FOREIGN POLICY TRADITIONS
Alexandra
Homolar
AND
US COLD WAR INTERVENTIONISM
University of
War wick
CONTENTS
¡  Background:
§  Research Focus
§  What is Foreign Policy Analysis?
¡  US Cold War Interventionism
§  US Military Interventions (overview)
§  US Cold War Doctrines
§  What Drives US Foreign Policy?
¡  Questions? Answers?
RESEARCH FOCUS
Speaking International Security
§  The Uncertainty Doctrine
§  Enemy Addiction
Collaborative Projects
§  Benchmarking in
Global Governance
§  Crisis Leadership in
International Politics
WHAT IS FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS?
¡  FPA is :
‘the study of the conduct and practice of relations between different actors,
primarily states, in the international system’
¡  Focus:
State conduct and sources of decision rather than workings of the international
system (1 s t & 2 n d image/level of analysis not 3 r d image/level of analysis)
¡  Key Concern:
decision-making (processes, actors, contexts, influences, outcomes)
¡  Normative Position:
improving FP decision-making to achieve better outcomes and more peaceful
relations
Alden & Aran 2012: Foreign Policy Analysis: New approaches
US COLD WAR INTERVENTIONISM
The World According to America?
US COLD WAR INTERVENTIONISM
Early C old War ( 1 9 4 6 - 1 9 5 3 ; Trum an)
IRAN 1946
Soviet troops told to leave north.
YUGOSLAVIA 1946
Response to shoot-down of US plane.
URUGUAY 1947
Bombers deployed as show of strength.
GREECE 1947-49
U.S. directs extreme-right in civil war.
GERMANY 1948
Atomic-capable bombers guard Berlin Airlift.
CHINA 1948-49
Marines evacuate Americans before
Communist victor y.
PHILIPPINES 1948-54
CIA directs war against Huk Rebellion.
PUERTO RICO 1950
Independence rebellion crushed in Ponce.
KO R E A 1 9 51 - 5 3 ( - ? )
U S / S o . Ko r e a fi g h t s C h i n a / N o . Ko r e a .
Stalemate; a-bomb threat (1950), against
China (1953).
US COLD WAR INTERVENTIONISM
C o ld War ( 1 9 5 3 – 1 9 6 0 ; Eis e nhowe r)
IRAN 1953
CIA overthrows democracy, installs Shah.
VIETNAM 1954
French offered bombs to use against siege.
GUATEMALA 1954
CIA directs exile invasion af ter new gov't
nationalized U.S. company lands; bomber s
based in Nicaragua. (-> J F Dulles)
EGYPT 1956
Soviets told to keep out of Suez crisis;
Marines evacuate foreigners.
LEBANON 1958
Marine occupation against rebels.
IRAQ 1958
Iraq warned against invading Kuwait.
CHINA 1958
China told not to move on Taiwan isles.
PANAMA 1958
Flag protests erupt into confrontation.
US COLD WAR INTERVENTIONISM
C o ld War ( 1 9 61 – 1 9 6 8 ; Ke nne dy, Johns on)
VIETNAM 1960-75
Fought South Vietnam revolt & North Vietnam;
1-2 million killed in longest U.S. war; atomic
bomb threats (1968 & 1969).
LAOS 1962
Militar y build-up during guerrilla war.
CUBA 1961
CIA -directed exile invasion fails.
GERMANY 1961
Alert during Berlin Wall crisis.
CUBA 1962
Blockade during missile crisis; near-war with
USSR
PANAMA 1964
Panamanians shot for urging canal's return.
INDONESIA 1965
Million killed in CIA -assisted army coup.
DOM.REP.1965-66
Marines land during election campaign.
GUATEMALA 1966-67
Green Berets inter vene against rebels.
US COLD WAR INTERVENTIONISM
Cold War (1969-1980; Nixon, Ford, Car ter)
CAMBODIA 1969-75
Up to 2 million killed in decade of bombing,
star vation, and political chaos.
OMAN 1970
US directs Iranian marine invasion.
LAOS 1971-73
US directs South Vietnamese invasion; "carpetbombs" countr yside, aids Hmong.
MIDEAST 1973
World-wide alert during Mideast War.
CHILE 1973
CIA -backed coup ousts elected Mar xist
president.
CAMBODIA 1975
Gas captured ship, 28 die in copter crash.
ANGOLA 1976-92
CIA assists South African-backed rebels.
IRAN 1980
Raid to rescue Embassy hostages (aborted
bombing); Soviets warned not to get involved
US COLD WAR INTERVENTIONISM
‘S e cond’ Cold War ( 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 8 ; Re agan)
L I BYA 1 9 81
Tw o L i b y a n j e t s s h o t d o w n i n m a n o e u v r e s .
E L S A LVA D O R 1 9 81 - 9 2
Advisors, over flights aid anti-rebel war;
soldiers involved in 1992 hostage clash.
N I C A R AG UA 1 9 81 - 9 0
CIA directs exile (Contra) invasions, plants
harbour mines vs. Sandinista revolution.
LEBANON 1982-84
M a r i n e s e x p e l P LO a n d b a c k P h a l a n g i s t s ,
Navy
bombs and shells Muslim & Syrian
positions.
G R E N A DA 1 9 8 3 - 8 4
Invasion four years af ter revolution ousts
regime.
HONDURAS l983-89
Manoeuvres help build bases near borders.
IRAN l984
2 Iranian jets shot down over Persian Gulf.
L I BYA l 9 8 6
A i r s t r i k e s to to p p l e n a t i o n a l i s t g o v ' t .
BOLIVIA 1986
A r my a s s i s t s r a i d s o n c o c a i n e r e g i o n .
I R A N l 9 87 - 8 8
U S i n t e r v e n e s to p r o t e c t I r a q i t a n k e r s
US COLD WAR INTERVENTIONISM
End of C old War ( 1 9 8 9 -9 0 ; B us h I)
L I BYA 1 9 8 9
Tw o L i b y a n j e t s s h o t d o w n .
V I R G I N I S L A N D S 1 9 8 9 S t . C r o i x B l a c k u n r e s t a f t e r s to r m .
PHILIPPINES 1989
Air cover provided for government against
coup.
PA N A M A 1 9 8 9 ( - ? )
N a t i o n a l i s t g o v e r n m e n t o u s t e d b y 27 , 0 0 0
soldiers, leaders arrested, 2000+ civilians
killed.
Post C old War ( 1 9 9 0 – 2 0 0 8 )
Bush I:
Iraq & Kuwait 1990-1; Somalia 1992. (2)
Clinton:
S o m a l i a 1 9 9 3 - 9 4 ; Yu g o s l a v i a 1 9 9 2 - 9 4 ; B o s n i a 1 9 9 3 - ? ; H a i t i
1 9 9 4 ; Z a i r e 1 9 9 6 - 97 ; L i b e r i a 1 9 97 ; A l b a n i a 1 9 97 ; S u d a n 1 9 9 8 ;
Afghanistan 1998; Iraq 1998-?; Kosovo 1999; East Timor 2000;
Macedonia 2001 . (1 3)
Bush II:
A f g h a n i s t a n 2 0 01 - ? ; Ye m e n 2 0 0 2 ; P h i l i p p i n e s 2 0 0 2 - ? ; C o l o m b i a
2003-?; Liberia 2003; Iraq 2003-?; Haiti 2004-05; Syria 2008.
(8)
US COLD WAR DOCTRINES
Kennan’s irreducible national interest ( 1948):
¡  “ T h e f undam e nt al obje ct ive s of our fore ig n policy m us t alway s be :
¡  1 . to prote c t t h e s e c urit y o f t h e nat io n …
¡  2 . to advanc e t h e we lf are o f it s pe o ple , by pro m ot ing a wo rld
orde r in whic h t his nat ion can make t he max imum cont ribut ion
to t h e pe ac e f ul and
o rde rly o f ot h e r nat io ns and de rive
m ax im um be ne fit f ro m t h e ir ex pe rie nc e and abilit ie s ”
Truman Doctrine
¡  Trum an ( 1 9 47 ) : “ T h e fre e pe ople s of t h e world look to us for
s uppo r t in m aint aining t h e ir f re e do m s … If we f alte r in o ur
le ade r s hip, we m ay e ndang e r t he pe ace of t he world-and we s hall
s ure ly e ndang e r t h e we lf are o f o ur ow n nat io n. ”
US COLD WAR DOCTRINES
Eisenhower Doctrine:
¡  E i s e n h o w e r ( 1 9 57 ) : “ t o s e c u r e a n d p r o t e c t t h e t e r r i t o r i a l
inte g rit y and polit ical inde pe nde nce of s uc h nat ions , re que s t ing
s uc h aid, ag ains t ove r t arm e d ag g re s s io n f ro m any nat io n
cont rolle d by Inte rnat ional Communism” .
Kennedy Doctrine :
¡  Ke nne dy ( 1 9 61 ) : “ Let eve r y nat ion k now… t hat we s hall pay any
price , be ar any burde n, m e et any hards hip, s uppor t any frie nd,
oppose any foe to assure t he sur v ival and succe ss of libe r t y.”
Johnson Doctrine:
¡  Johns on ( 1 9 6 5 ) : W h e n “ t h e obje ct is t h e e s t ablis h m e nt of a
C o m m unis t dic t ato r s h ip“ , do m e s t ic revo lut io n in t h e We s te rn
H e m is ph e re no lo ng e r a lo c al m at te r w h e n.
US COLD WAR DOCTRINES
Nixon Doctrine:
¡  Nixon ( 1 97 0 ) : “Am e rica cannot - and will not – conce ive all t he
plans , de s ig n all t he prog ram s , exe cute all t he de cis ions , and
unde r t ake all t he de fe ns e of t he fre e nat ions of t he world.”
Car ter Doctrine:
¡  C ar te r ( 1 9 8 0 ) : “An attem pt by any out si de fo rce to gai n contro l
of t he Pe r sian Gulf re gion will be re garde d as an assault on
t h e v it al inte re s t s of t h e Unite d St ate s of A m e rica, and …
re pe lle d by any m e ans ne ce s s ar y.”
Reagan Doctrine:
¡  Re ag an adm inis t rat ion ( 1 9 8 0 ) “ We in t h is count r y, in t h is
g e ne rat io n, are , by de s t iny rat h e r t h an c h o ic e t h e wat c h m e n
on t he walls of world fre e dom.”
WHAT DRIVES (US) FOREIGN POLICY?
International Relations (IR) Theor y
¡  Realism
§  Interest defined in terms of power (Morgenthau)
§  Security through power under conditions of anarchy (Herz)
§  Survival in anarchical self-help system (Waltz)
¡  Liberalism
§
§
§
§
§
Bottom-up -> Democratic Peace (Kant)
Principles -> Idealism / Liberal Internationalism (Wilson)
Military-Industrial Complex (Mills)
Bureaucratic Politics (Allison)
Group Think
¡  Critical Approaches and Constructivism
§  Imperialism, Colonialism, Captialism
§  Ideas, Language, Intersubjectivity, and Othering
WHAT DRIVES (US) FOREIGN POLICY?
Imperative to Inter vene?
§
§
§
§
§
Defending/Securing US Homeland?
Freedom/Democracy/’Way of Life’?
US Interests? Ideology?
International Peace and Stability?
Rescuing Civilians?
Universalist or Particularist?
•
Containment (Gaddis):
‘Vital Regions’ vs.
‘Vital Regions’ + ‘Periphery’
•
Liberal Hegemony (Ikenberry):
Engagement and Containment
US ‘Leadership Style’?
§  Hegemony vs. Dominance
§  Soft Power vs. Hard Power
§  Example vs. Force
WHAT DRIVES (US) FOREIGN POLICY?
¡  American Images and US Foreign Policy
¡  US self-image?
§
§
§
§
American Exceptionalism
Moralism
Liberalism
Legalism
¡  US image of, and interaction with, others?
§
§
§
§
Messianism
Idealism
Paternalism
Pragmatism
¡  US image about role in the world?
§  Isolationism vs. internationalism
(-> compare Jefferson, Monroe, Roosevelt, Wilson)
§  Unilateralism vs. multilateralism
ANSWERS? QUESTIONS?