Women's/GenderStudies
in Asia and the Pacific
Tableof Contents
Page
Preface
SummaryReport
i
B er n a d et t e R esu r r ec c i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
CountryPapers
India
Mary E. John
t7
Rep.of Korea
Kim Eun-Shil
49
New Zealand
Phyllis Herda
78
Philippines
Carolyn I srael- Sobritche a
100
Thailand
Vrada Somswasdi
127
Australia
Elizabeth Reid Boyd
Australia
Jindy Pettman ...............
165
r79
Australia
Y vo n n e Co r co r a n -N a n tes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
195
Bangladesh
Nasreen Khundker
200
China
BuWei
205
China
Shen Qiqi...
229
China(Hong Kong SAR)
Siumi Maria Tam ............
244
India
V asa n th i V j a ya k u m a r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
267
Indonesia
Nahiyah Haidi ..........
273 t/
Ja.pan
Hiroko Hara ...........
280
Malaysia
Sharifah Zaleha binte Syed Hassan ...
294
Malaysia
Shanthi Thambiah
302
Mongolia
Anaraa Nyamdorj
3r7
Nepal
Vijaya Shrestha
321
Country institutional Reports
CountryInstitutionalReport: lndonesia
iearchersin Women'sStudiesand activists,on
l policy-makers,on the other, will increasethe
ch has been trapped. It has to be unleashed.
on womerr'sand relatedissues. There is a rise
lted womenand men. The challengesaregrave
is true to a certain extent that women have
rd reacheda target,but if they had not hadthe
culdall the visible women so?
ectedin its treatmentof women and recognition
ersof bias and prejudice are slowly, but surely,
rugh, the day is not far when women rvill be
zomenalone. They are the corrcernsof all of
vate lives of human beings are being intruded
reseissues.They cover areasfrom sexualityto
needfor a new direction to hurnan life. Forthe
as an ideal image to be emulated has been
or equality within the given system,it is for
s relationshipsbetweenman and man, manand
s andnature.
Nahiyah Haidi
ResearchInstitute of YogyakartaState University
Background
Almost
all universitiesin Indonesia,both smteand private,now have a Women's
Study
Centre(PSWPusatStudi Wanita)as one of the academicprogrammeunits
established
to identify, analyze,and look for solutionsfor every problem women
face.
Growingstudiesfor women in IndonesiathroughPSW are directly related
perseverance
tothe
of Indonesianwomen in the early 1970s. Activities at that
time
wereenccuragedby global trendstowardelevatingissuesconcerningwomen
and
deveiopment
beginningwith the World Women'sConferenceheld in Mexico
in1975.Their lobbying efforts producedresults, and in 1978 the Indonesian
Government
respondedby includingissuesrelatedto women and developmentin
theFive-Year
DevelopmentPlanIII (RepelitaIII) of 1978-1983.In the sameperiod
oftime,thegovernmentalso appointedan official for the YoungMinister of Woman
Division.
Ihequestion
is: Why did both the governmentand societyimmediatelyrespond
tothe
issueof womenand development?
Itisafactthat, similar to all wornenaroundthe world, Indonesianwomen suffer
lhe
misfortune,i.e., being left behind and isolated,in comparisonto men.
same
Culture
in Indonesianfamilies does not place priority on educationfor female
children.
And, early marriageis common in Indonesianculture. In general,many
Indonesian
families treat women as secondafter men in all ways. For theseand
nany
otherreasons,womenhavebeenformally isolatedin most families.
Todate,
what we have seenis Indonesianwomen,left behind and vulnerable,in
allfields.In the field of education,for women the rate of iliiteracy is twice as
htgh
ascomparedwith men: 6.26Vofor males and l3.857ofor females. The same
istrue
for the rate of graduation.Most malesare generallyhigh schoolgraduates
while
femalesare elementarygraduates. The most telling statisticsare for the
number
of diploma or scholars,where the percentagesare l9.l)Va for men and
S.ll%ofor
women. Likewise,the numberof womenwith a Sarjanadegreeof S1
isless
thanthe numberof men. This is also true in the caseof degreesof Master,
Doctor,
and Professor. Such conditions for women influences their roles and
psitions
in other areas,like ernployment,politics, health, and the other public
fields.
'r1 /1
c.
In almost all provinces in Indonesia,including the Special Administrative
of
Yogyakarta,women experiencediscrimination. We, from the StateUniversity
of
Yogyakarta,could not keep silent aboutthis situation,so that we established
th
Women'sStudy Centrein 1991with the hopesthat we can help Indonesian
womenn
especiallythoseliving in Yogyakarta.
Besides
being basedon the missionsstate
Women's
Study Centrealsorefer to five natic
Resources.
They are:
Aims
l.
Woinen'sequality of life
'fhe
2.
Genderequality/justice
3.
4.
Respectingdignity and values,aswel
5.
lnstitutionalcapabilityof women'sorg
main airns of Women's Study Centre are to contribute to the thinkingabout
information and scientific researchwhich could help improve the managemen[
execution,and monitoring of all activitiesrelatedto women'srolesin developmenl
Vision
The Women'sStudy Centre'srole is as an institutionwhich strivesfor socialchangl
towards gender equality by conducting research,education, and community
servicesprogrammes. The researchcomponentis always orientediowudr
social-transfcrmation,initiating a dialectic pattern among research,education
ad
communityservices.
Missions
I. Research
a.
To developresearchfor women'sproblemsin many aspectsof life andfron
a woman'sperspective;
Assistthe needsof masseducationan
End violencetowardswomen
SCOPE
L Research
1998/199e
l.
Profile on Women'sposition andRole
2.
Women'sEfforts as Headof Familyin
3.
Educational Pattern of Girl Workers
Province in Supporting National Deve
1.
Back Burden Labours II: Useful Effor
b.
To developstudiesby finding and understanding
genderissuesin orderh
promote genderequality and fairness;and
5.
GenderConceptin ChildrenMoviesBr
5.
c.
To develop studiesable to reveal problemsrelated to children'sprotectim
and prosperity(KPA).
GenderSocializationin MoslemFamil
YogyakartaProvinces
1,
Studyon Lower Measurementof Wom
t.
Women'sParticipationin Cooperative
r
people's
prosperityS
TheAdvantage of
Prosperous
Family Stageof its Women
) Education
a.
To help YogyakartaStateUniversitygraduatesget a "plus point"in haviry
a commitmentto genderjustice; and
b.
To commit particularactivitiesfor women students,especiallyrelating
h
other strategicneeds.
3. Community Services
a.
Sharethe findings/recommendations
of researchresults;
b.
Requestpolicy makersto considera genderperspective;and
9.
TheImpact of Under-Five-years-Old
of Kindergarten Children
Positionand Role profile of StudentExt
StateUniversity by GenderApproach
215
resia,including the Special Administrativeof
scrimination. We, from the State Universityof
aboutthis situation,so that we established
the
t thehopesthat we can help lndonesianwomeq
rta.
r Centreare to contribute to the thinking about
h which could help improve the rnanagemen!
tivitiesrelatedto women's roles in developmenl
s asan institutionwhich strives for socialchange
ductingresearch,education, and community
arch componentis always oriented iowards
Jialecticpatternamong research,educationand
towardsgenderequality
c, Assistt}teneedsof masseducationandawareness
beingbasedon the missionsstatedabove,the work programmesof the
Basides
StudyCentrealsorefer to five nationalagendasby the Minister of Women
Women's
They are:
Resources.
l,
Woinen'sequalityof life
L,
Genderequality/justice
Respecting
dignity and values,as well as rvomen'srights
I
{.
Endviolencetowardswomen
).
(quaiityand independence)
Institutional
capabilityof women'sorganizations
SCOPE
L Research
199811999
l.
Profileon Women'sPositionand Rcle in KabupatenSleman
Women'sEfforts as Head of Family in Rural Areas in Meeting their Needs
3, EducationalPattern of Girl Workers of Informal Sectors in Yogyakarta
ren'sproblernsin many aspectsof life andfrom
rg and understandinggender issuesin orderto
I fairness;and
evealproblemsrelatedto children's protection
Provincein SupportingNational Development
4, BackBurden Labours II: Useful Efforts to Improve Quality of Life
L
GenderConceptin ChildrenMovies Broadcastby TelevisionStations
T.
GenderSocializationin MoslemFamiliesin Mlangi, Nogotirto,Slemanand
YogyakartaProvinces
1, Studyon Lower Measurementof Women'sWork ForceParticipationLevel
8, Women'sParticipationin CooperativeActivities in YogyakartaProvince
riversitygraduatesget a "plus point" in having
ice;and
.iesfor women students,especiallyrelatingto
9, TheAdvantageof People'sProsperitySavingsAccountson the Increasingly
Prosperous
Family Stageof its WomenParticipant'sFamilies
Family Guidanceof the Intelligence
10. TheImpactof Under-Five-Years-Old's
of KindergartenChildren
ll, Positionand Role Profile of StudentExtra CurricularActivities at Yogyakarta
StateUniversityby GenderApproach
rdationsof researchresults;
rsidera genderperspective;and
215
nesia,
.includingthe Special Administrativeof
liscrimination.We, from
tne StateUnl"."_y
this situation,so rhat we establishedC
,1,ub.oul
6c
n"o"r
;1J.
a
towardsgenderequality
Assisttheneedsof masseducationandawareness
beingbasedon the missionsstatedabove,the work programmesof the
tesides
StudyCentrealsorefer to five nationalagendasby the Minister of Women
flonen's
TheYare:
R$ources.
tharwecanhetprrdon;r;;;;.0,
l.
equalityof life
Woinen's
equality/justice
Gender
I Centreare to contribute to
the thinking about
h which could help improve
the managemeng
tivitiesrelatedto women.sroles
in O;;.fil;t.
J,
dignity and values,as well as rvomen'srights
Respecting
1, Endviolencetowardswomen
(quaiityand independence)
capabiiityof women'sorganizations
), Institutional
asan institution
SCOPE
is always oriented towards
ialecticpatternamongresearch,
educationand
L Research
which
rucring
;";;; :';;"f#: ::T::*lilff
rch component
1998/1999
Profileon Women'sPositionand Role in KabupatenSleman
Women'sEfforts as Head of Family in Rural Areas in Meeting their Needs
EducationalPattern of Girl Workers of Informal Sectorsin Yogyakarta
Provincein SupportingNationalDevelopment
r's problemsin many aspects
of life andfrom
t.
BackBurden Labours II: Useful Efforts to Improve Quality of Life
J,
GenderConceptin ChildrenMoviesBroadcastby TetevisionStations
t
andunderstanding
genderissuesin orderto
rrness;and
:al problemsrelated to children,s
protection
6.
GenderSocializationin MoslemFamiliesin Mlangi, Nogotirto,Slemanand
YogyakartaProvinces
1,
Studyon Lower Measurementof Women'sWork ForceParticipationLevel
8. Women'sParticipationin CooperativeActivities in YogyakartaProvince
rsity graduates
get a ..pluspoint,, in having
and
for womenstudents,especially
relating to
q
TheAdvantageof People'sProsperitySavingsAccountson the Increasingly
Family Stageof its WomenParticipant'sFamilies
Prosperous
Family Guidanceof the Intelligence
The Impactof Under-Five-Years-Old's
of KindergartenChildren
Positionand Role Profile of StudentExtra CurricularActivities at Yogyakarta
StateUniversityby GenderApproach
cnsol researchresults;
r a genderperspective;and
276
1999/2000
1.
2002/2003
l.
A Profile of Welfare and protection
Yogyakarta
2.
A Model Developmentof Welfareand
Region of Yogyakarta
(JuniorHigh SchoolIV) in Yogyakailr
ThePerception
of SUIPIV Students
on their Mother's Role during the Learning Process
2.
Strategiesfor Survival of Families Headedby Women in Time of
Crisis in YogyakartaProvince
3.
Women's Political Participationin 1999 GeneralElection of Kecamatu II. T[aining
Gondokusuman
L
Researchmethodology with genderpers
Husband'sRole in Overcomingthe Chronic Energy Deficiency of
4.
Mothers
2.
Genderanalyzingtechniques
J.
Programmeplan with genderperspectiv
5.
BehaviouralStyle of Headmistress's
TransformationalLeadershipon
Satisfaction
4.
Family management
6.
Rural Women's ParentingPatterns: Study on EducaticnalAchievement
Low EconomicFamilies
5.
Business
7.
Profile of Women'sEntrepreneurshipin YogyakartaProvince
III. Seminars
8.
An Exploratory Study of Violence towards Women Traders Who
Overnight in the Market in YogyakartaProvince
L
9.
The Potentialand Useful Identificationscf Human Resourcesin Tourismi 2.
YogyakartaProvince
3.
2000/2001
Regional seminar about women's pro
treatment(2002)
Women'sRightsin the Civil Law: The Islamic Legal Perspective
4.
2.
The Health Food Behaviour of Children. Under-Five-Yearsand Familv
Mothers in the Economic Crisis Era at CangkringanSub-District
Yogyakarta.
National seminar about challengesof
leadershipin the globalization era
5.
One day seminarabout the lessdevelope
in termsof sociology,politics,andeduca
The Ulama Perceptionson the Role Differenceby Genderat Bantul
YogyakartaProvince.
IV. Others
4.
The Study on Opportunitiesfor School for PregnantStudents.
Projects for developing businessesin
women'sresources,establishsmall indus
the conservationof tonic plants in the
Yogyakarta (2000-2003), in corporari
Institution(LIPD.
2001/2002
1.
The Position and Role of Womenin Political Partiesin Yogyakarta
2.
The Study of GenderEquality and Justicein Educationin JuniorHigh
(SL[P) SlemanDistrict,YogyakartaProvince
The Work Ethosof Kulon ProgoCommunity: 'A Study of Labourin
3.
ProgoDistrict: A GenderPerspective
I
Disseminationof the researchfindingsof
(1998-2003)
1.
J.
7
National seminarfor women,sparticipat
2.
Module for the management
of family wit
3.
Module for family educationwith gender
4.
The developmentof universityas the adv
andprosperity(KpA) in the SpecialAdmi
277
Students(Junior High School IV) in Y
ng the LearningProcess
A Profile of Welfare and Protection for Children at Special Region of
Yogyakarta
amiliesHeadedby Women in Time of
rce
A Model Development of Welfare and Protection for Children at Special
Regionof Yogyakarta
rationin 1999 General Election of
ningthe Chronic Energy Deficiency of
Ilaining
Researchmethodologywith genderperspective
Genderanalyzingtechniques
nistress'sTransformationalLeadershipon
Programmeplan with genderperspective
Family management
Study on Educaticnal Achievement
:neurshipin YogyakartaProvince
Business
Seminars
Violencetowards Women Traders Who
togyakartaProvince
Nationalseminarfor women's participation in regional autonomy(2001)
:ntifications cf Human Resources in Tourism
Disseminatiorrof the researchfindings of the Women's Study Centre of UNY
(1998-2003)
Regional seminar about women's problems and unfairness in gender
treatment(2002)
Law: The Islamic Legal Perspective
of Children, Under-Five-Yearsand Family
risis Era at Cangkringan Sub-District
rc Role Differenceby Gender at Bantul
for Schoolfor PregnantStudents.
menin Political Partiesin Yogyakarta
' andJusticein Educationin Junior High
yakartaProvince
rgo Community: 'A Study of Labour in
rspective
National seminar about challengesof women's organization and their
leadershipin the globalization era
Oneday seminarabout the less developedwoman's developmentin politics
in termsof sociology,politics, and education(1999)
0thers
Projectsfor developing businessesin traditional tonics to optimize
women'sresources,establishsmall industrieswith the baseof IPTEK and
the conservationof tonic plants in the Special Administrative Area of
Yogyakarta(2000-2003),in corporation with the IndonesianScience
Institution(LIPI).
Modulefor the managementof family with genderperspective(2003).
Modulefor family educationwith genderperspective(2003).
Thedevelopmentof universityas the advocatingcentreof child protection
andprosperity (KPA) in the SpecialAdministrative of Yogyakarta.
278
5.
Making video/cvD about the development of women's resources, YI. Challengeand Hindrances
specifically,sellingtraditionaltonicsin the provinceofyogyakarta.
the successof our performance,we hav
Despite
v. Excellent Programme
Dueto financial constraints,there are few chan
otheracademicprogrammes.Supportfror
some
1.
Developing Traditional Herbs (Jamu) businessin the framework
friscaseis YogyakartaStateUniversity,is limitec
of
optimizing womcn's Empowerment,Establishirrgscience-Based
to take part. For our existenceasthe Wor
Home rcady
lndustryand conservingHerbs,in yogyakartaSpecialrenitory. Asaresult withmanyrelevant institutionslike Governme
of cooperationwith the ScienceInstitution of Indonesia.it waschosen
abroad.To date, the qualification requirementf,
as
an exampleof the bestpracticeby LTNESCOand UNDp in 2000.
linitedto 52 graduates. This meansthat their rr
to be enhanced.To accomplishthis, we ha
2.
Modules for family managementwith genderperspectivehasbeenchosen need
costs
for enrolling in universitieshave gon
as
as a national programmeas a result of cooperationwith the Ministry
of
difficult to find more highly qualifi
increasingly
Women'sResources
of the Republicof Indonesia,2002-2003.
b.
Managementand Planningfor family programmes
Communicationin the family
d.
Socialeducationin the family.
The styleof parents'treatmentin the family
a.
e.
f.
3.
Reproductionhealth in the family
Financialplanningin the family
Module for family managementwith gender insight has beenchosen
as
a national programme in cooperationwith the Departmentof National
Educationfor the Republicof Indonesiain 2003. The moduleconsists
of
7 titles:
a.
b.
c.
d.
t
l-
g.
Genderconceptionand unfairness
Democracyand humanrights
Nutrientsand health
Healthand environmentalconservation
Psycho-social
conditionsin family life
Skills of makingtonics
Skills of making bird cages
The development of universities as the centre of advocacy for child
protection and prosperity (KpA) in the province of Special Administrative
District of Yogyakarta was chosen as a national programme in cooperatlol
with the Ministry of Women's Resource Development.
'c--
279
ut the develoPmentof women's
nal tonicsin the Province of Yogyakarta'
Herbs(Jamrz)business in the framework
powerment,EstablishirrgScience-Based
erbs,in YogyakartaSpecialTerritory' As a
:ienceInstitution of Indonesia, it was chosen
:tice by UNESCO and UNDP in 2000'
has been
3ementwith genderperspective
the Minisfty
with
cooPeration
of
result
a
as
Indonesia
of
, Republic
,2002-2003.
.anningfor familY Programmes
he family
the family'
' treatmentin the familY
r in the family
in the familY
gementwith gender insight has been r
r cooperationwith the Department of
ic of Indonesiain 2003. The module
andunfairness
manrights
h
.mentalconservation
litions in family life
rnics
Lrdcages
riversitiesas the centre of advocacYfor
'(KPA) in the Provinceof SPecial
aschosenas a national programme in
ten's ResourceDevelopment.
Challengeand Hindrances
the successof our performance,we have many problemsand challenges.
tofinancialconstraints,there are few chancesfor doing research,training, or
otheracademicprogrammes. Supportfrom the main organization,which in
case
is YogyakartaStateUniversity,is limited, while thereare many researchers
to takepart. For our existenceas the Women's Study Centre, we cooperate
manyrelevantinstitutionslike GovernmentalDepartmentsand LSMs from
To date,the qualificationrequirementfor researchers
in our institutionis
to 52 graduates.This meansthat their researchskills and professionalism
to beenhanced.To accomplishthis, we have not found the best solution yet
for enrolling in universitieshave gone up more than 300Vo,making it
difficult to find more highly qualifiedresearchers.