Ministry of Planning
Kurdistan Regional Government
Calculating the Gross Regional
Product of the Kurdistan
Region—Iraq
Appendixes: Survey Questionnaire
and Workshop Presentations
Sponsored by the Kurdistan Regional Government
Shmuel Abramzon
Nicholas Burger
Peter Glick
Krishna B. Kumar
Cheryl K. Montemayor
LA BOR AND POPULATI ON
Nelly Mejia
Shanthi Nataraj
Francisco Perez-Arce
Claude Messan Setodji
For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr1405
Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif.
© Copyright 2016 RAND Corporation
R® is a registered trademark.
Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights
This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND
intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication
online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it
is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of
its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit
www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html.
The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make
communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit,
nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest.
RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.
Support RAND
Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at
www.rand.org/giving/contribute
www.rand.org
Contents
G.SurveyQuestionnaires...........................................................................................................................3
G.1QuestionnaireforServicesSector....................................................................................................3
G.2QuestionnaireforConstructionSector..........................................................................................11
H.WorkshopPresentations......................................................................................................................18
H.1Dissemination:DifferentProductsforDifferentAudiences...........................................................18
H.2WrittenReporting,Presentations,QualityAssurance,andDissemination....................................27
H.3TheProductionApproachforCalculatingGDP/GRP.....................................................................84
H.4SurveysforEstimatingtheGrossRegionalProductoftheKurdistanRegionofIraq...................137
G. Survey Questionnaires
G.1 Questionnaire for Services Sector
Kurdistan Regional
Government
Ministry of Planning
Kurdistan Regional
Statistics Office
Survey for Services Sector for Year 2014
1. Name of establishment ………………………………….
2. Name of the owner ………………………………………
3. Address of place: …………… Governorate …………… District …………… Center of governorate or
Sub district ……………
Quarter number …………… Alley number ……………Building number ……………
4. Telephone number ……………………
5. Email ………………………………….
6. Sector ……………
1
2
3
4
Information and communication
Financial and Insurance
Real estate
Professional, Scientific and Technical
5
6
7
8
Human health and social work activities
Administrative and support services activities
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation
Other Service Activities
7. Reference month (information should refer to the last completed month)
Specify which month referred to: Year …………………… Month ……………………
If information is not available for the last completed month, specify which month(s) the data refers to:
From ………/………/……… to ………/………/………
Note: the question is about the last year, 2013. If the respondent insists to give the information
about 2012, please write down the date.
8. Does the enterprise have more than one establishment (that is, multiple locations, offices, etc.)?
♣
♣
Single establishment
More than one establishment
1
9. Is the activity of the enterprise work year-round or seasonal? (mark ‘x’ where applies)
♣
♣
Year-round
Seasonal
10. If the activity is seasonal, mark (x) in front of months of activity.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total
months
11. Ownership and age
Code
What is the ownership category of the enterprise?
Public
1
Private
2
Mixed
3
Year
Details
Code
How long has the business been in operation (in which
year does it operate)?
12. Legal status
What is the legal status of the business?
Private sector
Company: Joint stock company,
Joint venture company, or
Limited liability company
4
Code
Private (personal)
Public sector
3
2
NonGovernmental
or Religious
1
13. Main activity
Please describe the services provided by this enterprise (ask respondent)
Code
4-digit ISIC code closest to the main product of services activity (to be filled in by
interviewer)
Code
2
14. Number of Employees
How many employees does the business have? (this establishment)
[Refers to last month. For other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Number
Details
Code
Number of paid employees
Number of unpaid workers (such as family workers)
15. Ownership of the building
Is the building owned ………………, rental ………………, or others ………………
Specify the monthly estimated rent of the building (owned, rental, others) in 1000 ID ………………
16. Expenditures
Please tell me the expenditures of the business during the last month. How much was spent on…
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Value in 1000 ID
Details
Goods and materials purchased for resale or for production
Water
Electricity
Communication services
Transportation
Rental of building/office (excludes land rental)
Rental of machines, equipment, and goods
Maintenance and repairing (fixed assets)
Legal services
Advertising
Other services (cleaning services, to hire guard, hosting,
etc.)
Other
Total (calculate and have the owner confirm)
3
Code
17. Interest and Rent paid
What was the interest and rent paid by the business to others?
Value in 1000 ID
Details
Code
Interest paid on loans borrowed
Rental of land – paid
18. Revenues
What were the revenues of the enterprise during the last year month?
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Note: does not include the interest and rent of the land
Value in 1000 ID
Type of Revenue
Sale of services (main service activity and secondary
service activities, if any)
Sale of goods
Rental of buildings
Rental of other capital or goods
Other
Total (calculated by interviewer)
Code
Read the total and confirm the amount with the respondent. Then ask:
Is this amount of revenue typical for the month of [last completed month] comparing to the same month of the last
year?
Yes ……… No ………
What are the normal revenues for this month?
1000 ID ___________
What were the revenues of the enterprise for the last year, that is, from 1/1/2013 to 31/12/2013?
1000 ID __________
19. Interest and rate received
What were the interest received and rent on land paid to the business in the last month?
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Note: Land rental excludes rent for buildings or office
Value in 1000 ID
Details
Interest received on loans given
Rental of land – received
4
Code
20. Taxes and Subsidies
What were the taxes paid and subsidies the business received during the last month (for this establishment)?
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Value in 1000 ID
Details
Code
Taxes and fees paid to government on behalf of the business
Government subsidies received for the business
Government subsidies received and transferred to customers
21. Value and changes of Fixed Assets
Please tell me about the value of the assets of this business for this period (this establishment only).
Opening date: 1/1/2013
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Closing date: 31/12/2013
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Value on
Closing Date
31/12/2013
Value of
depreciation
Value in 1000 ID
Purchases
between
Value on
opening and
Opening Date
closing date
1/1/2013
Details
Code
Land and building
Machinery and
equipment
Cars
Minibus/truck
Bus/truck
Transportation means
Furniture and office
equipment
Other capital goods
(identify)
Total (calculate and
have the owner
confirm)
Book value from 31/12/2013 4 3 2+1 =5
The rate of depreciation: 4% for machinery and equipment; 15% for transportation means
5
22. Changes in Inventories of Goods
Please tell me about the value of stocks and inventories of this business for the following periods (this
establishment only).
Opening date: 1/1/2013
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Closing date: 31/12/2013
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Note: the questions about the value of stocks and inventories are for enterprises that are in business only
(good sale, good production, and service activity).
Value in 1000 ID
Value on Closing Date
Value on Opening Date
Details
Code
Stocks of goods purchased for resale
Stocks of raw materials for use in
production (such as: materials,
livestock, packaging supplies)
Finished goods and semi-finished
goods stocks
Total (calculate and have the owner
confirm)
23. Wages
What were the wages and benefits paid in the last month to employees of this establishment?
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Value in 1000 ID
Details
Code
Salary paid to employees
Other social benefits paid to employees/worker (social
security, pensions, etc.)
24. Evaluation
To be filled at KRSO central office
To be filled by Interviewer
The form has been audited by me
The form has been audited
by me
Name:
Name of statistics employee:
Signature:
Signature:
Date:
/
/
Date:
To be filled by owner/manager of business
Ledge and confirm that collected
information are correct and reflect the
status of the unit
Name of the owner of the unit:
Signature:
/
/
Seal:
Date:
6
/
/
The result of the interview:
1. It was successfully done
2. Partially was done
3. Was not done
4. The enterprise was not found
5. The enterprise was suspended
6. The enterprise was closed
7. The activity was seasonal
8. Other, specify….
7
G.2 Questionnaire for Construction Sector
Kurdistan Regional
Government
Ministry of Planning
Kurdistan Regional
Statistics Office
Survey for Construction Sector for Year 2014
1. Name of establishment ………………………………….
2. Name of the owner ………………………………………
3. Address of place: …………… Governorate …………… District …………… Sub district ……………
Quarter …………… Building number ……………
4. Telephone number ……………………
5. Email ………………………………….
6. Does the enterprise have more than one establishment (that is, multiple locations, offices, etc.) or is it a single
establishment? (mark ‘x’ where applies)
♣
♣
Single establishment
More than one establishment
7. Is the activity of the enterprise work year-round or seasonal? (mark ‘x’ where applies)
♣
♣
Year-round
Seasonal
8. If the activity is seasonal, mark (x) in front of months of activity.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
9. Ownership and age
Public
1
What is the ownership category of the enterprise?
Private
2
Year
Mixed
3
Details
The year of starting activity
1
Code
Code
Total
months
10. Legal status
Private sector
Company: Joint stock company, Joint
venture company, or Limited liability
company
Code
Private (personal)
Public sector
2
1
4
11. Main activity
Please describe the projects done by this enterprise—for example roads, gardens/parks,
sewage systems, building construction—and other work the enterprise does
Code
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
The ISIC code to be filled in by interviewer
Code
12. Number of Employees
How many employees does the business have during the last year?
Number
Details
Code
Number of paid employees
Number of unpaid workers (such as family workers)
[For other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
13. The building has been used for enterprise activity, is rented, personal property, etc.
Estimate the monthly rental cost of the property, etc. in 1000 ID ………………
Note: Most of the questions are about the last year, the last completed year (2013). If the respondent insists to
give the information about the year 2012 or any other period, confirm and ensure that the date is written
under “for other period, please specify the period.”
2
14. Expenditures
Please tell me the expenditures of the business during the last year (2013). How much was spent on…..? Record
the volume in 1000 ID ………………
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Value in 1000 ID
Details
Code
Goods and materials purchased for resale or for production
Payment to foreigner contractors
Purchase of land and buildings for resale
Rental of machines, equipment, and goods
Rental of building
Water
Electricity
Communication services
Transportation
Maintenance and repairing
Legal services
Advertising
Insurance
Other services (to hire guard, hosting, etc.)
Other
Total (calculate and have the owner confirm)
15. Expenditure on Interest and Rent
What were the expenditures of interest and rent that was paid to others during the last year (2013)? Please record
the expenditure in 1000 ID …………………
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Value in 1000 ID
Details
Interest paid on loans borrowed
Rental of land – paid
3
Code
16. Revenues
What were the revenues of the enterprise during the last year (2013), from 1/1/2013 to 31/12/2013? In 1000 ID
………………
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Value in 1000 ID
Type of Revenue
Building and construction services (where the firm has the
contract)
Sale of services to others(including labor services and
renovation and building services to other construction firms
as a subcontractor
Sale of Buildings (not included above)
Sale of Land (without buildings)
Sale of goods
Rental of buildings
Rental of other goods and machinery
Other (specify)
Total (calculated by interviewer)
Code
Read the total and confirm the amount with the respondent.
17. Revenue from interest and rent
What were the interest and rent on land paid to the business during the last year? Value in 1000 ID ………………
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Note: Land rental excludes rent for buildings or office
Value in 1000 ID
Details
Interest received on loans given
Rental of land – received
Code
18. Taxes and Subsidies
What were the taxes paid and subsidies the business received during the last year (2013), that is, from 1/1/2013
to 31/12/2013?
Value in 1000 ID
Details
Taxes and fees paid to government on behalf of the
business
Government subsidies received for the business
Government subsidies received and transferred to
customers (the subsidies given for each sold unit)
4
Code
19. Value and changes of Fixed Assets
Please tell me about the value of the assets of this business for this period (this establishment only).
Opening date: 1/1/2013
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Closing date: 31/12/2013
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Book value on
Closing Date
5
Obsolete
value
4
Value in 1000 ID
Sales value
Purchases
between
between
opening and
opening and
closing date
closing date
3
2
Details
Book value on
opening date
1/1/2013
1
Code
Land and buildings (for
enterprise use)
Machinery and
equipment
Transportation means
Furniture and office
equipment
Other capital goods
(identify)
Total (calculate and
have the owner
confirm)
Book value from 31/12/2013 4 3 2+1 =5
Obsolete rate, for building 4% and for equipment and transfers means 15%
20. Changes in Inventories of Goods
Please tell me about the value of stocks and inventories of this business for the following periods (this
establishment only).
Opening date: 1/1/2013
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Closing date: 31/12/2013
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Value in 1000 ID
Value on Closing Date
Value on Opening Date
Details
Code
Stocks of goods purchased for resale
Stocks of raw materials
Finished goods and semi-finished
goods
Total (calculate and have the owner
confirm)
Note: the questions about the value of stocks and inventories are for enterprises that are in business only (good
sale, good production, and service activity).
5
21. Wages
What were the wages and benefits paid in the last month to employees of this establishment?
[Or for other period, specify: from ………/………/……… to ………/………/………]
Value in 1000 ID
Details
Salary paid to employees/worker
Other social benefits paid to employees/worker (social
security, pensions, etc.)
Code
22. Funds on hand
If the enterprise received a new contract tomorrow, how much could you spend on the project before having to
be paid by the client? Value in 1000 ID ………………
23. Confirming above information
To be filled at KRSO central office
To be filled by Interviewer
To be filled by owner/manager of business
The form has been verified by me
The form has been recorded
by me
I confirm that collected information are
correct and reflect the status of the unit
Name:
Name of interviewer:
Name of the owner of the unit:
Signature:
Signature:
Signature:
Seal:
Seal:
Date:
/
/
Date:
/
/
Result of interview:
1. Interview successfully was done
2. Interview partially was done
3. Interview was not carried out
4. Enterprise was not found
5. Enterprise was suspended
6. Enterprise was closed
7. Enterprise is seasonal
8. Other, specify
The reasons for not carrying out the interview ………………….
6
Date:
/
/
H. Workshop Presentations
H.1 Dissemination: Different Products for Different Audiences
Dissemination: Different Products
for Different Audiences
August 2013
Francisco Perez-Arce, Nicholas Burger
Different Products for Different Audiences
• How technical is your audience, and how to
adjust information accordingly?
1.  Technical Reports
2. Press Releases
3. Labor Force Factsheet
R
Creating A Report of Survey Results - 2 July 30, 2012
Technical Report
1.  Introduction
2.  Methodology
a.  Technical aspects
3.  Results by topic
a.  Tables, charts, maps
b. Text
c.  Figures
R
Creating A Report of Survey Results - 3 July 30, 2012
Press Release
• Use bold subtitles to state
(say) the main finding
• Follow-up with short
description
– Describe the basic idea
of indicator
– Clarify the meaning of
the indicator
– Short BUT definitions
can’t be wrong
• Use figures to present
additional details
– Such as breakdowns by
subgroups
– Changes from year to
year
R
Creating A Report of Survey Results - 4 July 30, 2012
Press Release
• How to choose these
“Main Findings”?
• Each Survey was created
with ONE or a FEW
indicators in mind. à
Identify it (them).
• PLACE INDICATORS IN
CONTEXT, i.e., what does
it mean that
unemployment = X%?
– Change from previous
round of the survey?
– Compare between
groups (by governorate/
by age groups, etc.)
R
Creating A Report of Survey Results - 5 July 30, 2012
Other Options?
• Choose the format appropriate for the audience
• Other examples:
– Executive Summary
R
Creating A Report of Survey Results - 6 July 30, 2012
Labor Force Factsheet
Labor Force Factsheet
R
Creating A Report of Survey Results - 7 July 30, 2012
Assignment
• Into groups of 3 or 4
• Produce the first paragraph of a Press Release
based on an old technical report
–
–
–
–
R
Choose the most important result
The first (bolded line)
The first paragraph describing it
A figure that includes some extra information (i.e.
comparison with another round; other regions
countries, subgroups, etc.)
Creating A Report of Survey Results - 8 July 30, 2012
H.2 Written Reporting, Presentations, Quality Assurance, and
Dissemination
Written Reporting,
Presentations, Quality
Assurance, and Dissemination
Shanthi Nataraj and Krishna Kumar!
R
KRSO 1 Sept-13
Agenda
• Written (text) reporting!
• Presentations!
• Quality Assurance!
• Dissemination!
R
KRSO 2 Sept-13
Format and length of the written report depends on
the content and audience
Survey
results"
Key Statistics"
Casual Users"
Press
Release"
Policy brief"
Researchers"
Report"
White paper"
Casual Users"
Industry
Analysts"
Researchers"
Press
Release"
Newsletter"
Yearbook"
No matter what format or length you choose,
clear writing is critical!"
R
KRSO 3 Sept-13
Tables are the standard tool for communicating
statistical results
Table title should
clearly indicate topic
and relevant
population
Table column and
row titles should also
be clear
Table notes provide
details for interested
readers or explain
special marks
R
KRSO 4 Sept-13
Charts help to communicate complex indicators
R
KRSO 5 Sept-13
Charts can also summarize methodology
R
KRSO 6 Sept-13
Maps of key indicators can be quickly understood
and are visually appealing
Color code (e.g., darker color
represents a larger number or
percentage, lighter color =
smaller number)
R
KRSO 7 Sept-13
Abstracts, bulleted lists, callouts and sidebars
highlight key information for casual readers
R
KRSO 8 Sept-13
Agenda
• Written (text) reporting!
• Presentations!
• Quality Assurance!
• Dissemination!
R
KRSO 9 Sept-13
Why do we use presentations?
• To summarize essential points of detailed
information!
• To reach audiences who might not read a report!
• To capture the audience’s attention with images and
oral presentation!
• To encourage discussion and get immediate
feedback if desired!
R
KRSO 10 Sept-13
Presentations will likely be different for different
audiences
Focus
on à
Other
Suggestions
à
R
Public
Audiences:
NonTechnical"
Internal to
KRSO"
Other
Ministries"
Public
Audiences:
Technical"
Methods,
challenges"
Results that
are most
relevant to
stakeholders"
Methods,
detailed
results"
Results"
Ask for
feedback"
May be
more or less
technical
depending
on audience"
Publicize
data
availability"
Use short
format, lots
of visuals"
KRSO 11 Sept-13
Guidelines for good presentations include:
• Determine what message you want to leave the
audience with!
−  Select supporting material for that message
−  Keep it simple
• Provide motivation!
• Focus on results rather than methods (for most
audiences)!
• Use a consistent style!
R
KRSO 12 Sept-13
In general, use a “top-down” structure
• Establish the context and motivation in the
introduction!
−  The first five minutes are critical for keeping
audience interest
−  Preview your main findings
• Use an outline to establish what you will talk about!
−  Repeat before each section to help the audience
know where you are
−  Can be a simple bullet list
R
KRSO 13 Sept-13
Example: Motivation, outline, and findings
Motivation"
Main Question
to Answer"
Outline"
Local government wants to encourage growth of
small high-technology firms!
What are the main barriers to growth faced by
high technology firms in Science City?!
• Understand what
• Firms in different
• Understand barriers
• Identify areas where
current firms look
like!
firms face!
R
industries, ages have
different needs!
government can help!
KRSO 14 Sept-13
Example: Motivation, outline, and findings (continued)
Methodology"
Findings"
We conducted a survey of over 300 hightechnology firms in Science City!
• Understand what
• Most firms are
• Understand barriers
• Firms identified two key
current firms look
like!
firms face!
R
concentrated in two
industries (IT, biotech)!
• Relatively few small,
young firms!
barriers to growth"
− Lack of access to
early-stage finance!
− Quality of life issues
for employees!
KRSO 15 Sept-13
Use the following outline to structure the report
• Survey overview!
• Basic firm information!
• Challenges reported by firms!
• Conclusion!
R
KRSO 16 Sept-13
Each slide should make only one key point
• Use the title space to present that point !
• Sentence-style format is best
!
• Make sure the body of the slide—whether text or
graphics—supports the point made in the title!
R
KRSO 17 Sept-13
Example: Chart title does not help the audience
understand the information
Firms in Science City!
Sales "
1%"
Parent
company "
5%"
Other "
13%"
Angel "
5%"
IPO"
4%"
PE/VC/Other
Investor"
15%"
R
Government "
7%"
Bank "
50%"
Angel "
Bank "
Government "
PE/VC/Other Investor"
IPO"
Parent company "
Sales "
Other "
Source: RAND-GDD Survey of HighTechnology Firms in Science City
KRSO 18 Sept-13
Example: Chart title does help the audience
understand the information
Source of First Outside Funding!
for Firms in Science City!
Sales "
1%"
Parent
company "
5%"
Other "
13%"
Angel "
5%"
IPO"
4%"
PE/VC/Other
Investor"
15%"
R
Government "
7%"
Bank "
50%"
Angel "
Bank "
Government "
PE/VC/Other Investor"
IPO"
Parent company "
Sales "
Other "
Source: RAND-GDD Survey of HighTechnology Firms in Science City
KRSO 19 Sept-13
Choose a graphic deliberately and based on the
information you want to convey
• You always have more information than you can (or
need) to present to your audience!
−  Carefully select the data you want to present
−  Choose the format that tells your story most
clearly
• Each format has certain advantages!
R
KRSO 20 Sept-13
Graphic type: Pie charts
• Format is
effective for
showing parts of
a whole or
comparing size of
same part in
different wholes!
• Don’t divide the
pie into too many
segments!
Firms in Science City are
Concentrated in Two Industries!
Other"
24%"
Optical,
mechanical
and electronic
integration"
6%"
New materials"
7%"
Electronics
and IT"
41%"
Biological and
pharmaceutical
technology "
22%"
Source: RAND-GDD Survey of HighTechnology Firms in Science City
R
KRSO 21 Sept-13
Graphic type: Bar charts
• Bars are
generally easier
to read than line
graphs or tables!
• Bars can be
arranged
vertically or
horizontally!
80"
Number of Firms!
• Format is
appropriate for
showing how two
or more things
relate at a point
on some scale!
Most Surviving Firms in Science
City Have Grown Since Birth!
70"
60"
50"
40"
30"
20"
10"
0"
Number of Employees!
At Birth "
Current "
Source: RAND-GDD Survey of HighTechnology Firms in Science City
R
KRSO 22 Sept-13
• Format is
appropriate for
showing how two
or more things
relate and have
changed over
time!
• Four to five lines
are probably the
maximum!
• Lines should be
clearly
distinguished and
labeled!
R
Share in Value Added!
Graphic type: Line graphs
60"
Share of Biotech in Value Added
Has Grown Over Time!
50"
40"
30"
20"
10"
0"
2000"2001"2002"2003"2004"2005"2006"2007"2008"2009"2010"2011"2012"
IT"
Biotech"
Other"
KRSO 23 Sept-13
Graphic type: Diagrams and flow charts
• Help audience
structure the
problem!
• Are good for
showing
relationships and
steps in a
process!
• Reduce viewer
error but take
more time to use!
R
June 2011: Develop Survey Instrument"
July – September 2011: Pilot Testing
and Revision"
October 2011 – March 2012: Field
Survey"
April – May 2012: Analyze Results"
June – July 2012: Dissemination"
KRSO 24 Sept-13
Maps can help to orient the audience
Sand Hill
Road VC
Firms"
R
KRSO 25 Sept-13
Tables are an effective tool for making explicit
quantitative comparisons
• Good table design is essential to avoid confusion!
• Basic rules for creating tables!
−  Use round decimals to one or two digits
−  In general, use columns (not rows) for most
important comparisons
−  Use spacing and/or highlighting to guide the eye
R
KRSO 26 Sept-13
Highlighting helps audiences process tables
(Three methods of highlighting)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
R
Agriculture
60
58
57
55
56
54
53
53
52
54
54
50
49
PercentofGDP
Manufacturing
12
13
13
12
14
15
16
16
17
15
18
18
19
Services
28
31
30
33
30
31
31
31
31
31
28
32
32
KRSO 27 Sept-13
Highlighting helps audiences process tables
(Three methods of highlighting)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
R
Agriculture
60
58
57
55
56
54
53
53
52
54
54
50
49
PercentofGDP
Manufacturing
12
13
13
12
14
15
16
16
17
15
18
18
19
Services
28
31
30
33
30
31
31
31
31
31
28
32
32
KRSO 28 Sept-13
Highlighting helps audiences process tables
(Three methods of highlighting)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
R
Agriculture
60
58
57
55
56
54
53
53
52
54
54
50
49
PercentofGDP
Manufacturing
12
13
13
12
14
15
16
16
17
15
18
18
19
Services
28
31
30
33
30
31
31
31
31
31
28
32
32
KRSO 29 Sept-13
Your conclusion should deliver everything you
promised in the beginning
DO
• Answer questions posed at the beginning!
• Make recommendations, if applicable!
• Leave audience with one take-away message!
DON’T
R
• Introduce new topics in the conclusion!
KRSO 30 Sept-13
Example: Answer questions
Study questions!
Major findings!
• What do high-technology
• 60% of firms are in two
• What key barriers to firms
• Lack of access to finance!
• Quality of life issues!
• What could the government
• Provide additional research
firms in Science City look
like?!
report?!
do to help?!
R
industries (IT and biotech)!
• Relatively few young firms
compared to other high-tech
clusters!
funding!
• Help finding talented
employees!
KRSO 31 Sept-13
Example: Answer questions
Study questions!
Major findings!
• What do high-technology
• 60% of firms are in two
• What key barriers to firms
• Lack of access to finance!
• Quality of life issues!
• What could the government
• Provide additional research
firms in Science City look
like?!
report?!
do to help?!
R
industries (IT and biotech)!
• Relatively few young firms
compared to other high-tech
clusters!
funding!
• Help finding talented
employees!
KRSO 32 Sept-13
Example: Answer questions
Study questions!
Major findings!
• What do high-technology
• 60% of firms are in two
• What key barriers to firms
• Lack of access to finance!
• Quality of life issues!
• What could the government
• Provide additional research
firms in Science City look
like?!
report?!
do to help?!
R
industries (IT and biotech)!
• Relatively few young firms
compared to other high-tech
clusters!
funding!
• Help finding talented
employees!
KRSO 33 Sept-13
Agenda
• Written (text) reporting!
• Presentations!
• Quality Assurance!
• Dissemination!
R
KRSO 34 Sept-13
Why do we perform quality assurance?
• To ensure products meet quality standards!
• To provide independent check on research !
• To determine whether product is ready to be
disseminated or published!
R
KRSO 35 Sept-13
How do we perform quality assurance?
• Reviewers provide comments to authors, with the
number of reviewers dependent upon the product!
Managers!
• Review overall content!
• May check for methodology
and consistency with
organization’s aims!
Peer Reviewers!
• Should have appropriate
knowledge!
• Should not be involved in
developing the product!
• Can be internal (in KRSO) or
external (outside of KRSO)!
• Authors respond and revise product based on
comments!
R
KRSO 36 Sept-13
Example: RAND peer-review process for a
published report
Draft first
reviewed "
by unit"
QA Manager"
Sent to "
peer
reviewers "
Draft "
revised"
Sent to other "
stakeholders"
Decision"
not to"
publish"
Published!
Report!
QA Manager & "
unit management"
sign-off "
R
Reviews"
received"
Reviewers"
sign-off "
Re-review by"
peer reviewers "
This process should be tailored as
needed for different projects!
KRSO 37 Sept-13
Example: RAND peer-review process for a
presentation to a client
Draft reviewed "
by unit"
manager"
Draft "
revised"
QA Manager & "
unit management"
sign-off "
Presentation "
Presentation
R
KRSO 38 Sept-13
There are multiple roles in the QA process with
varying responsibilities
Authors"
• Conduct high-quality
work"
• Respond to
comments"
• Work with reviewers
and managers to
revise products"
R
Reviewers"
• Carefully review
methods, data
sources and overall
message"
• Provide constructive
comments"
• Coordinate with
authors as needed
to resolve any
issues "
Manager and QA
Coordinator"
• Identify appropriate
reviewers"
• Coordinate review
process"
• Resolve any
disagreements
between authors
and reviewers"
• Ensure that overall
content and
presentation of
product are
appropriate"
KRSO 39 Sept-13
Agenda
• Written (text) reporting!
• Presentations!
• Quality Assurance!
• Dissemination!
R
KRSO 40 Sept-13
Key questions should be asked when preparing
materials for dissemination
What is the purpose?!
Who is the audience?!
Appropriate materials!
• Update key statistics (e.g. • Public!
• Press releases!
• Yearbooks!
• Website (home page)!
• Social media!
• Provide detailed findings • Government officials!
• Researchers !
(e.g., survey results)!
• Reports!
• Memos!
• Provide industry- or
• Presentations!
• Website (targeted
GDP, unemployment rate)!
• Stakeholders from
province-specific findings! industry/province!
• Make data and methods
available!
R
• Researchers!
• Students!
tables)!
• Databases!
• Query tools!
• White papers!
KRSO 41 Sept-13
Key questions should be asked when preparing
materials for dissemination
What is the purpose?!
Who is the audience?!
Appropriate materials!
• Update key statistics (e.g. • Public!
• Press releases!
• Yearbooks!
• Website (home page)!
• Social media!
• Provide detailed findings • Government officials!
• Researchers !
(e.g., survey results)!
• Reports!
• Memos!
• Provide industry- or
• Presentations!
• Website (targeted
GDP, unemployment rate)!
!
• Stakeholders from
province-specific findings! industry/province!
• Make data and methods
available!
R
• Researchers!
• Students!
tables)!
• Databases!
• Query tools!
• White papers!
KRSO 42 Sept-13
Key questions should be asked when preparing
materials for dissemination
What is the purpose?!
Who is the audience?!
Appropriate materials!
• Update key statistics (e.g. • Public!
• Press releases!
• Yearbooks!
• Website (home page)!
• Social media!
• Provide detailed findings • Government officials!
• Researchers !
(e.g., survey results)!
• Reports!
• Memos!
• Provide industry- or
• Presentations!
• Website (targeted
GDP, unemployment rate)!
!
• Stakeholders from
province-specific findings! industry/province!
• Make data and methods
available!
R
• Researchers!
• Students!
tables)!
• Databases!
• Query tools!
• White papers!
KRSO 43 Sept-13
Key questions should be asked when preparing
materials for dissemination
What is the purpose?!
Who is the audience?!
Appropriate materials!
• Update key statistics (e.g. • Public!
• Press releases!
• Yearbooks!
• Website (home page)!
• Social media!
• Provide detailed findings • Government officials!
• Researchers !
(e.g., survey results)!
• Reports!
• Memos!
• Provide industry- or
• Presentations!
• Website (targeted
GDP, unemployment rate)!
!
• Stakeholders from
province-specific findings! industry/province!
• Make data and methods
available!
R
• Researchers!
• Students!
tables)!
• Databases!
• Query tools!
• White papers!
KRSO 44 Sept-13
Traditional releases can be made more appealing
with simple steps
• Add color!
• Use graphs!
• Create a short, mobilefriendly summary with
a link to the report!
• Create user-friendly
summaries!
• Publish a newsletter
summarizing recent
findings!
R
KRSO 45 Sept-13
Website dissemination can target three user types
• Casual!
−  Want basic statistics (e.g.,
unemployment rate)!
−  Should be able to find what they want
on home page of website!
• Data users!
−  Want simple data queries (e.g., price
index)!
−  May want to track industry or regional
trends!
Source: UK Government Statistical
Service
• Experts !
−  Tend to be researchers, students,
industry analysts!
−  Want advanced data queries!
−  May seek access to microdata!
R
KRSO 46 Sept-13
Example: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (home
page)
Links to
latest
press
releases
Links for
more
advanced
users
Key
statistics
R
KRSO 47 Sept-13
Example: Statistics New Zealand (home page)
Links to
latest
press
releases
Links for
more
advanced
users
Key
statistics
R
KRSO 48 Sept-13
Example: Statistics New Zealand (population clock)
R
KRSO 49 Sept-13
Example: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (simple
data queries)
Most
common
statistics
Advanced
searches
Raw data
R
KRSO 50 Sept-13
Example: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (simple
data queries)
R
Example: Statistics New Zealand (targeted tools)
R
KRSO 52 Sept-13
Example: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (detailed
search)
R
KRSO 53 Sept-13
Make the most of online dissemination
• Post updated statistics on website!
• Create tables of most commonly-accessed statistics
for easy viewing and downloading!
• Use email or social media to:!
−  Publicize a key statistic
−  Announce the release of a report or dataset
• Create an email distribution list!
−  Allow website visitors to sign up for email
updates
−  Require e-mail address or account creation prior
to downloading reports or data
R
KRSO 54 Sept-13
Track dissemination efforts
Press
Releases"
Reports"
Presentations"
Number of website
visits"
Number of mentions
of KRSO or key
statistics in press"
Immediate feedback"
Number of
purchases or
downloads"
Number of contacts
from journalists "
Online
Dissemination"
Number of email
distribution list
members or social
media followers"
Number of requests
for data"
Number of follow-up
contacts"
Survey of website
users"
R
KRSO 55 Sept-13
KRSO 56 Sept-13
H.3 The Production Approach for Calculating GDP / GRP
The Production Approach
for Calculating GDP / GRP
Krishna Kumar and Shanthi Nataraj!
KRSO 1 Sept-13
Agenda
• Overview and Ways of Measuring GRP!
• Production Approach in Detail"
• Inflation, Price Indices, and Real GRP"
• Data Sources"
• Examples from KRI"
R
KRSO 2 Sept-13
GDP is value added domestically
Economic activity in the Kurdistan
Region-Iraq (KRI) would be Gross
Regional Product, but ignore this
distinction for now."
Gross Domestic Product (GDP):!
Total economic activity in a country in a given year."
Included:"
• Value added by Erbil
Rotana, a UAE enterprise"
R
Not Included:"
• Value added if Erbil
International opens a
branch in Amman"
KRSO 3 Sept-13
There are three different ways of measuring GDP
Production (Value Added) Approach:!
Output produced, excluding output used up
in intermediate stages. What is made?"
Expenditure Approach:!
Amount spent by the final purchasers of
output. What is bought?"
Income Approach:!
· All approaches
yield same
result"
· All approaches
avoid “double
counting”"
Income received by producers of output.
With what is it bought?"
R
KRSO 4 Sept-13
Production (Value Added) Approach
Value added approach avoids the problem of
double counting intermediate goods."
Value added = Final revenue"
"
"
– cost of intermediate goods"
Example:!
Flour used in making bread is an intermediate good!
R
KRSO 5 Sept-13
Expenditure Approach
Total spending on final goods and services produced in the
country during the year."
=
GDP (Y)"
R
+
Consumption (C)"
+
Investment (I)"
+
Government
Expenditures
(G)"
Net Exports (NX)"
KRSO 6 Sept-13
Income Approach
Account for GDP by how factors of production (labor and
capital) are compensated."
=
Gross
Domestic
Income"
+
Compensation
(Labor Income)"
+
Corporate Profits
(Capital Income)"
Taxes"
(Government Income)"
GDP = GDI – Net Factor Payments (NFP)
NFP = Income from abroad – Income sent abroad
R
KRSO 7 Sept-13
There are several advantages to using the
production approach
ü  Eliminates the need to use data on inter-regional flows"
ü  Eliminates the need to use or complicated data on
capital income
In principle, all calculation approaches yield
the same result
R
KRSO 8 Sept-13
Basic Example: Production approach
Transactions:"
Company A (orange orchard):
• Wages paid to employees =
$15,000
• Taxes paid to government =
$5,000
• Revenue – sale of oranges =
$35,000
•  Oranges sold to public =
$10,000
•  Oranges sold to B =
$25,000
Company B (orange juice maker):
Value added by Company A = $35,000
• Wages paid to employees =
$10,000
• Taxes paid to government =
$2,000
• Purchase of oranges from A =
$25,000
• Revenue – sale of orange juice =
$40,000
R
The production approach
measures economic activity by
adding value added across
sectors
Value added by Company B = +$15,000
GDP =
$50,000
KRSO 9 Sept-13
Agenda
• Overview and Ways of Measuring GRP"
• Production Approach in Detail!
• Inflation, Price Indices, and Real GRP"
• Data Sources"
• Examples from KRI"
R
KRSO 10 Sept-13
Calculating GRP using the production approach
starts with calculating Gross Value Added (GVA)
Gross Value Added (GVA):!
Gross output produced by regional residents (minus)
intermediate consumption of regional residents."
Sum of GVA
for all entities
in the region
gives the GRP
Gross
Output"
Gross Value
Added (GVA)"
Intermediate
Consumption"
R
KRSO 11 Sept-13
The concepts of output and intermediate
consumption
Gross Output:!
The market value of goods and services receivable by
their producers."
• Usually calculated in “basic prices”!
• Value actually retained by the producer"
Intermediate Consumption:!
The cost of all goods and services used up in the
production."
• Usually calculated in “purchasers’ prices”!
• Cost actually paid by the producer!
R
KRSO 12 Sept-13
Basic summary of prices
Basic Prices:!
What the producer actually gets (excludes taxes on sale
of products, includes subsidies on sale of products)."
+ Other taxes on products"
– Subsidies on products"
Producers’
Prices"
+ Non-deductible VAT"
+ Trade margins"
+ Transportation costs"
R
Purchasers’
Prices"
Basic"
Prices"
– Taxes on production"
+ Subsidies on production"
Factor"
Cost"
Note: Sometimes we refer
to “net taxes” (taxes –
subsidies)!
KRSO 13 Sept-13
Gross output is the market value of goods and
services receivable by the producer
· Gross output is usually measured in “basic prices”
Basic prices do not include:"
• Taxes on products (those
that depend on amount of
product sold, such as
sales tax)"
• Transportation costs that
are invoiced separately !
R
Basic prices do include:"
• Subsidies on products"
• Transportation costs that
are included in the sale
price"
KRSO 14 Sept-13
Gross output may be measured at factor cost in
some cases
·
It may be hard to distinguish between
-  “Taxes on products” (e.g., sales tax)
-  “Taxes on production” (e.g., payroll tax, registration fees)
·
Basic prices include net taxes on production but not net taxes on
products
·
Gross output can instead be calculated at factor prices
Factor prices = Basic prices "
" – other taxes on production"
" + subsidies on production"
R
KRSO 15 Sept-13
Intermediate consumption is the cost of all goods
used up in production
· Calculated at purchasers’ prices
Purchasers’ prices = Market prices"
"
– deductible taxes"
Purchasers’ prices do not include:"
• Deductible taxes or
subsidies on products
(e.g., value-added tax that
is reimbursed by the
government)"
• Subsidies on products"
R
Purchasers’ prices do include:"
• Taxes on products"
• Transportation costs"
• Trade margins"
KRSO 16 Sept-13
GVA equals gross output at basic prices minus
intermediate consumption at purchasers’ prices
Transportation
costs!
Net taxes on
products!
Gross
Output
(basic
prices)"
R
Gross Value
Added (GVA)"
Net Taxes on
Production!
Intermediate
Consumption
(purchasers’
prices)"
KRSO 17 Sept-13
Sometimes it is useful to calculate GVA by adding
up its components
• In general, for GRP purposes we should not care about the
components of Gross Value Added"
• However, in some cases it would be easier to calculate
these components than output / intermediate consumption"
• These cases include: Banking sector, Government"
Other Net Taxes
on Production!
Gross
Output"
R
GVA"
Consumption of
fixed capital"
Wages"
GVA!
Components!
Operating"
Surplus"
Intermediate
Consumption"
KRSO 18 Sept-13
GRP is GVA plus net taxes on products
• In order to calculate
Gross Regional
Product, we sum up
all Gross Value Added
across the region"
• If net taxes were
excluded when
calculating GVA, they
should be added at the
national level"
• Transportation costs
should have been
reflected in the GVA of
the transportation
service providers "
R
Transportation"
Taxes –
Subsidies on
Products"
GRP!
Gross
Output
(basic
prices)"
Taxes –
Subsidies on
Production"
GVA
Factor
Cost"
GVA
Basic
Prices!
Intermediate
Consumption"
(purchasers’
prices)"
KRSO 19 Sept-13
Cross-regional and supra-regional residents
should be taken into consideration
• The easy case is when residents and establishment
operate only (or mainly) in the region"
• What happens when they operate across several
regions? "
Situation!
Approach!
Multi-establishment enterprises
with registered local units"
Local units in the region will be recognized as
regional establishments"
National industries that operate
in many regions (e.g., railroad)"
Production needs to be allocated to"
regions according to their estimated share
(“Top-Down” approach)"
Establishments of supraregional territory"
The value added should be allocated to"
regions according to some well-justified
criteria"
These situations should be examined case-by-case!
R
KRSO 20 Sept-13
Agenda
• Overview and Ways of Measuring GRP"
• Production Approach in Detail"
• Inflation, Price Indices, and Real GRP!
• Data Sources"
• Examples from KRI"
R
KRSO 21 Sept-13
Inflation is the rate of growth of price level
2011!
2012!
Production"
10 kg pomegranates" 10 kg pomegranates"
Price per kg"
5 dinars"
Nominal GRP" 10*5=50"
10 dinars"
10*10=100"
Has there been any increase in the productive
capacity of the economy?!
R
KRSO 22 Sept-13
Most common measure of inflation is change in
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
In our example,
"
"
"
"inflation = 100*(10-5)/5 = 100%"
• Price index at base year normalized to 100; meaningless
by itself; what matters is rate of change!
• Values typical basket of goods consumed at current and
base year prices and calculates price change"
R
KRSO 23 Sept-13
Nominal GRP values output at current prices, while
real GRP values output at a base year price
Picks up only the increase in GRP coming from higher
quantities of goods and services, rather than higher
prices"
"
In the pomegranate economy, if 2011 used as base year:
Nominal GRP, 2012: 10x10 = 100 dinars "
Real GRP, 2012: 10x5 = 50 dinars"
R
KRSO 24 Sept-13
Agenda
• Overview and Ways of Measuring GRP"
• Production Approach in Detail"
• Inflation, Price Indices, and Real GRP"
• Data Sources!
• Examples from KRI"
R
KRSO 25 Sept-13
Data sources for the GRP vary with the nature of
the sector
Administrative data: Data on public sector activities which
includes state enterprises and general government
services"
Primary data: Information collected directly from first-hand
sources that has not previously published, such as
surveys"
Secondary data: Data collected by someone other than
the user, it may be already published"
R
KRSO 26 Sept-13
Data sources typically used to calculate GDP
include:
Economic census!
Business (enterprise or establishment) surveys!
· General purpose
· Aimed at specific sectors: retail trade, services,
agriculture
Tax data!
Financial reports!
Consumer price index!
R
KRSO 27 Sept-13
Examples of data sources typically used to
estimate the GRP by sector
Sector!
Data source!
Example!
Agriculture"
Primary"
Agriculture survey"
Manufacturing"
Primary"
Manufacturing survey"
Electricity and gas"
Administrative"
Data from the Ministry of
Electricity"
Water supply"
Administrative"
Data from the Ministry of
Municipalities or
Directorate of Water
Supply"
Construction"
Primary"
Construction survey"
Education"
Secondary and
administrative"
Public data from schools
and administrative data
from the Ministry of
Education"
"
R
"
""
KRSO 28 Sept-13
Agenda
• Overview and Ways of Measuring GRP"
• Production Approach in Detail"
• Inflation, Price Indices, and Real GRP"
• Data Sources"
• Examples from KRI!
−
−
−
−
−
R
Agriculture!
Manufacturing"
Financial Services"
Electricity"
Construction"
KRSO 29 Sept-13
Farmer-level data are ideal for agriculture
Sector: Agriculture
Ideal Method:
Challenge:
Current Method:
•
Conduct agricultural
census every five years
to get complete
information
•
We use two methods:
For intervening years
use data and sampling
weights from a
representative survey
of farmers
•
•
R
Missing
information for
some crops in
few districts
Unclear sampling
scheme causing
overestimation of
planted area and,
perhaps, also of
production
•
Estimate value
added inflating
survey data based
on the sampling
method (farmers)
•
Estimate value
added inflating the
sample data by
planted area from
the Census
KRSO 30 Sept-13
Imputed missing yield in areas where Census
reported planted area
Sector: Agriculture
Imputation of missing yield in two stages!
1) Missing yield per donum was imputed based on the
average yield at the lowest level data that is
available: average yield of farmer, village, sub-district,
and so on. "
2) Missing yield per donum for an entire governorate was
imputed from the other governorates. For example,
survey data for lentils and vegetables are missing for
Duhok and Erbil; then, we applied the average yield
per donum from Sulaimania."
R
KRSO 31 Sept-13
Imputed missing yield in areas where Census
reported planted area
Sector: Agriculture
KRI"
Erbil"
Duhok"
Sulaimania"
Governorate"
Governorate"
Governorate"
District"
District"
District"
Subdistrict"
Subdistrict"
Subdistrict"
Village"
Farmer A"
Farmer B"
R
Village"
Farmer A"
Farmer B"
Village"
Farmer A"
Farmer B"
KRSO 32 Sept-13
Components of value added
Sector: Agriculture
As the winter prices are missing, we
used local commercial prices"
Added value components!
Value of production: Price received by producers times production"
Cultivating expenses by type:!
• Tilling"
• Irrigation"
• Weed control"
• Seed"
• Fertilizer"
• Pesticide"
• Seeding"
• Sterilization"
• Harvesting"
• Cleaning"
• Transportation"
• Others"
Transportation expenses!
R
KRSO 33 Sept-13
Preliminary estimate of value added of winter crops
for agriculture sector
Component!
Value (billions of Iraqi dinars)!
Duhok"
Erbil"
Sulaimania"
Total"
Gross output at basic prices"
248"
208"
400"
856"
Intermediate inputs at purchasers’ prices"
75"
70"
116"
261"
Gross value added"
173"
138"
284"
595!
R
KRSO 34 Sept-13
Agenda
• Overview and Ways of Measuring GRP"
• Production Approach in Detail"
• Inflation, Price Indices, and Real GRP"
• Data Sources"
• Examples from KRI!
−
−
−
−
−
R
Agriculture"
Manufacturing!
Financial Services"
Electricity"
Construction!
KRSO 35 Sept-13
Firm-level data would be ideal for manufacturing,
but we rely on reported values for small firms
Sector: Manufacturing
Ideal Method:
Challenge:
Current Method:
•
•
•
Estimate value
added for large and
medium firms by
applying UN
methods to firmlevel data
•
Estimate value
added for small
firms using values
from report
Use data and
sampling weights
from a representative
survey of firms
R
Large and
medium firmlevel survey data
are available but
complete small
firm data are not
KRSO 36 Sept-13
Manufacturing sector concentrated in several
industries, has many small firms
ISIC3!
Industry!
17"
Textiles"
15"
Firms"
Small!
Workers"
Food "
1,860 "
8,489 "
18"
Ready-made
clothing "
3,463 "
5,268 "
20"
Wood, wood
products,
furniture and
fixtures "
890 "
22"
Publishing"
411 "
19"
21"
23"
24"
25"
Leather"
Paper"
Chemical"
Products made
of oil and coal"
Non-metal
mining industry"
28"
Fabricated
Metals"
29"
31"
36"
R
118 "
Basic Metals"
Machinery"
Electrical
Machinery"
Miscellaneous
industries"
Region total"
2"
Workers"
697 "
39 "
1"
7"
2,493 "
2"
26 "
1,180 "
4"
64 "
Rubber"
26"
27"
54 "
46 "
Firms"
Medium!
1"
4"
3"
22 "
3"
Firms"
Large!
Workers"
1,529 "
259 "
17 "
1"
30 "
55 "
2"
70 "
38 "
4"
3"
350 "
295 "
358 "
1,581 "
2"
34 "
4"
227 "
473 "
3,178 "
149 "
1,881 "
33 "
3,000 "
3,035 "
8,512 "
13 "
204 "
6"
346 "
1"
11 "
3"
397 "
4"
82 "
3"
252 "
940 "
11,484"
2,363 "
33,182"
1"
3"
236"
26 "
36 "
3,217"
4"
1"
89"
1,352 "
114 "
8,221"
KRSO 37 Sept-13
Components of gross output for large and medium
manufacturing firms
Sector: Manufacturing
Component of Gross Output!
Common?! Large?!
Yes"
Yes"
No"
Sometimes"
No"
Sometimes"
No"
No"
Possible but
not clear"
No"
Change in work-in-progress"
No"
Sometimes"
Change in inventories of finished goods"
Somewhat"
Sometimes"
Change in inventories of goods purchased for resale in the same
condition as received"
No"
No"
Value of shipments/turnover/sales of goods or services produced less
product taxes plus product subsidies"
Value of sale/turnover/shipments of all goods and services purchased
for resale in the same condition as received – Purchases of goods and
services for resale in the same condition as received"
Receipts for industrial work done or industrial services rendered to
others"
Other revenues"
Value of own-account fixed assets"
R
KRSO 38 Sept-13
Components of gross output for large and medium
manufacturing firms Few firms reported product taxes or subsidies
Sector: Manufacturing
è small distinction between sales at basic
prices and sales at producers’ prices"
Component of Gross Output!
Common?! Large?!
Yes"
Yes"
No"
Sometimes"
No"
Sometimes"
No"
No"
Possible but
not clear"
No"
Change in work-in-progress"
No"
Sometimes"
Change in inventories of finished goods"
Somewhat"
Sometimes"
Change in inventories of goods purchased for resale in the same
condition as received"
No"
No"
Value of shipments/turnover/sales of goods or services produced less
product taxes plus product subsidies!
Value of sale/turnover/shipments of all goods and services purchased
for resale in the same condition as received – Purchases of goods and
services for resale in the same condition as received"
Receipts for industrial work done or industrial services rendered to
others"
Other revenues"
Value of own-account fixed assets"
R
KRSO 39 Sept-13
Components of intermediate inputs for large and
medium manufacturing firms
Sector: Manufacturing
Component of Intermediate Input!
Common?! Large?!
Cost of raw materials and supplies except gas, fuels and electricity"
Yes"
Yes"
Cost of gas, fuel and electricity purchased "
Yes"
Yes"
Cost of water and sewerage services "
Somewhat"
No"
Purchases of services except rental "
Yes"
Yes"
Rental payments"
Somewhat"
Sometimes"
Changes in inventories of materials, fuels and supplies"
Somewhat"
Sometimes"
R
KRSO 40 Sept-13
Preliminary estimate of value added for
manufacturing sector
Component!
Value (billions of Iraqi dinars)!
Small"
Large"
Medium"
(from report)!
Total"
1,585 "
397 "
1,341"
3,323"
Intermediate inputs at purchasers’ prices"
760"
197 "
678"
1,635"
Gross value added"
825"
200"
663"
1,688!
Gross output at basic prices"
R
KRSO 41 Sept-13
Agenda
• Overview and Ways of Measuring GRP"
• Production Approach in Detail"
• Inflation, Price Indices, and Real GRP"
• Data Sources"
• Examples from KRI!
−
−
−
−
−
R
Agriculture"
Manufacturing!
Financial Services"
Electricity"
Construction!
KRSO 42 Sept-13
Summing up the components of value added in the
financial sector seems to be more feasible
Sector: Financial Services
Ideal Method:
Challenge:
Current Method:
•
•
•
Use data on output
and intermediate
consumption to
calculate gross value
added
R
Accurate data
on periodic
output and
intermediate
consumption of
the financial
sector are
difficult to obtain
Estimate value
added by summing
up its components:
−  Wages
−  Operational profits
−  Consumption of
fixed capital
−  Taxes and subsidies
on production
KRSO 43 Sept-13
Data for various types of establishments in the
financial sector are still being collected
Sector: Financial Services
Type of Establishment
Status of Data Collection
Money Exchanges "
Survey underway"
Government Banks"
Administrative data obtained"
Private Banks"
List obtained, will be contacted
for data"
Insurance Companies "
Will be included in services
survey"
R
KRSO 44 Sept-13
Agenda
• Overview and Ways of Measuring GRP"
• Production Approach in Detail"
• Inflation, Price Indices, and Real GRP"
• Data Sources"
• Examples from KRI!
−
−
−
−
−
R
Agriculture"
Manufacturing!
Financial Services"
Electricity"
Construction!
KRSO 45 Sept-13
Electricity sector is a mixture of private and public
players, GVA calculated based on production approach
Sector: Electricity Services
ü  Despite large government role, GVA is calculated based on
production approach (Output minus Intermediate Consumption)
ü  Treated as if it is a Government Owned Enterprise
Generation
Distribution
Private – Mas
Jordan"
Ministry of
Electricity"
Private Local
Generators"
Local
Generators"
Foreign
Countries
(imports)"
Ministry of
Electricity"
R
Anticipated Data
Sources
•
•
•
Calculation
MOE data on revenues
and expenditures"
Mas Jordan reports on
revenues and
expenditures"
•
?"
•
MOE data on revenues
and expenditures"
•
Output minus
Intermediate
Consumption for both
MOE and Mas Jordan "
Rough estimation
based on MOE data"
Output minus
Intermediate
Consumption for MOE"
KRSO 46 Sept-13
Information on government’s electricity production
is currently not detailed enough to calculate VA
Sector: Electricity Services
Ideal Method:
Challenge:
Current Status:
•
•
•
To calculate gross
value added, we need
expenditure
information that
includes only goods
and services used for
intermediate
consumption (without
investment in capital
assets)
R
The existing
figures on
expenditures
seem to include
all goods and
services, not
only those used
for intermediate
consumption
Waiting for
breakdown, or at
least estimation, of
the consumption of
intermediate goods
and services by
government owned
electricity facilities
KRSO 47 Sept-13
Agenda
• Overview and Ways of Measuring GRP"
• Production Approach in Detail"
• Inflation, Price Indices, and Real GRP"
• Data Sources"
• Examples from KRI!
−
−
−
−
−
R
Agriculture"
Manufacturing!
Financial Services"
Electricity"
Construction!
KRSO 48 Sept-13
Construction – carried out by firms and
households
Sector: Construction
Construction
undertaken by:
Data Sources
Status of Data
Collection
Construction firms –
build or renovate
structures for business
& government clients"
"
Survey based on listing Survey to be done"
of all such firms"
Households - build/
renovate their own
homes, often with hired
labor"
Records of permits for
home construction;
data on housing value
per square foot "
R
Administrative data
obtained"
KRSO 49 Sept-13
Construction (continued) – method for estimating
value added differs depending on data
Sector: Construction
Construction
undertaken by:
Method
Construction firms"
Usual approach - Gross output minus
intermediate consumption -- using survey data"
Households"
• Calculate value of new housing (~gross
output) using permit information on square
footage and value per square foot. "
• Then to derive VA, assume the ratio of VA to
gross output for firms (from survey) applies
to household construction as well. "
R
KRSO 50 Sept-13
Glossary of Terms / Abbreviations
R
CPI"
Consumer price index"
GDI"
Gross domestic income"
GDP"
Gross domestic product"
GNP"
Gross national product"
GRP"
Gross regional product"
GVA"
Gross value added"
IC"
Intermediate consumption"
KRI"
Kurdistan Region of Iraq"
NFP"
Net factor payments"
VAT"
Value added tax"
KRSO 51 Sept-13
KRSO 52 Sept-13
H.4 Surveys for Estimating the Gross Regional Product of the
Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Surveys for Estimating the Gross
Regional Product of the Kurdistan
Region of Iraq
February 2014!
Peter Glick!
KRSO 1 Sept-13
Outline
1. Using surveys to calculate national output"
2. Overview of the surveys: services and construction"
3. Determining the sample of enterprises for the
surveys"
4. Detailed look at the questionnaires"
R
KRSO 2 Sept-13
Gross Domestic Product
Gross Domestic Product (GDP):!
Total production or output in a country in a given year."
• We include the output of any enterprise operating within the KRI,
whether is it owned by someone in KRI or outside it."
R
KRSO 3 Sept-13
How we measure GDP in the KRI
Value Added Approach:!
Measure the total output produced in the economy,
excluding output used up in intermediate stages. That
is, we measure what is produced by all enterprises."
Value added for an individual enterprise equals the
value of the output produced minus the costs of inputs"
· Output can be manufacturing goods such as cars or
clothing, services like transportation or health care, or
agricultural production like wheat"
· Inputs are supplies and materials, electricity, rent on
the building, used in production of the output"
R
KRSO 4 Sept-13
How we measure GDP in the KRI (continued)
Next we add up the Value Added of all enterprises
in the economy, in all sectors. This is value added
for the country, or, the total output of the economy."
Also called the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)."
R
KRSO 5 Sept-13
Sources of data for measuring value added
Depends on the sector:!
Public sector activities (state enterprises and general
government services like health, education, police):
usually use administrative data on costs obtained from
ministries"
Private sector enterprises: usually use enterprise
surveys"
• Such surveys involve random samples of firms in
specific sectors
• Collect data on revenues, expenditures, taxes, assets,
wages paid, number of employees, etc.
• For VA calculation most important is information on
R
revenues, expenditures on inputs, and taxes
KRSO 6 Sept-13
Enterprise surveys
KRSO carries out enterprise surveys in a number of sectors, and
these will be used in the GDP calculation:"
• Manufacturing
• Internal trade
• Hotels
• Restaurants
• Money exchange
• Agriculture
But for other important sectors, new surveys are needed:"
• Construction
• Transportation and Storage
• Other services (including real estate, professional services,
arts and recreation, information technology, administration)
R
KRSO 7 Sept-13
Outline
1. Using surveys to calculate national output"
2. Overview of the surveys: services and construction"
3. Determining the sample of enterprises for the
surveys"
4. Detailed look at the questionnaires"
R
KRSO 8 Sept-13
Two new surveys
1. Transportation/Storage and Other Services"
2. Construction"
The questionnaires or survey forms are very similar for
both (we will see later). "
However, the surveys are distinct because the source
of the samples of enterprises and the fieldwork
processes differ:"
R
•
For Transportation/Storage and Other Services survey, the
sample is drawn from the 2009 national census "
•
For Construction, sample is from current list of all construction
firms from the ministry"
KRSO 9 Sept-13
Outline
1. Using surveys to calculate national output"
2. Overview of the surveys: services and construction"
3. Determining the sample of enterprises for the
surveys"
4. Detailed look at the questionnaires"
R
KRSO 10 Sept-13
Sampling – Transportation/Storage and other services
Sample is drawn from the 2009 national census. 3,254 enterprises
are randomly sampled across the KRI: 1626 in Transportation/
Storage and 1626 in Other Services."
Further, the sample is stratified by governorate (Erbil, Sulimaniya,
Duhok) and activity: "
TR
ST
IN
FI
RE
PR
HU
AD
AR
OT
Transportation"
Storage"
Information and communication"
Financial and Insurance "
Real estate"
Professional, Scientific and Technical"
Human health and social work activities"
Administrative and support services activities"
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation"
Other Service Activities"
"
Stratification
ensures that each activity in each governorate will be
adequately represented in the sample "
R
KRSO 11 Sept-13
Sampling – Transportation/Storage and other services
Number of enterprises in the sample by Governorate and
Activity (preliminary)"
"
R
Ac#vity
Transporta)on
Storage
Informa)onandCommunica)on
FinancialandInsurance
RealEstate
Professional
Administra)veandSupportServices
HumanHealthandSocialWork
ArtsandRecrea)on
OtherServices
Total
Dohuk
119
217
15
17
35
38
11
58
42
188
739
Suli
67
469
41
24
73
112
38
134
51
385
1,393
Erbil
87
313
37
19
77
79
31
129
39
311
1,122
Total
274
999
93
60
184
229
79
321
131
885
3,254
KRSO 12 Sept-13
Sampling – Transportation/Storage and other services
Each strata is a combination of governorate and activity. For example,
using the codes for governorate and activity: "
•
11 RE is real estate in Dohuk"
•
13 PR is professional, scientific, technical services in Suli"
•
15 AD is administrative and support activities in Erbil"
The overall sample size of about 3250 was determined to allow reliable
estimates for transportation/storage and other services separately. "
Once this was determined, we allocated the sample among the
governorate/activity strata in proportion to their actual shares in the
census. "
The firms for the survey within each strata are drawn randomly from the
firms in that strata. Therefore it is essential to interview this sample."
R
"
[GO TO EXCEL FILE SAMPLE LIST]"
KRSO 13 Sept-13
Sampling – Choosing replacement enterprises
The 2009 Census:"
•
Provides the basis for a representative survey "
•
But it is more than four years old. Many of the firms listed will no
longer exist or will have moved. Also, some firms may refuse to
participate."
Therefore we need to be able to choose replacement firms to obtain the
intended sample size from each strata. "
For example, the sample has 24 Finance and Insurance enterprises in
Suli (13-FI). Say that 3 of these are not found in the fieldwork."
We then choose 3 Finance and Insurance enterprises from Suli from the
replacement list file. "
R
KRSO 14 Sept-13
Sampling – Choosing replacement enterprises
The replacement list:"
•
Consists of all enterprises not selected for the sample"
•
Is also randomly sorted within each strata"
Ideally you should choose the 1st three enterprises under 13-FI."
However, it may be necessary to select replacements that are more
conveniently located, that is, near where the survey teams are working."
But the replacement enterprises must be in the same strata—in this
case, Finance and Insurance enterprises in Suli (13-FI)."
Must find replacements to ensure the sample size per strata is achieved."
Survey supervisors should keep careful records of the number of
enterprises not found or refusing to be interviewed."
R
[LOOK AT EXCEL FILE REPLACEMENT LIST]"
KRSO 15 Sept-13
Sampling – Construction
The sample is drawn from the ministry list of firms that have
contracts with clients (public or private), that is, firms that are ‘prime
contractors.’ "
•
Sample is stratified only by governorate"
•
We choose a total sample of 1600 enterprises to ensure precision"
Construc#on:Totalnumberofenterprises,numbersampled,
andnumberremaining
Governorate
Erbil
Suli
Dohuk
Total
R
Enterprises %ofTotal Sample
1326
43.3%
702
1077
35.2%
570
657
21.5%
348
3060
1620
1440
Remaining(for
replacement)
624
507
309
1620
KRSO 16 Sept-13
Sampling – Construction
Sampling is simpler than for other services survey "
•
As before, we have a list of sample firms and replacements; both
randomly sorted within strata (Governorate)"
•
Since the list does not have addresses, it is necessary to contact
the owners first by phone or email to get location information "
•
If the enterprise cannot be contacted, or refuses to allow the
interview, another enterprise from the replacement list for that
Governorate must be selected"
•
Preferable to choose the replacements in the order listed as this
is a random sample"
•
Must find the number of replacements necessary to ensure the
sample size per strata is obtained "
R
KRSO 17 Sept-13
Outline
1. Using surveys to calculate national output"
2. Overview of the surveys: services and construction"
3. Determining the sample of enterprises for the
surveys"
4. Detailed look at the questionnaires"
R
KRSO 18 Sept-13
Three versions of the questionnaire, very similar
1) Basic services enterprise questionnaire—used for other services
(real estate, professional, administration, information and
communications, etc.)"
2) Transportation and storage questionnaire—same as (1) but adds
a few questions specific to transportation and storage "
3) Construction questionnaire—same as (1) but adds a few
questions specific to construction"
We will discuss (1), the basic questionnaire. Then discuss special
aspects of the transportation/storage and construction. "
Keep in mind: objective of surveys is to calculate value added, or
revenues minus expenditures. Questionnaires are designed to get
this information."
Questionnaire structure similar to previous KRSO/CSO surveys."
R
KRSO 19 Sept-13
Structure of the questionnaire
1. Basic information about the enterprise "
2. Revenues (income from sales, interest and rent) "
3. Expenditures "
4. Taxes and subsidies"
5. Assets and inventories"
6. Wages and employees"
7. Verification "
R
KRSO 20 Sept-13
Three versions of the questionnaire, very similar
Before starting the interview it is necessary to get informed consent."
Read informed consent script. Make sure the respondent
understands that:"
•
The information he provides is private and completely confidential
and will be used only for research"
•
Their names will never be used in any reports, and information
about their business will not be shared with anyone"
If the respondent is afraid the information will be misused, he or she
will not cooperate."
Also, there may be confusion between business revenues and
personal income. Emphasize that the survey is only interested in the
income of the business, not their personal finances."
R
KRSO 21 Sept-13
A note on reference periods
Many questions refer to revenues and expenditures in the last
month. This should be the last calendar month, for example, if
the survey were held today (February 2014), it would be
January 2014."
Sometimes a different month is used, or the enterprise prefers
to use yearly totals. It is important to note this where indicated
on the survey: "
Revenues:
What were the revenues of the enterprise during the last month from…?
[if for other period, please specify: ______________________]
For questions about the last year, request information for the
last completed calendar year (2013). If the respondent instead
prefers to provide 2012 information, again, note these dates
where indicated under “for other period, specify.”"
R
KRSO 22 Sept-13
ISIC-4 Codes
Question 12 of the services survey instructs the interviewer to indicate
the 4-Digit ISIC Code closest to the main product of services activity. "
The codes denote the specific sub-activity classification, for example,
under “Professional, scientific and technical activities” there are:"
ISIC-4
Code Ac#vity
6910 Legalac)vi)es
6920 Accoun)ng,bookkeepingandaudi)ngac)vi)es;taxconsultancy
7010 Ac)vi)esofheadoffices
7020 Managementconsultancyac)vi)es
7110 Architecturalandengineeringac)vi)esandrelatedtechnicalconsultancy
7120 Technicaltes)ngandanalysis
7210 Researchandexperimentaldevelopmentonnaturalsciencesandengineering
7220 Researchandexperimentaldevelopmentonsocialsciencesandhumani)es
7310 Adver)sing
7320 Marketresearchandpublicopinionpolling
7410 Specializeddesignac)vi)es
7420 Photographicac)vi)es
7490 Otherprofessional,scien)fic,andtechnicalac)vi)esn.e.c.
7500 Veterinaryac)vi)es
R
KRSO 23 Sept-13
Section by section review of the questionnaire
[ REFER TO QUESTIONNAIRE ]"
R
KRSO 24 Sept-13
KRSO 25 Sept-13