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The Cold Regions Hydrological
Model: A Simulation Platform for
Physically Based Hydrology
Objective
To develop a hydrological cycle simulation system
that:
„
is distributed such that the water balance for
selected surface areas can be computed;
„
is sensitive to the impacts of land use and climate
change;
„
does not require the presence of a stream in each
land unit;
„
is flexible: can be compiled in various forms for
specific needs;
„
is suitable for testing individual process algorithms.
„
DOES NOT REQUIRE CALIBRATION!
Cold Regions Hydrological Model
DATA COMPONENT
Preparation of spatial and meteorological data.
„
„
„
„
Spatial data (e.g. basin area, elevation, cover type) is
analyzed using a Geographic Information System (GIS)
interface that assists the user in basin delineation,
characterization and parameterization of Hydrological
Response Units (HRU).
Time-series meteorological data include air
temperature, humidity, wind speed, precipitation and
radiation.
Adjustments for elevation (lapse rate), snowfall versus
rainfall, interpolation between input observations
(stations)
Unit conversions to consistent SI units
Cold Regions Hydrological Model
MODEL COMPONENT
„
Utilizes Windows-based series of pull-down menus
linked to the system features.
„
Modules, or process algorithms, are selected from the
library and grouped together by the CRHM processor.
„
Modules have a set order of execution with a common
set of variables and parameters.
„
Modules are created in C++ programming language.
„
Macro modules can be created from within the model
using a simple macro language.
Cold Regions Hydrological Model
ANALYSIS COMPONENT
„
Used to display, analyze and export results (Excel,
ASCII).
„
Statistical and graphical tools are used to analyze model
performance, allowing for decisions to be made on the
best modelling approach.
„
Sensitivity-analysis tools are provided to optimize
selected model parameters and evaluate the effects of
model parameters on simulation results.
„
Mapping tools use ArcGIS files to map ouputs for
geographical visualization.
CRHM GIS Interface
„
„
„
„
The interface automates the
parameterization of CRHM.
Uses TOPAZ and ARC/INFO AML
coding to divide the watershed into
sub-basins.
Each sub-basin is defined as a
polygon with drainage information,
ID, and can be assigned other
parameters.
The next step is to link the sub-basin
to other spatial information (land
cover, fetch, etc.) in order to derive
relevant HRU’s.
CRHM Module Development
DATA
ASSIMILATION
„
„
Data from multiple sites
Interpolation to the HRUs
PROCESSES
„
„
SPATIAL
PARAMETERS
„
Basin and HRU parameters
are set. (area, latitude,
elevation, ground slope,
aspect)
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Infiltration into soils (frozen
and unfrozen)
Snowmelt (prairie & forest)
Radiation
Wind flow over hills
Evapotranspiration
Snow transport
Interception (snow & rain)
Sublimation (dynamic & static)
Soil moisture balance
Runoff, interflow
Routing (hillslope & channel)
Sub-arctic alpine tundra
Water Balance Wolf Creek-Alpine 1998/99
250
200
mm
150
CRHM Runo ff
CRHM Sno wfall
CRHM Infiltratio n
CRHM M elt
CRHM Gro und SWE
M easured M elt
M easured SWE
100
50
0
-50
-100
22-Sep
11-Nov
31-Dec
19-Feb
10-Apr
30-May
Boreal forest clearing
mm
Water Balance Bittern Creek-Clearcut 1996/97
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
12-Oct
CRHM Runo ff
CRHM Sno wfall
CRHM Infiltratio n
CRHM M elt
CRHM Gro und SWE
M easured M elt
M easured SWE
1-Dec
20-Jan
11-Mar
30-Apr
Prairie wheat field
Water Balance Creighton-Stubble 1981/82
200
150
mm
100
50
CRHM Runo ff
CRHM Sno wfall
CRHM Infiltratio n
CRHM M elt
CRHM Gro und SWE
M easured M elt
M easured SWE
0
-50
-100
-150
10-Nov
20-Dec
29-Jan
10-Mar
19-Apr