Fact Checking GOES
Current and Future
UW-Madison
Timothy J. Schmit (tim.j.schmit@noaa.gov)
NOAA/NESDIS/STAR Advanced Satellite Products Branch (ASPB)
W. Paul Menzel (paulm@ssec.wisc.edu)
CIMSS
CIMSS
Science Symposium
Union South
December 12, 2013
Madison, WI
1
Thanks to:
Mathew Gunshor and Jean Phillips
Special Thanks to:
S. Ackerman, Jun Li, W. L. Smith, Sr., N. Rao, B.
Baum, M. Griffin, A. Heidinger, J. Gurka, E. Prins,
G. S. Wade, F. Mosher, G. Ellrod, J. Sieglaff, A. J.
Schreiner, J. Li, M. Weinreb, S. Bachmeier, K.
Strabala, J. Otkin, J. Feltz, J. Gerth, A. Huang, C.
Velden, K. Bah, J. P. Nelson, C. Hayden, D. W.
Martin, D. Hillger, D. Wade, SSEC Data Center,
etc.
2
Outline
•  Current GOES and GOES-R
4th and 5th Generation
•  Spectral bands, Coverage
Spatial resolutions,
Encircled Energy,
Noise, and Bit Depth
•  Summary / Links
3
Lockheed Martin
GOES History
GOES-1/3
GOES-4/7
GOES-8/12
GOES-13/14/15
GOES-R/S+
Launched
1975
1977
1978
Launched
1980
1981
1983
1987
Launched
1994
1995
1997
2000
2001
Launched
2005
2009
2010
Planned Launch
2015
2017
2020
2025
* Spin Scan
* 2 channels
vis & IRW
* Operational
* Spin Scan
* VISSR–VAS
* 3-axis stable
* 13 channels
* Imager
vis & 12 IR
(4 IR; 1 vis)
* Operational
* Operational
MSI (vis, IRW,
Sounder
+2 more IR)
(18 IR bands)
* Better nav & cal
* No eclipse outages.
* Better spatial res
for WV on GOES-12+
& CO2 on GOES-14/15
* Operational Sounder
Impact on regional scale numerical models
* 16 Imager Bands
* Better spatial
* Faster coverage.
* No sounder
* GLM
4
GOES 8/9/10/11/12
(3rd Generation)
•  3-axis stabilized
•  Imager Bands:
–  1 vis; 4 IR
–  1 km vis
4-8 km IR IGFOV
•  Operational Sounder
–  18 IR bands
5
GOES-13/14/15 [4G]
GOES-13/14/15 have similar
instruments to
GOES-8/9/10/11/12, but on a
different spacecraft bus.
Spring and fall eclipse outages
are avoided by larger onboard
batteries.
GOES-8/12
Navigation is improved
Radiometrics is improved
Similar stray light to GOES-13/14
Originally, planned to be
advanced instruments
GOES-13/14/15
6
GOES-R/S+ [5G]
7
Lockheed Martin
GOES main instruments
Imager
Space Weather/Solar
Sounder
http://water.usgs.gov/nsip/
Auxiliary Services
8
GOES-R main instruments
ABI – Advanced Baseline Imager
Space Weather/Solar
SEISS
SUVI
EXIS
Magnetometer
ABI covers the earth
5X faster than
current Imager
Geostationary Lightning Mapper
Images courtesy of SOHO EIT, a joint NASA/
ESA program
Unique Payload Services
No Sounder
9
GOES-R Overview
•  Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI)
•  Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM)
•  Space Weather
–
–
–
–
Space Environmental In-Situ Suite (SEISS)
Solar Ultra Violet Imager (SUVI)
Extreme Ultra Violet/X-Ray Irradiance Sensor (EXIS)
Magnetometer
•  No dedicated Sounder
•  Communications
–
–
–
–
–
GOES Rebroadcast (GRB)
Low Rate Information Transmissions (LRIT)
Emergency Managers Weather Information Network (EMWIN)
Search and Rescue (SAR)
Data Collection System (DCS)
10
Spectral Bands
GOES-R has more spectral bands?
11
GOES-8/11 Imagers
GOES-12/15 Imagers
ABI PFM
14
GOES-15 Sounders
15
16
GOES-R ABI will detect SO2 plumes
Water Vapor Band Difference convolved from AIRS data
sees SO2 plume from Montserrat Island, West Indies
Figure courtesy of Kris Karnauskas
SO2 Plume
Current GOES Imager can not
detect SO2
17
ABI 7.34 µm – 13.3 µm
NOAA/NESDIS STAR, CIMSS and GOES-R Imagery Team
Corresponding current Imager bands of Hurricane Katrina
1.61 µm
0.64 µm
2.26 µm
0.86 µm
3.9 µm
6.95 µm
7.34 µm
8.5 µm
10.35 µm
11.2 µm
12.3 µm
1.38 µm
6.19 µm
9.61 µm
13.3 µm
19
NOAA/NESDIS STAR and GOES-R Imagery Team
AWG Proxy ABI Simulations of Hurricane Katrina
0.47 µm
GOES Sounder
20
GOES-R ABI Weighting Functions
ABI has only 1 CO2 band.
21
Current GOES Imager bands
22
ABI bands 1-6
23
ABI bands 7-16
24
Spectral Bands
GOES-R has more spectral bands?
Yes and No
Imager (5) and ABI (16)
Sounder (19) and no Sounder (0)
25
Number of Detectors
GOES-R has more IR detectors?
Yes
Imager (8) and ABI (~2500)
[~5500 detectors total in use]
But
destriping is more of an issue
26
Approximate number of Imager pixels
2 IR detectors per swath
Scan
1 km
4 km
Full disk
10820 x 20832
2705 x 5209
pixels
CONUS
7308 x 13852
1827 x 3463
pixels
SRSO(R)
1827 x 3463
345 x 605
pixels
1 km
Full disk
CONUS
SRSO
4 km
225,402,240 14,090,345 101,230,416 6,326,901 6,326,901 208,725 Approximate number of ABI pixels
~250 IR detectors per swath
Input Information
0.5 km
1 km
22141 11070
2 km
Full disk diameter
17.76
deg
CONUS height
4.8129
deg
6000
3000
1500 pixels
CONUS width
8.0215
deg
10000
5000
2500 pixels
Meso height/width
1.6043
deg
2000
1000
500 pixels
Full
disk
CONUS
Meso
5535 pixels
0.5 km
1 km
2 km
490,223,881
122,544,900
30,636,225
60,000,000
15,000,000
3,750,000
4,000,000
1,000,000
250,000
Figure courtesy of ITT Industries
Coverage
GOES-R has a simpler and faster scan
pattern?
29
Imager Coverage in ~30 minutes
Current Imager
(Rapid Scan mode)
Future Imager
(“Flex” mode)
Full Disk
Northern Hemi
CONUS
0
1
3
2
6
Mesoscale
0
60
Full Disk
N. Hemisphere
CONUS
30
Mesoscale
GOES Outages
-- approximate hours/year
Satellite Series
KOZ, Eclipse and
Stray Light
(spring and fall)
Housekeeping, SEM
calibration,
Maneuvers
and Yaw-flip
GOES-8 thru -12
420
211
GOES-13/14/15
(may be reduced)
220
107
GOES-R ABI
~6 - 40
~2 - 6
Improved stray light performance with the ABI.
0400 UTC
0500 UTC
0600 UTC
Hurricane
Ivan
Outage
during
landfall
31
Imager scan pattern
ABI
scans
about 5
times
faster
than the
current
GOES
imager
Anticipated scan mode for the ABI:
- Full disk images every 15 minutes + 5 min CONUS images + mesoscale.33
ABI can offer Continental US images every 5 minutes for routine monitoring of a wide
range of events (storms, dust, clouds, fires, winds, etc).
34
This is every 15 or 30 minutes with the current GOES in routine mode.
35
Mesoscale images every 30 seconds for rapidly changing phenomena
36
(thunderstorms, hurricanes, fires, etc). Or two regions every 60 seconds.
GOES-R like intervals
37
Current GOES Imager scan
coverage within 15 minutes
GOES-R ABI scan coverage
within 15 minutes
CIMSS
GOES Imager Stray Light correc>on •  GOES-­‐13/14/15 imagers and sounders are capable of scanning the sun without health and safety issues. However, in the past, NOAA had to cancel or replace all imaging within 6 degrees due to intolerable sun intrusion. •  Annual loss: Equivalent to 6 days of imaging. •  The sun intrusion is more detectable on shorter wavelength IR channels (especially Channel 2) of the imager with the effect increasing as the scan mirror line-­‐of-­‐sight (LOS) gets closer to the sun. •  NOAA and ITT Exelis have characterized the effect of the sun intrusion and developed a correcTon algorithm to claim >95% of lost images. 39 Stray Light Correc>on Coverage
GOES-R has a simpler and faster scan
pattern?
Yes, faster with less outages.
41
Spatial Resolution
GOES-R has a 4X finer spatial resolution?
42
GOES-11 vs GOES-14 (WV)
Remapped into a projection
43
Nocturnal Fog/Stratus Over the Northern Plains
GOES-10 4 minus 11 µm Difference
44
ABI image (from MODIS) shows greater detail in structure of fog.
Nocturnal Fog/Stratus Over the Northern Plains
“ABI” 4 minus 11 µm Difference
45
ABI image (from MODIS) shows greater detail in structure of fog.
GOES-12 and GOES-R ABI
Simulation of Grand Prix Fire/Southern California
GOES-12
GOES-R ABI
GOES-12
GOES-R ABI
46
Visible
Near-IR
Infrared
Approximate spectral and spatial resolutions of US GOES Imagers
~ Band
Center (um)
GOES-6/7
GOES-8/11
GOES-12/N
GOES-O/P
GOES-R+
0.47
0.64
0.86
1.6
Box size represents detector size
1.38
2.2
3.9
6.2
6.5/6.7/
7
14km
8
4
2
“MSI mode”
7.3
8.5
9.7
10.35
11.2
12.3
47
Spatial Resolution
GOES-R has a 4X finer spatial resolution?
Yes
Imager 4km oversampled by 1.75
is being replaced with
ABI 2km remapped to perfect GOES
projection (e.g., Fixed Grid Format).
48
Remap to FGF
GOES Imager
ABI Fixed Grid Format (FGF)
49
Encircled Energy
GOES-R has tighter radius of energy
entering the detector?
50
Diffraction
Mirror diameter defines ability of radiometer to resolve two point
sources on the earth surface. Rayleigh criterion indicates that angle
of separation , θ, between two points just resolved (maxima of
diffraction pattern of one point lies on minima of diffraction pattern
of other point)
sin θ = λ / d
where d is diameter of mirror and λ is wavelength. Geo satellite
mirror diameter of 30 cm at infrared window wavelengths (10
micrometers) has resolution of about 1 km. This follows from
10-5 m / 3 x 10-1 m = 3.3 x 10-5 = r / 36,000 km
or
r = 1 km = resolution.
Energy distribution from diffraction through a circular aperture
Max number
energy
location of ring
Central max
Second max
Third max
Fourth max
Fifth max
E
0.084E
0.033E
0.018E
0.011E
0 → 1.22 λ / d
1.22 →2.23 λ / d
2.23 →3.24 λ / d
3.24 →4.24 λ / d
4.24 →5.24 λ / d
Thus for a given aperture size more energy is collected within a given
FOV size for shorter vs. longer wavelengths
Central
2
3
4
5
Calculated diffraction effects for Geo 30 cm mirror for infrared window radiation
with a 2 km radius FOV in a clear scene of brightness temperature 300 K
surrounded by clouds of 220, 260, or 280 K. Brightness temperature of a 10 radius
clear hole is too cold by about 1.5 K.
Impulse or Step Response Function
Detector collects incident photons over a sampling time and accumulates voltage
response, which is filtered electronically. This is characterized by impulse (or step)
response function, detailing what response of sensor is to delta (or step) function
input signal. Response function is determined from characteristics of prealiasing
filter which collects voltage signal from detector at sampling times.
Perfect response of detector continuously sampling scene with 100% contrast bar
extending one FOV.
Scene radiance
Detector response
→
Percentage of total signal appearing in samples preceding and
following correlated sample peak; for GOES-8 infrared window
samples sample N-2 has 4.3% of total signal, N-1 has 26.5%, N
peaks with 44.8%, N+1 has 23.4%, and N+2 has 1.0%. This
causes smearing of cloud edges and other radiance gradients.
Measuring Performance via
Ensquared Energy
•
Fraction of total energy within a given square area for
GOES I-M and ABI for the 3.9 and 13.5 micron channels
84 %
ABI 3.9
I-M 3.9
ABI 13.5
2.2
999999-56
XYZ 12/28/12
I-M 13.5
3.5
6.3 6.9
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Encircled Energy
GOES-R has tighter radius of energy
entering the detector?
Yes
57
Signal to Noise
GOES-R has similar S/N?
Yes,
But at finer spatial resolution (2 km)
58
* HgCdTe detectivity drops off drastically in CO2 band (~13um)
* Can stretch detectivity to longer wavelengths by reducing it at
shorter wavelengths
* Radiation from >13um usually detecting smoother upper
atmosphere so S/N can be regained with spatial averaging
* Can also filter radiances (principal component,…)
Detector Signal to Noise
Noise equivalent radiance for infrared detector can be expressed as
NEDR(ν) = γ [Ad Δf] 1/2 / [Ao τ(Δν) Ω D* Δν]
where
γ is preamplifier degradation factor
Ad is detector area in cm2
Δf is effective electronic bandwidth of radiometer
Ao is mirror aperture area in cm2
τ(Δν) is transmission factor of radiometer optics in spectral interval Δν
Ω is solid angle of FOV in steradians
D* is specific spectral detectivity of detector in spectral band in cm Hz1/2 / watt, and
Δν is spectral bandwidth of radiometer at wavenumber ν in cm-1.
NEDR for GOES-8 imager
Band
Wavelength
(micron)
Detector
NEDR
(mW/m2/ster/cm-1)
NEDT
1
.52 - .75
Silicon
2
3.83-4.03
InSb
0.0088
0.23 @ 300 K
3
6.5 - 7.0
HgCdTe
0.032
0.22 @ 230 K
4
10.2-11.2
HgCdTe
0.24
0.14 @ 300 K
5
11.5-12.5
HgCdTe
0.45
0.26 @ 300 K
(3 of 1023 counts is noise)
GOES-8
Band
Wavelength
(micron)
Detector
NEDR
(mW/m2/ster/cm-1)
NEDT
1
.52 - .75
Silicon
2
3.83-4.03
InSb
0.0088
0.23 @ 300 K
3
6.5 - 7.0
HgCdTe
0.032
0.22 @ 230 K
4
10.2-11.2
HgCdTe
0.24
0.14 @ 300 K
5
11.5-12.5
HgCdTe
0.45
0.26 @ 300 K
Band
Wavelength
(micron)
Detector
NEDR
(mW/m2/ster/cm-1)
NEDT
2
.59 - .69
Silicon
7
3.80-4.00
InSb
0.004
0.10 @ 300 K
9
6.8 – 7.2
HgCdTe
0.09
0.03 @ 230 K
14
10.8-11.6
HgCdTe
0.17
0.04 @ 300 K
15
11.8-12.8
HgCdTe
0.17
0.05 @ 300 K
(3 of 1023 counts is noise)
GOES-R
(300 to 360:1)
SPEC
CWE
62
ABI & Imager NEDT (deg C)
* From ITT at GUC7
ABI
#
GOES
Freq.
(um)
-12
-15
Spec
Worst Case
Estimate*
#
Freq
(um)
Spec
Measured
(PLT)
Measured
(PLT)
3.9
8 6.185
9 6.95
0.1
0.10
2
3.9
1.4
0.130
0.063
0.1
0.06
0.1
0.09
3
6.x
1.0
0.15
0.17
10
7.34
0.1
0.11
11
8.5
0.1
0.04
12
9.61
0.1
0.04
13 10.35
14 11.2
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.04
4 10.7
0.35
0.11
0.06
15
12.3
0.1
0.05
5 12.0
0.35
-
-
16
13.3
0.3
0.14
6 13.3
0.32
0.19
0.13
7
63
Similar instrument noise, even with 4-16 times finer spatial resolutions!
Bit Depth
GOES-R improved bit depth?
64
Radiance
ΔR = Rmax / 2n
Rmax
Rspace
Counts
2n
65
Bit Depth
Range of radiances expected for earth and atmosphere in a given spectral band
must be converted to digital counts of fixed bit depth. This introduces truncation
error. For n bit data, the radiance range, must be covered in 2n even increments.
GOES-8 imager truncation errors are indicated below. Use ΔR = Rmax/ 210 and
ΔT(K)= ΔR / [dB/dT]K
Band
λ
Bit Depth
(micron)
Rmax
ΔR
Tmax
(mW/m2/ster/cm-1)
ΔT(230)
ΔT(300)
(degrees Kelvin)
1
.65
10
(better detail in images)
2
3.9
10
3.31
0.003
335
2.14
0.09
3
6.7
10
48.3
0.047
320
0.33
0.06
4
10.7
10
147.7
0.144
320
0.20
0.09
5
12.0
10
166.5
0.163
320
0.19
0.09
Note that [dB(4um)/dT] < [dB(11um)/dT] and [dB/dT]200 < [dB/dT]300 for all T
Temperature Sensitivity of B(λ,T) for typical earth temperatures
B (λ, T) / B (λ, 273K)
4µm
6.7µm
2
10µm
15µm
microwave
1
200
250
Temperature (K)
300
Radiance
Count vs Radiance
Count
68
Brightness Temperature Quantization Step
(K)
TBB vs TBB Quantization step
Brightness Temperature (K)
69
Brightness Temperature (K)
Count vs Brightness Temperature
Count
70
GOES-8
Band
λ
Bit Depth
(micron)
Rmax
ΔR
Tmax
(mW/m2/ster/cm-1)
ΔT(230)
ΔT(300)
(degrees Kelvin)
1
.65
10
(better detail in images)
2
3.9
10
3.31
0.003
335
2.14
0.09
3
6.7
10
48.3
0.047
320
0.33
0.06
4
10.7
10
147.7
0.144
320
0.20
0.09
5
12.0
10
166.5
0.163
320
0.19
0.09
λ
Bit Depth
Tmax
ΔT(240)
ΔT(300)
GOES-R
Band
(micron)
Rmax
ΔR
(mW/m2/ster/cm-1)
(degrees Kelvin)
2
.64
12
(better detail in images)
7
3.9
14
25.9
0.0016
410
0.540
0.040
8
6.2
12
21.8
0.0053
300
0.054
0.012
14
11.2
12
176.4
0.043
330
0.054
0.028
15
12.3
12
190.0
0.046
330
0.052
71
0.030
Quantization Steps
Band
72
Wavelength
(um)
R*
Quantization
Tbb240 (K)
Quantization
Tbb300 (K)
Quantization
1
0.47
0.00007325
n/a
n/a
2
0.64
0.00029311
n/a
n/a
3
0.865
0.00007325
n/a
n/a
4
1.378
0.00007325
n/a
n/a
5
1.61
0.00007325
n/a
n/a
6
2.25
0.00007325
n/a
n/a
7
3.90
0.00152729
0.54455256
0.04024779
8
6.19
0.00173056
0.01341733
0.00306996
9
6.95
0.00279270
0.01217279
0.00339008
10
7.34
0.00492614
0.01690319
0.00514957
11
8.5
0.00830485
0.01678817
0.00637529
12
9.61
0.00671469
0.00982666
0.00436580
13
10.35
0.01130814
0.01420322
0.00687919
14
11.2
0.01226041
0.01357084
0.00714052
15
12.3
0.01306617
0.01296121
0.00745080
16
13.3
0.01064278
0.00993425
0.00609655
* R is Reflectance Factor for bands 1-6 and Radiance (mW/m2/ster/cm-1) for bands 7-16
Bit Depth
GOES-R improved bit depth?
Yes from 10 to 12 bits per pixel
and at 4µm even 14 bits per pixel
More fires are measured
but cold scenes are still grainy at 4 µm
73
Summary
•  The current GOES is supplying critical information
on a range of phenomena.
•  ABI on GOES-R will improve over the current
instrument in many aspects (spatial, temporal,
spectral, etc.).
•  GOES-R will offer a continuation of all current
products and introduce several new products.
•  The ABI builds on previous experience and
instruments.
•  Similar imagers will be launched by Europe,
Japan, and Korea. ABI-like coverage of the globe!
74
The Advanced Baseline Imager:
ABI
Current
16 bands
5 bands
Spectral Coverage
Spatial resolution
0.64 µm Visible
0.5 km
Other Visible/near-IR1.0 km
Bands (>2 µm)
2 km
Approx. 1 km
n/a
Approx. 4 km
Spatial coverage
Full disk
CONUS
Mesoscale
4 per hour
12 per hour
Every 30 sec
Scheduled (3 hrly)
~4 per hour
n/a
Visible (reflective bands)
On-orbit calibration
Yes
No
75
Web page
•  www.goes.noaa.gov
76
Web page
•  www.goes-r.gov
77
Links
•  http://www.goes-r.gov
•  http://www.meted.ucar.edu/index.htm
•  http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes_r/proving-ground.html
•  http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes_r/proving-ground/
nssl_abi/nssl_abi_rt.html
•  http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/abi/ •  http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/
•  http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/data/geo/
•  http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/srsor/
GOES-14_SRSOR.html
78
Acknowledgements
•  The authors would like to thank the entire GOES and
GOES-R teams; both within the government, industry
and academia.
•  The views, opinions, and findings contained in this
presentation are those of the authors and should not be
construed as an official National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration or U.S. Government
position, policy, or decision.
79
Extra Slides •
•
•
•
Instruments Products MTF Fly-­‐out chart GOES Imager and Sounder
http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/text/
goes.databookn.html
81
ABI Instrument
82
http://www.goes-r.gov/downloads/GUC-7/poster-sessions/4-01-ABI_flight_perf_pred.pdf
GOES Products
83
GOES-­‐R Products Baseline Products
Future Capabilities
Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) GeostaTonary Lightning Mapper (GLM) Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) Aerosol Detec>on (Including Smoke and Dust) Aerosol Op>cal Depth (AOD) Clear Sky Masks Cloud and Moisture Imagery Cloud Op>cal Depth Cloud Par>cle Size Distribu>on Cloud Top Height Cloud Top Phase Cloud Top Pressure Cloud Top Temperature Derived Mo>on Winds Derived Stability Indices Downward Shortwave Radia>on: Surface Fire/Hot Spot Characteriza>on Hurricane Intensity Es>ma>on Land Surface Temperature (Skin) Legacy Ver>cal Moisture Profile Legacy Ver>cal Temperature Profile Radiances Rainfall Rate/QPE Reflected Shortwave Radia>on: TOA Sea Surface Temperature (Skin) Snow Cover Total Precipitable Water Volcanic Ash: Detec>on and Height Lightning Detec>on: Events, Groups & Flashes Absorbed Shortwave Radia>on: Surface Aerosol Par>cle Size Aircrab Icing Threat Cloud Ice Water Path Cloud Layers/Heights Cloud Liquid Water Cloud Type Convec>ve Ini>a>on Currents Currents: Offshore Downward Longwave Radia>on: Surface Enhanced “V”/Overshoo>ng Top Detec>on Flood/Standing Water Ice Cover Low Cloud and Fog Ozone Total Probability of Rainfall Rainfall Poten>al Sea and Lake Ice: Age Sea and Lake Ice: Concentra>on Sea and Lake Ice: Mo>on Snow Depth (Over Plains) SO2 Detec>on Surface Albedo Surface Emissivity Tropopause Folding Turbulence Predic>on Upward Longwave Radia>on: Surface Upward Longwave Radia>on: TOA Vegeta>on Frac>on: Green Vegeta>on Index Visibility Space Environment In-­‐Situ Suite (SEISS) Energe>c Heavy Ions Magnetospheric Electrons & Protons: Low Energy Magnetospheric Electrons: Med & High Energy Magnetospheric Protons: Med & High Energy Solar and Galac>c Protons Magnetometer (MAG) Geomagne>c Field Extreme Ultraviolet and X-­‐ray Irradiance Suite (EXIS) Solar Flux: EUV Solar Flux: X-­‐ray Irradiance Solar Ultraviolet Imager (SUVI) Solar EUV Imagery GOES-­‐R ABI Products Baseline Products
Future Capabilities
Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) Aerosol Detec>on (Including Smoke and Dust) Aerosol Op>cal Depth (AOD) Clear Sky Masks Cloud and Moisture Imagery Cloud Op>cal Depth Cloud Par>cle Size Distribu>on Cloud Top Height Cloud Top Phase Cloud Top Pressure Cloud Top Temperature Derived Mo>on Winds Derived Stability Indices Downward Shortwave Radia>on: Surface Fire/Hot Spot Characteriza>on Hurricane Intensity Es>ma>on Land Surface Temperature (Skin) Legacy Ver>cal Moisture Profile Legacy Ver>cal Temperature Profile Radiances Rainfall Rate/QPE Reflected Shortwave Radia>on: TOA Sea Surface Temperature (Skin) Snow Cover Total Precipitable Water Volcanic Ash: Detec>on and Height Absorbed Shortwave Radia>on: Surface Aerosol Par>cle Size Aircrab Icing Threat Cloud Ice Water Path Cloud Layers/Heights Cloud Liquid Water Cloud Type Convec>ve Ini>a>on Currents Currents: Offshore Downward Longwave Radia>on: Surface Enhanced “V”/Overshoo>ng Top Detec>on Flood/Standing Water Ice Cover Low Cloud and Fog Ozone Total Probability of Rainfall Rainfall Poten>al Sea and Lake Ice: Age Sea and Lake Ice: Concentra>on Sea and Lake Ice: Mo>on Snow Depth (Over Plains) SO2 Detec>on Surface Albedo Surface Emissivity Tropopause Folding Turbulence Predic>on Upward Longwave Radia>on: Surface Upward Longwave Radia>on: TOA Vegeta>on Frac>on: Green Vegeta>on Index Visibility Pseudo-Natural Color
“True Color” with “synthetic” green band from ABI simulated data (from CIMSS); image from Don Hillger,
RAMMB.
MTF
87
http://www.goes-r.gov/downloads/GUC-7/poster-sessions/4-01-ABI_flight_perf_pred.pdf
Costs
•  GOES System Costs
–  ?
–  Eight satellites
•  GOES-R System (lifetime) Costs
–  $10.9B
–  Four satellites
•  Both less than ‘the cost of a hamburger per
taxpayer per year’!
–  $5.89
88
GOES Fly-­‐out Schedule