CHILD HEALTH Child Health Overview Well-Child Visit • Health professionals assess the child for: – Current health status • Progression of growth and development • Need for immunizations • Health professionals have opportunity to teach parents about – child’s growth and development Growth and Development Growth • Physical increase in the whole or any of its part – Parameters of a child’s growth can be easily measured with – accuracy through acquiring the following: Weight • Head circumference • Length or height • Dentition • Growth and Development (continued) Weight • Important indicator of child’s nutritional status and general – growth Used to calculate medication dosages for children – Should be measured at every visit – Growth and Development (continued) Head Circumference • Related to intracranial volume – Normal brain growth = expected rate of increase in head – circumference Abnormal lags or surges may indicate serious problems – Growth and Development (continued) Length or Height • Compared with head circumference and weight measurement for – overall indicator of physical growth Measure infant from crown of head to heel – Place child in recumbent position • Standing height measurement for children 3 years or older – Growth and Development (continued) Dentition • Refers to eruption of teeth and follows sequential pattern – Eruption of primary teeth – 6-30 months – Twenty primary teeth • Eruption of permanent teeth - around 6 years of age – Normally 32 permanent teeth • Growth and Development (continued) Development • Increase in function and complexity that results through learning, – maturation, and growth Development screening tests are used as assessment tools – Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale for Newborns • Dubowitz for Newborns • Denver II Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Young Children • Growth and Development (continued) Stages of Childhood Growth and Development • Newborn – birth to 1 month – Infancy – 1 month to 1 year – Toddlerhood – 1 to 3 years – Preschool Age – 3 to 6 years – School Age – 6 to 12 years – Adolescents – 12 to 18 years or 21 years – Growth and Development Principles Cephalocaudal • Growth and development proceeds from head to toe – Muscular control follows the spine downward • Proximodistal • Growth and development proceeds from the center outward or – from the midline to the periphery Growth and Development Principles (continued) General to Specific • Activities move from being generalized toward being more – focused Simple to Complex • Language develops from simple to complex – Growth Spurts • Occur throughout childhood – Alternate with periods of slow growth • Immunizations Immunization • Process of creating immunity to a specific disease in an – individual Medication administered is a vaccine – Suspension of infectious agents or some part of them • Given to establish resistance to an infectious disease • Immunity • State of being immune to or protected from a disease, especially – an infectious disease Immunizations (continued) Childhood Immunizations • Administered to the well child according to specific schedule – Recommended Childhood Immunizations – Hepatitis B • DTaP • Hib • Polio (IPV) • MMR • Varicella • PCV • COMMUNICABLE DISEASES CHILD HEALTH Communicable Diseases (continued) Chicken Pox (Varicella) • Viral disease of sudden onset with slight fever, successive – eruptions of macules, papules, and vesicles on the skin, followed by crusting over of the lesions with a granular scab Itching may be severe • Infectious agent: Varicella-Zoster virus – Immunization: varicella vaccine – Communicable Diseases (continued) Diphtheria • Serious infectious disease affecting the nose, pharynx, or larynx, – usually resulting in sore throat, dysphonia, and fever Infectious agent: Corynebacterium diphtheriae – Immunization: one of the components of the DPT vaccine – Communicable Diseases (continued) Erythema Infectiosum (fifth disease) • Viral disease characterized by a face that appears as “slapped – cheeks,” a fiery red rash on the cheeks Infectious agent: Human Parvovirus – Communicable Diseases (continued) Impetigo • Contagious superficial skin infection characterized by serous – vesicles and pustules filled with millions of staphylococcus or streptococcus bacteria, usually forming on the face Progresses to pruritic erosions and crusts with a honey-colored • appearance Highly contagious lesions • Communicable Diseases (continued) Mumps (Infectious Parotitis) • Acute viral disease characterized by fever, swelling, and – tenderness of one or more salivary glands, usually the parotid glands Infectious agent: Mumps virus – Immunization: one of the components of the MMR vaccine – Communicable Diseases (continued) Pertussis (Whooping Cough) • An acute upper respiratory infectious disease that occurs mainly – in children and infants Characterized by violent cough that consists of series of several short • coughs, followed by a long drawn inspiration during which the typical whoop is heard Infectious agent: bacteria, Bordetella pertussis – Immunization: one of the components of the DPT vaccine – Communicable Diseases (continued) Roseola Infantum • Viral disease with a sudden onset of a high fever for 3 to 4 days – during which time the child may experience mild coldlike symptoms and slight irritability Fever falls rapidly on the 3rd or 4th day and a maculopapular rash • appears on the trunk Rash expands to rest of body – fades in 24 hours • Infectious agent: Herpes virus 6 – Communicable Diseases (continued) Rubella (German Measles, 3-Day Measles) • Mild febrile infectious disease resembling both scarlet fever and – measles Characterized by a rash of both macules and papules that fades and • disappears in 3 days Koplik’s spots and photophobia are not present with Rubella • Infectious agent: Rubella virus – Immunization: One of the components of the MMR vaccine – Communicable Diseases (continued) Rubeola (“Red Measles”, 7-Day Measles) • Acute, highly communicable viral disease that begins as an upper – respiratory disorder, which is characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, runny nose, sensitivity to light, and possible conjunctivitis Typical red, blotchy rash appears 4 to 5 days after onset of symptoms – • behind ears, on forehead or cheeks, progressing to extremities and trunk – lasts about 5 days Infectious agent: Measles virus – Immunization: one of the components of the MMR vaccine – Communicable Diseases (continued) Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina) • Acute, contagious disease characterized by sore throat, abrupt – high fever, increased pulse, strawberry tongue, and pointlike bright red rash on the body Infectious agent: Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci – PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS CHILD HEALTH Asthma Pronounced • (AZ-mah) – Defined • Paroxysmal dyspnea (severe attack of difficulty breathing) – accompanied by wheezing caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of their mucous membrane Asthma (continued) Asthmatic Attack • Starts suddenly with coughing and a sensation of tightness in the – chest Followed by slow, laborious, wheezy breathing – Expiration is much more strenuous and prolonged than inspiration • Patient may assume a “hunched forward” position in an attempt to get • more air Status Asthmaticus – Severe asthma that is unresponsive to conventional therapy and lasts • longer than 24 hours Cleft Lip and Palate Pronounced • (CLEFT LIP and PAL-at) – Defined • Cleft Lip is a congenital defect in which there is an open space – between the nasal cavity and the lip Due to failure of soft tissue and bones in this area to fuse properly during • embryonic development Cleft Lip and Palate (continued) Defined (continued) • Cleft Palate is failure of the hard palate to fuse, resulting in a – fissure in the middle of the palate Newborn has difficulty with feeding and breathing as result of the • abnormalities Medical management and surgical intervention are necessary • Coarctation of the Aorta Pronounced • (koh-ark-TAY-shun of the ay-OR-tah) – Defined • Congenital heart defect characterized by a localized narrowing of – the aorta Results in increased blood pressure in the upper extremities and • decreased blood pressure in the lower extremities Croup Pronounced • (CROOP) – Defined • Childhood disease characterized by a barking cough, suffocative – and difficult breathing, stridor and laryngeal spasm Stridor = high-pitched musical sound when breathing in • Cryptorchidism Pronounced • (kript-OR-kid-izm) – Defined • Condition of undescended testicle(s); the absence of one or both – testicles from the scrotum Down Syndrome Pronounced • (DOWN SIN-drohm) – Defined • Congenital condition characterized by multiple defects and – varying degrees of mental retardation Also called trisomy 21 – Down Syndrome (continued) Clinical Manifestations • Evident at Birth – Low set ears • Short broad appearance to the head • Protruding tongue • Short thick neck • Simian line • Transverse crease on palm • Broad short feet and hands • Poor or diminished muscle tone • Hyperflexible joints • Dwarfism Pronounced • (DWARF-izm) – Defined • Generalized growth retardation of the body due to the deficiency – of the human growth hormone Also known as congenital hypopituitarism or hypopituitarism – Epispadias Pronounced • (ep-ih-SPAY-dee-as) – Defined • Congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side – of the penis at some pint near the glans Epispadias (continued) Erythroblastosis Fetalis Pronounced • (eh-rith-roh-blass-TOH-sis fee-TAL-iss) – Defined • Form of hemolytic anemia that occurs in neonates due to a – maternal-fetal blood group incompatibility, involving the ABO grouping or the Rh factors Also known as hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) – Esophageal Atresia Pronounced • (ee-soff-ah-JEE-al ah-TREE-zee-ah) – Defined • Congenital abnormality of the esophagus due to its ending – before it reaches the stomach either as a blind pouch or as a fistula connected to the trachea Gigantism Pronounced • (JYE-gan-tizm) – Defined • Proportional overgrowth of the body’s tissue due to the – hypersecretion of the human growth hormone before puberty Child experiences accelerated abnormal growth chiefly in the long bones • Hyaline Membrane Disease Pronounced • (HIGH-ah-lign MEM-brayn dih-ZEEZ) – Defined • Severe impairment of the function of respiration in the premature – newborn Also known as respiratory distress syndrome of the premature – infant (RDS) Hydrocele Pronounced • (HIGH-droh-seel) – Defined • Accumulation of fluid in any saclike cavity or duct, particularly the – scrotal sac or along the spermatic cord Hydrocephalus Pronounced • (high-droh-SEFF-ah-lus) – Defined • Congenital disorder in which there is an abnormal increase of – cerebrospinal fluid in the brain that causes the ventricles of the brain to dilate Results in increased head circumference in the infant with open • fontanels Hypospadias Pronounced • (high-poh-SPAY-dee-as) – Defined • Congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the underside of – the penis instead of at the end Hypospadias (continued) Intussusception Pronounced • (in-tuh-suh-SEP-shun) – Defined • Telescoping of a portion of proximal intestine into distal intestine – usually in the ileocecal region causing an obstruction Typically occurs in infants and young children • Patent Ductus Arteriosus Pronounced • (PAY-tent DUK-tus ar-tee-ree-OH-suss) – Defined • Abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta – caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth Defect seen primarily in premature infants • Phimosis Pronounced • (fih-MOH-sis) – Defined • Tightness of the foreskin (prepuce) of the penis of the male – infant that prevents it from being pulled back The opening of the foreskin narrows due to the tightness and may cause • some difficulty with urination Reye’s Syndrome Pronounced • (RISE SIN-drohm) – Defined • A syndrome marked by severe edema of the brain and increased – intracranial pressure, hypoglycemia, and fatty infiltration and dysfunction of the liver Symptoms may follow an acute viral infection, occurring in children • below the age of 18, often with fatal results Spina Bifida Occulta Pronounced • (SPY-nah BIH-fih-dah oh-KULL-tah) – Defined • A congenital defect of the central nervous system in which the – back portion of one or more vertebrae is not closed A dimpling over the area may occur • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Pronounced • (Sudden Infant Death SIN-drohm) – Defined • The completely unexpected and unexplained death of an – apparently well, or virtually well, infant Also known as “crib death” – Most common cause of death between the second week and first year of • life Tay-sachs Disease Pronounced • (TAY-SACKS dih-ZEEZ) – Defined • Congenital disorder caused by altered lipid metabolism due to an – enzyme deficiency Tay-sachs Disease (continued) Symptoms of Neurological Deterioration • Occur around age of 6 months – Progressive - due to accumulation of a specific type of lipid in the – brain Physical and mental retardation also occur • Deafness, blindness with a cherry red spot on each retina, – convulsions, and paralysis Death occurs around the age of 2 to 4 years • Tetralogy Of Fallot Pronounced • (teh-TRALL-oh-jee of fal-OH) – Defined • Congenital heart anomaly that consists of four defects: – pulmonary stenosis; interventricular septal defect; dextroposition of the aorta so it receives blood from both ventricles; hypertrophy of the right ventricle Babies are termed “blue babies” • Tetralogy Of Fallot (continued) Defects of Tetralogy of Fallot • (1) Pulmonary stenosis – Restricts flow of blood from heart to lungs • (2) Interventricular septal defect – Creates right-to-left shunt between ventricles • Allows deoxygenated blood to communicate with oxygenated blood • Tetralogy Of Fallot (continued) Defects of Tetralogy of Fallot (continued) • (3) Shifting of aorta to the right – Aorta overrides the right ventricle • Aorta communicates with interventricular septal defect • Oxygen-poor blood passes more easily into aorta • (4) Hypertrophy of right ventricle – Occurs because of increased work required to pump blood through • obstructed pulmonary artery Transposition of the Great Vessels Pronounced • (trans-poh-SIH-shun of the great vessels) – Defined • Condition in which the two major arteries of the heart are – reversed in position, resulting in two non-communicating circulatory systems Umbilical Hernia Pronounced • (um-BILL-ih-kahl HER-nee-ah) – Defined • An outward protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the – abdominal wall around the umbilicus Umbilicus = navel or “belly button” • DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES CHILD HEALTH Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures Heel Puncture • A method of obtaining a blood sample from a newborn or – premature infant by making a shallow puncture of the lateral or medial area of the plantar surface of the heel Also called a “heel stick” – Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures (continued) Pediatric Urine Collection • A pediatric urine collection bag is applied to the perineal area of – the infant so urine can collect in the bag for a specimen Skin must be completely dry for the bag to adhere •