Guidance. A printed version
of the Part 1 handbook should have been sent to you when you ordered this Part 2 handbook. However,
Part 1 is also available on Teacher Support http://teachers.cie.org.uk. You can obtain a login for this
password protected site from your Examinations Officer.
To acquire accredited status using this coursework assessor training handbook you will need to:
•
read the advice and guidance provided in the Part 1 Coursework Training Handbook
•
mark the practice samples in Section 5 of the Part 1 Coursework Training Handbook
•
review your marks against the examiner’s marks provided, identify why any discrepancies may have
occurred between the two and adjust your marking accordingly
Once you have completed these practice exercises you will be ready to carry out the accreditation test. To
do this you will need to carry out two tasks:
Task1: mark the Practical Investigation samples A and B in this handbook, show your results for each of
the sections 1–6 and a total mark.
Task 2: design a practical exercise for use in your own school and a suitable specific mark scheme to cover
the marking criteria 1–5 from the syllabus.
You should indicate the ability of the candidates that it is designed to cover and show clearly how
you intent do ensure differentiation within the task exercise.
On completion of the accreditation tasks
1. Photocopy and fill in the forms at the back of the handbook, completing your personal details and the
declaration stating that your accreditation submission is your own work on the Cover Sheet.
2. Complete the mark sheets for Tasks 1 and 2.
3. Put the following items together, electronically (as scanned documents) if possible, (as hard copy if not),
and send them to the address provided on the Cover Sheet form.
•
Personal details and declaration of authenticity
•
Mark sheet for the accreditation samples
•
Suggested practical exercise and mark scheme covering the marking criteria 1 – 5 from the syllabus.
4. Please keep a copy of everything you send, for your own records.
Please allow 4–6 weeks for the Moderator to assess the work that has been submitted and for Cambridge
to inform you of the outcome. Where an application proves to be unsuccessful, the teacher will receive a
feedback report indicating how they might improve. They will then be invited to try again in the light of this
feedback advice. Please remember to submit your application for accreditation in sufficient time to permit
possible further attempts should they be required.
Where a submission has been successful you will receive a feedback report on your work and a certificate
granting you accredited status as a coursework assessor. Please note that notification will be by post,
rather than by email or phone.
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
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Section 1: How to use this handbook to become an accredited coursework assessor
4
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
Section 2: Sample practical investigation A
Section 2: Sample practical investigation A
Investigating the affect of organic and inorganic fertiliser on the
growth of lettuce.
Chapter I
Introduction
Background
Lettuce is a leafy annual vegetable crop with green leaves. The leaves must be picked often to
allow the production of new leaves. Fertilizers need to be applied for the encouragement of fast
growth.
The fertilizer can either be organic or inorganic. Inorganic are chemicals fertilizers e.g. 2:3:2 (22),
LAN Organic fertilizers can be from plants or animals e.g. chicken droppings, Kraal manure. Wild
lettuce came from Europe and Asia. The leaves were bitter and it was cultivated for medicine. The
Greeks and Chinese cultivated lettuce as a salad. Today lettuce is less bitter and it is used as a s
Climate lettuce grows best in cool weather. It is a difficult crop to grow in summer. Soil requirement:
rich in summer. Soil PH it must be slightly acid and it’s PH of between 5.5 and 6.5. A good variety
of lettuce in a cool season is Greek Lakes 659 and winter crop and in summer is commander
Emperor 2000.
Purpose of the study
The purpose of the study was to compare the growth rate and yield of lettuce under the use of
organic and inorganic fertilizer management.
Justification
Fertilizer is expensive and also causes the soil to lose nutrients through leaching. This project
is aimed to determining the effect of growing lettuce through the use of organic and inorganic
fertilizer. This will help more knowledge about fertilizers. This helps them determine the best
fertilizer with effective result but low costs. Also the disadvantages of inorganic fertilizer are that
they do not supply humus, so the soil structure is not improved and humus breaks down slowly.
These fertilizers do not supply minor plant food an too much may damage the plants.
Problem Statement
Inorganic fertilizers are expensive for famers, especially for subsistence farmers. Inorganic fertilizer
do not have the ability of binding soil particle together, thus continuous use of such fertilizer without
use of organic manure depletes the research was guided by the following objectives.
1. To describe the growth rate between inorganic and organic fertilizers, when used in lettuce.
2. To compare the yield of lettuce growth after the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers.
3. To compare the quality of lettuce under the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers.
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
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Section 2: Sample practical investigation A
Hypotheses
Main hypotheses
Application of inorganic fertilizers brings higher yield and increase the growth rate of lettuce.
Alternative hypotheses
Organic fertilizer increases the growth rate and yield in spinach.
Definition of terms
1. Inorganic fertilizers: 2:3:2 (38) basal fertilizer and LAN top dressing fertilizer.
2. Organic fertilizers: Kraal (goat) manure.
3. Top Dressing: A fertilizer applied to a crop after it has been growing for several weeks
4. Basal dressing: The fertilizer 2:3:2(38) that is added to the soil before or at planting and transplanting
Limitations of the study
Season; it was summer time forests and weeds were growing faster and it was difficult to control.
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Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
Section 2: Sample practical investigation A
CHAPTER II
Nutrients Requirements
For the lettuce growth various nutrients are needed. Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) is the major
nutrients needed by lettuce. Therefore lettuce also needs essential minor nutrients like zinc for fast
growth.
Yield rate and quality
The use of organic or inorganic matter or both is important but guidelines needs to be followed,
and the correct amount should be applied for the good yield of lettuce. Organic fertilizers make
lettuce to become more resistant to diseases, pests and drought. These fertilizers are nutritious
and conducive to plant’s health and resistance.
According to Paul (1997) lettuce has become a cinderal salad plant, embellishing the clients of
millions of people throughout the world. As a cultivated crop lettuce probably originated or around
Mediterranean basin. One piece of evidence to support these ideas is existence of a primitive,
nearly wild form of lettuce.
According to Mondlane (2007) chemicals are believed of cancer and teritogenic. Organic fertilizers
farming is introduced as a production system which minimizes the use of synthetically produces
fertilizers, pesticides, growth, growth regulators and livestock feed addictives. To maintain soil
productivity and fertility we use organic fertilizers. There are fertilizers derived from plant and
animal material origin. The fertilizers are mostly bulky so they release nutrients gradually and their
effect for a long time in the soil.
Inorganic Fertilizer: Application
Potassium and magnesium contributes to the production of the cell walls for plants. Nitrogen can
be taken in the plants as nitrates from nitrites in the process of nitrogen cycle. These nitrates
promote best stems and leaves maturity which combines in the soil. Some of the mineral fertilizers
can be dangerous and farmers using them for years may notice signs of soil exhaustion so organic
fertilizers can be used instead.
Organic Fertilizer: Application
Organic fertilizer can vary in many effective ways. They can improve the soil structure and can
make lettuce resistant. They supply the soil with substances that help lettuce develop and increase
disease resistance. They can also stand pest attacks and droughts. Organic fertilizers can also
improve soil’s organic fraction. When the soil structure is good the roots of spinach can develop
rigorously with
moisture increase. The soil can also he worked easily and he more resistant to rain, it retains water
until decomposition is complete. These fertilizers activate the soil profiles; they give more food to
the soil inhabitant that change organic manure into organic matter which decays and is changed
into humus releasing mineral nutrient.
Organic fertilizer: Application
When applying organic fertilizers it only needs to he broadcast the quantity is determine by the
number of plants grown. Heavy application can burn seedlings and young plants and this process
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
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Section 2: Sample practical investigation A
is called drying out or desiccation due to the presence of too much alt within the fertilizer. This
process could also he experienced when there is heavy application of inorganic fertilizers where
toxic concentration of salt can build up in the soil and create chemical imbalance lettuce is ready
for harvesting after 60 days after planting. The outer leaves are to he cut and the inner ones left to
continue growing. Lettuce does not keep long so it should he eaten sooner after harvesting.
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Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
Section 2: Sample practical investigation A
CHAPTER III
Procedure
Research type
The research type was a field experiment that was aimed at describing and comparing the growth
rate, yield and quality of spinach under the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers
Layout
UNIT A
UNIT B
Inorganic fertilizers
Organic fertilizer
The plot is 3m by 4m. It is divided into two units, one force the inorganic fertilized lettuce. UNIT A
was for the lettuce grown under organic fertilizers. UNIT B was for the lettuce grown under organic
fertilizer.
Equipments used
1. Tape measure- for measuring the plots size.
2. Fork- for loosening the soil.
3. Spade- for making pathways
4. Rake- for making leveling the soil and make a fine tilt.
5. Watering can - for watering plants
6. String- used for straightening rows.
7. Pegs –For making corners.
Subject selections
Select the middle four rows as they have low chances of being attacked by pests.
Data Analysis
The data was analysis by the use of percentage and means (average).
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
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Section 2: Sample practical investigation A
Data Presentations
Data was presented in the form of tables. Table 1: Data Analysis
Objectives
Statistics
1. Describe growth rate of spinach under the use Average in percentage (%)
of organic and inorganic fertilizers.
10
2. To compare the yield of spinach under the use
of organic and inorganic fertilizer
Leaves number, in means
3. To compare the quality of spinach under the
use
of organic and inorganic fertilizer
Compare the leave color
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
Section 2: Sample practical investigation A
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS TO DISCUSSION
To summarize a bite, organic farming is the form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as
crop rotation, green manure, compost and biological pest control to maintain soil productivity and
control pests on a farm. It excludes or strictly limits the use of synthetic fertilizers (Pesticides,
herbicides, insecticides). Plant growth regulations such as hormones livestock antibiotics, food
additives and whilst on the other hand inorganic farming requires adequate use of fertilizers \
chemicals e.g. herbicides, pesticides, and many more for plant growth.
With the experiments in the plots, we gathered that this is an easier and more efficient way of
growing crops. It reduces pests and diseases in the field and higher yields are obtained. We also
gathered that it is more convenient and provide most or all the nutrients at once which the plants
need. However, a huge difference between the two experiments was gathered.
The organic method we observed, that it needed more labor and it takes time for it to start working
in the soil. Before usage we had to wait for the dung to dry up first then make a tilt so that it
became smooth, this cost labor. Despite all this, we also observed that this method of farming
sustains the health of soils and the plants since the plant is free from chemicals that may harm
consumers. Pests were observed with the organic methods and some plant leaves were turning
yellow at the lower bottom due to lake of nitrogen; however their growth rate was perfect times two
compared to the inorganic side of the plot Basal fertilizer was put in every planting station of the
inorganic method and some plants did not show up and we had to replace transplants whereas on
the other side the growth rate of the lettuce was perfectly normal although weeds grew randomly.
GROWTH RATE
The first few weeks, both sides of the plot the organic and inorganic sides had the same growing
rate in their lettuce. The leaf length was approximately the same height because transplanting
was done on the same day. Changes were seen in the third week or so, the height and growth
rate started to depreciate in plot B (INORGANIC PLOT ) whilst in plot A, no stunted growth was
observed.
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
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Section 2: Sample practical investigation A
The observations are as follows: FIRST 3 WEEKS
WEEKS
PLOT
HEIGHT
A
B
NUMBEROF
LEAVES
3
3
WEEK 1
WEEK 1
WEEK 2
A
5
4.5CM
WEEK 2
B
5
4.5CM
WEEK 3
A
7
6.5CM
WEEK 3
B
5
4.5CM
WEEK 4
A
9
7.2CM
WEEK 4
B
6
5.0 CM
3CM
3CM
QUALITY OF THE PLANT
Quality
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Colour
Bright Green
Still Green
Lower Leaves
started to change
Smoothness
Very Smooth
Smooth but not
crisp
Rough
With all thus data gathered we learn that organic method had more effects on the lettuce than
the inorganic method, this is seen by the data presented on the above tables. We note that plot A
which is the organic plot grew well than the inorganic side of the plot.
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Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
Section 2: Sample practical investigation A
CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION
Observations were made that lettuce can be grown very well in organic way of growing crops since
this method is built up in the soil by organic methods which are used, which add up nutrients into
the soil thus improving the growth rate and the quality of the lettuce. Lettuce has shallow roots, so
by this, putting organic matter in the top soil will provide the plant with nutrients, also, improving the
yield of the lettuce.
Both organic and inorganic ways of growing plants are good for instance, with inorganic, lettuce got
all the three nutrients from the fertilizers used which also improved its yield and prevents pests and
diseases from the lettuce.
Since 1990 we are told that the market for organic products has grown from nothing, reaching
55 billion in 2009. According to organic monitor (www.organic monitor). This demand has driven
a similar increase in originally managed farmland. Approximately 37000000 hectors 991000000
acres) are now formed organically representing approximately 0.9% of the total world farmland. A
2007 study has conducted that organic methods could produce enough food to sustain the human
population and potentially an even larger population without increasing the land base, this state’s
clearly that this method is not too costly and it is easy but however this study also states that
organic farms have lower harvest yields due to lower adoption of fertilizers and pesticide in the
land. Despite all this I we recommend this system with lettuce because lettuce in plot A grew very
well with this system.
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION
Organic farming combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment
and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved, meaning that the lettuce
produced was good and healthy and clean to eat, free from chemicals, so organic matter is no
harm and this system is best for growing plants because the lettuce grew very well in a chemical
free environment.
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
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Section 2: Sample practical investigation A
14
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
EFFECTS OF MULCH ON ONION PRODUCTION
ABSTRACT
Both wind and water are powerful eroding agents and in a short space of time the cleared land
can lose a ll its topsoil and become infertile. Consequently any l and exposed to these agents
must be protected in eve ry way. Farmers must resist the temptation to take a quick profit at the
expense of future harvest. Mulching is however amongst the soil erosion prevention measures.
The project was a descriptive and winter constructed project with aims of describing the growth
rate and comparing both quality and quantity yields between onions grown under mulch and
onions grown under non mulch conditions.
Mulch being a layer put on the soil surface int ers and intra rows, well known crop management
practice. It was constructed mainly to find out the effects of mulch in onion production. The project
was important as it was to reveal the importance of mulch in production and to show how mulch
improves yield or produce. The study construction was also important to raise awareness that
mulch ca be used as a first alternative of improving production.
The project proceedings were carried out in a method of two sections A and B in the similar 4
by 4 meter plot. Six rows of onions in two divisions A and B each with three rows 30cm inter and
intra rows of onions were put in the experiment . A path divided the two with the first three rows
put under mulch conditions and the next three were put under non-mulch conditions . E qua l
management practices were carried out on both sections.
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
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Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
LIST OF TABLES AND GRAPHS
TABLE 1
TABLE 2
TABLE 3
TABLE 4
TABLE 5
GRAPH 1
GRAPH 2
?
8
11
15
16
13
14
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
COPYRIGHT
ii) DEDICATIONS
(iii) AKCNOWLEDGEMENTS
(iv) LIST OFTABLES AND GRAPHS
(v) TABLE OF CONTENTS
(vi)
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Background
Purpose of study
Justification
Problem statement
Objectives
Hypothesis
Alternative
Definition of terms
Limitation of study
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVI E W
4
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLGY
Research type
Experiment lay out
Procedure
Equipment
Data presentation
Data analysis
6
6
6
7
7
8
CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS
16
Growth rate
9
Quantity of yield
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Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
Quality of yield
16
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION
Growth rate
17
Quantity of yield
19
Quality of yield
20
CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY, CONCLUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
21
Conclusions
22
Recommendations
23
REFERENCES
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Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
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Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
CHAPTER 1
Background
INTRODUCTION
Mulch is a layer put on the soil surface, inter and intra rows in planting or crop production. It
has been commonly used in subsistence farming to cut costs and improve yields. Large scale
commercial producers of crops normally use chemicals to cover up for the role played by mulch
in crop production. This includes the suppression of weeds and sustaining of moisture in soil.
Mulch is also known for prevention of soil erosion and capping. In the early sixties has been well
known for also controlling soil temperatures in fairly dry areas of the equatorial regions. Mulch also
contributes to soil fertility as it maintains a good soil structure with a well distribution of organic
matter. The second addition of agriculture also gives that mulch has been practised in schools for
over sixty years and it has operated ever since.
Mulch has however been used on onion production because onions are underground bulbs that
spend their entire life cycle under the protection of the soil. In this project soil is the main asset
that mulch is believed to protect. Onions also have little or no pests therefore the project will have
minimized problems. As all individual who engage in crop production aim at making a reasonable
profit compared to expenses. However mulch reduces irrigation rates weeding labor and weed
control as well as a maintaining soil fertility which reduces fertilizer application and costs. This
therefore leads to more production profits at Iow expenditure.
On the other hand mulch has been somehow found to attract insects that may favor a straw
(grass) layer as a home. This has contributed to mulch being disregarded for crop management as
the population
of insects like grasshoppers and caterpillars would gradually
increase. An insect populated garden is however not suitable for further production of other crops.
Other mulch layers could be plastic material, wood material and leaves.
Purpose of study
The mulching study was put in progress to describe and compare the growth rate , quality of yield
and the quantity of produce in onions grown under mulch and onions grown under none mulch
conditions. The investigations will clearly define the effect that mulch has on the production of
onions.
Justification
Mulching has been a subsistent practice for decades due to the development and chemical
introduction. It has been underestimated due to its labor and time consuming characteristic.
Therefore the study was conducted to prove that even with so much labor and time consumed
production under the influence of mulch will give high yields of good quality an d greatly increased
profits . This will be at low costs and minimized management labor.
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Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
Statement of research problem
Enormous expenses on crop management and production have been exhausted on poor quality
of inorganic and low selling produce yield . This is due to less knowledge on simpler, cheaper, and
effective ways of crop management practices. However mulch plays an important role in improving
these gradually decreasing and unpleasant yields.
0 bj ectives
The research was guided by the following objectives;
1. To describe the growth rate of onions under mulch and onions under non mulch conditions
2. To describe the yield given by onions under mulch and onions under non mulch conditions
3 To describe the quality of onions under mulch and onions under non mulch conditions.
Hypothesis
Main Hypothesis
Mulching increases growth rate, quality and yield in the production
of onions
Alternative Hypothesis
Mulching has no effect on the growth rate and yield of onion production.
Definition of terms
Mulch: A layer put on the soil surface when plants are grown
Infiltration:
The ability of water to enter the soil
Erosion:
The wearing away of topsoil particles by run-off, wind etc.
Yield:
The harvest or end produce of crop production
Limitation of study
Time: This study required efficient time for all observations and measurements. However, due to lack
of time, observations and necessary measurements were taken during spare time.
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
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Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
Kwateng (2000) stated that when land is cleared off its natural vegetation, it becomes exposed
to soil erosion agents like wind, rain, and living organisms. The cleared land can lose its topsoil
within a short period of time and become infertile. Consequently, any land exposed to this
situation must be protected in every possible way. Farmers must resist the temptation to take a
quick profit at the expense of future harvest. Mulching is however one of the soil erosion prevention
measurements.
Cultivation of crops, particularly on a plantation scale has provided an enormous amount of food
for some members of the animal kingdom. It has also given a suitable environment that favors
the spread of disease causal organisms. This was stated by Towler (2002) when he discovered
that soil treatments which encourage germination and plant growth are also ideal for the growth
of weeds competing for precious resources. However the control of weeds, pest and diseases
is a major consideration in the successful cultivation of crops. In relation, mulch has a potential
in prevention of weed growth and thus prevent the growth of disease causal weeds and pests
attracted their flowers and fruits.
Soil temperatures either too high or too low are said to be a limiting factor in certain areas of
the tropics by Pedro ( 1999). The solution is normally to mulch the soil with various materials
depending on whether soil temperatures are to be increased or decreased. In soils recently cleared
for cultivation, management of topsoil temperatures via straw mulching is extremely jmportant to
neutraljze the jncrease in topsoil temperatures, with exposure and correspondingly faster rate of
organic matter decomposition, which can reduce infiltration rates in soils low in iron and aluminum
oxide coatings. In addition, mulching decreases water consumption and the need for weed control
and often increase yields.
Sanchez (2000) analyzed that large areas of Ultisols and Alf sols with sandy textured top soils a
similar soils present are completely set of management problems. Exposure and cultivation, can
easily lead to serious soil compaction, runoff and erosion. The moisture range for suitable soil
tillage operations is narrower than the case of the first group . On the positive sjde, many of these
soils hold more available water in their particles than do clay soils. Protecting the soil surface with
mulching is the best management alternative.
In steep areas minimum tillage is essential.
Morgan (1996) stated that difficulties with weed control in operating large amounts of residue
and in many cases, lower yields have also prevented the widespread take up of stubble mulch
tillage. Nevertheless , this system can be used successfully to control wind erosion and conserve
moisture in drier wheat growing areas.
Average annual soil loss over eight years was 2t/ha. on stubble mulched land compared with 6.5t/
ha on conventionally tilled land.
In addition to the above, Bertrand (1959) confirmed that covering the soil with crop residue
mulches increases the infiltration capacity and decreases runoff and erosion losses in practically
all cases. The desirability of mulch for erosion control is generally well recognized. Mulching affects
the physical, chemical and biological conditions of the soil while the over all yield is good.
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Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
Furthermore Owen (2007) confirmed that a layer of vegetation can be applied around the base
of growing crops in order to conserve moisture within the soil. Various materials can be used like
a grass cutting, chopped maize stalk and leaves. Sometimes black polythene sheeting is used.
Mulching reduces evaporation and weed growth. Fruit trees are suitable for mulching but for most
fields crops the benefits would not be worth the work in preparing and applying the mulch. He also
stated that the soil cover protects the soil from erosion by wind or water.
Lastly Ngugi ( 1990) concluded that mulches are plant materials such as straw which are used as a
soil cover mainly for conservation of soil moisture by preventing excessive evaporation. It is worth
noting that synthetic mulches can also be used as is practiced in pineapple production in the Thika
area in Kenya. For our purposes however, we are concerned with organic or vegetable mulches.
The main material s commonly employed as mulch include maize stalk, star grass, Napier grass,
banana leaves, coffee husks, and sisal waste. The main benefits of mulching are soil moisture
conservation, improved water infiltration, smothered weeds, improved soil structure by adding
organic matter and protected soils from erosion.
He also concluded that mulch controls weeds by cutting out light from the surface of the soil which
prevents germination of weed seeds due to lack of light. Many weeds are incapable of penetrating
through the thick layer of mulch even if they were to germinate, they therefore die. Mulch is a
common practice in coffee and pineapple cultures in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
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Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Research Type
This type of research was a descriptive field experiment aimed on describing the growth rate and
yield in quantity and quality of onions grown under mulch and onions grown under non mulch
conditions.
Layout
SECTION A
MULCH
SECTION B
NON MULCH
Procedure
A 4 by 4 meter plot was constructed for the study. Onions were appropriately planted in two
sections. The first three rows on one end were put under mulch conditions and labelled section A.
The second rows of three were put under non mulch conditions and labelled section B. Similar and
equal management was carried out on both sections.
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Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
Equipments
1. Two one meter sticks with centimetre divisions were used to measure heights.
2. A ten centimetre stick with centimetre divisions was used to measure moisture depth
3. Trowels were used to remove weeds and watering cans for watering.
Data Presentation
Data was presented in tables and graphs
Data Analysis
Table1: Data Analysis
OBJECTIVES
*The description of growth rate
between onions under mulch
and onions under
non-mulch conditions
*The description of the
quantity of yield given by
onions under mulch and
onions under non-mulch
conditions.
STATISTICS
*Averages , percentages , and
differences.
*Mass, differences, means,
and percentages.
*Size, diameters, and
colour of leaves and onions.
*The description of the
quality of onions grown
under mulch and onions
grown under non-mulch
conditions.
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
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Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS
OBJECTiVES
Growth rate in section A (mulch)
Table 2
Height (em)
Week 1
Weekly
Height
Gained
18.8
Leaves per
plant
2
6
Week 2
24.8
Week 3
27.9
3
3
11.3
Week 4
39.2
Week 5
49.1
4
4
12.6
Week 6
61.7
Week 7
69.2
5
5
9.7
Week 8
78.8
Week 9
83.3
6
6
2.2
Week 10
85.5
Week 11
92.8
6
6
0.5
Week 12
93.3
Week 13
93.3
6
6
0
Week 14
93.3
6
The above table clearly shows weekly height measurements taken during the project. Height gained per
week is outlined in the second column and the average weekly growth rate in the third column. The weekly
average leaf per plant was calculated above. The following conclusions were drawn:
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Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
Total Height:
93.3cm
Average Height: Average 65cm
Growth rate:
6cm/week
Average Leaf number:
5
Growth rate in section B (non-mulch)
Table 3
Height (em)
Week 1
14.8
Week 2
21.8
Week 3
23.7
Week 4
29.1
Week 5
34.8
Week 6
39.2
Week 7
42.4
Week 8
54.5
Week 9
57.4
Week 10
59.1
Week 11
62.6
Week 12
62.9
Week 13
62.9
Week 14
62.9
Weekly
Height
Gained
Leaves per
plant
2
7
2
3
5.4
3
3
4.4
4
4
12.1
4
4
1.7
5
5
0.3
5
5
0
5
The above table clearly outlines the weekly measurements taken during the project. Height gained per week
was measured and the average growth rate was calculated. The number of leaves per plant was also calculated
weekly and the following results were compiled .
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
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Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
Total Height: Average
Height: Average
Growth rate: Average
Leaf number:
62.9cm
44.9cm
4.4cm/week
4
Fig I: (Growth rate)
Fig 1: above i s a graph illustrating t he difference in growth rate between the two sections of
onions under the influence of mulch (represented by the graph wit h kite shaped divisions) and
onion s n o t under the influence of mulch (represented by the graph with square shaped divisions)
26
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
Fig 2(Height differences)
KEY
A
B
onions under mulch conditions
onions under non-mulch conditions
Fig 2; above is a graph showing the difference in height betwe en the two sections of onions
under the influence of mulch (represented by graph A ) and onions not under the influence of
mulch (represented by graph B).
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
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Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
Quantity of yield
Table 4
Mass (kg)
Section
A (mulch)
57 . 6
Section B
(non mulch)
19.2
Difference(kg)
%
Djfferenc e
38.4
200
Table 4 above give s the mass of onions at harvest from the two sections and the difference in
mass given by onions under mulch conditions compared to onions under non-mulch conditions. A
200 difference was also calculated above.
Quality of yield
Table 5
AVERAGE ONION DIAMETER I ROW (em)
Diameter
Row 1
Section
A
(MULCH)
8.2
8 .3
5
4 .8
Section B
(NON MULCH)
Row 2
Row 3
9
4.6
Average diameter/
onion( em)
8.5
4 .8
Table 5 above draws the conclusions of the differences in quality of both onion groups where average onion
diameter was measured per row of onions. An average of averages in diameter/onion was calculated to draw
the conclusions.
SECTION A
The leaves were 2cm in thickness and dark g r een.
SECTION B
The l eaves were 0.8cm in thickness and were lime greenish with dried tips
28
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION
Growth
Table 2 and table 3 were the measurements that gave an average height of 65cm in table 2
(mulch), and 44.9 em in table 3 (non mulch). An average height difference of 20.lcm or 44% height
difference was extracted.
A weekly height gain was calculated and located in the weekly height gained column, eventually
giving an average growth rate of 6cm/week in table 2 (mulch) and 4 . 4cm/week in table 3 (non
mulch).The averages of the number of leaves/plant were calculated giving the average leaf/plant
of 5 leaves/plant in table 2 (mulch) and 4 leaves/plant in table 3 (non- mulch) presented on the
fourth column. Leaf /plant difference was 1. This was mainly due other leaves drying up due to high
evaporation rate in section B.GRAPH A represents the height differences of onions under mulch
conditions and GRAPH B represents onions grown under non-mulch conditions.
Daily watering was equal with 3 watering cans on both sections for the first week. Due to the winter
winds, lack of rain, and the onions vegetative growing, watering increased to 6 watering cans in
section B (non-mulch) and 4 watering cans in section A (mulch) from the second to the sixth week
of planting. This was due to high evaporation rate on section B as the soil surface was bare and
directly exposed to the agents of evaporation (wind and high temperature). Watering fluctuated
from plus 2 to plus 3 watering cans in section B (non-mulch) up to week J 4. Consequently, four
onion plants dried up in the process in section B (non-mulch.
Due to protection from high temperatures , soil erosion and capping , soil in section A (mulch) was
still reasonably moist almost every morning, and soil in section B (non-mulch) had lost roughly
40% moisture in the night winter winds. As for section A (mulch), the soil remained crumby yet
the unprotected soil in section B (non mulch) soil capping , compaction, and cracking was weekly
observed. Most onion bulbs were exposed above ground level in section B due to runoff eroding
the soil. Weeds grew from day 3 of planting and were removed every 5 days of growth in both
sections. However , weeds in section B (non-mulch) emerged 6 days after removal yet weeds in
section A (mulch) emerged I 0 days after removal. This was because weed growth in section B
(non-mulch) was not suppressed . More weeding labor was exhausted in section B than section
A. The weeds in section B (non-mulch) grew faster and taller compared to onions than the weeds
in section A (mulch). This was because weeds in sectjon A (mulch) struggled to emerge through
the grass layer and grew shorter than the vigorously growing onions. Shortly, mulch acted as a
depressant agent in weed growth. However, weeds in this section were healthier than weeds in
section B (non-mulch). This was due to the soil being well nourished in terms of soil fertility as no
erosion occurred and good moisture content due to minimized evaporation by the layer.
On observation, the leaves of onions under non-mulch conditions changed from green to thin
yellowish colored, then eventually small and brownish with dry tips occasionally wilting throughout
the project. On the other hand , leaves of onions under mulch conditions remained green, large
and healthy throughout the project. Both leaf characteristics depended on weed competition,
watering rate , and soil conditions in terms of moisture, fertility, and structure which mulch
controlled in section A. Lastly, as onions merely have pests and diseases, none were found in
section B (non-mulch). However, ants, grasshoppers, and caterpillars were found in section A
(mulch). This was a negative aspect towards the mulching management practice which provided a
home for the pests which might have eaten or introduced certain diseases to the onions.
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
29
Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
Quantity of yield
Mass was weighed and recorded in table 4, giving 57.6kg in s ection A(mulch), and 19.2kg in
section B (non - mulch) of leaved onion bulbs in both sections . A mass difference of 38.4kg drew
conclusions that onions under mulch conditions have a 200% mass difference from onions under
non-mulch conditions. Refer ably; the mass difference was due to onions growing in favor of
mulch management practices carried out in section A. where the factors that interfere with plant
growth were well taken care of by the mulch layer. The quantity results were also influenced by the
wilting and drying off of some seedlings in section B (non-mulch) as mention e d above during the
fluctuation of watering rate due to high evaporation rate.
Quality of yield
Results a llocat ed in table 5 draw an average of the averages / row in each section. Onions under
mulch conditions in section A had an average diameter /onion of 8.5cm, yet onions under nonmulch conditions in section B had an average diameter / onion of 4 .8cm.A calculated average
difference in diameter of 3. 7cm analyzed that onions grown under mulch conditions give 77 %
quality onions than those grown under non-mulch conditions.
Th is difference was due to onions on section A (mulch) being covered by the mulch layer
providing protection from extreme temperatures thus preventing evaporation of onion fluids. This
produced onion bulbs with thick and moist onion rings with a reasonable diameter. Onions in
section B (non-mulch) however suffered soil erosion and cracks which exposed the bulbs to these
harsh conditions therefore shrunk to thin, almost dry onion rings.
Leaves harvested on onions grown under mulch cond ition s had an average thickness of 2cm,
while leav es harvested in onions grown under non-mulch conditions had an average thickness of
0.8cm. This gave an average thickness difference of 1.2cm due to the mulch layer providing hea
lthy growing soil conditions with adequate water and nutrient supply throughout the project on the
section of onions under mulch conditions. On the other section (onions under non mulch condit
ions) strived for water and nutrient due to competition with weeds thus grew thinner. Conclusively,
onions under mulch condition grew big ger and of high quality due to improved management
practices and benefits offered by the app li cation of mulch.
30
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This was a descriptive field and winter constructed project with aims of describing the growth rate,
and comparing both qu a lity and quantity yields between onions grown under mulch conditions
and onions grown under non - mulch conditions. Mulch being any layer put on the soil surface inter
and intra plant rows is a well known crop management practice. It was constructed mainly to find
out the effects of mulch in onion production . The project was important as it was to reveal- the
importance of mulch in production and to show how mulch improves yields or produce. The study
construction was also important to raise the awareness that mulch can be used a first alternative
of improving production.
The major issue was that insufficient knowledge on the effects and importance of the role played
by mulch in crop production gradually leads to a decrease in yields . The main hypothesis stated
that mulching increases growth rate
The project proceedings were carried out in a method of two sections A and B in the similar 4 by
4• meter plot. Six rows of onions in two divisions A and B each with three rows 30cm inter and 11
em intra rows of onions were put in the experiment. A path divided the two with the first three rows
put under mulch conditions and the next two rows were put under non-mulch conditions. Equal
management practices were carried out on both sections. Two em divided one meter sticks were
used for height measurements, one em divided
1Ocm stick was used for moisture depth, hoes and trowels were used for weeding.
Conclusions
•
Data was presented in table and graph form, then analyzed 1n averages, differences, percentages and
appearance.
•
0n ions in sect i o n A ( m u Ic h) gave a tot aI height of 9 3 .3c m and an average height of 65cn.
Section B (non-mulch) however had a total height of 62.9cm and an average height of 44.9cm. A height
difference of 30.4cm and an average height difference of 20.1 em or 44% was analyzed.
•
Final growth rate in section A (mulch) was 6cml week and 4.4cm/week in section B (non-mulch).
•
Leaves were counted and section A (mulch) gave an average leaf/plant of 5 leaves then section B (nonmulch) gave an average leaf/plant of 4 leaves. Table 2 and 3 clearly discuss these findings.
•
Y i e I d quantity in section A (mulch) was 5 6 .7 kg and 1 9 .2 kg i n section B (non-mulch) as outlined in
table4. Differences in yield quantity was 38.4kg giving a 200% yield quantity 1n section A (mulch) than in
section B (non-mu}ch).
•
Qua I i t y in terms of on i on buI b d i am e t e r gave a 7 7 % b u I b diameter difference of 3.7cm, where
onion bulbs from section A (mulch) had an average diameter of 8.5cm , and onion bulbs from section B
(non-mulch) had an average diameter of 4.8cm.
•
P I ant I eaves in sect i on A ( m u I c h) at harvest were dark green and 2cn in thickness. However, plant
l eaves in section B (non mulch) were 1.2cm less than those in section A (mulch) with a thickness of
0.8cm and were lime greenish with dry tips.
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
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Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
Recommendations
From the results and conclusions drawn in this research project , further researches can be
constructed. One research could be to spot out the effects of mulch on onions pest s and disease
attacks.
Another research could be finding out the effects of mulch in the application of fertilizers and soil pH
in onion production.
All farmers are greatly recommended to opt for mulch as a first alternative in crop production
management practice in order to increase yields whilst cutting irrigation costs. Farmers should also
use mulch to suppress weeds therefore saving a great deal of and cutting labor costs that would
have been used in other aspects of crop production.
REFERRENCES
Bertrand, C. H. (1959) Crop Production in Tanzania, Macmillan, Boleswa Publishers, (Pty) Ltd.
Kwateng, G. A (2000) West African Agriculture . Third Edition
Owen, G. H. (1998) 0-Level Agriculture, Longman Group Ltd.
Sanchez, P. S. (1999) Properties and Managements of Soils in the Tropics, 9th Edition,
Penguin Books
Ngugi, D. H. (1990) East African Agriculture, Longman Group Ltd.
32
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
Appendix 1: Coursework Accreditation Cover Sheet
Evidence for Cambridge IGCSE® coursework assessor
accreditation Cover Sheet
Cambridge IGCSE Agriculture 0600/Cambridge ‘O’ Level Agriculture 5038
Please complete this form in BLOCK CAPITALS.
Centre number
Centre name
Teacher’s name
Contact email
Declaration of authenticity
I have read and understood the training materials and certify that the evidence submitted with this
form is my own original work.
Signed
Date
(DD/MM/YY)
Name
Return this form to:
Cambridge IGCSE Accreditation Coordinator (EDM),
Cambridge International Examinations,
1 Hills Road,
Cambridge,
CB1 2EU,
UK.
Save a copy of all forms submitted, for your own records.
Completed forms can also be scanned and emailed to info@cie.org.uk using ‘IGCSE Teacher
Accreditation’ as the subject line.
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
33
Section 3: Sample practical investigation B
34
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
Appendix 2: Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample A
Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample A
IGCSE/O Level Agriculture
Please record your outcomes for the marking of the accreditation sample investigations A and B in the tables
below with a brief statement supporting your decision.
Sample practical investigation A:
Investigating the effect of organic and inorganic fertiliser on the
growth of lettuce
Marking Criteria
Mark
Supporting comment
1. The selection of relevant
questions (hypothesis) for the
investigation
/5
2. The planning of the
investigation and the
principles on which it is based
/5
3. The handling of evidence
/5
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
35
Section 3: Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample A
Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample A (continued)
4. The ability to make
deductions from the evidence
or the data acquired
/5
5. The ability to recognise the
limitations of the investigation
/5
6. Description of practical,
presentation, layout and
originality (candidate’s own
work)
/5
General comments on Practical Investigation
Total Mark for Practical
Investigation A
36
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
/30
Appendix 3: Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample B
Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample B
IGCSE/O Level Agriculture
Sample practical investigation B:
Effects of mulch on onion production
Marking Criteria
Mark
Supporting comment
1. The selection of relevant
questions (hypothesis) for the
investigation
/5
2. The planning of the
investigation and the
principles on which it is based
/5
3. The handling of evidence
/5
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
37
Section 3: Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample B
Accreditation mark sheet Task 1 Sample B (continued)
4. The ability to make deductions
from the evidence or the data
acquired
/5
5. The ability to recognise the
limitations of the investigation
/5
6. Description of practical,
presentation, layout and
originality (candidate’s own
work)
/5
General comments on Practical Investigation
Total mark for Practical
Investigation B
38
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
/30
Total Mark for Practical
Investigation A
/60
Appendix 4: Accreditation mark sheet Task 2
Accreditation mark sheet Task 2
IGCSE/O Level Agriculture
F
Have you included a practical exercise that you have designed for use in your own Centre?
F
Have you included a work sheet for the practical exercise?
F
Have you included a mark scheme for the practical exercise covering the relevant marking criteria
for the syllabus?
Indicate the ability of the candidates that it is designed to cover
Explain how you would ensure differentiation within the task exercise
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
39
40
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Agriculture
41
Cambridge International Examinations
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