Mark T. Greenberg Ph.D.
Bennett Chair of Prevention Research
Founding Director, Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center
College of Health and Human Development
PHE 814 863-0112
FAX 814 863-7963
Email: mxg47@psu.edu
Dear Colleague:
Thank you for your request for information concerning the research that we have
conducted on adolescents’ perceived attachment to peers and parents. First, we have
enclosed a copy of our article in the Journal of Youth and Adolescence in 1987 that
introduced the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment. We have also enclosed a
manual providing information on our factor analyses of the scales, information on
reliability of the scales, and a scoring key.
Since the study reported in the 1987 paper was carried out, we have revised the IPPA. In
her dissertation, Gay Armsden modified the IPPA so as to separately assess perceived
quality of attachment to mothers and fathers (instead of parents together). We have
enclosed a copy of this unpublished measure, The IPPA (Mother, Father, Peer Version),
and a page of scoring information. In her study of over 400 college students, Gay has
found that most of the same items fall on the same factors for mothers and father
separately that we found in the factor analysis of parents together on the IPPA. However,
there were enough differences in loadings that we judged it best to discourage the use of
subscales in the revised version of the IPPA until further research could be done.
Recommended scoring for this version thus involves total scores for Mother, Father, and
Peer, but no subscale scores. However, while scoring subscales is not advised, we have
included instructions for doing so, since many researchers have requested this
information.
If you have further questions, please feel free to call (814 863-0112) or e-mail Gay
Armsden at (g.armsden@gmail.com), or write. If you decide to use our measures in data
collection, please let us know. We would also appreciate a copy of papers that utilize the
measure(s).
Sincerely,
Mark T. Greenberg, Ph.D.
Professor
Gay Armsden, Ph.D.
Research Consultant
1
INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT (IPPA)
AUTHORS:
Gay Armsden, Ph.D.
Research Consultant
230 Ilihau St.
Kailua, HI 96734
Mark T. Greenberg, Ph.D.
Professor
Human Development
Penn State University
State College, PA 16802
Variables Measured:
Parent and Peer Attachment (original version)
Mother, Father, and Peer Attachment (revised version)
Instrument Description:
The IPPA was developed in order to assess adolescents’ perceptions of the positive and
negative affective/cognitive dimension of relationships with their parents and close
friends -- particularly how well these figures serve as sources of psychological security.
The theoretical framework is attachment theory, originally formulated by Bowlby and
recently expanded by others. Three broad dimensions are assessed: degree of mutual
trust; quality of communication; and extent of anger and alienation. The development
samples were 16 to 20 years of age; however the IPPA has been used successfully in
several studies with adolescents as young as 12. The instrument is a self-report
questionnaire with a five point likert-scale response format. The original version consists
of 28 parents and 25 peer items, yielding two attachment scores. The revised version
(Mother, Father, Peer Version) is comprised of 25 items in each of the mother, father, and
peer sections, yielding three attachment scores. The IPPA is scored by reverse-scoring
the negatively worded items and then summing the response values in each section.
2
RELIABILITY:
Three week test-retest reliabilities for a sample of 27 18- to 20-year-olds were .93 for
parent attachment and .86 for peer attachment.
For the revised version, internal reliabilities (Cronbach’s alpha) are: Mother attachment,
.87; Father attachment, .89; Peer attachment, .92.
VALIDITY:
Among late adolescents, parental attachment scores are moderately to highly related to
Family and Social Self scores from the Tennessee Self Concept Scale and to most
subscales on the Family Environmental Scale (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987). Parent
attachment scores of 12- to 18-year-olds are also moderately correlated with scores on the
FACES, and with the degree of positive family coping (communication among family
members and relatives concerning problems) (Lewis, Woods, & Ellison, 1987). In a
sample of 10- to 16-year-old psychiatric patients, less secure parent attachment was
related to clinical diagnosis of depression, parent rating of the adolescent’s depressive
symptoms, and to patient’s self-reported level of depression (Armsden, McCauley,
Greenberg, Burke, & Mitchell, 1991). Attachment to parents has been found to
discriminate delinquents from non-delinquents among 12- to 17-year-olds (Redondo,
Martin, Fernandez, & Lopez, 1986). Late adolescents experiencing more secure mother
and father attachment report less conflict between their parents and experience less
loneliness (Armsden, 1986).
Peer attachment is positively related to social self concept as assessed by the Tennessee
Self Concept Scale and family expressiveness on the Family Environment Scale, and is
strongly negatively correlated with loneliness. Peer attachment is modestly correlated
with parent attachment as assessed by the IPPA as well as measures of general family
functioning and self concept as family member (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987; Armsden,
1986; Lewis et al., 1987).
Scores on the IPPA have also been found to be associated with a number of personality
variables. Among late adolescents, parent and peer attachment are correlated with
positiveness and stability of self-esteem, life-satisfaction, and affective status (depression,
anxiety, resentment/alienation, covert anger, and loneliness) (Armsden & Greenberg,
1987; Armsden, 1986). The relationship of attachment and affective status holds even
when degree of negative life-change is controlled (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987).
Quality of attachment to parents and to a lesser extent, peers, is associated with selfreported tendencies toward the use of more problem-solving coping strategies relative to
emotion-managing efforts in stressful situations (Armsden, 1986). Among early to
middle adolescents, parent attachment, and to a lesser extent, peer attachment, were
found to be associated with lesser hopelessness and less externally oriented locus of
3
control and with greater self-management (coping) skills (Armsden et al., 1987; Lewis et
al., 1987).
Scores on the IPPA were not found to be significantly related to socio-economic status
among a sample of 400 18- to 20-year-olds. In the same study, negligible but significant
positive correlations were obtained between attachment and parents’ education levels
(Armsden, 1986).
SUGGESTIONS IN USAGE:
(1) The revised version of the IPPA (Mother, Father, Peer version) separately assesses
mother and father attachment; the authors recommend its use over the original
version whenever possible.
REFERENCES:
Armsden, G. (1986). Attachment to parents and peers in late adolescence: Relationships
to affective status, self-esteem, and coping with loss, threat and challenges. (Doctoral
Dissertation, University of Washington, 1986). Dissertation Abstracts International,
47(4), October, 1986. Available from http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb .
Armsden, G. C., and Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The Inventory of Parent and Peer
Attachment: Relationships to well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 16 (5), 427-454.
Armsden, G. C., McCauley, E., Greenberg, M.T.; Burke, P., and Mitchell, J. (1991).
Parent and peer attachment in early adolescence depression. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 18, 683-692.
Greenberg, M.T., Siegal, J., & Leitch, C. (1984). The nature and importance of
attachment relationships to parents and peers during adolescence. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 12(5), 373-386.
Lewis, F. M., Woods, N.F., Ellison, E. (1987). Family impact study, Unpublished
report, University of Washington, R01-NUO1000, Division of Nursing, Public Health
Service.
Redondo, L. M., Martin, A. L., Fernandez, J.S., & Lopez, J. M. (1986). An examination
of the relationship between family environment and juvenile delinquency. Unpublished
manuscript, University of Santiago, Chile.
4
SELECTED STUDIES USING THE IPPA
By Year of Publication
1991
Armsden, G.C., McCauley, E., Greenberg, M. T., Burke, P., & Mitchell, J. (1991). Parent and peer
attachment in early adolescence depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 683-697.
Papini, D. R., Roggman, L. A., & Anderson, J. (1991). Early-adolescent perceptions of attachment to
mother and father: A test of emotional-distancing and buffering hypotheses. Journal of Early Adolescence,
11, 258-275.
Williams, S. & McGee, R. (1991). Adolescent self-perceptions of their strengths. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 20, 325-337.
1992
Cotterell, J. L. (1992). The relation of attachments and support to adolescent well-being and school
adjustment. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 28-42.
Capaldi, D. M. (1992). Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescence
boys: II. A 2-year follow-up at Grade 8. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 125-144.
Papin, D.R. & Roggmen, L.A. (1992). Adolescent perceived attachment to parents in relation to
competence, depression, and anxiety: A longitudinal study. Journal of Early Adolescence, 12, 420-440.
Raja, S.N., McGee, R., & Stanton, W.R. (1992). Perceived attachments to parents and peers and
psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21, 471-485.
1993
Blain, M.D., Thompson, J.M., & Whiffen, V.E. (1993). Attachment and perceived social support in late
adolescence: The interaction of working models of self and others. Journal of Adolescent Research, 8,
226-241.
Cavell, T. A., Jones, D. C., Runyen, R.D., et al. (1993). Perception of attachment and the adjustment of
adolescents with alcoholic fathers. Journal of Family Psychology, 7, 204-212.
Lyddon, W. J., Bradford, E., Nelson, J. P. (1993). Assessing adolescent and adult attachment: A review of
current self-report measures. Journal of Counseling and Development, 71, 390-395.
1994
Paterson, J. E., Field, J., Pryor, J. (1994). Adolescents’ perceptions of their attachment relationships with
their mothers, fathers, and friends. Journal of Youth of Adolescence, 23, 579-599.
Schultheiss, D. E. P., & Blustein, D. L. (1994). Role of adolescent-parent relationships in college student
development and adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 248-255.
Schultheiss, D. E. P., & Blustein, D. L. (1994). Contributions of family relationship factors to the identity
formation process. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73, 159-166.
5
1995
Haigleer, V. F., Day, H. D., & Marh
hsall, D. D. (19
995). Parental aattachment andd gender-role iddentity. Sex
Roles,, 33, 203-220.
Kenny
y, M. E., Rice, K. G. (1995). Attachment to
o parents and aadjustment in laate adolescent college
studen
nts. The Counsseling Psycholo
ogist, 23, 433-4
456.
Paterson, J., Pryor, J.,
J Field, J. (199
95). Adolescen
nt attachment tto parents and friends in relattion to aspects
of selff-esteem. Journ
nal of Youth an
nd Adolescencee, 24, 365-376 .
1997
Cartney, K. (19
997). Adolesceent females’ seccurity with parrents predicts thhe quality of
Black,, K. A., & McC
peer reelations. Social Developmentt, 6, 91-110.
P
B., Linddberg, N., Herzzberg, D., & Ruudolph, K.D.
Burge, D., Hammen,, C., Davila, J.,, Daley, S.E., Paley,
(1997)). The relationsship between attachment
a
cognitions and psyychological adj
djustment in latte adolescent
women. Developmen
nt and Psychop
pathology, 9, 151-167 Cambrridge Universitty Press.
Dekov
vic, M., & Meeeus, W. (1997). Peer relation
ns in adolescencce: effects of pparenting and aadoelescents’
self-co
oncept. Journall of Adolescence, 20, 163-176.
O’Koo
on, J. (1997). Attachment
A
to parents and peeers in late adoolescence and th
their relationshhip with selfimage. Adolescence,, 32, 471-483.
1998
Mahraaj, S. I., Rodin,, G. B., Omslteed, M. P., & Daaneman, D. (19998). Eating diisturbances, diaabetes and the
family
y: An empiricall study. Journaal of Psychosom
matic Researchh, 44, 479-490..
Allen, J.P., Moore, C.,
C Kupermine,, G., & Bell, K.
K (1998). Attacchment and Addolescent Psychhosocial
Functiioning, Child Development,
D
October;
O
69(5)), 1406–1419.
1999
Capald
di, D. M., & Sttoolmiller, M. (1999). Co-occcurrence of connduct problem
ms and depressiive symptoms
in earlly adolescent boys:
b
III Predicction to young-adult developm
ment. Developm
ment and Psycchopathology,
11, 59
9-84.
Moon, M. J., Dekoviic, M., & Meeu
us, W. H. J. (19
999). Autonom
my, attachmentt and psychosoocial adjustmennt
during
g adolescence: a double-edged sword. Journ
nal of Adolesceence, 22, 771-7783.
2000
DiFilip
ppo, J.M., & Overholser,
O
J.C
C. (2000). Suiciidal ideation inn adolescent pssychiatric inpattients as
associated with deprression and attaachment relatio
onships. Journaal of Clinical C
Child Psycholoogy, 29(2), 155166.
Formo
oso. D. Gonzales, N. A., & Aiken,L.
A
S. (200
00) Family connflict and childdren’s internaliizing and
extern
nalizing behavior: Protective factors.
f
Ameriican Journal off Community P
Psychology, 288, 175-199.
Laiblee, D. J., Carlo, G., & Raffaelli, M. (2000). The
T differentiall relations of paarent and peer attachment to
adolesscent adjustmen
nt. Journal of Youth
Y
and Ado
olescence, 29, 445-59.
6
Rhodees, J. E., Grossm
man, J. B., & Resch,
R
N. L. (2
2000). Agents of change: Patthways throughh which
mento
oring relationsh
hips influence adolescent’
a
acaademic adjustm
ment. Child Deevelopment, 71, 1662-1671.
Rice, K.
K G., & Mirzaadeh, S. A. (20
000). Perfectio
onism, attachm
ment and adjusttment. Journal of Counseling
Psychology, 47, 238-250.
Vivon
na, J. M. (2000)). Parental attaachment styles of late adolesccents: Qualitiess of attachmennt relationships
and co
onsequences fo
or adjustment. Journal of Cou
unseling Psychhology, 47, 3166-329.
Wood
dward L.J., Ferg
gusson D.M., & Belsky J. (20
000) Timing off parental sepaaration and attaachment to
parentts in adolescencce: Results of a prospective study
s
from birtth to age 16. Joournal of Marrriage and the
Familyy, 62(1), 162-1
174.
2001
uer, H. M. (2001) Dyadic attacchments and co
ommunity connnectedness: Liinks with youthhs’ loneliness
Chipu
experiiences. Journal of Community
y Psychology, 29, 429-446.
Engelss, R. C. M. E., Finkenauer, C.,
C Meeus, W., & Dekovic, M
M. (2001). Pareental attachmennt and
adolesscents’ emotion
nal adjustment: The associations with sociaal skills and relaational compettence. Journal
of Cou
unseling Psych
hology, 48, 428
8-439.
McCaarthy, C. J., Mo
oller, N. P., & Fouladi, R.T. (2001).
(
Continu
nued attachmennt to parents: Itts relationship tto
affect regulation and
d perceived streess among college students. M
Measurement aand Evaluationn in Counselingg
and Development,
D
33
3, 198-213.
Pavlid
dis, K., & McC
Cauley, E. (2001). Autonomy
y and relatedness in family intteractions withh depressed
adolesscents. Journall of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 11-21 .
Simon
n, K. J., Paterniite, C. E. , & Shore, C (2001)). Quality of pparent/adolesceent attachment and aggressionn
in you
ung adolescentss. Journal of Eaarly Adolescen
nce, 21, 182-2003.
Wilkin
nson, R. B., & Walford, W. A.
A (2001). Attaachment and peersonality in thhe psychologicaal health of
adolesscents, Personaality and Indiviidual Differencces, 31, 473-4884.
2002
ms, E. K, & Chaase-Lansdale, P.
P L. (2002). Home sweet hom
me: Parental seeparations, resiidential moves,
Adam
and ad
djustment problems in low-in
ncome adolesceent girls. Deveelopmental Psyychology, 38, 7792-805.
McKin
nney, K. G. (20
002). Engagem
ment in commu
unity service am
mong college sstudents: Is it affected by
signifiicant attachmen
nt relationships? Journal of Adolescence,
A
2 5, 139-154.
Meeuss, W., Oosterw
wegel, A., & Vo
ollebergh, W. (2002).
(
Parentaal and peer attaachment and iddentity
develo
opment in adolescence. Journ
nal of Adolesceence, 25, 93-1006.
Milne, L. C., & Lanccaster, S. (2002
2) Predictors of depression inn female adolesscents. Adolesccence, 36, 207223.
Orzoleek-Kronner, C.. (2002). The effect
e
of attachm
ment theory inn the developm
ment of eating ddisorders: Can
sympttoms be proxim
mity-seeking?, Child & Adoleescent Social W
Work Journal, 119, 421-435.
Smetaana, J. G, Crean
n, H. F., & Dad
ddis, C. (2002)) Family processses and probleem behaviors iin middle-classs
Africaan American adolescents.
a
Jou
urnal of Researrch on Adolesccence. 12, 275--304
7
Sund, A. M., & Wichstrom, L. (2002). Insecure attachment as a risk factor for future depressive symptoms
in early adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 14781485.
2003
Beitel, M., & Cecero, J. J. (2003). Predicting psychological mindedness from personality style and
attachment security. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 163-172.
Coleman, P. K. (2003). Perceptions of parent-child attachment, social self-efficacy, and peer relationships
in middle childhood. Infant and Child Development, 12, 351-368.
Johnson, L. N., Ketring, S. A., Abshire, C. (2003) The revised inventory of parent attachment: Measuring
attachment in families. Contemporary Family Therapy, 25, 333-349.
2004
Buist, K. L., Dekovic, M. Meeus, W. H., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2004). Attachment in adolescence: A
social relations model analysis. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19, 826-850.
Essau, C. A. (2004). The Association between family factors and depressive disorders in adolescents.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(5), 365-372.
Rubin, K.H., Dwyer, K.M., Booth-LaForce, C. Kim, A.H., Burgess, K.B., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2004).
Attachment, friendship, and psychosocial functioning in early adolescence. The Journal of Early
Adolescence, November 1, 24(4): 326 - 356.
Schwartz, J. P., & Buboltz, W. C. (2004). The Relationship between attachment to parents and
psychological separation in college students. Journal of College Student Development, 45, 566-577.
Smetana, J. G., Metzger, A., & Campione-Barr, N. (2004). African American Late Adolescents'
Relationships With Parents: Developmental Transitions and Longitudinal Patterns. Child Development, 75
932-947.
Vignoli, E., & Mallet, P. (2004). Validation of a brief measure of adolescents' parent attachment based on
Armsden and Greenberg's three-dimension model. European Review of Applied Psychology, 54(4), 251260.
Wilkinson, R. B., & Kraljevic, M. (2004). Adolescent Psychological Health and School Attitudes: The
Impact of Attachment Relationships. Proceedings of the Australian Psychological Society’s Psychology of
Relationships Interest Group 4th Annual Conference, 150-155. Melbourne, Australia: The Australian
Psychological Society.
2005
Abela, J.R.Z., Hankin, B.L., Haigh, E.A.P., Adams, P., Vinokuroff, T., & Trayhern, L. (2005).
Interpersonal vulnerability to depressive episodes in high risk children: The role of insecure attachment and
reassurance seeking. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 182-192.
Costa, N.M. & Weems, C.F. (2005). Maternal and child anxiety: Do attachment beliefs or children's
perceptions of maternal control mediate their association? Social Development, 14(4), 574.
Gullone, E., & Robinson, K. (2005). The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment--Revised (IPPA-R) for
Children: A Psychometric Investigation. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 12, 67-79.
8
Nickerrson, A.B., & Nagle,
N
R.J. (20
005). Parent an
nd peer attachm
ment in late chilldhood and earrly adolescencee.
The Jo
ournal of Earlyy Adolescence, May 1, 25(2), 223 - 249.
Rhodees, J. E., Reddy
y, R., & Grossm
man, J. B. (200
05). The Protecctive Influence of Mentoring on Adolescentts'
Substaance Use: Direct and Indirectt Pathways, App
plied Developm
mental Sciencee, 9, 31-47.
Sternb
berg, K. J., Lam
mb, M. E., Guteerman, E., Abb
bott, C. B., & D
Dawud-Noursii, S. (2005). Addolescents'
percep
ptions of attach
hments to their mothers and fathers
f
in famillies with historries of domesticc violence: A
longitu
udinal perspecttive. Child Abu
use & Neglect, 29(8), 853-8669.
2006
Benso
on, M.J., McWeey, L.M., & Ro
oss, J.J. (2006)). Parental attacchment and peeer relations in adolescence: A
meta-aanalysis. Resea
arch in Human
n Development, 3(1), 33-43.
McElh
haney, K.B., Im
mmese, A., Sm
mith, F.D., & Alllen, J.P. (20066). Attachmentt organization aas a moderatorr
of the link between friendship
f
quallity and adolesccent delinquenncy. Attachmennt and Human D
Development,
h; 8(1), 33–46.
March
2007
Allen, J.P., Porter, M.,
M & McFarlan
nd, C. (2007). The
T relation off attachment seecurity to adoleescents’ paternnal
and peeer relationship
ps, depression, and externalizzing behavior. C
Child Developpment, 78(4), 12222–1239.
Bynum
m, M. S. (2007
7). African American mother--daughter comm
munication aboout sex and dauughters' sexuall
behaviior: Does colleege racial comp
position make a difference?. C
Cultural Diverrsity & Ethnic M
Minority
Psycho
ology, 13, 151--160.
Coley, R. L., & Med
deiros, B. L. (20
007). Reciproccal Longitudinaal Relations Beetween Nonressident Father
Involv
vement and Ad
dolescent Delin
nquency. Child
d Developmentt, 78, 132-147.
Flight, J.I., & Forth, A.E. (2007). Instrumentally violent youthss: The roles of ppsychopathic ttraits, empathy,
and attachment. Crim
minal Justice and
a Behavior, 34(6),
3
739-751 .
Gomez, R., & McLaaren, S. (2007).. The inter-relaations of motheer and father atttachment, selff-esteem and
aggresssion during latte adolescence. Aggressive Behavior,
B
33(2)), 160-169.
Gomez, R., & McLaaren, S., (2007)). The inter-relaations of motheer and father aattachment, selff-esteem and
aggresssion during latte adolescence. Aggressive Behavior,
B
33, 1660-169.
Salzin
nger, S., Rosariio, M., Feldman
n, R.S., & Ng-Mak, D.S. (20 07). Adolescennt suicidal behhavior:
Associations with prreadolescent ph
hysical abuse and
a selected rissk and protectivve factors. Jouurnal of the
Ameriican Academy of
o Child and Adolescent Psycchiatry, 46(7), 859-866.
Ying, Y., Lee, P. A.,, & Tsai, J. L. (2007).
(
Predicttors of depressiive symptoms in Chinese Am
merican collegee
studen
nts: Parent and peer attachmen
nt, college chaallenges and sennse of coherennce. American JJournal of
Orthop
psychiatry, 77,, 316-323.
2008
Scragg
g R, Reeder AII, Wong G, Glo
over M, Nosa V.
V (2008). Attaachment to parrents, parental ttobacco
smoking and smokin
ng among Yearr 10 students in
n the 2005 New
w Zealand natioonal survey. Auust N Z J Publiic
Health
h., 32(4), 348-5
53. doi: 10.111
11/j.1753-6405.2008.00253.xx..
9
Viana, A.G., & Rabian, B. (2008). Perceived attachment: Relations to anxiety sensitivity, worry, and GAD
symptoms, Behavior Research and Therapy, 46(6), 737-747.
Yates, T.M., Tracy, A.J., & Luthar, S.S. (2008). Nonsuicidal self-injury among “privileged” youths:
Longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches to developmental process. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology 76(1), 52–62.
2009
Smith, M., & Calam, R. (2009). Psychological factors linked to self-reported depression symptoms in late
adolescence. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37, 73–85.
Song H, Thompson RA, Ferrer E. (2009). Attachment and self-evaluation in Chinese adolescents: age and
gender differences. J Adolesc., 32(5), 1267-86. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.01.001.
2010
Bámaca-Colbert, M. Y., & Gayles, J. G. (2010). Variable-centered and person-centered approaches to
studying mexican-origin mother–daughter cultural orientation dissonance. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 39(11), 1274-1292. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9447-3
Bauminger, N., Solomon, M., & Rogers, S.J. (2010). Predicting Friendship Quality in Autism Spectrum
Disorders and Typical Development. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, June; 40(6): 751–
761.
Bauminger, N., Solomon, M., & Rogers, S. J. (2010). Externalizing and internalizing behaviors in ASD.
Autism Research, 3(3), 101-112. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.131
Branje, S. J. T., Hale, W. W., Frijns, T., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2010). Longitudinal associations between
perceived parent-child relationship quality and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal
Child Psychology, 38(6), 751-763. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9401-6
Buist, K. L. (2010). Sibling relationship quality and adolescent delinquency: A latent growth curve
approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(4), 400-410. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020351
Cate, R. C.Deficits in mentalization as a risk factor for the future development of eating disorders: A pilot
study. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, , 3379-3379.
Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/837458323?accountid=13158
De, l. R., Dillon, F. R., Rojas, P., Schwartz, S. J., & Duan, R. (2010). Latina mother–daughter dyads:
Relations between attachment and sexual behavior under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 39(6), 1305-1319. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9498-2
Derkman, M. M. S., Scholte, R. H. J., Van, d. V., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2010). Factorial and construct
validity of the sibling relationship questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26(4),
277-283. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000037
Drew, L. M., Berg, C., & Wiebe, D. J. (2010). The mediating role of extreme peer orientation in the
relationships between adolescent–parent relationship and diabetes management. Journal of Family
Psychology, 24(3), 299-306. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0019352
Elmore, G. M. & Huebner, E. S. (2010). Adolescents’ satisfaction with school experiences: Relationships
with demographics, attachment relationships, and school engagement behavior. Psychology in the Schools,
10
47 ,525-537.
Eubanks-Carter, C., Burckell, L. A., & Goldfried, M. R. (2010). Clinical consensus strategies for
interpersonal problems between young adults and their parents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 78(2), 212-224. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018557
Garriott, P. O., Love, K. M., Tyler, K. M., Thomas, D. M., Roan-Belle, C., & Brown, C. L. (2010). Testing
an attachment model of Latina/o college students’ psychological adjustment. Hispanic Journal of
Behavioral Sciences, 32(1), 104-117. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986309355753
Goguen, L. M. S., Hiester, M. A., & Nordstrom, A. H. (2010). Associations among peer relationships,
academic achievement, and persistence in college. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory
and Practice, 12(3), 319-337. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/CS.12.3.d
Guarnieri, S., Ponti, L., & Tani, F. (2010). The inventory of parent and peer attachment (IPPA): A study on
the validity of styles of adolescent attachment to parents and peers in an italian sample. TPM-Testing,
Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 17(3), 103-130. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/821482981?accountid=13158
Hallab, L., & Covic, T. (2010). Deliberate self-harm: The interplay between attachment and stress.
Behaviour Change, 27(2), 93-103. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.27.2.93
Heifetz, M., Connolly, J., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. (2010). Family divorce and romantic relationships in
early adolescence. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 51(6), 366-378.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10502551003652157
Ireland, M. J., & Pakenham, K. I. (2010). Youth adjustment to parental illness or disability: The role of
illness characteristics, caregiving, and attachment. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 15(6), 632-645.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2010.498891
Kelley, M. L., Braitman, A., Henson, J. M., Schroeder, V., Ladage, J., & Gumienny, L. (2010),
Relationships Among Depressive Mood Symptoms and Parent and Peer Relations in Collegiate Children of
Alcoholics. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80: 204–212.
Laghi, F., Lonigro, A., Baiocco, R., & Pomponio, I. D. (2010). Stati di identità e relazioni di attaccamento
ai genitori e al gruppo dei pari. Counseling: Giornale Italiano Di Ricerca e Applicazioni, 3(2), 195-208.
Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1282237740?accountid=13158
Montague, M., Cavendish, W., Enders, C., & Dietz, S. (2010). Interpersonal relationships and the
development of behavior problems in adolescents in urban schools: A longitudinal study. Journal of Youth
and Adolescence, 39(6), 646-657. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9440-x
Morgan, E. M., Thorne, A., & Zurbriggen, E. L. (2010). A longitudinal study of conversations with parents
about sex and dating during college. Developmental Psychology, 46(1), 139-150.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016931
Niyonsenga, T., Rojas, P., Dillon, F., Kim, S., Ganapati, E. N., & Rosa, D. L. (2010). Correlates of heavy
drinking behaviors of latino mothers and their adult daughters. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42(4), 457466. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2010.10400708
Padilla-Walker, L., Harper, J. M., & Jensen, A. C. (2010). Self-regulation as a mediator between sibling
relationship quality and early adolescents' positive and negative outcomes. Journal of Family Psychology,
24(4), 419-428. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020387
11
Parade, S. H., Leerkes, E. M., & Blankson, A. N. (2010). Attachment to parents, social anxiety, and close
relationships of female students over the transition to college. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(2),
127-137. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9396-x
Poehlmann, J., Dallaire, D., Loper, A. B., & Shear, L. D. (2010). Children's contact with their incarcerated
parents: Research findings and recommendations. American Psychologist, 65(6), 575-598.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020279
Prelow, H. M., Weaver, S. R., Bowman, M. A., & Swenson, R. R. (2010). Predictors of parenting among
economically disadvantaged latina mothers: Mediating and moderating factors. Journal of Community
Psychology, 38(7), 858-873. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20400
Richards R, McGee R, Williams SM, Welch D, Hancox RJ. (2010). Adolescent screen time and attachment
to parents and peers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med., 164(3), 258-62. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.280.
Ross, J., & Fuertes, J. (2010). Parental attachment, interparental conflict, and young adults’ emotional
adjustment. The Counseling Psychologist, 38(8), 1050-1077.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000010376094
Shlafer, R. J., & Poehlmann, J. (2010). Attachment and caregiving relationships in families affected by
parental incarceration. Attachment & Human Development, 12(4), 395-415.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616730903417052
Smith, J. D., Welsh, D. P., & Fite, P. J. (2010). Adolescents' relational schemas and their subjective
understanding of romantic relationship interactions. Journal of Adolescence, 33(1), 147-157.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.04.002
Udell, W., Sandfort, T., Reitz, E., Bos, H., & Dekovic, M. (2010). The relationship between early sexual
debut and psychosocial outcomes: A longitudinal study of dutch adolescents. Archives of Sexual Behavior,
39(5), 1133-1145. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9590-7
van Leeuwen, N., Rodgers, R., Régner, I., & Chabrol, H. (2010). The role of acculturation in suicidal
ideation among second-generation immigrant adolescents in france. Transcultural Psychiatry, 47(5), 812832. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461510382154
Walden, L. M., & Beran, T. N. (2010). Attachment quality and bullying behavior in school-aged youth.
Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 25(1), 5-18. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/622243575?accountid=13158
Wampler, R. S., & Downs, A. B. (2010). Parent and peer attachment in minority males at high risk for
delinquency. Clinical Social Work Journal, 38(1), 107-119. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10615-0090239-8
Wilkinson, R.B. (2010). Best friend attachment versus peer attachment in the prediction of adolescent
psychological adjustment. Journal of Adolescence, 33(5), 709-717
Yang, H., Cai, T., & He, Y. (2010). Parent attachment, peers attachment and high school students' behavior
problems. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18(1), 107-108. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/622192430?accountid=13158
Zhou, Y., Liang, B., Cai, Y., & Yang, L. (2010). Relationship between college students' perfectionism and
parenting styles and parent-child attachment. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18(3), 337-339.
Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/756305743?accountid=13158
12
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Yang, H., & Zhang, Y. (2010). Mediation of parent attachment between childhood
abuse and adolescents depression. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18(6), 760-762. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/867318672?accountid=13158
2011
Bámaca-Colbert, M. Y., Gayles, J. G., & Lara, R. (2011). Family correlates of adjustment profiles in
mexican-origin female adolescents. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 33(2), 123-151.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986311403724
Beetz, A., Kotrschal, K., Turner, D. C., Hediger, K., Uvnäs-Moberg, K., & Julius, H. (2011). The effect of
a real dog, toy dog and friendly person on insecurely attached children during a stressful task: An
exploratory study. Anthrozoös, 24(4), 349-368. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175303711X13159027359746
Bettmann, J. E., & Tucker, A. R. (2011). Shifts in attachment relationships: A study of adolescents in
wilderness treatment. Child & Youth Care Forum, 40(6), 499-519. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10566011-9146-6
Bobb, T. S.Relationship of age, gender, attachment level to parent, and race of primary caregiver with
biracial identity development among biracial students. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The
Sciences and Engineering, , 5592-5592. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1015243390?accountid=13158
Bosmans, G., Braet, C., Beyers, W., Van Leeuwen, K., & Van Vlierberghe, L. (2011). Parents' power
assertive discipline and internalizing problems in adolescents: The role of attachment. Parenting: Science
and Practice, 11(1), 34-55. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2011.539507
Bryson, C. H.Examining the impact of attachment, parental presence, and substance abuse treatment on
male adolescent depression. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and
Engineering, , 7079-7079. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/873850986?accountid=13158
Butler, S., Baruch, G., Hickey, N., & Fonagy, P. (2011). A randomized controlled trial of multisystemic
therapy and a statutory therapeutic intervention for young offenders. Journal of the American Academy of
Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(12), 1220-1235. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2011.09.017
Carter, J. M.Examining the relationship among physical and psychological health, parent and peer
attachment, and cyberbullying in adolescents in urban and suburban environments. Dissertation Abstracts
International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, , 1480-1480. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1171906052?accountid=13158
Chabrol, H., van Leeuwen, N., & Rodgers, R. F. (2011). Exploratory study of the relations between sadistic
traits and suicidality in a nonclinical sample of adolescents. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 75(3), 224235. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2011.75.3.224
Chabrol, H., van Leeuwen, N., Rodgers, R. F., & Gibbs, J. C. (2011). Relations between self-serving
cognitive distortions, psychopathic traits, and antisocial behavior in a non-clinical sample of adolescents.
Personality and Individual Differences, 51(8), 887-892. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.008
Cugmas, Z. (2011). Odnosi študentov in študentk z njihovimi starši, prijatelji in romantičnimi partnerji.
Psihološka Obzorja / Horizons of Psychology, 20(4), 23-44. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1171915339?accountid=13158
13
Daisy, & Tung, S. (2011). Differences in parental and peer attachments of adolescents: A gender
perspective. Indian Journal of Community Psychology, 7(2), 329-340. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/909292401?accountid=13158
Danielsson, A., Romelsjö, A., & Tengström, A. (2011). Heavy episodic drinking in early adolescence:
Gender-specific risk and protective factors. Substance use & Misuse, 46(5), 633-643.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2010.528120
Donenberg, G.R., Emerson, E., & Mackesy-Amiti, M.E. (2011). Sexual Risk Among African American
Girls: Psychopathology and Mother-Daughter Relationships. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 79(2): 153–158.
Essau, C. A. (2011). Comorbidity of substance use disorders among community-based and high-risk
adolescents. Psychiatry Research, 185(1-2), 176-184. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.033
Fraley, R. C., Heffernan, M. E., Vicary, A. M., & Brumbaugh, C. C. (2011). The experiences in close
relationships—Relationship structures questionnaire: A method for assessing attachment orientations across
relationships. Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 615-625. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0022898
Friedlander, M. L., Escudero, V., Heatherington, L., & Diamond, G. M. (2011). Alliance in couple and
family therapy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 25-33. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0022060
Glass, L. M.Grandparent-grandchild attachment and psychosocial adjustment among youth from divorced
families. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, , 3094-3094.
Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/916529992?accountid=13158
Hare, A. L., Marston, E. G., & Allen, J. P. (2011). Maternal acceptance and adolescents’ emotional
communication: A longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(6), 744-751.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9586-6
Keller, P., & El Sheikh, M. (2011). Children’s emotional security and sleep: Longitudinal relations and
directions of effects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(1), 64-71.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02263.x
Kelley, M. L., Pearson, M. R., Trinh, S., Klostermann, K., & Krakowski, K. (2011). Maternal and paternal
alcoholism and depressive mood in college students: Parental relationships as mediators of ACOAdepressive mood link. Addictive Behaviors, 36(7), 700-706.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.01.028
Kim, K., Trickett, P. K., & Putnam, F. W. (2011). Attachment representations and anxiety: Differential
relationships among mothers of sexually abused and comparison girls. Journal of Interpersonal Violence,
26(3), 498-521. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260510363416
Mack, T. D., Hackney, A. A., & Pyle, M. (2011). The relationship between psychopathic traits and
attachment behavior in a non-clinical population. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(5), 584-588.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.019
Martin, J., Bureau, J., Cloutier, P., & Lafontaine, M. (2011). A comparison of invalidating family
environment characteristics between university students engaging in self-injurious thoughts & actions and
non-self-injuring university students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(11), 1477-1488.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-011-9643-9
14
Masters, K.Attachment style and perceptions of mattering on college adjustment. Dissertation Abstracts
International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, , 1833-1833. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/905215572?accountid=13158
Mattanah, J. F., Lopez, F. G., & Govern, J. M. (2011). The contributions of parental attachment bonds to
college student development and adjustment: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology,
58(4), 565-596. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024635
McKay, M. T., Sumnall, H., Goudie, A. J., Field, M., & Cole, J. C. (2011). What differentiates adolescent
problematic drinkers from their peers? results from a cross-sectional study in northern irish school children.
Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 18(3), 187-199.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2010.502160
Moses, T. (2011). Stigma apprehension among adolescents discharged from brief psychiatric
hospitalization. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199(10), 778-789.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31822fc7be
Natarajan, G., Somasundaram, C. P., & Sundaram, K. R. (2011). Relationship between attachment security
and rejection sensitivity in early adolescence. Psychological Studies, 56(4), 378-386.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12646-011-0108-8
O'Connor, M., Hawkins, M. T., Toumbourou, J. W., Sanson, A., Letcher, P., & Olsson, C. A. (2011). The
relationship between social capital and depression during the transition to adulthood. Australian Journal of
Psychology, 63(1), 26-35. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00004.x
O’Connor, M., Sanson, A., Hawkins, M. T., Letcher, P., Toumbourou, J. W., Smart, D., . . . Olsson, C. A.
(2011). Predictors of positive development in emerging adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,
40(7), 860-874. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9593-7
Pace, C. S., San Martini, P., & Zavattini, G. C. (2011). The factor structure of the inventory of parent and
peer attachment (IPPA): A survey of italian adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(2), 8388. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.006
Padilla-Walker, L., Christensen, K. J., & Day, R. D. (2011). Proactive parenting practices during early
adolescence: A cluster approach. Journal of Adolescence, 34(2), 203-214.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.05.008
Palmer, D. L., Osborn, P., King, P. S., Berg, C. A., Butler, J., Butner, J., . . . Wiebe, D. J. (2011). The
structure of parental involvement and relations to disease management for youth with type 1 diabetes.
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 36(5), 596-605. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsq019
Papafratzeskakou, E., Kim, J., Longo, G. S., & Riser, D. K. (2011). Peer victimization and depressive
symptoms: Role of peers and parent–child relationship. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma,
20(7), 784-799. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2011.608220
Peng ZW, Lam LT, Jin J. (2011) Factors associated with social interaction anxiety among Chinese
adolescents. East Asian Arch Psychiatry,21(4), 135-41. PubMed PMID: 22215787.
Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2011). The use of sexually explicit internet material and its antecedents: A
longitudinal comparison of adolescents and adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(5), 1015-1025.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-010-9644-x
15
Puissant SP, Gauthier JM, Van Oirbeek R. (2011). The contribution of social rank and attachment theory to
depression in a non clinical sample of adolescents. Span J Psychol., 14(2), 832-42. PubMed PMID:
22059328.
Ramsbottom, H. M.The influence of attachment style on perceptions of environmental protective factors of
youth. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, , 7735-7735.
Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/882096490?accountid=13158
Roelofs J, Lee C, Ruijten T, Lobbestael J. (2011). The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the
relation between quality of attachment relationships and symptoms of depression in adolescents. Behav
Cogn Psychother. 39(4):471-9. doi: 10.1017/S1352465811000117.
Roelofs, J., Lee, C., Ruijten, T., & Lobbestael, J. (2011). The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas
in the relation between quality of attachment relationships and symptoms of depression in adolescents.
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 39(4), 471-479.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1352465811000117
Roosa, M. W., Zeiders, K. H., Knight, G. P., Gonzales, N. A., Tein, J., Saenz, D., . . . Berkel, C. (2011). A
test of the social development model during the transition to junior high with mexican american
adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 47(2), 527-537. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021269
Ruijten, T., Roelofs, J., & Rood, L. (2011). The mediating role of rumination in the relation between
quality of attachment relations and depressive symptoms in non-clinical adolescents. Journal of Child and
Family Studies, 20(4), 452-459. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-010-9412-5
Salzinger, S., Feldman, R. S., Rosario, M., & Ng Mak, D. S. (2011). Role of parent and peer relationships
and individual characteristics in middle school children's behavioral outcomes in the face of community
violence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(2), 395-407. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.15327795.2010.00677.x
Schoenfelder, E.N., Sandler, I.N., Wolchik, S. & MacKinnon, D. (2011). Quality of Social Relationships
and the Development of Depression in Parentally-Bereaved Youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,
40(1): 85–96.
Sousa, C., Herrenkohl, T. I., Moylan, C. A., Tajima, E. A., Klika, J. B., Herrenkohl, R. C., & Russo, M. J.
(2011). Longitudinal study on the effects of child abuse and children’s exposure to domestic violence,
parent-child attachments, and antisocial behavior in adolescence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(1),
111-136. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260510362883
Surís, J., Bélanger, R. E., Ambresin, A., Chabloz, J. M., & Michaud, P. (2011). Extra burden of
psychosomatic complaints among adolescents suffering from chronic conditions. Journal of Developmental
and Behavioral Pediatrics, 32(4), 328-331. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181fa5727
Tajima, E. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Moylan, C. A., & Derr, A. S. (2011). Moderating the effects of childhood
exposure to intimate partner violence: The roles of parenting characteristics and adolescent peer support.
Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(2), 376-394. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.15327795.2010.00676.x
Toumbourou, J. W., Williams, I., Letcher, P., Sanson, A., & Smart, D. (2011). Developmental trajectories
of internalising behaviour in the prediction of adolescent depressive symptoms. Australian Journal of
Psychology, 63(4), 214-223. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00023.x
16
Ullrich-French, S., Smith, A. L., & Cox, A. E. (2011). Attachment relationships and physical activity
motivation of college students. Psychology & Health, 26(8), 1063-1080.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2010.530123
Warner, T. D., Behnke, M., Eyler, F. D., & Szabo, N. J. (2011). Early adolescent cocaine use as determined
by hair analysis in a prenatal cocaine exposure cohort. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 33(1), 88-99.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2010.07.003
Zhang H, Chan DK, Teng F. (2011). Transfer of attachment functions and adjustment among young adults
in China. J Soc Psychol.,151(3), 257-73. PubMed PMID: 21675181.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., & Hung, C. (2011). Reliability and validity of chinese version
of revised inventory of parent and peer attachment in junior students. Chinese Mental Health Journal,
25(1), 66-70. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/869832266?accountid=13158
2012
Bámaca-Colbert, M. Y., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., & Gayles, J. G. (2012). A developmental-contextual model
of depressive symptoms in mexican-origin female adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 406-421.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025666
Bartle-Haring, S., Younkin, F. L., & Day, R. (2012). Family distance regulation and school engagement in
middle school aged children. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies,
61(2), 192-206. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00698.x
Brent DA, Melhem NM, Masten AS, Porta G, Payne MW. (2012). Longitudinal effects of parental
bereavement on adolescent developmental competence. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol., 41(6), 778-91. doi:
10.1080/15374416.2012.717871.
Cabral, J., Matos, P. M., Beyers, W., & Soenens, B. (2012). Attachment, emotion regulation and coping in
portuguese emerging adults: A test of a mediation hypothesis. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(3),
1000-1012. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n3.39391
Caron, A., Lafontaine, M., Bureau, J., Levesque, C., & Johnson, S. M. (2012). Comparisons of close
relationships: An evaluation of relationship quality and patterns of attachment to parents, friends, and
romantic partners in young adults. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des
Sciences Du Comportement, 44(4), 245-256. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028013
Cavendish, W., Nielsen, A. L., & Montague, M. (2012). Parent attachment, school commitment, and
problem behavior trajectories of diverse adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 35(6), 1629-1639.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.08.001
Cook, E. C., Buehler, C., & Fletcher, A. C. (2012). A process model of parenting and adolescents'
friendship competence. Social Development, 21(3), 461-481. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.14679507.2011.00642.x
Crocetti, E., Schwartz, S. J., Fermani, A., Klimstra, T., & Meeus, W. (2012). A cross-national study of
identity status in dutch and italian adolescents: Status distributions and correlates. European Psychologist,
17(3), 171-181. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000076
Deković, M., Asscher, J. J., Manders, W. A., Prins, P. J. M., & van, d. L. (2012). Within-intervention
change: Mediators of intervention effects during multisystemic therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 80(4), 574-587. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028482
17
Emerson, E., Donenberg, G. R., & Wilson, H. W. (2012). Health-protective effects of attachment among
african american girls in psychiatric care. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(1), 124-132.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026352
Gallarin, M., & Alonso-Arbiol, I. (2012). Parenting practices, parental attachment and aggressiveness in
adolescence: A predictive model. Journal of Adolescence, 35(6), 1601-1610.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.07.002
Gonzales, N. A., Dumka, L. E., Millsap, R. E., Gottschall, A., McClain, D. B., Wong, J. J., . . . Kim, S. Y.
(2012). Randomized trial of a broad preventive intervention for mexican american adolescents. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(1), 1-16. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026063
Jakobsen, I. S., Horwood, L. J., & Fergusson, D. M. (2012). Childhood anxiety/withdrawal, adolescent
parent–child attachment and later risk of depression and anxiety disorder. Journal of Child and Family
Studies, 21(2), 303-310. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9476-x
Kim-Spoon, J., Longo, G. S., & McCullough, M. E. (2012). Parent-adolescent relationship quality as a
moderator for the influences of parents’ religiousness on adolescents’ religiousness and adjustment.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(12), 1576-1587. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9796-1
Kim, S. E.The relationship of parental attachment and christian spirituality with intergenerational conflict
between korean-american young adults and their parents. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A:
Humanities and Social Sciences, , 1811-1811. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1267036870?accountid=13158
Kopala-Sibley, D., Zuroff, D. C., Leybman, M. J., & Hope, N. (2012). The developmental origins of
dependency-related vulnerabilities to depression: Recalled peer attachments and current levels of neediness
and connectedness. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du
Comportement, 44(4), 264-271. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028952
Larose, S., Tarabulsy, G. M., Harvey, M., Guay, F., Deschênes, C., Cyrenne, D., & Garceau, O. (2012).
Impact of a college student academic mentoring program on perceived parental and teacher educational
involvement. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(9), 2137-2162.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00934.x
Li, Z., Yin, X., Cai, T., & Su, I. (2012). Role of father-child attachment in effects of father involvement on
children's prosocial behavior. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20(5), 705-707. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1314709041?accountid=13158
Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Finkenauer, C., van, d. V., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2012). Being mum's confidant,
a boon or bane? examining gender differences in the association of maternal disclosure with adolescents’
depressive feelings. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(4), 449-459.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-011-9661-7
Luthar, S. S., & Barkin, S. H. (2012). Are affluent youth truly “at risk”? vulnerability and resilience across
three diverse samples. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 429-449.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000089
Luyckx, K., Missotten, L., Goossens, E., & Moons, P. (2012). Individual and contextual determinants of
quality of life in adolescents with congenital heart disease. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(2), 122-128.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.11.007
18
Mao, C., Hsu, Y., & Fang, T. (2012). The role of the mother-daughter relationship in taiwanese college
students' career self-efficacy. Social Behavior and Personality, 40(9), 1511-1522.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.9.1511
Marelich, W. D., Murphy, D. A., Payne, D. L., Herbeck, D. M., & Schuster, M. A. (2012). Self-competence
among early and middle adolescents affected by maternal HIV/AIDS. International Journal of Adolescence
and Youth, 17(1), 21-33. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2011.649398
Maurizi, L. K., Gershoff, E. T., & Aber, J. L. (2012). Item-level discordance in parent and adolescent
reports of parenting behavior and its implications for adolescents’ mental health and relationships with their
parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(8), 1035-1052. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-0119741-8
Migerode, F., Buysse, A., Maes, B., & De Mol, J. (2012). Interpersonal influence in families: Development
and psychometric evaluation of the influence in families questionnaire. Psychologica Belgica, 52(1), 39-57.
Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1013492787?accountid=13158
Moné, J. G., & Biringen, Z. (2012). Assessing parental alienation: Empirical assessment of college
students' recollections of parental alienation during their childhoods. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage,
53(3), 157-177. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2012.663265
Murphy, D. A., Marelich, W. D., Lanza, H. I., & Herbeck, D. M. (2012). Effects of maternal HIV on
children's psychosocial adjustment with peers and with their mother. Vulnerable Children and Youth
Studies, 7(4), 357-370. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2012.708461
Murray, K. W., Bair-Merritt, M., Roche, K., & Cheng, T. L. (2012). The impact of intimate partner
violence on mothers’ parenting practices for urban, low-income adolescents. Journal of Family Violence,
27(6), 573-583. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10896-012-9449-x
Nauta, M.H., Festen, H., Reichart, C.G., et al. (2012). Preventing mood and anxiety disorders in youth: a
multi-centre RCT in the high risk offspring of depressed and anxious patients. BMC Psychiatry, 12: 31.
Niyonsenga, T., Blackson, T. C., Rosa, D. L., Rojas, P., Dillon, F., & Ganapati, E. N. (2012). Social
support, attachment, and chronic stress as correlates of latina mother and daughter drug use behaviors. The
American Journal on Addictions, 21(2), 157-167. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00202.x
Opgenhaffen, M., Vandenbosch, L., Eggermont, S., & Frison, E. (2012). Parental mediation of television
viewing in the context of changing parent-child relationships in belgium: A latent growth curve analysis in
early and middle adolescence. Journal of Children and Media, 6(4), 469-484.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2012.693051
Pears, K. C., Kim, H. K., & Leve, L. D. (2012). Girls in foster care: Risk and promotive factors for school
adjustment across the transition to middle school. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 234-243.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.10.005
Reis, S., Curtis, J., & Reid, A. (2012). Attachment styles and alcohol problems in emerging adulthood: A
pilot test of an integrative model. Mental Health and Substance use, 5(2), 115-131. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1011275255?
Rothman, A. M., & Steil, J. M. (2012). Adolescent attachment and entitlement in a world of wealth.
Journal of Infant, Child & Adolescent Psychotherapy, 11(1), 53-65.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2012.650002
19
Sieh, D. S., Visser-Meily, J., Oort, F. J., & Meijer, A. M. (2012). Risk factors for problem behavior in
adolescents of parents with a chronic medical condition. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 21(8),
459-471. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-012-0279-4
Sieh, D.S., Dikkers, A.L., Visser-Meily, J.M., & Meijer, A.M. (2012) Stress in Adolescents with a
Chronically Ill Parent: Inspiration from Rolland's Family Systems-Illness Model. Journal of Developmental
and Physical Disability, 24, 591-606.
Sonthalia, S., & Dasgupta, S. (2012). Attachment styles and their implication for adolescents. Journal of
the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 38(1), 54-62. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/928984373?accountid=13158
Tambelli, R., Laghi, F., Odorisio, F., & Notari, V. (2012) Attachment relationships and Internalizing and
Externalizing problems amongItalian adolescents. Children and Youth Service Review, 34, 1465-1471.
Taylor, Z. E., Widaman, K. F., Robins, R. W., Jochem, R., Early, D. R., & Conger, R. D. (2012).
Dispositional optimism: A psychological resource for mexican-origin mothers experiencing economic
stress. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(1), 133-139. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026755
Teymoori, A., & Shahrazad, W. (2012). Relationship between mother, father, and peer attachment and
empathy with moral authority. Ethics & Behavior, 22(1), 16-29.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2012.638820
van Eijck, F.E., Branje, S. J., Hale, W.W., & Meeus, W. H. (2012). Longitudinal Associations Between
Perceived Parent-Adolescent Attachment Relationship Quality and Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Symptoms in Adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(6): 871–883.
Van Ryzin MJ, Leve LD. (2012). Validity evidence for the Security Scale as a measure of perceived
attachment security in adolescence. J Adolesc., 35(2), 425-31. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.07.014.
Villalobos, M., & Smetana, J. G. (2012). Puerto rican adolescents’ disclosure and lying to parents about
peer and risky activities: Associations with teens’ perceptions of latino values. Journal of Adolescence,
35(4), 875-885. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.12.006
Weingold, R.Family dynamics: A systematic investigation of parenting styles, parent and peer attachment,
locus of control, and social behaviors. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and
Engineering, , 7095-7095. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1025860580?accountid=13158
Willoughby, T., Adachi, P. J. C., & Good, M. (2012). A longitudinal study of the association between
violent video game play and aggression among adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 48(4), 1044-1057.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026046
Zhang, P., Roberts, R. E., Liu, Z., Meng, X., Tang, J., Sun, L., & Yu, Y. (2012). Hostility, physical
aggression and trait anger as predictors for suicidal behavior in chinese adolescents: A school-based study.
PLoS ONE, 7(2) Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1011875749?accountid=13158
2013
Abubakar, A., Alonso-Arbiol, I., Van, d. V., Murugami, M., Mazrui, L., & Arasa, J. (2013). Attachment
and psychological well-being among adolescents with and without disabilities in kenya: The mediating role
of identity formation. Journal of Adolescence, 36(5), 849-857.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.05.006
20
Asscher, J. J., Deković, M., Manders, W. A., van, d. L., & Prins, P. J. M. (2013). A randomized controlled
trial of the effectiveness of multisystemic therapy in the netherlands: Post-treatment changes and moderator
effects. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 9(2), 169-187. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11292-0129165-9
Blattner, M. C. C., Liang, B., Lund, T., & Spencer, R. (2013). Searching for a sense of purpose: The role of
parents and effects on self-esteem among female adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 36(5), 839-848.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.06.008
Bosmans, G., Dujardin, A., Raes, F., & Braet, C. (2013). The specificity of autobiographical memories in
early adolescence: The role of mother-child communication and attachment-related beliefs. The Journal of
Early Adolescence, 33(5), 710-731. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431612466172
Bosmans, G., Koster, E. H. W., Vandevivere, E., Braet, C., & De Raedt, R. (2013). Young adolescent’s
confidence in maternal support: Attentional bias moderates the link between attachment-related
expectations and behavioral problems. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(4), 829-839.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9526-3
Bradshaw, C. P., Goldweber, A., & Garbarino, J. (2013). Linking social–environmental risk factors with
aggression in suburban adolescents: The role of social–cognitive mediators. Psychology in the Schools,
50(5), 433-450. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1433275670?accountid=13158
Brewer, G., Abell, L., & Lyons, M. (2013). It's not just a man-thing: Testing sex as a moderator between
peer attachment and machiavellianism, competition and self-disclosure. Individual Differences Research,
11(3), 114-120.
Brown, C. L., Love, K. M., Tyler, K. M., Garriot, P. O., Thomas, D., & Roan­Belle, C. (2013). Parental
attachment, family communalism, and racial identity among african american college students. Journal of
Multicultural Counseling and Development, 41(2), 108-122. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.21611912.2013.00031.x
Burack, J. A., D'Arrisso, A., Ponizovsky, V., Troop-Gordon, W., Mandour, T., Tootoosis, C., . . . Fryberg,
S. (2013). ‘Friends and grades’: Peer preference and attachment predict academic success among naskapi
youth. School Psychology International, 34(4), 371-386. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034312446888
Burton, K. A., Florell, D., & Wygant, D. B. (2013). The role of peer attachment and normative beliefs
about aggression on traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Psychology in the Schools, 50(2), 103-115.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pits.21663
Chan, C.S., Rhodes, J.E., Howard, W.J., Lowe, S.R., Schwartz, S.E., & Herrera, C. (2013). Pathways of
influence in school-based mentoring: The mediating role of parent and teacher relationships. Journal of
School Psychology, 51, 129-142.
Cheung, C. S. ­., Pomerantz, E. M., & Dong, W. (2013). Does adolescents' disclosure to their parents
matter for their academic adjustment? Child Development, 84(2), 693-710.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01853.x
Davies, J. J., & Davis, V. (2013). Religiosity, parent and peer attachment, and sexual media use in
emerging adults. Journal of Media and Religion, 12(3), 112-127.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15348423.2013.820526
Donnelly, R., Renk, K., & McKinney, C. (2013). Emerging adults’ stress and health: The role of parent
behaviors and cognitions. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 44(1), 19-38.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10578-012-0309-y
21
Fang, L., & Schinke, S. P. (2013). Two-year outcomes of a randomized, family-based substance use
prevention trial for asian american adolescent girls. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(3), 788-798.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030925
Friesen, M. D., Woodward, L. J., Horwood, L. J., & Fergusson, D. M. (2013). Quality of parent–child
relations in adolescence and later adult parenting outcomes. Social Development, 22(3), 539-554.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2012.00657.x
Hamza, C. A., & Willoughby, T. (2013). Nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior: A latent class
analysis among young adults. PLoS ONE, 8(3) Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1413440448?accountid=13158
Jiang, X., Huebner, E. S. & Hills, K. J. (2013). Parent attachment and early adolescents’ life satisfaction:
The mediating effect of hope. Psychology in the Schools, 50, 340-352.
Kim, S. Y., Chen, Q., Wang, Y., Shen, Y., & Orozco-Lapray, D. (2013). Longitudinal linkages among
parent–child acculturation discrepancy, parenting, parent–child sense of alienation, and adolescent
adjustment in chinese immigrant families. Developmental Psychology, 49(5), 900-912.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029169
Krauss, S. E., Ismail, I. A., Suandi, T., Hamzah, A., Hamzah, S. R., Dahalan, D., . . . Idris, F. (2013).
Parenting and community engagement factors as predictors of religiosity among muslim adolescents from
malaysia. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 23(2), 87-102.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2012.670039
Kullik, A., & Petermann, F. (2013). Attachment to parents and peers as a risk factor for adolescent
depressive disorders: The mediating role of emotion regulation. Child Psychiatry and Human Development,
44(4), 537-548. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10578-012-0347-5
Leonard, K. C., Cook, K. V., Boyatzis, C. J., Kimball, C. N., & Flanagan, K. S. (2013). Parent-child
dynamics and emerging adult religiosity: Attachment, parental beliefs, and faith support. Psychology of
Religion and Spirituality, 5(1), 5-14. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029404
Maurizi, L. K., Ceballo, R., Epstein­Ngo, Q., & Cortina, K. S. (2013). Does neighborhood belonging
matter? examining school and neighborhood belonging as protective factors for latino adolescents.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83(2), 323-334. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajop.12017
Natarajan, G. (2013). Differences in internalizing and externalizing problems among early adolescent
subtypes based on attachment security. Psychological Studies, 58(2), 122-132.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12646-013-0179-9
Novakovic, A., & Fouad, N. A. (2013). Background, personal, and environmental influences on the career
planning of adolescent girls. Journal of Career Development, 40(3), 223-244.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894845312449380
Pascuzzo, K., Cyr, C., & Moss. E. (2013). Longitudinal association between adolescent attachment, adult
romantic attachment, and emotion regulation strategies. Attachment in Human Development, 15, 83-103.
Raudino, A., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2013). The quality of parent/child relationships in
adolescence is associated with poor adult psychosocial adjustment. Journal of Adolescence, 36(2), 331-340.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.002
Roelofs, J., Onckels, L., & Muris, P. (2013). Attachment quality and psychopathological symptoms in
clinically referred adolescents: The mediating role of early maladaptive schema. Journal of Child and
Family Studies, 22(3), 377-385. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9589-x
22
Rounding, K., & Jacobson, J. A. (2013). The role of causal uncertainty in the relationship between
perceived parental dysphoria and offspring's own dysphoria. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(5), 10581069. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9539-y
Scott, L. N., Whalen, D. J., Zalewski, M., Beeney, J. E., Pilkonis, P. A., Hipwell, A. E., & Stepp, S. D.
(2013). Predictors and conr primarsequences of developmental changes in adolescent girls' self-reported
quality of attachment to theiy caregiver. Journal of Adolescence, 36(5), 797-806.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.06.005
Sheftall, A. H., Mathias, C. W., Furr, R. M., & Dougherty, D. M. (2013). Adolescent attachment security,
family functioning, and suicide attempts. Attachment & Human Development, 15(4), 368-383.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2013.782649
Sieh, D. S., Oort, F. J., Visser-Meily, J., & Meijer, A. M. (2013). Mediators for internalizing problems in
adolescents of parents with chronic medical condition. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities,
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10882-013-9345-1
Telzer, E. H., Fuligni, A. J., Lieberman, M. D., & Galván, A. (2013). Meaningful family relationships:
Neurocognitive buffers of adolescent risk taking. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25(3), 374-387.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00331
23
**ORIGINAL VERSION**
INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT (IPPA)
(Parent and Peer Version)
SCORING INSTRUCTIONS
Calculation of Total Parent and Peer Attachment Scores
Separate Parent Attachment and Peer Attachment summary scores are obtained by
reverse-scoring items as listed below. It is necessary to also reverse score all Alienation
subscale items.
Subscale Scoring (see Table below)
The original IPPA has three Parent and Peer subscales. Subscale scores are computed by
summing the item responses. Responses to negatively worded items must be reversescored before calculations.
Parent Subscales
Directly-scored
Items
Trust
(10 items)
1 2 4 13 14 21 23 24
Communication
(10 items)
6 8 16 17 20 26 28
Alienation
(8 items)
9 11 12 18 19 22 25 27
Reverse-scored
Items
3 10
5 7 15
----
Peer Subscales
Trust
(10 items)
6 8 12 13 14 15 19 20 21
5
Communication
(8 items)
1 2 3 7 16 17 24 25
----
Alienation
(7 items)
4 9 10 11 18 22 23
----
24
INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT (IPPA):
(Parent and Peer Version)
ITEM-TOTAL CORRELATIONS*
PARENT ATTACHMENT SCALES
COMMUNICATION
Item Number
Item-total correlation
5
.53
6
.67
7
.59
8
.61
15
.63
16
.75
17
.80
20
.75
26
.77
28
.68
TRUST
Item Number
1
2
3
4
10
13
14
21
23
24
Item-total
.76
.69
.61
.75
.55
.73
.73
.72
.74
.64
ALIENATION
Item Number
9
11
12
18
19
22
25
27
Item-total Correlation
.59
.60
.59
.58
.57
.57
.74
.65
PEER ATTACHMENT SCALES
TRUST
Item Number
5
6
8
12
13
14
15
19
20
21
ALIENATION
Item Number
4
9
10
11
18
22
Item-total
.56
.60
.62
.70
.75
.68
.73
.71
.68
.75
COMMUNICATION
Item Number
Item-total
1
.57
2
.63
3
.59
7
.66
16
.57
17
.63
24
.72
25
.72
Item-total correlation
.45
.27
.51
.46
.40
.44
* Correlation between item scores and the total score (excluding that item)
25
INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT:
(MOTHER, FATHER AND PEER VERSION)
SCORING INSTRUCTIONS
Mother, Father, and Peer Attachment scores are calculated by
(1) reverse-scoring the items whose numbers are listed below and
(2) summing all 25 items for each scale.
Attachment Scale
Mother
3 6 8 9 10 11 14 17 18 23
Father
3 6 8 9 10 11 14 17 18 23
Peer
Authors:
Items to be reverse-scored
4 5 9 10 11 18 22 23
Mark T. Greenberg, Ph.D., and Gay C. Armsden, Ph.D.
Department of Psychology, University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195-1525
26
INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT:
(MOTHER, FATHER, PEER VERSION)
How to Score the Revised Version in Order to
Use the Original IPPA Subscales
SUBSCALE
ITEM NUMBER ON REVISED VERSION
Direct-scored items
Reverse-scored items
Parent Trust
1 2 4 12 13 20 21 22
3 9
Parent Communication
5 7 15 16 19 24 25
6 14
Parent Alienation
8 10 11 17 18 23
Peer Trust
6 8 12 13 14 15 19 20 21
Peer Communication
1 2 3 7 16 17 24 25
Peer Alienation
4 9 10 11 18 22 23
5
*Some of these subscales are highly correlated on the original version of the instrument, making their independence questionable. Initial
investigation of the dimensional structure of the revised version suggests a similar structure, but some differences exist between Mother and Father
Attachment in item-content of the dimensions. Further investigation is warranted.
i
Almost
Never or
Never
True
Not
Very
Often
True
Sometimes
True
Often
True
8. Talking over my problems with my mother
makes me feel ashamed or foolish.
1
2
3
4
5
9. My mother expects too much from me.
1
2
3
4
5
10. I get upset easily around my mother.
1
2
3
4
5
11. I get upset a lot more than my
mother knows about.
1
2
3
4
5
12. When we discuss things, my mother
cares about my point of view.
1
2
3
4
5
13. My mother trusts my judgment.
1
2
3
4
5
14. My mother has her own problems,
so I don’t bother her with mine.
1
2
3
4
5
15. My mother helps me to
understand myself better.
1
2
3
4
5
16. I tell my mother about my
problems and troubles.
1
2
3
4
5
17. I feel angry with my mother.
1
2
3
4
5
18. I don’t get much attention from my mother.
1
2
3
4
5
19. My mother helps me to talk
about my difficulties.
1
2
3
4
5
20. My mother understands me.
1
2
3
4
5
INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT (IPPA)

Authors:
Gay Armsden, Ph.D. and Mark T. Greenberg, Ph.D. 1
This questionnaire asks about your relationships with important people in your life; your mother,
your father, and your close friends. Please read the directions to each part carefully.
Part I
Some of the following statements asks about your feelings about your mother or the person who has
acted as your mother. If you have more than one person acting as your mother (e.g. a natural mother
and a step-mother) answer the questions for the one you feel has most influenced you.
Please read each statement and circle the ONE number that tells how true the statement is for you
now.
Almost
Always or
Always
True
Almost
Never or
Never
True
Not
Very
Often
True
Sometimes
True
Often
True
1. My mother respects my feeling.
1
2
3
4
5
2. I feel my mother does a good
job as my mother.
1
2
3
4
5
3. I wish I had a different mother.
1
2
3
4
5
4. My mother accepts me as I am.
1
2
3
4
5
21. When I am angry about something,
my mother tries to be understanding.
1
2
3
4
5
5. I like to get my mother’s point of
view on things I’m concerned about.
1
2
3
4
5
22. I trust my mother.
1
2
3
4
5
6. I feel it’s no use letting my feelings
show around my mother.
1
2
3
4
5
23. My mother doesn’t understand
what I’m going through these days.
1
2
3
4
5
7. My mother can tell when I’m
upset about something.
1
2
3
4
5
24. I can count on my mother when I need
to get something off my chest.
1
2
3
4
5
25. If my mother knows something is
bothering me, she asks me about it.
1
2
3
4
5
1
Address for Dr. Greenberg: Dept. of Human Development, Penn State University, State
College, PA 16802.
Almost
Always or
Always
True
ii
Part II
This part asks about your feelings bout your father, or the man who has acted as your father. If you
have more than one person acting as your father (e.g. natural and step-father) answer the question for
the one you feel has most influenced you.
1. My father respects my feelings.
Almost
Never or
Never
True
Not
Very
Often
True
Sometimes
True
Often
True
1
2
3
4
Almost
Always or
Always
True
5
Almost
Never or
Never
True
Not
Very
Often
True
Sometimes
True
Often
True
16. I tell my father about my problems and
troubles
1
2
3
4
5
17. I feel angry with my father
1
2
3
4
5
18. I don’t get much attention from
my father.
1
2
3
4
5
Almost
Always or
Always
True
2. I feel my father does a good
job as my father.
1
2
3
4
5
3. I wish I had a different father.
1
2
3
4
5
19. My father helps me to talk about
my difficulties.
1
2
3
4
5
4. My father accepts me as I am.
1
2
3
4
5
20. My father understands me.
1
2
3
4
5
5. I like to get my father’s point of view
on things I’m concerned about.
1
2
3
4
5
21. When I am angry about something, my
father tries to be understanding.
1
2
3
4
5
6. I feel it’s no use letting my
feelings show around my father.
1
2
3
4
5
22. I trust my father.
1
2
3
4
5
23. My father doesn’t understand what
I’m going through these days.
1
2
3
4
5
24. I can count on my father when I need
to get something off my chest.
1
2
3
4
5
25. If my father knows something is bothering
me, he asks me about it.
1
2
3
4
5
7. My father can tell when I’m
upset about something.
1
2
3
4
5
8. Talking over my problems with my
father makes me feel ashamed or foolish.
1
2
3
4
5
9. My father expects too much from me.
1
2
3
4
5
10. I get upset easily around my father.
1
2
3
4
5
11. I get upset a lot more than my father
knows about.
1
2
3
4
5
12. When we discuss things, my father
cares about my point of view.
1
2
3
4
5
13. My father trusts my judgment.
1
2
3
4
5
14. My father has his own problems,
so I don’t bother him with mine.
1
2
3
4
5
15. My father helps me to understand
myself better.
1
2
3
4
5
iii
Part III
Never or
Never
True
Very
Often
True
times
True
True
18. I feel angry with my friends.
1
2
3
4
5
19. I can count on my friends when I need
to get something off my chest.
1
2
3
4
5
20. I trust my friends.
1
2
3
4
5
21. My friends respect my feelings.
1
2
3
4
5
22. I get upset a lot more than my
friends know about.
1
2
3
4
5
23. It seems as if my friends are
irritated with me for no reason.
1
2
3
4
5
24. I can tell my friends about my
problems and troubles.
1
2
3
4
5
25. If my friends know something
is bothering me, they ask me about it.
1
2
3
4
5
This part asks about your feelings about your relationships with your close friends.
Please read each statement and circle the ONE number that tells how true the statement is for you now.
1. I like to get my friends’ point of view
on things I’m concerned about.
2. My friends can tell when I’m
upset about something.
3. When we discuss things, my friends
care about my point of view.
Almost
Never or
Never
True
Not
Very
Often
True
Sometimes
True
1
2
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
Often
True
4
4
4
Almost
Always or
Always
True
Always or
Always
True
5
5
5
4. Talking over my problems with friends
makes me feel ashamed or foolish.
1
2
3
4
5
5. I wish I had different friends.
1
2
3
4
5
6. My friends understand me.
1
2
3
4
5
7. My friends encourage me to talk about
my difficulties.
1
2
3
4
5
8. My friends accept me as I am.
1
2
3
4
5
9. I feel the need to be in touch with
my friends more often.
1
2
3
4
5
10. My friends don’t understand what
I’m going through these days.
1
2
3
4
5
11. I feel alone or apart when I am
with my friends.
1
2
3
4
5
12. My friends listen to what I have to say.
1
2
3
4
5
13. I feel my friends are good friends.
1
2
3
4
5
14. My friends are fairly easy to talk to.
1
2
3
4
5
15. When I am angry about something,
my friends try to be understanding.
1
2
3
4
5
16. My friends help me to understand
myself better.
17. My friends care about how I am feeling.
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
Almost
Not
Some-
Often
Almost