WORKING PAPER
Harmonization of Cross-National Studies of
Aging to the Health and Retirement Study
USER GUIDE, Health Behavior, Version A
Serena Wang, Joohong Min, Jinkook Lee
RAND Labor & Population
WR-861/8
December 2014
This paper series made possible by the NIA funded RAND Center for the Study of Aging (P30AG012815) and the NICHD funded RAND
Population Research Center (R24HD050906).
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HARMONIZATION OF CROSS-NATIONAL STUDIES OF AGING TO THE HEALTH AND
RETIREMENT STUDY
USER GUIDE
Health Behavior
Version A
Serena Wang
Joohong Min
Jinkook Lee
December 2014
This project is funded by NIA/NIH (R24 AG037866)
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................8
1. INVENTORY OF MEASURES FOR HEALTH BEHAVIORS ..................................................................... 10
1.1 The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) ...................................................................................................... 10
1.2 The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) ....................................................................................... 11
1.3 The Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)......................................................... 12
1.4 The Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA) .................................................................................... 12
1.5 The Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) ............................................................................................ 13
1.6 The Chinese Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS)......................................................... 13
1.7 The Japanese Study on Aging and Retirement (JSTAR)............................................................................. 14
1.8 The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) ......................................................................................... 15
1.9 The Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) ....................................................................................................... 15
1.10 The Mexican Health and Ageing Study (MHAS) ....................................................................................... 15
2. METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES ................................................................................................................... 17
2.1 Measures for Smoking Behavior ................................................................................................................... 17
2.1.1 Ever Smoke.............................................................................................................................................................. 17
2.1.2 Smoke Now ............................................................................................................................................................. 17
2.1.3 Quantity of Currently Smoked .......................................................................................................................... 17
2.1.4 History of smoking................................................................................................................................................ 18
2.1.5 Quantity when smoked the most..................................................................................................................... 18
1.2 Measures for Drinking Behavior.................................................................................................................... 20
2.2.1 Ever Drink ................................................................................................................................................................ 20
2.2.2 Frequency of Drinking ......................................................................................................................................... 20
2.2.3 Quantity of Drinks................................................................................................................................................. 20
2.3 Measures for Physical Activity ....................................................................................................................... 22
2.3.1 Vigorous physical activity ................................................................................................................................... 22
2.3.2 Moderate physical activity................................................................................................................................. 22
2.3.3 Mild physical activity ........................................................................................................................................... 22
3. USING MEASURES CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS ........................................................................ 24
2
3.1 Measure of smoking behavior ................................................................................................................... 24
3.1.1 Ever Smoke ............................................................................................................................................................. 24
3.1.2 Smoke now ............................................................................................................................................................. 24
3.1.3 Quantity of currently smoke ............................................................................................................................ 24
3.1.4 History of smoking............................................................................................................................................... 25
3.1.5 Quantity when smoked the most .................................................................................................................... 25
3.2 Measure of drinking behavior................................................................................................................... 25
3.2.1 Ever Drink ............................................................................................................................................................... 25
3.2.2 Frequency of drinking .......................................................................................................................................... 25
3.2.3 Quantity of drinking ............................................................................................................................................. 26
3.2 Measure of Physical activities ................................................................................................................... 28
3.3.1 Vigorous Exercise .................................................................................................................................................. 28
3.3.2 Moderate Exercise ................................................................................................................................................ 28
3.3.3 Mild Exercise .......................................................................................................................................................... 29
4. QUESTION CONCORDANCE BY SURVEYS............................................................................................ 31
4.1 Smoking ............................................................................................................................................................. 31
4.1.1 HRS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 31
4.1.2 ELSA ........................................................................................................................................................................... 31
4.1.3 SHARE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 32
4.1.4 KLoSA ........................................................................................................................................................................ 33
4.1.5 LASI ............................................................................................................................................................................ 33
4.1.6 CHARLS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 34
4.1.7 JSTAR......................................................................................................................................................................... 35
4.1.8 TILDA ......................................................................................................................................................................... 35
4.1.9 IFLS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 36
4.2 Drinking .............................................................................................................................................................. 41
4.2.1 HRS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 41
4.2.2 ELSA........................................................................................................................................................................... 42
4.2.3 SHARE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 46
4.2.4 Klosa .......................................................................................................................................................................... 48
4.2.5 LASI ............................................................................................................................................................................ 52
4.2.6 CHARLS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 52
4.2.7 JSTAR......................................................................................................................................................................... 54
3
4.2.8 TILDA ......................................................................................................................................................................... 55
4.2.9 IFLS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 55
4.2.10 MHAS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 55
4.3 Physical activity ................................................................................................................................................ 56
4.3.1 HRS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 56
4.3.2 ELSA........................................................................................................................................................................... 57
4.3.3 SHARE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 58
4.3.4 Klosa .......................................................................................................................................................................... 58
4.3.5 LASI ............................................................................................................................................................................ 59
4.3.6 CHARLS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 60
4.3.7 JSTAR......................................................................................................................................................................... 63
4.3.8 TILDA ......................................................................................................................................................................... 63
4.3.9 IFLS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 65
4.3.10 MHAS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 67
4
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Summary of Smoking Behavior Variables in Each Survey ................................................................. 19
Table 2. Summary of Drinking Variables in Each Survey ................................................................................. 21
Table 3. Summary of Physical Exercise Variables in Each Survey ................................................................... 23
Table 4. Frequency of Drinking Variable Comparison..................................................................................... 26
Table 5. Quantity of Drinking Variable Comparison ....................................................................................... 27
Table 6. Vigorous Exercise Variable Comparison ............................................................................................ 28
Table 7. Moderate Exercise Variable Comparison .......................................................................................... 29
Table 8. Mile Exercise Variable Comparison ................................................................................................... 30
Table 9. Question Numbers in Each Survey .................................................................................................... 68
5
INTRODUCTION
The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) has achieved remarkable scientific success, as
demonstrated by an impressive number of users and research studies and publications. Its success has
generated substantial interest in collecting similar data as population aging increases around the world.
The result has been a number of surveys designed to be comparable with the HRS: the English Longitudinal
Study of Ageing (ELSA), the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), the Korean
Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI), the China Health and
Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), the Japanese Study on Aging and Retirement (JSTAR), The Irish
Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS), and the Mexican Health and
Ageing Study (MHAS).. 1
As these surveys have harmonization as a goal, they provide remarkable opportunities for crosscountry studies. The value of comparative analyses, especially regarding lessons resulting from policies
adopted elsewhere, is widely recognized. Yet there are only a limited number of empirical studies
exploiting such opportunities. This is partly due to the difficulties associated with learning multiple
surveys and the policies and institutions of each country.
Identifying comparable questions across surveys is the first step toward cross-country analyses.
The USC CENTER FOR GLOBAL AGING RESEARCH web site (https://g2aging.org/) provides users a digital
library of questions for all these surveys. Its search engines enable users to examine cross-country
concordance for each survey question. Using them, researchers can identify all questions related to
particular key words or within a domain or a sub- domain.
Nevertheless, comparing these questions and evaluating comparability across surveys is still
a labor-intensive process. Understanding all the idiosyncratic details in each survey takes still more
effort. To reduce time and effort needed for cross-country research, we have prepared a series of
domain-specific user guides. These guides are designed to provide researchers with documentation
about the concepts, measures, and questions of particular domains in all HRS-family surveys. For each
domain, we reviewed all relevant questions across all surveys. These guides expand upon the
information found in codebooks, questionnaires, and data descriptions. They also evaluate
comparability across surveys and recommendations for harmonized measures that can be exploited for
1
For an overview of these studies, see Lee, J. (2010). Data set for pension and health: Data collection and sharing for
policy design, International Social Security Review, 63, (3-4), 197 - 222.
6
cross-country analyses. We hope these guides, by helping researchers save time and better
understand what can be studied in HRS-family surveys, accelerate scientific advances.
This health-behavior user guide focuses on three health behaviors: smoking, drinking, and
physical exercise. We chose these three specific health behaviors for this guide because they are
known predictors of health risks, and all HRS family of surveys include a series of questions on them.
7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND OVERVIEW
This guide summarizes data on health behavior from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and its
sister surveys. This includes the 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010 waves of the HRS, 2 the five waves of the English
Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), Waves 1, 2, and 4 of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in
Europe (SHARE, whose Wave 3 is life history survey), all four waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing
(KLoSA), the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) pilot wave, all three waves of the Japanese Study on Aging
and Retirement (JSTAR), the first waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and
the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), the 2007 wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS), and the
first two waves of the Mexican Health and Ageing Study (MHAS). All of the surveys collected information on
common health behaviors, but varied in the spectrum and details of questions asked. We group the health
behavior measures into three: smoking behavior, drinking behavior, and physical activity.
Smoking behavior
x
All surveys ask whether the respondent ever smoked but differed in time span. Most surveys
asked respondents if they had ever smoked in their lifetime, providing comparability. KLoSA
asks respondents if they have ever smoked more than five packs of cigarettes (100 cigarettes),
meaning it will underestimate prevalence of lifetime smoking relative to their surveys asking if
respondents have ever smoked.
x
The surveys differ in type of tobacco products included. HRS, KLoSA, CHARLS, JSTAR, and MHAS
only ask about cigarettes. ELSA asks about cigarettes and rollups. SHARE, TILDA, and IFLS also
ask about smoking pipes, cigars, and cigarettes. LASI asks about cigarette, bidi, cigar, hookah,
chewing tobacco, gutka, and pan masala.
x
All the surveys except ELSA ask respondents how much they currently smoke each day. Again,
however, the surveys differ in the types of tobacco products they include: HRS, KLoSA, CHARLS,
JSTAR and MHAS only ask about cigarettes, while ELSA, SHARE, TILDA, and IFLS ask about other
types of tobacco products. ELSA further differentiates weekend and weekday smoking.
x
All the surveys except ELSA ask several questions about personal smoking history. These
include age or year when or number of years since respondents started smoking as well as the
age or year when or number of years since respondents stopped smoking.
2
Prior to 2004, HRS provides a document summarizing all the health behavior measures across waves. The document can
be found at http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/sitedocs/userg/dr-010.pdf
8
x
Three surveys, HRS, KLoSA, and MHAS, ask respondents the quantity of cigarettes or packs daily
consumed when they most smoked.
Drinking behavior
x
HRS, KLoSA, LASI, CHARLS, and MHAS ask respondents whether they “ever” drank alcohol. ELSA
asks respondents whether they did so in the past year, JSTAR asks about the past six months,
and SHARE asks about the past three months (and past six months in wave 1). TILDA and IFLS
do not ask about any past alcohol consumption.
x
All the surveys, except ELSA wave 1, LASI, IFLS, and TILDA, ask the frequency of drinking when the
respondent consumed alcoholic drinks. Such questions differ in answer options for time span and
type of drink.
Physical activity
x
Except for KLoSA and JSTAR, the surveys ask about vigorous exercise and moderate exercise.
They differ in time span and frequency of exercise reported. HRS, ELSA, SHARE and LASI are
comparable in offering a measure on frequency of exercise with no specific time frame.
CHARLS, TILDA, and IFLS report the number of days of exercise in the past week.
x
HRS, ELSA, CHARLS, TILDA and IFLS ask about mild exercise but differ in time span and
frequency measures. This measure is comparable only between HRS and ELSA.
9
1. INVENTORY OF MEASURES FOR HEALTH BEHAVIORS
This guide provides an overview of health-behavior measures, specifically those on smoking, drinking,
and physical activity, and their comparability for several surveys on aging around the world. We have prepared
this guide to help researchers understand the comparability of these measures and facilitate cross-country
research. The specific surveys we review are the Health and Retirement Study (HRS, 2004 Wave 7 – 2010 Wave
10), the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA (2002 Wave 1 – 2010 Wave 5), the Survey of Health, Ageing,
and Retirement in Europe (SHARE (2014 Wave 1 – 2010 Wave 4) 3, the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing
(KLoSA, 2006 Wave 1 – 2012 Wave 4), the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI, pilot wave – 2010), the China
Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2010 Wave 1), the Japanese Study on Aging and Retirement
(JSTAR, 2007 Wave 1 – 2011 Wave 3), the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA, 2009 Wave 1), the
Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS, 2007 Wave 4), and the Mexican Health and Ageing Study (MHAS, 2001 Wave
1 – 2003 Wave 2).
In this chapter, we present an overview of the questions each survey asks on smoking behavior, drinking
behavior, and physical activity. In the second chapter, we explore methodological issues regarding these,
including variations in how the questions are asked. In the third chapter, we explore more directly comparability
of questions across surveys and issues in using measures for cross-country analysis. The fourth chapter discusses
concordance among surveys by presenting text of individual questions from each survey.
1.1 The Health and Retirement Study (HRS)
1.1.1 Smoking Behavior
The HRS asks several measures of smoking status. It includes two questions current smoking:
whether smoke now and quantity smoked. It also asks several questions about smoking history,
including whether ever smoke, when respondents started or stopped smoking, and the quantity of
cigarettes or packs smoked at peak daily consumption. These questions have been asked of new
respondents in all subsequent waves.
1.1.2 Drinking Behavior
HRS survey asks detailed questions on alcohol consumption. These include whether respondents
ever drank, quantity of alcohol consumed, and the number of days per week consuming drinks in the
last three months.
3
SHARE wave 3 is the life history survey
10
1.1.3 Physical Activity
The HRS asks respondents about exercise behavior in several ways. Since 2004, it has asked three
questions about physical activity, including whether vigorous, moderate, or mild physical activity has
occurred daily, more than once weekly, once weekly, one to three times monthly, or never. Vigorous
activities include activities such as running or jogging, swimming, cycling, aerobics or gym workout,
tennis, or digging with a spade or shovel. Moderate activities include gardening, cleaning the car,
walking at a moderate pace, dancing, and floor or stretching exercises. Mild activities include
vacuuming, laundry, and home repairs.
1.2 The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA)
1.2.1 Smoking Behavior
ELSA asks respondents whether they have ever smoked cigarettes. This question does not
distinguish other types of tobacco. Another question on current smoking status distinguishes among
types of tobacco, including cigarettes and roll-up. Regarding current daily smoking, ELSA distinguishes by
weekend and weekday. In other words, it asks about weekday cigarettes, weekend cigarettes, weekday
roll-ups, and weekend roll-ups. It also asks quantity of roll-up tobacco consumed in grams or ounces.
1.2.2 Drinking Behavior
ELSA questions on drinking behavior differ by wave. Wave 1 asks only in the core survey
whether the respondent has taken an alcoholic drink in the past 12 months. Starting in wave 2, the
survey asks in the self-completion portion whether respondents drink any alcohol, frequency of
drinking, and quantity of drinks. Specifically, waves 2 and 3 ask respondents about the day in the past
week they drank most and then about consumption of pints, large cans or bottles, or small cans or
bottles of normal beer; pints, or large cans or bottles of strong beer; glasses of spirits or liquor; glasses
of sherry or martini; glasses of wine; and bottles or cans of alcopops. The wave 4 self-completion survey
asks respondents, “During the last seven days, how many drinks did you have?” It then asks separately
the number of measures of spirits, glasses of wine, and pints of beer the respondent consumed.
1.2.3 Physical Activity
ELSA asks respondents whether they engaged in vigorous, moderate, or mild physical activity and if
doing so more than once weekly, once weekly, one to three times monthly, or hardly ever or never.
11
ELSA uses a slightly different scale than used in the HRS, not allowing respondents to identify daily
activity, while allowing answers of “hardly ever or never”. ELSA does not ask physical activity questions
of proxy respondents in waves 1 and 2 but does so for wave 3 and subsequent waves.
1.3 The Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)
1.3.1 Smoking Behavior
Unlike the HRS, the SHARE asks not only about smoking of cigarettes, also of cigars, cigarillos, and pipes
daily for at least one year. In asking about quantities, SHARE asks separately about cigarettes, pipe, and
cigars or cigarillos. It also asks respondents their age when starting and stopping smoking.
1.3.2 Drinking Behavior
SHARE questions about drinking behavior different by wave. In wave 1, the SHARE asks respondents
whether they had any alcoholic drink in the last six months. In wave 2 and subsequent waves, it asks about
the past three months. Regarding the frequency of drinking, the SHARE asks respondents whether they drink
almost every day, five or six days weekly, three or four days weekly, once or twice weekly, once or twice
monthly, less than once monthly, or not at all. It also asks respondents the number of drinks they’ve had on
days they drank.
1.3.3 Physical Activity
The SHARE asks only about vigorous and moderate physical activity; it does not ask about mild physical
activity question. It asks respondents whether they undertake vigorous or moderate activity more than once
weekly, once weekly, one to three times monthly, or hardly ever or never.
1.4 The Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA)
1.4.1 Smoking Behavior
The KLoSA asks whether respondents have ever smoked cigarettes but defines having ever smoked as
having consumed more than 5 packs of cigarettes (100 cigarettes). It does not ask about other types of
tobaccos in the ever-smoked question. It also asks about current daily number of cigarettes smoked. KLoSA,
along with HRS and MHAS, is one of the few surveys that ask about peak lifetime tobacco consumption. It
also asks respondent their age when starting or stopping smoking.
1.4.2 Drinking Behavior
12
The KLoSA asks respondents whether they have ever drunk alcohol and whether they still do so.
Frequencies it asks are none or less once monthly, once monthly, two to three times monthly, once weekly,
two to three times weekly, four to five times weekly, daily, and more than twice daily. The KLoSA asks these
questions separately for So-ju (Korean liquor), beer, Makgeolli (rice wine), whisky, and wine.
1.4.3 Physical Activity
The KLoSA asks respondents whether they worked out more than once weekly and, if so, how often. It
does not ask about vigorous, moderate, or mild levels of activity.
1.5 The Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI)
1.5.1 Smoking Behavior
The LASI asks several questions about smoking. It asks whether respondents have ever smoked
cigarettes, bidi, cigars, or hookah, or whether they have ever chewed tobacco, gutka, or pan masala.
Regarding quantities, the LASI first asks the amount of grams of tobacco consumed daily, weekly, and
monthly, then the number of times tobacco was consumed daily, weekly, or monthly, and finally the
number of cigarettes and the number of packs smoked in a day. It also asks respondents their age when
starting or stopping smoking.
1.5.2 Drinking Behavior
LASI asks respondents whether they have ever drunk alcohol and whether they still do so. It asks
respondents how many drinks they had in the past 30 days.
1.5.3 Physical Activity
The LASI asks about vigorous and moderate physical activity but does not ask about mild physical
activity question. It asks whether respondents engaged in physical activity daily, more than once weekly,
once week, one to three times monthly, or hardly ever or never.
1.6 The Chinese Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS)
1.6.1 Smoking Behavior
The CHARLS asks respondents whether they have ever smoked cigarettes (including self-rolled), cigars,
or pipe tobacco, as well as whether they have ever chewed tobacco. It also asks the number of cigarette
13
smoked daily now or when smoking. Finally, it asks respondents their age when they began or stopped
smoking.
1.6.2 Drinking Behavior
The CHARLS asks respondents whether they have never had an alcoholic drink, drink less than once
monthly, or drink more than once monthly. Regarding frequency of drinking, it also asks whether
respondents drink less than once monthly, once monthly, two to three times monthly, once weekly, two to
three times weekly, four to five times weekly, once daily, or more than twice daily. The CHARLS asks these
questions separately for liquor, beer, and wine or rice wine. Regarding quantities, it asks respondents how
many bottles of beer they drank or how many liang (50 cc) of wine or liquor they drank.
1.6.3 Physical Activity
The CHARLS asks respondents whether they engage in vigorous, moderate, or mild exercise for at least
ten minutes and, if so, how many days they did so in the past week.
1.7 The Japanese Study on Aging and Retirement (JSTAR)
1.7.1 Smoking Behavior
The JSTAR asks respondents whether they smoke now, smoked in the past but have quit, or never
smoked regularly. Regarding quantity of smoking, it asks the average daily number of packs of cigarettes
smoked. It also asks respondents their age when they started or quit smoking.
1.7.2 Drinking Behavior
The JSTAR asks respondents whether they have had an alcoholic drink in the past six months, with the
exception of five cities survey in wave 2. It asks respondents whether they drank daily, five to six times
weekly, three to four times weekly, once or twice weekly, several times per month, or hardly ever or never.
It asks respondents the number of times they drank beer, shochu, sake, whiskey, and wine.
1.7.3 Physical Activity
JSTAR asks respondents on self-completion questionnaires how much time they engage in exercise on
weekends and weekdays.
14
1.8 The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)
1.8.1 Smoking Behavior
TILDA asks respondents whether they have ever smoked cigarettes, cigars or cigarillos, or a pipe daily for
a period of at least one year. It also asks respondents how many times on average they smoke or smoked
each of these. Finally, it asks respondents their age when starting or stopping smoking.
1.8.2 Drinking Behavior
TILDA does not ask questions about drinking.
1.8.3 Physical Activity
TILDA asks respondents how often they engaged in vigorous, moderate, and mild exercise in the past
week for at least ten minutes continuously. It also asks respondents the number of days they engaged in
such activities.
1.9 The Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS)
1.9.1 Smoking Behavior
The IFLS asks respondents whether they have ever smoked cigarettes (including self-rolled), a pipe, and
cigars, as well as whether they have ever chewed tobacco. It also asks the quantities of each type consumed.
Finally, it asks respondents their age when starting or stopping smoking.
1.9.2 Drinking Behavior
The IFLS did not ask respondents about drinking.
1.9.3 Physical Activity
The IFLS asked respondents whether they engaged in vigorous, moderate, or mild exercise for at least
ten minutes continuously in the past week, and, if so, on how many days they did so.
1.10 The Mexican Health and Ageing Study (MHAS)
1.10.1 Smoking Behavior
The MHAS asks respondents whether they have ever smoked cigarettes. It does not ask specifically
about other types of tobacco. Regarding quantity of smoking, it asks the number of cigarettes or packs
smoked daily. It also asks respondents their age when starting or quitting smoking.
15
1.10.2 Drinking Behavior
MHAS asks respondents whether they have ever had a drink, and specifically whether they ever drink
any alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, liquor, or pulque. It also asks respondents their weekly
frequency of drinking the past three months, and the number of days they had four or more drinks on one
occasion.
1.10.3 Physical Activity
MHAS asks respondents whether, on average, they have exercised or done hard physical work at least
three times weekly. It does not ask about other types of physical activity.
16
2. METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
As the previous section showed, each survey asks many similar questions about smoking, drinking, and
physical activity, but these questions often have subtle or significant differences. In this section, we summarize
methodological similarities and differences in available health-behavior questions across various surveys.
Although all the surveys collected information on common health behaviors, their questions and answer
categories vary by survey. We summarize below differences and similarities among surveys regarding smoking
behavior, drinking behavior, and physical activity.
2.1 Measures for Smoking Behavior
2.1.1 Ever Smoke
All surveys ask whether respondents ever smoked, but differ in questions on time span and type
of tobacco products. Table 1 summarizes these differences. Most surveys ask respondents whether
they have ever smoked. The SHARE and the TILDA qualify this by asking respondents whether they ever
smoked daily for at least one year, while the KLoSA does so by asking whether the respondent has ever
consumed five packs of cigarettes. HRS, ELSA, MHAS and KLoSA do not ask specifically about tobacco
consumption other than cigarettes. JSTAR asks about tobacco in general without specifying type of
tobacco products. The SHARE, CHARLS and IFLS ask about cigars, cigarillos or pipes, while the LASI asks
about cigarettes, bidis, cigars, hookahs, chewing tobacco, gutka, and pan masala.
2.1.2 Smoke Now
All surveys ask whether the respondent is currently smoking, typically requiring a simple yes or
no answer. The LASI asks respondents whether they chew or sniff, smoke, or quit tobacco. JSTAR asks
respondents whether they smoke now, smoked in the past but quit, or never smoked regularly.
2.1.3 Quantity of Currently Smoked
All surveys ask quantity of current tobacco consumption, with some variations. Most surveys ask
about daily consumption, but the ELSA differentiates between weekends and weekdays. The LASI also
allows respondents to specify daily, weekly, or monthly consumption. The surveys also differ in
questions regarding types of tobacco consumption. The HRS, KLoSA, CHARLS, JSTAR, and MHAS only ask
about cigarettes. The ELSA asks about cigarette and rollup consumption. The SHARE, TILDA, and IFLS ask
about pipe tobacco, cigar, and cigarette consumption. The LASI asks about cigarette, bidi, cigar, hookah,
chewing tobacco, gutka, and pan masala consumption.
17
2.1.4 History of smoking
All the surveys except the ELSA ask about smoking history, including the age, year when or
number of years since respondents started or stopped smoking.
2.1.5 Quantity when smoked the most
HRS, KLoSA, and MHAS ask the quantity of cigarettes or packs smoked at the peak of
consumption.
18
Table 1. Summary of Smoking Behavior Variables in Each Survey
HRS
Ever
smoke:
Ever
Time Span
Ever
smoke:
Type
Smoke
now
Cigarettes.
Do not
include
pipes or
cigars
Yes/No
QuantityIn a day
Time Span
ELSA
SHARE
Ever
Cigarettes.
Do not
include
pipes or
cigars
Yes/No
KLoSA
LASI
CHARLS
Daily for a
period of at Ever
least one year
Ever
Ever
More than
Cigarettes,
5 packs of
cigars,
cigarettes
cigarillos or a
(100
pipe
cigarettes)
Chewed
Cigarette, bidi,
tobacco,
cigar, hookah, or
pipe, selfchewing tobacco,
rolled
gutka, pan
cigarettes,
masala
cigars
Any tobacco
1. Yes, I chew or
sniff tobacco;
2. Yes, I smoke
Yes/no
tobacco;
3. No, I quit
1. Yes, I smoke
now;
2. I smoke in
the past, quit
Yes/No
now;
3.No, I never
smoked
regularly
Yes/No
Yes/No
In a day
In a day
In a day
In a day
Cigarettes or
packs
1.Chewing
1.Cigarettes; tobacco;
2.Pipe;
2.pipe;
Cigarettes or
3.Cigars or 3.Self-rooled
packs
cigarillos
cigarettes;4.Ciga
rettes/cigars
Yes/No
Yes/No
Weekend or
In a day
weekday
In a day
Given:
In a day
day/week/month
1.Tabacco
[Cigarette, bidi,
cigar, hookah];
2.smokeless
Cigarettes
tobacco [
chewing tobacco,
gutka, pan
masala]
JSTAR
TILDA
IFLS
Daily for a
period of at
Ever
Ever regularly
least one
year
MHAS
Ever
Chewed
cigarettes,
tobacco, pipe, Cigarettes. Do
cigars,
not include
self-rolled
cigarillos or
cigarettes,
pipes or cigars
a pipe
cigars
1.
Quantity- Cigarettes
Cigarettes;
type
or packs
2. Roll-up
1.Cigarettes;
2.Pipe;
3.Cigars or
cigarillos
Cigarettes
or packs
1.Age/year
start,
History of
2.Age/year NA
smoking
stop,
3. # years
1.Age stop
2. # years
1.Age,
2.Year start, 1.Age start,
3.Age, year 2.Age stop
stop
1.Age start 1.Age start,
2.Age stop 2.Age stop
1.Age stop, 1.Age start,
2. # years
2.Age stop
Age start
Smoke the Cigarettes
NA
most
or packs
NA
Cigarettes
or packs
NA
NA
Cigarettes or
packs
NA
NA
NA
19
1.2 Measures for Drinking Behavior
2.2.1 Ever Drink
All the surveys except TILDA and IFLS ask respondents whether they have drunk alcohol but
differ in time spans they consider. Many consider lifetime consumption. JSTAR asks about consumption
in the past six months and in wave 2 only of two cities. The ELSA asks respondents whether they drank
in the past 12 months. SHARE wave 1 asks about consumption in the past six months, while SHARE
waves 2 and 4 ask about the past three months. Table 2 summarizes the differences.
2.2.2 Frequency of Drinking
Except for TILDA, LASI, IFLS, and ELSA wave 1, all studies ask the frequency of drinking when the
respondent consumed alcoholic drinks. They differ in three ways: time span, option of answers, and type
of drinks considered. The HRS, SHARE waves 2 and 4, and MHAS ask about consumption in the last three
months while ELSA waves 2, 3, and 4 asks about consumption in the past seven days. SHARE wave 1 and
JSTAR use the time span of 6 months. The KLoSA and CHARLS use the time span of last year. The HRS,
ELSA waves 2, 3, and 4, and MHAS ask the number of weekly days of consumption. SHARE, KLoSA,
CHARLS, and JSTAR offer varying category answers on frequencies. Most surveys ask about any alcoholic
beverages consumed, but KLoSA and CHARLS ask about specific drink types.
2.2.3 Quantity of Drinks
Except for TILDA, ELSA wave 1, SHARE wave 1, and IFLS, each survey asks number of drinks
consumed daily. Again, however, there are differences in time span and type of drinks considered. For
time span, HRS, SHARE waves 2 and 4, and MHAS refer to the last three months. ELSA refers to the last
seven days, but in waves 2 and 3 asks about the day of greatest alcohol consumption. ELSA wave 3 asks
number of drinks during last seven days. KLoSA and CHARLS refer to last year. LASI refers to the last 30
days. The HRS, SHARE waves 2 and 4, LASI, and MHAS do not specify types of drinks, but ELSA waves 2,
3, and 4, KLoSA, CHARLS, and JSTAR do.
20
Table 2. Summary of Drinking Variables in Each Survey
ELSA
HRS
Ever drink:
Ever
time span
W1
Last 12
Same w1
months
Frequency
Last 3
: time
NA
months
span
# days
Frequency
per
: answer
week
W2, W3
NA
Last 7 days
# days per
week
SHARE
W3, W4
KLoSA
LASI
CHARLS
JSTAR
w1,w2(2
w2
cities),w3
5cities TILDA IFLS MHAS
Same w1 Last 6 months
Last 3 months
Ever
Ever
Ever
Last 6 months
NA NA
NA Ever
Last 7
days
Last 3 months
Last year: month
NA
or week
Last year: month
Last 6 months
or week
NA NA
NA
W4, W5
W1
Last 6 months
1 Almost every
1 Almost every
1.None or less
day;
day,
once a month,
2.Five or six days a 2.Five or six days a
2.Once a month,
week;
week;
3.2-3 times a
3.Three or four
3.Three or four
month
days;
days;
4.Once a week,
# days per 4.Once or twice a 4.Once or twice a
5. 2-3 times a
NA
week;
week
week;
week,
5.Once or twice a 5.once or twice a
6.4-5 times a
month;
month;
week,
6.Less than once a 6.Less than once a
7.Once a day 8.
month;
month;
more than twice a
7.Not at all in last 7. Not at all in last
day
6 months
3 month
1. So-ju (korean
liquor),
2. Beer,
Any
Any alcoholic
Any alcoholic
3. M-akgeolli (rice NA
alcoholic
wine),
4. Whisky,
5. Wine
Frequency Any
NA
: type
alcoholic
Any
alcoholic
Quantity : Last 3
NA
time span months
Last 7 days Last 7
(drank most) days/# per NA
week
Quantity: Any
NA
type
alcoholic
1.Normal
beer,
2.Strong
beer,
1. Beer,
3.Spirits,
2. Spirits NA
4.sherry/
3. Wine,
martini,
5.Wine,
6.Alcoholic
Soft drink
Last 3 months
Last year: how
many glasses
drink at a time
Any alcoholic
1. So-ju(Korean
liquor),
2. Beer,
3.Makgeolli(rice
wine),
4. Whisky and
other liquors,
5. Wine
last 30
days
Last 3
month
1.None or less
once a month,
2.Once a month
3.2-3 times a
month
4.Once a week,
5. 2-3 times a
week,
6. 4-5 times a
week,
7.Once a day
8.More than twice
a day
1. Every day,
2.5-6 days per
week,
3.3-4 days per
week,
NA NA
4.1-2 days per
week,
5.several times
per month,
6.not at all
# days
NA per
week
1.Liquor,
2. Beer,
3. Wine or rice
wine
Any alcoholic
NA NA
Any
NA alcoholi
c
NA NA
NA
NA NA
Any
NA alcoholi
c
1. In the last year, Last 6 months
2. Last time you (not ask in w2
drink
5cities)
1.Liquor,
any
2.Beer,
alcoholic 3.Wine or rice
wine
1.Beer,
2.Shochu,
3.Sake,
4.Whiskey,
5.Wine (not
ask in w2
5cities)
Last 3
month
2.3 Measures for Physical Activity
All surveys ask about physical activity. Most surveys ask different types of physical activities, including
vigorous, moderate, or mild, but the KLoSA and JSTAR do not. The KLoSA asks whether respondents worked
out more than once a week and the frequency and duration of exercise. The JSTAR surveys minutes of
exercise during the weekday and weekend. Surveys also differ in their questions about time span and
frequency of exercise. Table 3 summarizes the differences.
2.3.1 Vigorous physical activity
All the surveys except the KLoSA and the JSTAR ask about vigorous physical activities but differ in
questions on time span and frequency of such exercise. For time span, most surveys do not ask specific
time span of exercise. TILDA and IFLS ask about exercise in the last 7 days and CHARLS asks about it in a
usual week. TILDA, CHARLS, and IFLS also ask whether the exercise was at least 10 continuous minutes.
The MHAS asks about exercise in the past two years. The HRS, ELSA, SHARE, and LASI all ask the
frequency of exercise using identical categories. TILDA, CHARLS, and IFLS ask number of days exercise
per week while the MHAS only asks whether respondent exercise three or more times per week.
2.3.2 Moderate physical activity
Questions on moderate physical activity also differ on time span and frequency. The KLoSA, JSTAR,
and MHAS do not survey moderate physical activity. Most surveys asking about such activity do not
specify the time span, while TILDA, CHARLS, and IFLS refer to the last 7 days. The HRS, ELSA, SHARE, and
LASI all ask the frequency of such exercise using nearly identical categories. TILDA, CHARLS, and IFLS ask
number of days per week for such exercise.
2.3.3 Mild physical activity
The HRS, ELSA, CHARLS, TILDA, and IFLS ask about mild physical activity. Here, too, questions
differ on time span and frequency of exercise. Most surveys do not ask the time span of such exercise
while TILDA, CHARLS, and IFLS reference the last 7 days. The HRS and ELSA survey the frequency of
exercise using identical categories while TILDA, CHARLS, and IFLS ask number of days per week for such
exercise.
22
Table 3. Summary of Physical Exercise Variables in Each Survey
Exercise
HRS
ELSA
SHARE
KLoSA
LASI
CHARLS
JSTAR
TILDA
IFLS
MHAS
Vigorous
Yes
Yes
Yes
NA
Yes
Yes
NA
Yes
Yes
Yes
Moderate
Yes
Yes
Yes
NA
Yes
Yes
NA
Yes
Yes
NA
Mild
Yes
Yes
NA
NA
NA
Yes
NA
Yes
Yes
NA
NA
Not specific
In a usual
week, at
least 10
mins
NA
In last 7
days, at
least 10
mins
In last 7
days, at
least 10
mins
Last 2
years
NA
1.Everyday,
2.More
than once a
week,
3.Once a
week,
4.1-3 times
a month,
5.Harly
ever or
never
# days
per
week
3 or
more
times a
week:
yes or
no
Time
span
Not specific
Not specific
Not specific
Answers
1.More than
once a week,
2.Once a
week,
3.1-3 times a
month,
4.Hardly ever
or never,
7.Every day
1.More
than once
a week,
2.Once a
week,
3.1-3 times
a month,
4.Hardly
ever or
never
1.More than
once a
week,
2.Once a
week,
3.1-3 times
a month,
4. Hardly
ever or
never
# days
per week
NA
# days
per week
23
3. USING MEASURES CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS
Having summarized the approaches the surveys take to health-behavior questions, in this section we
propose harmonized measures of health behavior that can be used for cross-country analysis. Several tables
summarize our comparison, where “C” indicates comparability with the HRS measure, “C2” indicates another set
of comparable measures, “D” means “Different,” and “NA” means “Not asked”. The exact questions wording are
in section 4.
3.1 Measure of smoking behavior
3.1.1 Ever Smoke
All surveys ask respondents about previous smoking. They differ in time span and type of
tobacco products the respondent smoked. For time span, most surveys ask respondents whether they
“ever” smoked, but the SHARE and TILDA ask respondents whether they smoked daily for at least one
year, the JSTAR asks them whether they ever smoked “regularly,” and the KLoSA asks respondents
whether they ever smoked more than five packs. As a result, the measures of previous smoking behavior
from the SHARE, TILDA, and JSTAR might be under-estimates due to shorter time spans considered and
the KLoSA may yield an underestimate due to its higher threshold. The HRS, ELSA and MHAS only
consider the cigarettes and not other types of tobacco while other surveys include different types of
tobaccos. As a result, the HRS, ELSA, and MHAS may underestimate past tobacco use.
3.1.2 Smoke now
All surveys ask respondents whether they currently smoke cigarettes. Most surveys ask for a
simple yes or no answer, but LASI and JSTAR collect further details by offering multiple response
categories. Despite this variation, this measure is comparable across all countries.
3.1.3 Quantity of currently smoke
All surveys ask the quantity currently smoked, with some variations in time span and types of
tobaccos. Most surveys ask about consumption in one day. ELSA differentiates between weekends and
weekdays. LASI allows respondents to specify consumption in a day, week, or month. The surveys also
differ in questions about the types of tobacco consumed: The HRS, KLoSA, CHARLS, JSTAR, and MHAS
only ask about cigarettes, while the ELSA, SHARE, TILDA, and IFLS ask about different type of tobaccos.
To calculate the quantity currently smoked, the amounts will be summed up for all types. The measure
24
for HRS, KLoSA, CHARLS, JSTAR, and MHAS might yield underestimates relative to the other surveys due
to their focus on cigarettes.
3.1.4 History of smoking
All the surveys except the ELSA ask several questions about smoking history, including when
respondents started or stopped smoking. This measure is comparable across surveys asked.
3.1.5 Quantity when smoked the most
Only three surveys, the HRS, KLoSA, and MHAS, ask respondent about peak cigarette consumption.
This question is comparable across these three surveys.
3.2 Measure of drinking behavior
3.2.1 Ever Drink
All the studies except TILDA and IFLS ask whether the respondent has ever drunk alcohol but
differ in time span. Most surveys ask respondents whether they “ever” drank. The ELSA asks about
consumption in the past 12 months, the JSTAR and wave 1 of the SHARE asks about the past six months,
and waves 2 and 4 of the SHARE ask about the past three months.
3.2.2 Frequency of drinking
All studies except the ELSA wave 1, LASI, IFLS, and TILDA ask the frequency of drinking when the
respondent consumed alcoholic drinks. However, there are significant variations in time span, option of
answers, and type of drink. For time span, the HRS, SHARE waves 2 and 4, and MHAS specify the last
three months. ELSA waves 2, 3, and 4 use the time span of the last seven day. SHARE wave 1 and the
JSTAR use the time span of 6 months. KLoSA and CHARLS use the time span of last year. The HRS, ELSA
waves 2, 3, and 4, and MHAS ask respondents the number of days they drink per week, while the SHARE,
KLOSA CHARLS, and JSTAR offer the respondents answer categories. For different type of drinks, most
surveys except KLoSA and CHARLS refer to any alcoholic beverages.
Table 4 summarizes comparability of variables on frequency of respondent drinking. Measures
in the HRS and MHAS are comparable in asking about number of days of consumption in an average
week over the past three months. We consider the measure in ELSA waves 2 through 5asking about the
number of days of consumption in the past seven to be comparable as well, though it may yield an
25
underestimate relative to the HRS and MHAS. The measures in the SHARE, KLoSA, CHARLS and JSTAR are
also comparable, given their similar answer categories.
Table 4. Frequency of Drinking Variable Comparison
HRS
W1
Frequency: last 3
NA
time span months
Frequency: # days
NA
answer
per week
Frequency: any
NA
type
alcoholic
ELSA
SHARE
W2,3,4,5 W1
W2, W4
last 7
last 6 months
last 3 months
days
# days
per
week
KLoSA
LASI CHARLS
JSTAR
TILDA IFLS MHAS
last year:
last year:
last 3
NA
last 6 months NA NA
month or week
month or week
month
1.none or less
1.none or less
1 Almost every 1 Almost every
once a month,
once a month,
day; 2.5-6 days a day, 2.5-6 days a
2.once a
2.once a
week; 3.3-4 days week;
3.3-4
month,3.2-3
month, 3.2-3
a week; 4.Once days a week;
times a month
times a month
or twice a week; 4.Once or twice a
4.once a week,
4.once a week,
5.once or twice a week; 5.once or
NA
5. 2-3 times a
5. 2-3 times a
month;
twice a month;
week, 6. 4-5
week, 6.4-5
6.Less than once 6.Less than once
times a week,
times a week,
a month;
a month;
7.once a day
7.once a day 8.
7.Not at all in last 7. Not at all in
8. more than
more than
6 months
last 3 month
twice a day
twice a day
any
any alcoholic
alcoholic
any alcoholic
1. Every day,
2.5-6 days
per week,
3.3-4 days
per week,
4.1-2 days NA
per week,
5.several
times per
month,
6.not at all
NA
# days
per week
1. So-ju
(korean liquor),
2.Beer, 3.M1.liquor,
akgeolli (rice NA 2.beer, 3.wine any alcoholic NA
wine),
or rice wine
4.whisky,
5.wine
NA
any
alcoholic
3.2.3 Quantity of drinking
Most studies ask respondents about consumption, but ELSA wave 1, SHARE wave 1, IFLS, and
TILDA do not. There are also differences in how surveys count drinks, the time span they consider, and
the type of drink they consider. To count drinks, ELSA waves 2 and 3 asks respondents the number of
drinks they had on the day they drank the most while other surveys refer to an average, typically daily.
For time span, HRS, SHARE waves 2 and 4, and MHAS refer to the last three months. ELSA refers to the
last seven days, but in waves 2 and 3 asks about the day of most consumption. KLoSA and CHARLS refer
to the last year while LASI refers to the last 30 days. HRS, SHARE waves 2 and 4, LASI, and MHAS do not
specify types of drink, while ELSA wave 2 through 5, KLoSA, CHARLS, and JSTAR do so.
Altogether, we consider quantity of alcohol consumption variables to be comparable in the HRS,
SHARE waves 2 and 4, LASI, and MHAS, although LASI considers a shorter time span for daily
consumption and may therefore yield an underestimate relative to the others. The quantity of alcohol
26
consumption measures in ELSA waves 2 and 4, KLoSA, CHARLS and JSTAR, have different time span and
ask different type of alcoholic. The measure among these surveys is similar but not comparable. Table 5
summarizes the measures on quantity of drinking and their comparability.
Table 5. Quantity of Drinking Variable Comparison
ELSA
HRS
W4, W5 W1
W2, W4 KLoSA
LASI
CHARLS
JSTAR
TILDA IFLS MHAS
On that
N/A
day
In a
single
day
On the
days
The last
time you
drank
Per day
NA
NA Per day
last 7
days
last year: how
last 3
last 30
many glasses
months
days
drink at a time
In the last
year, last last 6
time you months
drink
NA
NA
last 3
month
Quantity: any
NA
type
alcoholic
1.Normal
beer,
2.Strong
beer,
1.Beer,
3.Spirits,
2.spirits NA
4.sherry/
3.Wine,
martini,
5.Wine,
6.Alcoholic
soft drink
1. So-ju
(korean liquor),
2. Beer,
any
3. Makgeolli any
alcoholic (rice wine),
alcoholic
4. whisky and
other liquors,
5. wine
1.liquor,
2.beer,
3.wine or
rice wine
1.beer,
2.shochu,
3.sake,
NA
4.whiskey,
5.wine
NA
any
alcoholic
Crosscountry
NA
C
D
C
NA C
Average
quantity
On the
days
last 3
Time span
month
C
W1
W2, W3
The
day on
which
you
N/A
drank
the
most
last 7 days
(drank
NA
most)
SHARE
D
C
NA
NA
At a time on
average
C
C
NA
C: comparable; NA: not asked; D: different
27
3.2 Measure of Physical activities
3.3.1 Vigorous Exercise
All the surveys except the KLoSA and JSTAR ask about vigorous exercise but differ in the time
span and frequencies they consider. Most surveys do not specify time span, but TILDA and IFLS ask
about vigorous exercise in the last 7 days, the CHARLS asks about it in a usual week, while the MHAS
asks about it in the last two years. The CHARLS, TILDA and IFLS also specify whether the duration of the
exercise was at least 10 continuous minutes. Regarding frequency of exercise, the HRS, ELSA, SHARE and
LASI use nearly identical categories, while the CHARLS, TILDA, and IFLS ask number of days per week.
The MHAS only asks whether respondent exercise three or more times weekly.
We consider the measures on vigorous exercise to be comparable among HRS, ELSA, SHARE and
LASI. The measures on vigorous exercise in the CHARLS, TILDA and IFLS are also comparable to each
other. Table 6 summarizes the comparability of these measures.
Table 6. Vigorous Exercise Variable Comparison
Exercise
HRS
ELSA
SHARE
KLoSA
LASI
CHARLS
NA
not
specific
in a usual
week, at
least 10
mins
Vigorous:
time
span
not specific
not specific
not specific
Vigorous:
frequenc
y
1.more
than once a
week,
2.once a
week,
3.1-3 times
a month,
4.hardly
ever or
never,
7.every day
1.more than
once a
week,
2.once a
week,
3.1-3 times
a month,
4.hardly
ever or
never
1.more than
once a week,
2.once a
week,
3.1-3 times a
month,
4. hardly
ever or
never
NA
1.everyday
, 2.more
than once
a week,
3.Once a
week, 4.13 times a
month,
5.Harly
ever or
never
Crosscountry
C
C
C
NA
C
JSTAR
TILDA
NA
in last 7
days, at
least 10
mins
IFLS
in last
7 days,
at least
10
mins
MHAS
last 2
years
# days per
week
NA
# days per
week
# days
per
week
3 or
more
times a
week:
yes or
no
C2
NA
C2
C2
D
C: comparable of frequency; C2: comparable of days; NA: not asked; D: different
3.3.2 Moderate Exercise
The measures on moderate exercise also differ in time span and frequency of exercise reported.
These measures are comparable among HRS, ELSA, SHARE and LASI, which ask about the same time
28
span and use nearly identical frequency of exercise categories. Another comparison among CHARLS,
TILDA and IFLS is also possible because of the similarities in time span and number of days reported.
Table 7 summarizes comparability among these measures.
Table 7. Moderate Exercise Variable Comparison
Exercise
HRS
ELSA
SHARE
KLoSA
LASI
CHARLS
NA
not specific
in a usual
week, at
least 10
mins
Moderate:
time span
not specific
not specific
not specific
answers
1.more than
once a week,
2.once a week,
3.1-3 times a
month,
4.hardly ever
or never,
7.every day
1.more than
once a week,
2.once a
week,
3.1-3 times a
month,
4.hardly ever
or never
1.more than
once a week,
2.once a
week,
3.1-3 times a
month,
4. hardly ever
or never
NA
1.everyday,
2.more than
once a week,
3.once a
week, 4.1-3
times a
month,
5.hardly ever
or never
Crosscountry
C
C
C
NA
C
JSTAR
TILDA
IFLS
MHAS
NA
in last 7
days, at
least 10
mins
in last 7
days, at
least 10
mins
NA
# days per
week
NA
# days per
week
# days
per week
NA
C2
NA
C2
C2
NA
C: comparable of frequency; C2: comparable of days; NA: Not asked
3.3.3 Mild Exercise
Fewer surveys ask about mild exercise. Among those that do, there are differences in time span
and frequency of exercise reported. This measure is comparable among HRS and ELSA because they
consider the same time span and nearly identical frequency categories. Another comparison is possible
among CHARLS, TILDA and IFLS because of the similarities in time span and number of days reported.
Table 8 summarizes the comparability on these variables.
29
Table 8. Mild Exercise Variable Comparison
Exercise
HRS
ELSA
SHARE
KLoSA
LASI
CHARLS
in a usual
week, at
least 10
mins
JSTAR
Mild:
time span
not specific
not specific
NA
NA
NA
answers
1.more than once
a week, 2.once a
week, 3.1-3 times
a month, 4.hardly
ever or never,
7.every day
1.more than
once a week,
2.once a week,
3.1-3 times a
month, 4.hardly
ever or never
NA
NA
Crosscountry
C
C
NA
NA
TILDA
in last 7
days, at
least 10
mins
IFLS
in last 7
days, at
least 10
mins
NA
# days per
week
NA
# days per
week
# days per
week
NA
NA
C2
NA
C2
C2
NA
NA
MHAS
NA
C: comparable of frequency; C2: comparable of days; NA: Not asked
30
4. QUESTION CONCORDANCE BY SURVEYS
To facilitate the cross-country comparisons, this section lists out all health behavior question numbers and
texts in each survey. At the end of this section, Table 9 lists the question numbers in each survey.
4.1 Smoking
4.1.1 HRS
LC116: Have you ever smoked cigarettes?
(By smoking we mean more than 100 cigarettes in your lifetime. Do not include pipes or cigars)
Answer: 1. Yes; 5. No
LC117: Do you smoke cigarettes now?
Answer: 1. Yes; 5. No
LC118: About how many cigarettes or packs do you usually smoke in a day now?
LC119: About how many cigarettes or packs do you usually smoke in a day now? (This question refers
to cigarette smoking only. If respondent smokes cigars or pipes, enter the type and amount smoked in
an F2 comment)
Answer: Cigarettes per day; Or Packs per day
4.1.2 ELSA
HeSmk: Have you ever smoked cigarettes?
Answer: 1. Yes; 2. No
HESka: Do you smoke cigarettes at all nowadays?
(If has ever smoked cigarettes: HeSmk = 1)
Answer: 1. Yes; 2. No
HECig: Do you smoke cigarettes or roll ups?
(If smokes cigarettes at all nowadays: HESka = 1)
Answer: 1. Cigarettes; 2. Roll ups; 3. Both cigarettes and roll-ups
31
HeSkb: About how many cigarettes a day do you usually smoke on weekdays? (If smokes cigarettes or
cigarettes and roll-ups: HECig = 1 OR 3; If range given and can’t estimate, enter mid-point; if less than
one a day, enter 0)
Answer: Range 0 to 997
HeSkc: About how many cigarettes a day do you usually smoke at weekends? (If range given and can’t
estimate, enter mid-point; If less than one a day, enter 0)
(If smokes roll-ups or both cigarettes and roll-ups: HECig = 2 OR 3)
Answer: Range 0 to 997
HeTba: How much tobacco do you normally smoke on a weekday?
Answer: 1. Grams; 2. Ounces
HETbb: How much tobacco do you normally smoke on a weekday?
Answer: Range 0 to 997
HeTbc: How much tobacco do you normally smoke a day at weekends?
Answer: 1. Grams; 2. Ounces
HETbd: How much tobacco do you normally smoke a day at weekends?
Answer: Range 0 to 997
4.1.3 SHARE
BR001_: Have you ever smoked cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos or a pipe daily for a period of at least
one
year?
Answer: 1. Yes; 5. No
BR002_ : Do you smoke at the present time?
Answer: 1. Yes; 5. No, I have stopped
BR005_: What [do/did] [you] [smoke/smoke before you stopped]?
32
(Code all that apply)
Answer: 1. Cigarettes; 2. Pipe; 3. Cigars or cigarillos
BR006_: How many cigarettes [do/did] [you] [smoke] on average per day?
(If 1. Cigarettes in BR005_)
Answer: Range 0 to 120
BR007_: How many pipes [do/did] [you] [smoke] on average per day?
(If 2. Pipe in BR005_)
Answer: Range 0 to 120
BR008_: How many cigars or cigarillos [do/did] [you] [smoke] on average per day?
(If 3. Cigars or cigarillos IN BR005_)
Answer: Range 0 to 120
4.1.4 KLoSA
C103: Have you ever smoked more than 5 packs of cigarettes (100 cigarettes)?
Answer: 1. Yes; 2. No
C104: Do you smoke cigarettes now?
Answer: 1. Yes; 2. No
C105: About how many cigarettes or packs do you usually smoke in a day now? (IWER: One pack is 20
cigarettes. For example, mark 30 for one and a half packs)
Answer: cigarettes / day (Range: 1 to 100)
4.1.5 LASI
HT205: Have you ever smoked tobacco [cigarette, bidi, cigar, hookah] or used smokeless tobacco
[such as chewing tobacco, gutka, pan masala, etc.]?
Answer: 1. Yes; 2. No
33
HT206: Do you currently smoke, chew, or sniff tobacco or have you quit?
(If respondent has ever smoked tobacco or other types of tobacco listed in the previous question)
(Select all the apply)
Answer: 1. Yes, I chew or sniff tobacco product; 2. Yes, I smoke tobacco product; 3. No, I quit
HT207: Please tell me approximately how many grams of tobacco you normally consumed per day,
including chewing tobacco, sniffing tobacco, and other tobacco. If it is easier you can tell me how many
grams per week or per month.
(If respondent chews or sniffs tobacco products, HT206=1)
Answer: ____ grams per day/week/month
HT207b: How many times per day/week do you chew tobacco, pan masala, etc? (If HT027 is DK) (Allow
interviewer to select either DAY or WEEK and put in a number Answer: ___________ per
day/week/month
HT208_intro: How many cigarettes, bidis, cigars, or packs do you usually smoke in a day?
(If respondent smokes tobacco products, HT206=2)
Answer: ____ number of cigarettes OR ____ number of packs
4.1.6 CHARLS
DA059. Have you ever chewed tobacco, smoked a pipe, smoked self-rolled cigarettes, or smoked
cigarettes/cigars?
Answer:1
Yes
2 No
DA060. Which products did/do you normally use? Answer:
1.Smoking a pipe
2.Smoking self-rolled cigarettes
3.Filtered cigarette
4.Unfiltered cigarette
5.Cigar
6.Water cigarettes
DA061. Do you still have the habit or have you totally quit?
34
Answer: 1still have; 2
Quit
DA063. In one day about how many cigarettes do/did you consume [preload:now/before totally
quitting]?
# cigarettes
DA064. How much does/did it cost per pack = 20 cigarettes?
_Yuan
[IWER: Prompt R: we’re asking price at that time, not current price]
DA066. How soon after you wake up did/do you smoke your first cigarette, cigar, or pipe?
Answer:
(1) Within 5 minutes 5
(2) Within 6-30 minutes 6ュ30
(3) Within 31-60 minutes 31ュ60
(4) More than 1 hour
4.1.7 JSTAR
Tome21: Do you regularly use tobacco or did you use it in the past?
Answer: 1. Yes, I smoke now; 2. I smoked in the past, but I have quit; 3. No, I have never smoked
regularly
Tom23: About how many cigarettes do you smoke per day?
Tom24: About how many packs do you smoke per day?
Tom25: About how many cigarettes do you smoke per day (include packs)?
4.1.8 TILDA
BH001: Have you ever smoked cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos or a pipe daily for a period of at least one
year?
Answer:1. Yes (GO TO BH002); 5. No (GO TO BH101); 98. DK (GO TO BH101); 9. RF (GO TO BH101)
35
BH002: Do you smoke at the present time?
(IWER: IF RESPONDENT SMOKED IN THE PAST 3 MONTHS CODE 1)
Answer:1. Yes (GO TO BH004); 5. No, I have stopped (GO TO BH003); 98. DK (GO TO BH003); 99. RF (GO
TO BH003)
BH004: For how many years [do/did] you smoke altogether?
Answer: 1 … 100 ; 98. DK; 99. RF
BH005: What do/did you smoke (before you stopped)?
1. Cigarettes GO TO BH006 [bh005_1]
2. Pipe GO TO BH007 [bh005_2]
3. Cigars or cigarillos GO TO BH008 [bh005_3]
98. DK GO TO BH101 [bh005_4]
99. RF GO TO BH101 [bh005_5]
BH006: How many cigarettes do/did you smoke on average per day?
Answer: 1 … 100; 98. DK ; 99. RF
BH007: How many pipes do/did you smoke on average per day?
Answer: 1 … 100; 98. DK; 99. RF
BH008: How many cigars or cigarillos do/did you smoke on average per day?
Answer: 1 … 100; 98. DK; 99. RF
4.1.9 IFLS
KM01a. Have you ever chewed tobacco, smoked a pipe, smoked self-rolled cigarettes, or smoked
cigarettes/cigars?
Answer:
No ......................... 3
Yes........................ 1
KM01b. Chewing tobacco
36
Answer:
1. Yes
3. No
KM01c. Smoking a pipe
1. Yes
3. No
KM01d. Smoking self-rolled cigarettes
Answer:
1. Yes
3. No
KM01e. Smoking cigarettes/cigars
1. Yes
3.No
KM02. INTERVIEWER’S CHECK KM01e:
DOES KM01e=1 (SMOKING
CIGARETTES/CIGARS)?
Answer:
NO............................. 3 KM04
YES........................... 1
KM03. Are the cigarettes classified as:
ANSWER MAY BE MORE THAN ONE
Answer:
Filtered cigarette ...........................A
Unfiltered cigarette ........................B
Filtered cloves cigarette ............... C
Unfiltered cloves cigarette ............ D
Cigar .............................................E
37
KM04. Do you still have the habit or have you totally quit?
Answer:
STILL HAVE..................1 KM05b
QUIT..............................3
KM05b. INTERVIEWER CHECK KM01b KM01c KM01d:
DOES KM01b=1 or KM01c=1 or KM01d=1
(CHEWING TOBACCO/SMOKING A PIPE)?
Answer:
NO................................ 3 KM07
YES.............................. 1
KM06. In one week how many ounces (100 grams) did/do you consume now/before totally quitting of
chewing tobacco and smoking pipe?
Answer:
ൢ൞ŏ൞ൣoz (100 gr) .............. 1
DON’T KNOW................... 8
KM06a. INTERVIEWER CHECK KM04=1
Answer:
NO.....................................3 KM07
YES...................................1
KM06b. What’s the price for 1 ounce you have to pay?
Answer:
ൢ൞ŏ൞ŏ൞ൣ,ൢ൞ŏ൞ŏ൞ൣ Rp...... 1
DON’T KNOW................... 8
KM07. INTERVIEWER CHECK KM01d AND KM01e:
DOES KM01d=1 OR KM01e=1 (SMOKING
SELF-ROLLED CIGARETTES /
38
CIGARETTES/CIGARS)?
Answer:
NO.....................................3 KM
KM08. In one day about how many cigars/cigarettes did you consume now/before totally quitting?
Answer:
ൢ൞ŏ൞ൣ per day .........................1
DON’T KNOW..........................8
KM08a. INTERVIEWER CHECK KM04=1
Answer:
NO ...........................................3 KM09
YES..........................................1
KM08f. INTERVIEWER CHECK KM0e=1
Answer:
NO ...........................................3 KM09
YES..........................................1
KM08b. How many cigarettes/packs do you usually buy each time?
Answer:
ൢ൞ŏ൞ൣ cigarettes......................1 KM08d
ൢ൞ŏ൞ൣ packs............................3
KM08c. How many cigarettes for each pack?
Answer:
ൢ൞ŏ൞ൣ cigarettes
KM08d. How much did you spend each time?
Answer:
ൢ൞ŏ൞ŏ൞ൣ,ൢ൞ŏ൞ŏ൞ൣ Rp. ...........1
DON’T KNOW..........................8
39
KM08e. What is the brand of cigarettes do you usually purchase?
Answer:
Gudang Garam Merah .............. 01
Gudang Garam Surya ............... 02
Gudang Garam International..... 03
Sampoerna A Mild ..................... 04
Sampoerna Hijau....................... 05
Djarum Super............................. 06
Djarum 76 Kretek....................... 07
Bentoel Filter.............................. 08
Bentoel Kretek tanpa filter ......... 09
Ardath ........................................ 10
Marlboro..................................... 11
Marlboro Kretk Filter .................. 12
Lucky Strike ............................... 13
Kansas....................................... 14
Dji Sam Soe............................... 15
Lainnya, sebutkan...................... 95
KM09. About how much money did/do you spend each week on these products?
Answer:
ൢ൞ŏ൞ŏ൞ൣ.ൢ൞ŏ൞ŏ൞ൣ Rp. ........ 1
DON’T KNOW.......................... 8
KM11. How soon after you wake up did/do you smoke your first cigarette, cigar, or pipe?
Answer:
Within 5 minutes ...................... 1
Within 6-30 minutes ................. 2
Within 31-60 minutes ............... 3
More than 1 hour...................... 4
DON’T KNOW.......................... 8
40
4.1.10 MHAS
C.54 Have you ever smoked cigarettes?
Answer:
1. Yes
2. No
C.55 Do you smoke cigarettes now? INCLUDE MORE THAN 100 CIGARETTES OR 5 PACKS IN YOUR
LIFETIME. DO NOT INCLUDE PIPES OR CIGARS.
Answer:
YES ...................................... 1
NO ........................................ 2
RF ......................................... 8
DK......................................... 9
Go to C.60
C.56 About how many cigarettes or packs do you usually smoke in a day?
CIGARETTES/DAY ................ |____|____|
OR
PACKS/DAY .......................... |____|____|
Answer:
87 OR MORE CIGARETTES ................ 87
RF ........................................................ 88
DK ....................................................... 99
4.2 Drinking
4.2.1 HRS
LC128
EVER DRINK ALCOHOL
Do you ever drink any alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, or liquor?
Answer:
1. YES
3. [VOL] Never have used alcohol
41
5. NO
LC129
NUMBER DAYS PER WEEK- DRINK ALCOHOL
In the last three months, on average, how many days per week have you had any
alcohol to drink? (For example, beer, wine, or any drink containing liquor.)
Answer: USE 0 for none or less than once a week
Range: 1 – 6,
7 every day
LC130
NUMBER DRINKS- PER DAY
In the last three months, on the days you drink, about how many drinks do you have?
Answer:
# drinks:
4.2.2 ELSA
Wave 1
HeAla
In the past 12 months have you taken an alcoholic drink ...READ
OUT...
Answer:
1 twice a day or more,
2 daily or almost daily,
3 once or twice a week,
4 once or twice a month,
5 special occasions only,
6 or, not at all?
Wave 2 and Wave 3
SCAKO
Thinking now about all kinds of drink, how often have you had an alcoholic drink of any kind in the last
12 months?
1 Almost every day
42
2 Five or six days a week
3 Three or four days a week
4 Once or twice a week
5 Once or twice a month
6 Once every couple of months
7 Once or twice a year
8 Not at all in the last 12 months
IF had alcohol in the last 12 months : Scako <> 96
SCAL7A Did you have an alcoholic drink in the seven days ending yesterday?
1 Yes
2 No
IF had alcohol in the last 7 days : Scal7a = 1
SCAL7B On how many days out of the last seven did you have an alcoholic drink?
1 One
2 Two
3 Three
4 Four
5 Five
6 Six
7 Seven
Please think about the day in the last week on which you drank the most. (If you drank the same
amount on more than one day, please answer about the most recent of those days.) From the list,
please tick all the types of alcoholic drinks which you drank on that day. For the ones you drank, write in
how much you drank on that day. EXCLUE NON-ALCOHOLIC OR LOW-ALCOHOL DRINKS, EXCEPT SHANDY
SCDRI Please tick all drinks drunk on that day
1 Normal strength beer, lager, stout, cider or shandy (less than 6% alcohol) – excludes bottles/cans of
shandy
2 Strong beer, lager, stout or cider (6% alcohol or more, such as Tennants, Extra, | | Special Brew,
Diamond White)
43
3 Spirits or liqueurs, such as gin, whisky, rum, brandy, vodka, or cocktails
4 Sherry or martini (including port, vermouth, cinzano, dubonnet)
5 Wine (including babycham and champagne)
6 Alcoholic soft drinks or ‘alcopops’ (such as Barcardi Breezer, Smirnoff Ice)
7 Other (a)
8 Other (b)
IF drank other (a) alcohol on heaviest day of drinking : [Scdri = 7]
SCDRI07 Write in name of drink
Text: up to 20 characters
IF drank other (b) alcohol on heaviest day of drinking : [Scdri = 8]
SCDRI08 Write in name of drink
Text: up to 20 characters
IF drank normal strength beer : Scdri = 1
SCABNP How many pints of normal strength beer were drunk on that day?
Range: 0 to 30
SCABNLC How many large cans or bottles of normal strength beer were drunk on that day?
Range: 0 to 30
SCABNSC How many small cans or bottles of normal strength beer were drunk on that day?
Range: 0 to 30
IF drank strong beer : Scidri = 2
SCABSP How many pints of strong beer were drunk on that day?
Range: 0 to 30
SCABSP How many large cans or bottles of strong beer were drunk on that day?
Range: 0 to 30
44
SCABNSC How many small cans or bottles of strong beer were drunk on that day?
Range: 0 to 30
IF drank spirits or liqueurs : Scidri = 3
SCASPIR How many glasses of spirits or liqueurs were drunk on that day (?
Range: 0 to 30
IF drank sherry or martini : Scidri = 4
SCASHER How many glasses of sherry or martini were drunk on that day
Range: 0 to 30
IF drank wine : Scidri = 5
SCAWIN How many glasses of wine were drunk on that day?
Range: 0 to 30
IF drank alcoholic soft drinks or ‘alcopops’ : Scidri = 6
SCAPOPGHow many small cans or bottles of alcoholic soft drink or ‘alcopop’ were drunk on that day?
Range: 0 to 30
WAVE 4 & 5
SCAKO: Thinking now about all kinds of drink, how often have you had an alcoholic drink of any kind in
the last 12 months?
1 Almost every day;
2. Five or six days a week;
3. Three or four days;
4. Once or twice a week;
5. once or twice a month;
6. Once every couple of months;
7. Once or twice a year;
8. not at all in last 12 months
SCAL7A: Did you have an alcoholic drink in the seven days ending yesterday?
45
Answer: 1.yes; 2.no
(SAME AS W2, W3) SCAL7B: IF had alcohol in the last 7 days : Scal7a = 1, On how many days out of the
last seven did you have an alcoholic drink?
1. one
2.two
3.three
4. four
5. five
6. six
7. seven
SCDRSPI: During the last seven days, how many measures of spirits did you have? Drinks poured at
home may be larger than a pub single measure - please estimate number of signles. ___ drinks
SCDRWIN: During the last seven days, how many glasses of wine did you have? Include sherry, port,
vermouth. ___ drinks
SCDRPIN: During the last seven days, how many pints of beer, lager or cider did you have? ___ drinks
4.2.3 SHARE
WAVE 1
BR010_ BEVERAGES CONSUMED LAST 6 MONTHS
I am now going to ask you a few questions about what you drink - that is if you drink. Please look at card 11.
During the last six months, how often have you drunk any alcoholic beverages, like beer, cider, wine, spirits
or cocktails?
1. Almost every day
2. Five or six days a week
3. Three or four days a week
4. Once or twice a week
46
5. Once or twice a month
6. Less than once a month
7. Not at all in the last 6 months
IF BR010_ (BEVERAGES CONSUMED LAST 6 MONTHS) < 7. Not at all in the last 6 months
BR011_ FREQ MORE THAN 2 GLASSES BEER IN A DAY
Please look at card 11. During the last six months, how often have you had more than two glasses or cans of
beer or cider in a single day?
1. Almost every day
2. Five or six days a week
3. Three or four days a week
4. Once or twice a week
5. Once or twice a month
6. Less than once a month
7. Not at all in the last 6 months
BR012_ FREQ MORE THAN 2 GLASSES WINE IN A DAY
(Please look at card 11.) During the last six months, how often have
you had more than two glasses of wine in a single day?
1. Almost every day
2. Five or six days a week
3. Three or four days a week
4. Once or twice a week
5. Once or twice a month
6. Less than once a month
7. Not at all in the last 6 months
BR013_ FREQ MORE THAN 2 HARD LIQUOR IN A DAY
(Please look at card 11.) During the last six months, how often have
you had more than two cocktails or drinks of hard liquor in a single
day?
1. Almost every day
47
2. Five or six days a week
3. Three or four days a week
4. Once or twice a week
5. Once or twice a month
6. Less than once a mont h
7. Not at all in the last 6 months
WAVE 2, Wave 3 and WAVE 4
BR010_: During the last three months, how often have you drunk any alcoholic beverages, like beer, cider,
wine, spirits or cocktails?
1. Almost every day;
2. Five or six days a week;
3. Three or four days;
4. Once or twice a week;
5. once or twice a month;
6. Less than once a month;
7. Not at all in last 3 months
BR021_ if BR010=7,.don't know or refusal: Have you ever drunk alcoholic beverages? 1.yes, 5. No
BR019_: In the last three months, on the days you drink, about how many drinks do you have? ___ days : 170
4.2.4 Klosa
WAVE 1
C109. Do you ever drink any alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, or liquor?
[1]. Yes
[5]. No
C110. Have you never had alcoholic beverages due to some reasons (e.g., religious, health related, etc), or
you used to have some drinks in the past?
[1].No, I never had a drink
48
[5].Yes, I used to drink
C111. Do you still drink?
[1].Yes, I drink from time to time
[5]. No, I quit drinking
C115. Now, I am going to ask you how often and how much you drink during the past year. Please tell me
how often you drank per month, and how much you drank at a time on average. I will repeat the questions
for different types of alcoholic beverage.
C116. So-ju (Korean liquor)
[1] None or less than once a month
[2] Once a month
[3] 2-3 times a month
[4] Once a week
[5] 2-3 times a week
[6] 4-6 times a week
[7] Once a day
[8] More than twice a day
C117. How many glasses of Soju do you drink at a time? (1bottle = 6.5 glasses, 1 glass = 50cc)
Answer _____ glasses
C118. Beer
[1] None or less than once a month
[2] Once a month
[3] 2-3 times a month
[4] Once a week
[5] 2-3 times a week
[6] 4-6 times a week
[7] Once a day
[8] More than twice a day
49
C119. How many glasses of beer do you drink at a time? (1bottle = 2.5 mugs, 1mug = 220cc) glasses
Answer _____ glasses
C120. M-akgeolli (rice wine)
[1] None or less than once a month
[2] Once a month
[3] 2-3 times a month
[4] Once a week
[5] 2-3 times a week
[6] 4-6 times a week
[7] Once a day
[8] More than twice a day
C121. How many glasses of Makgeolli do you drink at a time? (1bottle = 7 glasses, 1 glass = 240cc) glasses
Answer _____ glasses
C122. W-hisky and other liquors
[1] None or less than once a month
[2] Once a month
[3] 2-3 times a month
[4] Once a week
[5] 2-3 times a week
[6] 4-6 times a week
[7] Once a day
[8] More than twice a day
C123. How many glasses of whisky or liquor do you drink at a time? (1 bottle = 23 glasses,1 glass = 30cc)
glasses
Answer _____ glasses
C124. Wine
50
[1] None or less than once a month
[2] Once a month
[3] 2-3 times a month
[4] Once a week
[5] 2-3 times a week
[6] 4-6 times a week
[7] Once a day
[8] More than twice a day
C125. How many glasses of wine do you drink at a time? (1 bottle = 8 glasses, 1 glass = 90cc) glasses
Answer _____ glasses
WAVE 3 and WAVE 4
C122. Do you sometimes or often drink any alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, or liquor? 1. yes 2. No
C126. How often did you drink Soju (Korean liquor) in a month?
[1] None or less than once a month
[2] Once a month
[3] 2~3 times a month
[4] Once a week
[5] 2~3 times a week
[6] 4~6 times a week
[7] Once a day
[8] More than twice a day
C128. How often did you drink beer in a month?
C130. How often did you drink Makgeolli (rice wine) in a month?
C132. How often did you drink whisky and other liquors in a month
C134. How often did you drink wine in a month?
51
4.2.5 LASI
HT214. Have you ever consumed any alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, liquor, country liquor etc.?
1. Yes
2. No, never
HT215. [IF HT214=1] Do you currently drink any alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, liquor, etc.?
1. Yes
2. No, I have quit drinking
HT216. [IF HT214=1 & HT215=1] In the past 30 days, on the days that you drink, about how many drinks did
you have?
_____ number of drinks
HT217. [IF HT214=1 & HT215=1] In the past 30 days, on average, how many days per week did you had any
alcohol to drink? (For example, beer, wine, or any drink, such as country liquor, containing alcohol.)
_____ number of days per week
4.2.6 CHARLS
DA067. Did you drink any alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, or liquor in the past year? How often
(1) Drink more than once a month. ႑㓇㸪ẗ᭶㉸彯ᶨ㫉
(2) Drink but less than once a month ႑㓇㸪ణẗ᭶ᑡன୍ḟ
(3) None of these ொ஄㒔୙႑
DA068. What type of alcoholic beverages did you drink? Liquor, wine, or beer;(code all that apply)
(1).Liqor, including white liquor, whisky, and others ࢸ‫ۅ‬େͫԕ‫ܬ‬गେ澝‫ב׺‬㓈չҿѕେ
(2). Beer ֎େ
(3). Wine or rice wine ੌ੆େ澝জେ۪௰େ
52
DA069.Did you ever drink alcoholic beverages in the past? How often? ᝍ௨๓႑㓇⚦ヷ糫謫欠蕞蛰踇ヷ
(1).I never had a drink.虇௕୙ᡈᯉᑡ႑㓇
(2).I used to drink less than once a month. 虇鲾蔯糫謫ヤ舌袎蔯蠸襮评
(3).I used to drink more than once a month. 虇褩訲糫謫ヤ舌袎貄扖襮评
Now, I am going to ask you how often and how much you drank during the past year. Please tell me how
often you drank per month, and how much you drank at a time on average. I will repeat the questions for
different types of alcoholic beverages. 䘿觥虇蒋腦蹙微⎢ᷧ⹛わ▄愹䙫ガ↜೵寞⛅䬻わ⹚✮㮶ḑ㛯▄⤁
⯸謫ヤ襮评耵ᴫ႑ከᑡ೵虇఍朗⺈莙肇訝謫䱢ヤ菅−誨旕೵
DA072. How often did you drink liquor, including white liquor, whisky, and others per month in the last year
ヷ彯⍣ᶨ⸜ℭぐ⸛⛯ᶨ᷒㚰╅ↈ㫉䁰⿏惺ヤໟᣓⓑ㓇೴ጾኈᚷヷ
(1) Once a month ẗ᭶୍ḟ
(2) 2-3 times a month ẗ᭶ 2-3 ḟ
(3) Once a week ẗ࿘୍ḟ
(4) 2-3 times a week ẗ࿘ 2-3 ḟ
(5) 4-6 times a week ẗ࿘ 4-6 ḟ
(6) Once a day
ẗኳ୍ḟ
(7) Twice a day
୍ኳ୩ḟ
(8) More than twice a day ୍ኳ㉸彯᷌㫉
DA073. The last time you drank liquor last year, how many liang of liquor did you drink? (1 liang=50cc/50 ml)
寞 旕わ微⎢ᷧ⹛Ⅼ㛧徸ᷧ㬈▄䂯『愹ヤ糫腦翶蔯୩ヷム1 ୩=50 軍藥メ
_______ liang ୩
DA074. How many times per month did you drink beer in the last yearヷ微⎢ᷧ⹛Ⅼわ⹚✮ᷧḑ㛯▄⇇㬈
╋愹?
53
(1) Once a month ẗ᭶୍ḟ
(2) 2-3 times a month ẗ᭶ 2-3 ḟ
(3) Once a week ẗ࿘୍ḟ
(4) 2-3 times a week ẗ࿘ 2-3 ḟ
(5) 4-6 times a week ẗ࿘ 4-6 ḟ
(6) Once a day
ẗኳ୍ḟ
(7) Twice a day
୍ኳ୩ḟ
(8) More than twice a day ୍ኳ㉸彯୩ḟ
DA075. The last time you drank beer last year, how many bottles of beer did you drink? (1bottle=2.5
mugs,1mug=220cc) 寞旕わ微⎢ᷧ⹛Ⅼ㛧徸ᷧ㬈▄╋愹ヤ糫腦翶蔯⎼?ム1 ⎼=2.5 茑ヤ1 茑=220 軍藥メ
(DA075_1) 0..120bottles ⎼ or 軫覝
(DA075_2)0..300mugs 茑
DA076. How often did you drink wine or rice wine per month in the last yearヷ微⎢ᷧ⹛Ⅼわ⹚✮ᷧḑ㛯▄
⇇㬈呈 聡謫೴芠謫軫㯤㓇?
(1) Once a month ୍୭᭶୍ḟ
(2) 2-3 times a month ୍୭᭶ 2-3 ḟ
(3) Once a week ẗ࿘୍ḟ
(4) 2-3 times a week ẗ࿘ 2-3 ḟ
(5) 4-6 times a week ẗ࿘ 4-6 ḟ
(6) Once a day
ẗኳ୍ḟ
(7) Twice a day
୍ኳ୩ḟ
(8) More than twice a day ୍ኳ㉸彯୩ḟ
DA077. The last time you drank it last year, how many liang of wine did you drink? (1 liang=50cc) 䈧䰞ᛘ䗷
৫аᒤ޵ᴰ䘁а⅑்㪑㨴䞂ǃ㊣䞂ᡆ哴䞂ˈ்Ҷཊቁє˛˄1 є=50 ∛ॷ˅________ liang є
4.2.7 JSTAR
Tome27: In the past six months, about how frequently did you drink alcohol?
54
1. Daily
2. 5-6 days per week
3. 3-4 days per week
4. 1-2 days per week
5. Several times per month
6.
Hardly ever or never drink
Tom36: Please count the total you drank per day: Beer?
Tom37: Please count the total you drank per day: Shochu?
Tom38: Please count the total you drank per day: Sake?
Tom39: Please count the total you drank per day: Whiskey?
Tom40: Please count the total you drank per day: Wine?
Tom41: Please count the total you drank per day: Cocktails?
Tom42: Please count the total you drank per day: Other?
4.2.8 TILDA
None
4.2.9 IFLS
None
4.2.10 MHAS
C.60 Do you ever drink any alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, liquor, or pulque?
C.61 In the last three months, about how many days a week have you had any alcohol to drink?
C.62 On the days you drank alcoholic beverages in the last three months, about how many drinks did you
have per day?
NUMBER OF DRINKS ............ |____|____|
C.63 In the last three months, on how many days have you had four or more drinks on one occasion?
NUMBER OF DAYS ...............
C.64 Have you ever had an alcoholic drink in your life?
55
YES ...................................... 1
NO ........................................ 2
RF ......................................... 8
DK.........................................
4.3 Physical activity
4.3.1 HRS
LC223 HOW OFTEN VIGOROUS ACTIVITY
We would like to know the type and amount of physical activity involved in your daily life. How often do you
take part in sports or activities that are vigorous, such as running or jogging, swimming, cycling, aerobics or
gym workout, tennis, or digging with a spade or shovel: more than once a week, once a week, one to three
times a month, or hardly ever or never?
1. MORE THAN ONCE A WEEK
2. ONCE A WEEK
3. ONE TO THREE TIMES A MONTH
4. HARDLY EVER OR NEVER
7. (VOL) EVERY DAY
LC224 HOW OFTEN MODERATE ACTIVITY
And how often do you take part in sports or activities that are moderately
cleaning the car, walking at a moderate pace,
week, once a week, one
energetic such as, gardening,
dancing, floor or stretching exercises: (more than once a
to three times a month, or hardly ever or never)?
1. MORE THAN ONCE A WEEK
2. ONCE A WEEK
3. ONE TO THREE TIMES A MONTH
4. HARDLY EVER OR NEVER
7. (VOL) EVERY DAY
LC225 HOW OFTEN MILD ACTIVITY
And how often do you take part in sports or activities that are mildly energetic, such as vacuuming, laundry,
home repairs: (more than once a week, once a week, one to three times a month, or hardly ever or never)?
1. MORE THAN ONCE A WEEK
56
2. ONCE A WEEK
3. ONE TO THREE TIMES A MONTH
4. HARDLY EVER OR NEVER
7. (VOL) EVERY DAY
4.3.2 ELSA
HeActa
SHOW CARD O
We would like to know the type and amount of physical activity involved in your daily life. Do you take part
in sports or activities that are vigorous ...READ OUT...
1 more than once a week,
2 once a week,
3 one to three times a month,
4 hardly ever, or never?
HeActb
SHOW CARD O
And do you take part in sports or activities that are moderately energetic ...READ OUT...
1 more than once a week,
2 once a week,
3 one to three times a month,
4 hardly ever, or never?
HeActc
SHOW CARD O
And do you take part in sports or activities that are mildly energetic ...READ OUT...
1 more than once a week,
2 once a week,
3 one to three times a month,
4
hardly ever, or never?
57
4.3.3 SHARE
BR015_ SPORTS OR ACTIVITIES THAT ARE VIGOROUS
We would like to know about the type and amount of physical activity you do in your daily life. How often do
you engage in vigorous physical activity, such as sports, heavy housework, or a job that involves physical
labor?
IWER: READ OUT
1. More than once a week
2. Once a week
3. One to three times a month
4. Hardly ever, or never
BR016_ ACTIVITIES REQUIRING A MODERATE LEVEL OF ENERGY
How often do you engage in activities that require a low or moderate level of energy such as gardening,
cleaning the car, or doing a walk? IWER: READ OUT
1. More than once a week
2. Once a week
3. One to three times a month
4. Hardly ever, or never
4.3.4 Klosa
C096. The next few questions are about exercise. Do you work out more than once a week?
[1]. Yes
[5]. No
C098. How often do you work out per week?
Answer _____ range (1-97)
C099. For how long do you work out per session?
Answer _____ minutes range (1-168)
C100. How long have you been working out regularly?
[1] Less than 3 months
58
[2] 4-6 months
[3] 7 months-1 year
[4] 1-2 years
[5] 3-4 years
[6] 5-6 years
[7] More than 7 years
4.3.5 LASI
HT218. We would like to know the type and amount of physical activity involved in your daily life. How often
do you take part in sports or activities that are vigorous, such as running or jogging, swimming, going to a
health center or gym, cycling, or digging with a spade or shovel, heavy lifting, chopping, farm work, fast
bicycling, cycling with loads: everyday, more than once a week, once a week, one to three times a month, or
hardly ever or never?
1.
Everyday
2.
More than once a week
3.
Once a week
4.
One to three times a month
5.
Hardly ever or never
HT220. [If R says 1, 2, 3, or 4 to HT218] Now, think about all the vigorous physical activities that you did in
the past 7 days. Did you do any vigorous activity for at least 20 minutes continuously?
1.
Yes
2.
No
HT221. [If R says Yes to HT220, ask] During the past 7 days, on how many days did you do vigorous activity
for at least 20 minutes?
‘
____ days
HT222_intro. [If R says Yes to HT220, ask] One the days you did vigorous activity, how much time did you
usually spend doing any vigorous activity?
HOURS____
OR
MINUTES____
59
HT219. And how often do you take part in sports or activities that are moderately energetic such as,
cleaning house, washing clothes by hand, fetching water or wood, drawing water from a well, gardening,
bicycling at a regular pace, walking at a moderate pace, dancing, floor or stretching exercises: (everyday,
more than once a week, once a week, one to three times a month, hardly ever, or never)?
1.
Everyday
2.
More than once a week
3.
Once a week
4.
One to three times a month
5.
Hardly ever or never
HT223. [If R says 1, 2, 3, or 4 to HT219, ask] Now, think about all the moderate physical activities that you
did in the past 7 days. Did you do any moderate activity for at least 20 minutes continuously?
1.
Yes
2.
No
HT224. [If R says Yes to HT223, ask] During the past 7 days, on how many days did you do moderate activity
for at least 20 minutes?
____ days
HT225_intro. [If R says Yes to HT223, ask] How much time did you usually spend doing any moderate activity
on an average in a day?
HOURS____
OR
MINUTES____
4.3.6 CHARLS
Now we would like to ask about the amount of time you spend on different types of physical activities in a
usual week.
Now, think about all the vigorous activities requiring hard/high-intensity physical effort that you do in a
usual week. Vigorous activities make you breathe much harder than normal and may include heavy lifting,
60
digging, plowing, aerobics, fast bicycling, and cycling with a heavy load. Think only about those physical
activities that you did for at least 10 minutes at a time.
DA051_1_
During a usual week, did you do any vigorous activities for at least 10 minutes continuously?
1.Yes
2. No
DA052_1_
During a usual week, on how many days did you do vigorous activities at least 10 minutes?
____ days (1-7)
DA053_1_
How much time did you usually spend doing vigorous activities on one of those days?
1. <2 hours - go to DA054
2. >=2 hours - go to DA055
DA054_1_
1. <30 minutes
2. >=30 minutes
DA055_1_
1. < 4 hours
2. >=4 hours
Now, think about activities which take moderate physical effort that you do in a usual week. Moderate
physical activities make you breathe somewhat harder than normal and may include carrying light loads,
bicycling at a regular pace, or mopping the floor. Again, think about those physical activities that you did for
at least 10 minutes at a time.
DA051_2_
During a usual week, did you do any vigorous activities for at least 10 minutes continuously?
61
1.Yes
2. No
DA052_2_
During a usual week, on how many days did you do vigorous activities at least 10 minutes?
____ days (1-7)
DA053_2_
How much time did you usually spend doing vigorous activities on one of those days?
1 <2 hours - go to DA054
2 >=2 hours - go to DA055
DA054_2_
1 <30 minutes
2 >=30 minutes
DA055_2_
1 < 4 hours
2 >=4 hours
Now, think about the time you spend walking in a usual week. This includes at work and at home, walking
to travel from place to place, and any other walking that you might do solely for recreation, sport, exercise
or leisure.
DA051_3_
During a usual week, did you do any vigorous activities for at least 10 minutes continuously?
1.Yes
2. No
DA052_3_
During a usual week, on how many days did you do vigorous activities at least 10 minutes?
____ days (1-7)
62
DA053_3_
How much time did you usually spend doing vigorous activities on one of those days?
1 <2 hours - go to DA054
2 >=2 hours - go to DA055
DA054_3_
1 <30 minutes
2 >=30 minutes
DA055_3_
1 < 4 hours
2 >=4 hours
4.3.7 JSTAR
Tome151
How much time do you do exercise, sports, walking during the weekdays? (mins)
Tome165
How much time do you do exercise, sports, walking during the weekend? (mins
4.3.8 TILDA
BH101: During the last 7 days, on how many days did you do vigorous physical activities like heavy lifting,
digging, aerobics, or fast bicycling?
1. _____Number of days per week
5. No I have not done any vigorous physical activities GO TO BH103
BH102: How much time did you usually spend doing vigorous physical activities on one of those days?
_____ hours per day (0 …10)
_____ minutes per day [bh102a]
63
BH103: Think about all the moderate activities that you did in the last 7 days. Moderate activities refer to
activities that take moderate physical effort and make you breathe somewhat harder than normal. Think
only about those physical activities that you did for at least 10 minutes at a time. During the last 7 days, on
how many days did you do moderate physical activities like carrying light loads, bicycling at a regular pace,
or doubles tennis? Do not include walking.
1. _____ days per week
5. No I have not done any moderate physical activities GO TO BH105
BH104: How much time did you usually spend doing moderate physical activities on one
of those days?
_____ hours per day (0 …10)
_____ minutes per day [bh104a]
BH105: Now think about the time you spent walking in the last 7 days. This includes at work and at home,
walking to travel from place to place, and any other walking that you might do solely for recreation, sport,
exercise, or leisure.
During the last 7 days, on how many days did you walk for at least 10 minutes at a time?
1. _____ days per week
5. No I have not done any walking GO TO BH107
BH106: How much time did you usually spend walking on one of those days?
_____ hours per day (0 …5)
_____ minutes per day [bh106a]
BH107: The last question is about the time you spent sitting on weekdays during the last 7 days. Include
time spent at work, at home, while doing course work and during leisure time. This may include time spent
sitting at a desk, visiting friends, reading, or sitting or lying down to watch television. During the last 7 days,
how much time (per day) did you spend sitting on a week day?
(This question is looking for the usual number of hours spent sitting on a typical week day. If respondent has
difficulty calculating, interviewer may suggest they approximate by subtracting time spent sleeping, walking,
standing, exercising etc. from the 24 hours)
64
_____ hours per day (0 …20)
_____ minutes per day [bh107a]
4.3.9 IFLS
KK02m_A
During the last 7 days, did you do any vigorous activities for at least 10 minutes continuously?
1.Yes
3. No
KK02n_A
How much time did you usually spend doing vigorous activities on one of those days?
1. < 2 hours
Ϯ͘шϮŚŽƵƌƐ
11. < 30 minutes
ϭϮ͘шϯϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ
21. < 4 hours
ϮϮ͘шϰŚŽƵƌƐ
KK02o_A
During the last 7 days, on how many days did you do vigorous activities?
ൢ൞൞ൣĚĂLJƐ
B. Now think about activities which take moderate physical effort that you did in the last 7 days. Moderate
physical activities make you breathe somewhat harder than normal and may include carrying light loads,
bicycling at a regular pace, or mopping the floor. Again, think about only those physical activities that you did
for at least 10 minutes at a time.
KK02m_B
During the last 7 days, did you do any moderate activities for at least 10 minutes continuously?
1.Yes
3. No
65
KK02n_B
How much time did you usually spend doing moderate activities on one of those days?
1. < 2 hours
Ϯ͘шϮŚŽƵƌƐ
11. < 30 minutes
ϭϮ͘шϯϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ
21. < 4 hours
ϮϮ͘шϰŚŽƵƌƐ
KK02o_B
During the last 7 days, on how many days did you do moderate activities?
ൢ൞൞ൣĚĂLJƐ
C. Now think about the time you spent walking in the last 7 days. This includes at work and at home, walking
to travel from place to place, and any other walking that you might do solely for recreation, sport, exercise,
or leisure.
KK02m_C
During the last 7 days, did you do any walking activities for at least 10 minutes continuously?
1.Yes
3. No
KK02n_C
How much time did you usually spend doing walking activities on one of those days?
1. < 2 hours
Ϯ͘шϮŚŽƵƌƐ
11. < 30 minutes
ϭϮ͘шϯϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ
21. < 4 hours
ϮϮ͘шϰŚŽƵƌƐ
KK02o_C
66
During the last 7 days, on how many days did you do walking activities?
ൢ൞൞ൣĚĂLJƐ
D. Now think about the time you spent sitting on week days during the last 7 days. Include time spent at
work, at home, while doing course work, and during leisure time. This may include time spent sitting at a
desk, visiting friends, reading or sitting or lying down to watch television.
KK02m_D
During the last 7 days, did you do any sitting activities for at least 10 minutes continuously?
1.Yes
3. No
KK02n_D
How much time did you usually spend doing sitting activities on one of those days?
1. < 2 hours
Ϯ͘шϮŚŽƵƌƐ
11. < 30 minutes
ϭϮ͘шϯϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ
21. < 4 hours
ϮϮ͘шϰŚŽƵƌƐ
KK02o_D
During the last 7 days, on how many days did you do sitting activities?
ൢ൞൞ൣĚĂLJƐ
4.3.10 MHAS
C.53
On average during the last two years, have you exercised or done hard physical work three or more times a
week? Including various activities such as sports, heavy household chores, or other physical work.
1.Yes
2.No
67
Table 9. Question Numbers in Each Survey
Health
Behaviors
HRS
Ever Smoke
Smoke Now
# cigarettes
smoked
LC116
LC117
LC118,
LC119
When
smoking
most, how
much
Age started
LC123
ELSA
W2 W3
KLoSA
W1
W2 w3
w4
CHARLS
JSTAR
TILDA
IFLS
MHAS
W4 W5
SHARE
W1
W2
W4
LASI
W1
HeSmk
HESka
HeSKkc,
HeTba,
HeTbc
HeSmk
HESka
HeSKkc
HeTba
HeTbc
HeSmk
HESka
HeSKkc
HeTba
HeTbc
BR001
BR002
BR006
BR007
BR008
C103
C104
C105
C116
C117
C119
HT205
HT206
HT207
HT207b
HT208
DA059
DA061
DA063
Tome21
Tome21
Tome23
Tome24
Tome25
BH001
BH002
BH006
BH007
BH008
KM01a
KM04
KM06,
KM08
C54
C55
C56
C107
C120
C108
C118
HT211
DA065
Tome22
C106
C121
HT213
DA062
Tome26
LC120
BR003
HECig
HECig
HECig
BR005
BR005
HeA1a
SCAKO
SCAKO
BR010_
BR010_
C109
C122
BR010_
BR010_
C116
C118
C120
C122
C124
C117
C119
C121
C123
C125
C126 C128
C130 C132
C134
Ever
Drinking
#days/week
drinks
LC128
LC129
SCAL7B
SCAL7B
#drinks/day
when
drinks
LC130
SCABNP
SCABNLC
SCABSP
SCABSLC
SCABNSC
SCASPIR
SCASHER
SCAWIN
SCAPOPG
SCDRI
SCDRSPI
SCDRWIN
SCDRPIN
Moderate
physical
activity
Light
physical
activity
BR003
BR004
Age
stopped
type
Type of
drink
Vigorous
physical
activity
BR001
BR002
BR006
BR007
BR008
BR019_
C58
DA060
C127 C129
C131 C133
C135
HT214
DA069
KM10
BH003
KM05aa
BH005
KM01b
KM01c
KM01d
KM01e
Tome27
C60
DA074
DA076
HT216
DA073
DA075
DA077
C57
C63
Tome36
Tome37
Tome38
Tome39
Tome40
Tome41
Tome42
C62
DA068
LC223
HeActa
HeActa
HeActa
Br015_
Br015_
HT218
DA051_1
DA052_1
DA053_1
BH101
KK02m_A
LC224
Heactb
Heactb
Heactb
Br016_
Br016_
Ht219
DA051_2
DA052_2
DA053_2
BH103
KK02m_B
LC225
HeActc
HeActc
HeActc
DA051_3
DA052_3
DA053_3
BH105
KK02m_C
68
C53