Progress on Drinking Water
and Sanitation
SPECIAL FOCUS
ON Sanitation
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
(JMP). Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation. UNICEF, New York and WHO, Geneva, 2008.
1. Water supply - standards. 2. Sanitation. 3. Water treatment – standards. 4. Potable water – standards 5. Water resources
development 6. Millennium Development Goals.
I. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.
ISBN 978 92 806 4313 8
ISBN 978 92 4 156367 3
(NLM classification: WA 670)
© UNICEF and World Health Organization, 2008
All rights reserved.
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Printed in the United States of America
Cover: The provision of hand-washing facilities near toilets is critical for supporting school-based hygiene education efforts.
Heshima Primary School, Nairobi, Kenya.
Contents
2
3
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 Foreword
The purpose of this report
2008: International Year of Sanitation
An new way to look at sanitation practices:
the sanitation ladder
Progress towards the sanitation target
Urban-rural disparities in sanitation
coverage
Improved sanitation
Shared sanitation
Unimproved sanitation facilities
Open defecation
A different perspective on progress
22 24
26
28 29 30
32 33 38 41 54 The drinking water ladder
Progress towards the drinking water target
Urban-rural disparities in drinking water
coverage
Piped water on premises
Other improved sources of drinking water
Unimproved sources of drinking water
A different perspective on progress
Expanding data collection
JMP methodology
Country, regional and global estimates on
water and sanitation
Millennium Development Goals:
regional groupings
1
Foreword
Sanitation and drinking water –
at the heart of human health and development
2008 is the International Year of Sanitation. Accordingly, this report by the
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP)
has sanitation as its focus.
The importance of sanitation is indisputable. It is a crucial stepping stone to better
health: sanitation offers us the opportunity to save the lives of 1.5 million children
a year who would otherwise succumb to diarrhoeal diseases, and to protect the
health of many more. It is fundamental to gender equity as it protects women’s
dignity. And it is key to economic development: investments in sanitation protect
investments made in other sectors, such as education and health, and bring
measurable economic returns.
However, the data in this report show that the world is not on track to meet the
MDG sanitation target, and 2.5 billion people still lack access to improved sanitation,
including 1.2 billion who have no facilities at all. The message is clear: We need to
greatly accelerate progress in sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and
Southern Asia. The number of people who still do not have access to improved
sanitation is staggering, and we know that the disease, loss of earnings and
indignity lock huge numbers of people into poverty.
But the news is not all bad. Although greater impetus is needed, the data show
that people are choosing to move up the ‘sanitation ladder’, abandoning open
defecation and revealing a demand for sanitation facilities.
In the case of drinking water supply, the news is good. For the first time, the number
of people without improved drinking water has dropped below one billion. More
than half of the global population now benefits from piped water reaching their
homes, and the numbers using unimproved water supplies are going down. But
we must maintain our efforts and galvanize the global community to continue to
advance, focusing on those countries and regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa, which
are struggling to stay on track.
The overall message from this report is positive. Progress can be made, and the
sanitation and drinking water battle can be won. Our agencies are proud to present
this report on status, and to press forward together.
Ann M. Veneman Executive Director UNICEF 2
Dr Margaret Chan
Director-General
World Health Organization
The purpose of this report
This report details global progress towards the Millennium
Development Goal (MDG) target for drinking water and
sanitation, and what these trends suggest for the remainder of
the Water for Life Decade 2005-2015.
connections into a dwelling, plot or yard; other improved
water sources; and unimproved sources.
In recognition of the large sanitation deficit, and the
declaration of 2008 as the International Year of Sanitation,
the report has a special focus on sanitation. It opens with a
review of the current status of sanitation and an assessment of
progress towards the sanitation target included in the MDGs. New data are also presented on the time taken to collect
drinking water. The data show the proportion of people
that spend more than 30 minutes on a single water-hauling
trip and are thus likely to compromise their daily water
consumption. In addition, survey data on who usually fetches
water are presented to show how this burden is distributed
among women, men, girls and boys.
The report also introduces a separate assessment of global,
regional and country progress using the ‘sanitation ladder’ –
a new way of analysing sanitation practices that highlights
trends in using improved, shared and unimproved sanitation
facilities and the trend in open defecation. Trends in drinking
water coverage are presented in a similar format. They are
disaggregated in a ‘drinking water ladder’, which shows
the percentage of the world population that uses piped
Finally, the report provides a new perspective on progress.
The country, regional and global estimates, starting on page
41, include a statistic on the proportion of the population that
gained access to improved drinking water and sanitation since
1990. The intention is to recognize those countries that have
made significant progress despite major obstacles, including
low levels of coverage in 1990, rapid population growth or
both.
3
2008: International Year of Sanitation
INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF
SANITATION
2008
Without improved sanitation, people suffer
from ill health, lost income, inconvenience and
indignity. Yet billions of people around the
world lack basic sanitation. In recognition of the
urgent need for greater political awareness and
action on sanitation, the United Nations General
Assembly declared 2008 as the International
Year of Sanitation. The goal is to raise awareness
and accelerate progress towards the MDG target
of halving the proportion of people without
sustainable access to basic sanitation by 2015.
The five key messages of the International Year of
Sanitation are:
• Sanitation is vital for human health
• Sanitation generates economic benefits
• Sanitation contributes to dignity and social
development
• Sanitation helps the environment
• Sanitation is achievable!
More information is available at:
www.sanitation2008.org
4
SANITATION
5
Figure 2 summarizes trends in the steps of
the sanitation ladder for the various MDG
regions. It shows that sanitation coverage
in the developing world increased from 41
per cent in 1990 to 53 per cent in 2006. This
means that an additional 1.1 billion people in
developing regions are now using improved
sanitation facilities. Steep coverage gains in
South-eastern and Eastern Asia, which both
saw 17 percentage-point increases, contributed
significantly to this improvement. Sub-Saharan
Africa recorded the least progress, with use of
improved sanitation increasing from 26 per cent
in 1990 to 31 per cent in 2006.
Unimproved
Shared
In this report, sanitation coverage is presented
as a four-step ladder that includes the
proportion of the population:
• practising open defecation
• using an unimproved sanitation facility
• using a shared sanitation facility
• using an improved sanitation facility.
Open defecation: Defecation in fields,
forests, bushes, bodies of water or other
open spaces, or disposal of human faeces
with solid waste.
Unimproved sanitation facilities: Facilities
that do not ensure hygienic separation
of human excreta from human contact.
Unimproved facilities include pit latrines
without a slab or platform, hanging latrines
and bucket latrines.
Shared sanitation facilities: Sanitation
facilities of an otherwise acceptable type
shared between two or more households.
Shared facilities include public toilets.
Improved
Readers of the BMJ (British Medical Journal)
recently identified sanitation as “the most
important medical advance since 1840.”
Nevertheless, only 62 per cent of the world’s
population has access to improved sanitation
– that is, uses a sanitation facility that ensures
hygienic separation of human excreta from
human contact. A further 8 per cent shares an
improved facility with one or more households,
and another 12 per cent uses an unimproved
sanitation facility – one that does not ensure
hygienic separation of excreta from human
contact. The remaining 18 per cent of the
world’s population practises indiscriminate or
open defecation.
Open
defEcation
An new way to look at sanitation practices: Improved sanitation facilities: Facilities that
ensure hygienic separation of human excreta
from human contact. They include:
• Flush or pour-flush toilet/latrine to:
- piped sewer system
- septic tank
- pit latrine
• Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine
• Pit latrine with slab
• Composting toilet.
The sanitation ladder shows that more than half of
those without improved sanitation already use some
type of sanitation facility.
6
the sanitation ladder
Figure 1 Proportion of the world’s
population using an improved,
shared, or unimproved sanitation
facility or practising open
defecation, 2006
18
12
77
Figure 2 shows that open defecation is declining in all regions:
dropping from 24 per cent worldwide in 1990 to 18 per cent in 2006.
Open defecation is still most widely practised in Southern Asia and
sub-Saharan Africa – by 48 per cent and 28 per cent of the population,
respectively. In contrast, open defecation is common among only 3
per cent of the people in Eastern Asia. In four of the seven developing
regions for which data are available, less than 10 per cent of the
population practises open defecation.
28
36
8
48
65 7
65
10
48
7
8
10
28
6
17 8
17
5
7
Unimproved
7
3
10
6
10
8
25
4
6
5
4
23
6
31
17
6
15
22
31
25
44 12
17
5
7
18
24
14
44
3
4
16
5
5
24
Open defecation
5
5
17
23
8
7
22
5
9
4
4
9
9
79
18
8
4 7
14
5
23
10
1618
28 6
4
17
24
4
5
7
5
28
Improved
Shared
Open defecation
Unimproved
17
36
62
World
SANITATION COVERAGE
Shared
Open defecation is declining inImproved
all regions*
18
Improved sanitation coverage, according to the MDG indicator
Coverage (%)
2.5 billion people are without improved sanitation
MDG target
8
14
8
50
6
67
10
68
7918
84
76
67
62
14
68
50
6
6
6
84
79
79
76
65
62
62
53
48
54
65
48
41
41
33
26
21
1990
2006
Southern
Asia
1990
33
31
26
21
2006
Sub-Saharan
Africa
1990
1990
2006
2006
1990
1990
2006
31
2006
1990
1990
2006
2006
1990
1990
2006
2006
1990
1990
2006
Latin America
Sub-SaharanWesternSouth-eastern
South-easternSouthern
NorthernLatin America
Eastern
Asia & Caribbean Africa Asia
Asia Africa & Caribbean Asia
Asia
1990
2006
1990 1990
2006 2006
1990 1990
2006 2006
Western Developing
Northern
Asia
regionsAfrica
Deve
reg
WorldEastern
Asia
Figure 2 Trends in the proportion of the population using an improved, shared or unimproved sanitation facility or
practising open defecation, by MDG regions in 1990 and 2006
*Oceania and the Commonwealth of Independent States are not included due to lack of complete data.
7
Progress towards the sanitation target
The world is not on track to
meet the MDG sanitation target
62 per cent of the world’s population uses
improved sanitation facilities
% pt. change
since 1990
Between 1990 and 2006, the proportion
of people without improved sanitation
decreased by only 8 percentage points.
Without an immediate acceleration in
progress, the world will not achieve
even half the MDG sanitation target by
2015. Based on current trends, the total
population without improved sanitation
in 2015 will have decreased only slightly
since 1990, to 2.4 billion.
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-1
+5
+11
+14 +17 +17
+12
+12
+5
0
99
100
89
84
79
80
76
67
65
60
62
53
40
33
31
Sub-Saharan Africa
52
Southern Asia
Coverage (%)
At the current rate, the world will miss
the MDG sanitation target by over 700
million people. To meet the target, at
least 173 million people on average per
year will need to begin using improved
sanitation facilities.
+8
0
20
World
Developed regions
Developing regions
Oceania
Eastern Asia
South-eastern Asia
Northern Africa
Latin America &
Caribbean
Western Asia
Commonwealth of
Independent States
0
Figure 3 Coverage with improved sanitation facilities, by region in
2006 and percentage-point change 1990-2006
Table 1 Regional and global progress towards the MDG sanitation target
Region
Western Asia
Latin America & Caribbean
Northern Africa
South-eastern Asia
Eastern Asia
Developed regions
Commonwealth of Independent States
Oceania
Southern Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Developing regions
World
8
Sanitation
coverage (%)
1990
2006
79
68
62
50
48
99
90
52
21
26
41
54
84
79
76
67
65
99
89
52
33
31
53
62
Coverage needed to be
on track in 2006 (%)
MDG target
coverage (%)
Progress
86
78
74
64
65
99
93
69
46
50
60
69
90
84
81
75
74
100
95
76
61
63
71
77
On track
On track
On track
On track
On track
On track
Not on track
Not on track
Not on track
Not on track
Not on track
Not on track
M D G s a n ita tio n ta rg e t 2 0 0 6
Most countries that are not on track to meet the MDG sanitation target
are in sub-Saharan Africa and in Southern Asia
On track
Not on track
Progress but insufficient
No or insufficient data
Coverage in 2006 was less than 5 per cent below the rate it
needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target, or
coverage was higher than 95%
Coverage in 2006 was more than 10 per cent below the rate it
needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target, or the
1990-2006 trend shows unchanged or decreasing coverage
Coverage in 2006 was 5 per cent to 10 per cent below the rate it
needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target
Data were unavailable or insufficient to estimate trends
Figure 4 Progress towards the MDG sanitation target, 2006
The world is not on track to meet the MDG sanitation target
%
100
80
MDG target
77
67
60
54 Improved sanitation
62
40
20
0
1990
2006
Current trend
1990 - 2006
2015
Projected coverage if
current trend continues
Figure 5 Trends in sanitation coverage 1990-2015
9
Urban-rural disparities in sanitation coverage
Sanitation coverage is significantly higher in urban areas
%
100
80
100
94
94
90
86
81
64
60
80
78
59
71
59
57
43
40
42
24
23
20
Population (billions)
Population (billions)
Population (billions)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
Shared
Unimproved
2006
Open defecation
10
n (billions)
Figure 7 Trends in sanitation practices by urban
populations, 1990-2006
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
Urban
World
2006
Shared
defecation
OneImproved
billion people
inUnimproved
rural areasOpen
still
practise open defecation
3.5
Urban
Developed
regions
2.0
1990
Urban sanitation coverage increased
by 779 million people
Developing
regions
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Southern Asia
Eastern Asia
South-eastern
Asia
Oceania
Latin America &
Caribbean
Northern Africa
Western Asia
0
In 2006, the world’s population was almost equally divided between1.5urban and rural
dwellers. Nevertheless, more than 7 out of 10 people without improved sanitation were
1.0
rural inhabitants. That said, rapid population growth in urban areas poses a growing
challenge: The number of urban dwellers using improved sanitation0.5
has risen by 779
million since 1990, but has not kept pace with urban population growth
0.0 of 956 million.
Improved
45
39
The world’s urban sanitation
coverage has risen to 79 per
cent, while rural coverage
has reached 45 per cent. The
Urban
Rural
largest disparity between urban
and rural sanitation coverage
Figure 6 Urban and rural sanitation coverage, 2006
3.5
is found in Oceania, Latin
America and the Caribbean, and
3.0
Southern Asia. The urban-rural sanitation disparity is smallest in Eastern Asia, but even
2.5
there it shows a 15 percentage-point difference.
0.0
1990
96
79
74
58
52
Commonwealth of
Independent States
The MDG target for water
and sanitation requires that
indicators to measure progress
be disaggregated by urban and
rural populations. Although the
target – halving the proportion
of people without sustainable
access to safe drinking water
and basic sanitation – reflects
total populations, progress
towards the target is based on
the sum of progress in both
urban and rural areas. This
report therefore highlights
urban and rural disparities that
would otherwise be masked by
total numbers.
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1990
Improved
Rural
Shared
Unimproved
2006
Open defecation
Figure 8 Trends in sanitation practices by rural
populations, 1990-2006
Urban-rural disparities in the use of improved sanitation
facilities are significant in most developing regions
Less than 50%
50% - 75%
76% - 90%
91% - 100%
No or insufficient data
Figure 9 Sanitation coverage in urban areas, 2006
Less than 50%
50% - 75%
76% - 90%
91% - 100%
No or insufficient data
Figure 10 Sanitation coverage in rural areas, 2006
11
Improved sanitation facilities:
Facilities that ensure hygienic separation
of human excreta from human contact.
They include:
• Flush or pour-flush toilet/latrine to:
- piped sewer system
- septic tank
- pit latrine
• Ventilated improved pit latrine
• Pit latrine with slab
• Composting toilet
Sixty-two per cent of the world’s population uses
improved sanitation, up from 54 per cent in 1990. The
lowest coverage is found in sub-Saharan Africa, where
only 31 per cent of the population uses improved
sanitation, up just 5 percentage points since 1990.
Improved sanitation coverage is also low in Southern
Asia, but significant efforts since 1990 have moved
regional coverage from 21 per cent to 33 per cent in
2006 – more than doubling the number of people who
use improved sanitation facilities.
The richest are three times more likely to use
improved sanitation than the poorest
100
Coverage (%)
THE SANITATION LADDER: Improved
Improved sanitation
80
85
70
60
53
40
20
0
40
28
Poorest
2nd
3rd
4th
Figure 11 Improved sanitation coverage by wealth
quintiles in 38 developing countries
Source: Based on data drawn from Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS)
and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in 38 developing countries in
2005 and 2006
The vast majority of those without
improved sanitation are in Asia and
sub-Saharan Africa
Despite increases in coverage, more than 2.5 billion
people remain without improved sanitation. Almost
1.8 billion of them – 70 per cent – live in Asia; 22 per
cent of them, more than half a billion people, live in
sub-Saharan Africa.
Sanitation coverage remains low in sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia
Less than 50%
50% - 75%
76% - 90%
91% - 100%
No or insufficient data
Figure 12 Improved sanitation coverage, 2006
12
Richest
Southern Asia, 1,079
More than 2.5 billion
people do not use
an improved
sanitation facility;
almost 1.8 billion of
them are in Asia
At least two thirds of the population in
34 countries are not using improved
sanitation facilities. Only eight of these
countries are outside sub-Saharan Africa.
Despite low sanitation coverage, it is worth
noting that, in these 34 countries, 274
million people gained access to improved
sanitation since 1990. Moreover, several of
these countries managed to double their
1990 sanitation coverage.
The use of improved sanitation facilities is
substantially lower among the poor than
the rich. An analysis across 38 developing
countries shows that the poorest 20 per
cent of the population has only one third
the access to improved sanitation as the
richest quintile. In sub-Saharan Africa,
inequality is higher still: The richest 20 per
cent of the population is five times more
likely to use an improved sanitation facility
than the poorest 20 per cent.
Eastern Asia, 485
South-eastern Asia, 187
Western Asia, 33
Sub-Saharan Africa, 546
Latin America & Caribbean, 121
Northern Africa, 37
Commonwealth of Independent States, 29
Developed regions, 12
Oceania, 4
Figure 13 Population without improved sanitation,
by region in 2006 (millions)
Table 2 Countries in which coverage with improved sanitation
was 33 per cent or less in 2006
Countries with low improved sanitation coverage
Eritrea
Niger
Chad
Ghana
Ethiopia
Sierra Leone*
Madagascar
Togo
Burkina Faso
Guinea
Haiti
Congo
Rwanda
Somalia*
Côte d'Ivoire
Mauritania
Sao Tome and Principe*
Micronesia (Federal States
of )
Nepal
Cambodia*
India
Senegal
Afghanistan*
Benin
Nigeria
Central African Republic
Democratic Republic of the
Congo
Mozambique*
Liberia
Solomon Islands
Guinea-Bissau*
Kiribati
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Improved sanitation
coverage (%)
Number of people who
gained access to improved
sanitation (thousands)
1990
2006
1990-2006
3
3
5
6
4
8
13
5
13
29
29
20
20
-
5
7
9
10
11
11
12
12
13
19
19
20
23
23
24
24
24
143
714
640
1,465
6,858
147
1,353
222
1,365
991
-162
38
605
1,905
340
11
29
25
-1
9
14
26
12
26
11
27
28
28
28
30
30
30
31
5,922
3,026
198,442
1,324
1,894
2,025
18,849
982
15
31
12,660
40
29
22
29
35
31
32
32
33
33
33
33
2,993
282
62
190
15
4,841
4,284
* No 1990 data were available, therefore the estimates are derived from the population that
gained access to improved sanitation over the period 1995-2006.
13
THE SANITATION LADDER: SHARED
Shared sanitation
Shared sanitation facilities:
Sanitation facilities of an otherwise acceptable type that
are shared between two or more households, including
public toilets.
Note: Data on shared sanitation facilities presented here exclude
shared facilities that are unimproved, such as shared pit latrines
without a slab or shared open pits.
Sanitation facilities that are shared among households – whether
fully public or accessible only to some – are not considered ‘improved’
facilities, according to the definition used for the MDG indicator.
While the use of shared sanitation does reflect demand, limited data
confirm the widely held perception that many of these facilities,
especially public ones, fail to ensure hygienic separation of human
excreta from human contact. Serious concern has also been expressed
about the actual accessibility of such facilities throughout the day and
about the security of users, especially at night. Further research on the
nature and acceptability of shared facilities is needed.
The proportion of people using shared sanitation facilities is 10 per
cent or less in all developing regions except sub-Saharan Africa, where
they are used by 18 per cent of the
population.
Recent household surveys, namely
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
(MICS) and Demographic and Health
Surveys (DHS), provide information
about the number of households
sharing a sanitation facility. The
analysis in Table 3 shows that, for
most countries in which at least 10
per cent of the urban population
shares a sanitation facility of
an acceptable technology, the
majority share a facility with five
or fewer households. An exception
is Ghana, where a considerably
larger proportion of households in
both urban and rural areas share
sanitation facilities with more than
five households.
Table 3 Percentage of households sharing a sanitation facility of an
acceptable type
Most households sharing a sanitation facility
do so with five or fewer households
Urban (%)
Country
Malawi
Gambia
Mongolia
Sierra Leone
Somalia
Togo
Haiti
Iraq
Central African
Republic
Jamaica
Burundi
Bangladesh
Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana
Rural (%)
2-5
households
More than 5
households
2-5
households
37
32
29
26
23
23
19
19
6
11
2
18
5
21
4
1
26
21
21
8
5
4
5
12
1
2
2
5
1
2
1
1
18
6
11
4
14
14
14
12
10
2
5
4
13
58
12
3
9
8
4
1
1
0
3
35
Source: MICS surveys in 37 countries in 2005 and 2006
14
More than 5
households
Table 4 Sharing sanitation
facilities is three times
more likely in urban
than in rural areas of the
developing world.
Sanitation practices in countries with the highest use of shared
sanitation facilities
Shared sanitation is a common option
in many African countries
Country
Improved
(%)
Shared
(%)
Unimproved
(%)
Open
defecation
(%)
10
20
36
42
52
50
11
59
50
46
60
12
30
52
12
24
76
51
37
37
37
34
28
26
23
23
23
22
22
21
20
19
18
18
19
34
25
10
10
9
36
8
7
5
7
10
29
6
32
28
4
20
9
2
11
4
13
27
10
20
26
11
56
20
22
37
30
2
31
17
30
22
36
43
16
15
37
16
11
26
79
15
2
4
19
28
15
15
40
33
26
24
Ghana
Congo
Gabon
Kenya
Gambia
Mongolia
Sierra Leone
South Africa
Swaziland
Zimbabwe
Malawi
Togo
Nigeria
Zambia
Madagascar
Côte d'Ivoire
Iraq
Central African
Republic
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Dominican
Republic
Guinea
Senegal
Shared sanitation remains largely
an urban phenomenon
The 2006 coverage estimates confirm that more
than two thirds of shared sanitation users are
urban dwellers. In Eastern Asia, 92 per cent of
the users of shared facilities are found in urban
areas. In urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa, every
third person uses a shared sanitation facility. This
finding reflects the limited sanitation options
available in many congested cities and towns, an
issue that is likely to become increasingly serious
if urban and peri-urban populations continue to
grow at current rates.
Sharing sanitation facilities is more
prevalent in regions with the lowest
sanitation coverage
Countries in which 15 per cent or more of the total population uses a shared sanitation facility, 2006
%
100
80
60
Urban
Rural
40
31
6
4
6
Western Asia
Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
6
Latin America
& Caribbean
1
5
7
Northern
Africa
6
0
Sub-Saharan
Africa
15
8
4
5
11
5
World
15
Southeastern Asia
11
Developing
regions
20
20
Figure 14 Percent of population using shared sanitation in urban and rural areas, by region in 2006
15
THE SANITATION LADDER: UNIMPROVED
Unimproved sanitation facilities
Unimproved sanitation facilities:
Facilities that do not ensure hygienic
separation of human excreta from human
contact. Included in this category are pit
latrines without a slab or platform, hanging
latrines and bucket latrines. Also included are
improved facilities that lack adequate disposal,
such as pour-flush toilets that discharge
directly into open drains, ditches or other
bodies of water.
Use of an unimproved sanitation facility represents the
first step up the sanitation ladder. The user is no longer
defecating in the open, but has moved to some sort
of facility, albeit one that fails to effectively separate
human excreta from human contact. Nevertheless, it
shows demand for sanitation. Unimproved sanitation
facilities can be upgraded to improved sanitation. For
this reason, their users constitute a critical audience for
health promotion activities.
Eight out of ten
users of unimproved
facilities live in
rural areas.
Use of unimproved sanitation facilities is four times
higher in rural than in urban areas
%
100
80
Urban
Rural
60
38
21
7
4
6
4
Southeastern Asia
Latin America
& Caribbean
Northern
Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa
0
Eastern Asia
21
18
13
8
8
7
19
5
0
World
20
Developing
regions
25
Southern
Asia
26
19
Western Asia
40
Figure 15 Use of unimproved sanitation facilities in urban and rural areas, by region in 2006
16
17
THE SANITATION LADDER: OPEN DEFECATION
Open defecation
Open defecation:
The practice of open defecation is decreasing
Defecation in fields, forests, bushes,
bodies of water or other open spaces, or
disposal of human faeces with solid waste.
The proportion of people practising open defecation has
decreased in developing regions, dropping from 31 per
cent in 1990 to 23 per cent in 2006. Almost two thirds of
those who practise open defecation – 778 million people –
live in Southern Asia. Despite the drop in percentage terms,
population growth means that the number of people
who practise open defecation today is little changed
from 1990. In sub-Saharan Africa, 221 million people are
defecating in the open, the second largest total for any
region. Nevertheless, the proportion of the population
practising open defecation is 20 percentage points higher
in Southern Asia.
Open defecation is the last recourse for those
without any form of sanitation – those at the
bottom of the sanitation ladder who must endure
the daily indignity of defecating in open, often
publicly accessible, spaces. Open defecation is
of fundamental importance to development
because of the health hazard it poses to anyone
living nearby. If some members of a community
continue to defecate in the open, then the
whole community is at greater risk of diarrhoeal
diseases, worm infestations and hepatitis than
people living in communities where open
defecation is not practised.
Nearly one third (31 per cent) of the world’s rural
population practises open defecation. In Southern Asia,
the figure is a remarkable 63 per cent. The relatively
high proportion of the rural population who practise
open defecation in Latin America and the Caribbean (23
per cent) and Western Asia (14 per cent) is noteworthy,
especially in contrast with the urban areas of these regions.
Open defecation is six times more frequent in rural than in urban areas
%
100
80
Urban
63
39
35
24
2
0
9
0
4
2
7
Developing
regions
South-eastern
Asia
Sub-Saharan
Africa
Southern Asia
0
14
Eastern
Asia
10
Northern Africa
8
Latin America
& Caribbean
15
31
23
Western Asia
40
20
Rural
5
World
60
Figure 16 Proportion of urban and rural populations practising open defecation, by region in 2006
18
Open defecation is predominantly
a rural practice
Eighteen per cent of the world’s population – 1.2
billion people – are practising open defecation.
However, only 13 per cent of them live in urban
areas. It is mostly a rural phenomenon, practised
by over a billion rural inhabitants. In developing
regions, more than one out of three rural dwellers
defecate in the open. The one exception is Eastern
Asia, where the practice is uncommon.
Globally 1.2 billion people
practise open defecation
1,000
600
Countries with a decline of 15 percentage points or more
in the practice of open defecation, 1990-2006
Open defecation is declining
Country
Nepal
Lao People's Democratic
Republic*
Madagascar
Ethiopia
Peru
Morocco
Honduras
Mexico
Pakistan
Botswana
Malawi
Bolivia
Bangladesh
Thailand
Viet Nam
Mozambique*
Sao Tome and Principe*
El Salvador
Myanmar
Guatemala
India
Senegal
Tunisia
Percentage
practising open
defecation
Percentage-point
decline in open
defecation
1990
2006
1990-2006
84
50
34
76
46
30
67
91
35
38
39
25
54
36
31
45
29
18
30
65
75
20
22
21
73
39
20
37
64
10
14
16
2
31
14
11
26
11
0
12
48
59
4
6
6
58
24
5
30
27
25
24
23
23
23
22
20
19
18
18
18
17
16
16
16
15
15
15
15
* Countries with a decline in open defecation over the period 1995-2006.
1,042
Population (millions)
800
Table 5 Globally, 1.2 billion people practise open defecation,
83 per cent of whom live in 13 countries
(millions)
400
200
158
0
Urban Rural
Figure 17 Number of people practising open
defecation, by urban and rural areas in 2006
India, 665
Indonesia, 66
Ethiopia, 52
Pakistan, 50
China, 37
Nigeria, 29
Brazil, 18
Bangladesh, 18
Sudan, 14
Nepal, 14
Niger, 11
Viet Nam, 10
Mozambique, 10
Rest of world, 205
Figure 18 Population practising open defecation, by countries
with highest prevalence in 2006 (millions)
19
A different perspective on progress
Many countries are making rapid progress, despite formidable odds
The MDG target requires halving the proportion of people without sustainable
access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. For countries that had a
high proportion of people without access in the baseline year 1990, the task is much
greater than for countries that already had high coverage levels. Moreover, many of
the countries that started with low coverage had the additional challenge of rapid
population growth. Tables 6 and 7 show countries that have made rapid progress
between 1990 and 2006,1 despite one or both challenges.
Table 7 lists the six countries that have progressed most rapidly among countries not on
track to meet the sanitation target. These are all countries with low coverage baselines
in 1990. Five of them are in sub-Saharan Africa, illustrating the results of accelerated
efforts being made in that region.
1 Relative to the 1998 (mid-point between 1990-2006) population
Table 6 Countries with the largest proportion of population that gained access to
improved sanitation, 1990-2006
Countries making the most rapid progress
Country
Myanmar
Syrian Arab Republic
Viet Nam
Guatemala
Philippines
Angola
Honduras
Pakistan
Mexico
Table 7 Proportion of the population that gained access
to improved sanitation since 1990 (%)
68
48
47
44
43
42
40
40
39
Countries not on track to meet the MDG sanitation target with the largest
proportion of population that gained access to improved sanitation,
1990-2006
Countries not on track but making rapid progress
Country
Yemen
Benin
Cameroon
Comoros
Mali
Zambia
20
Proportion of the population that gained access
to improved sanitation since 1990 (%)
39
30
29
29
29
27
DRINKING WATER
21
Piped into dwelling, plot or yard
In this report, drinking water coverage is
presented as a three-step ladder that includes
the proportion of the population using:
• unimproved drinking water sources
• improved drinking water sources other
than piped water
• water piped into a dwelling, plot or yard.
OTHER
IMPROVED
Drinking water supply can be broken down
into three categories, which are illustrated in
the form of a ‘drinking water ladder’ similar to
that developed for sanitation. The category
‘improved drinking water sources’ includes
sources that, by nature of their construction
or through active intervention, are protected
from outside contamination, particularly faecal
matter. These include piped water in a dwelling,
plot or yard, and other improved sources.
‘Unimproved sources’ make up the third part of
the ladder.
UNIMPROVED
The drinking water ladder
22
Unimproved drinking water sources:
Unprotected dug well, unprotected spring,
cart with small tank/drum, tanker truck, and
surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream,
canal, irrigation channels), bottled water.
Other improved drinking water sources:
Public taps or standpipes, tube wells or
boreholes, protected dug wells, protected
springs and rainwater collection.
Piped water on premises: Piped household
water connection located inside the user’s
dwelling, plot or yard.
Global drinking water
coverage, 1990-2006
The population not using improved drinking water sources
has fallen below one billion
Figure 19
Estimates for 2006 show that the population reliant on unimproved
drinking water sources is below one billion, and now stands at 884 million.
33
54
Improved drinking water coverage in sub-Saharan Africa is still
considerably lower than in other regions. Nevertheless, it has increased
from 49 per cent in 1990 to 58 per cent in 2006, which means that an
additional 207 million Africans are now using safe drinking water.
DRINKING WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE
Piped water on premises
Coverage is improving in all regions*
7
6
8
16
22
12
21
8
12
14
14
7 10
6
10
22
32
21
8
30
8
1213
26
12
15
17
17
17
12
16
Other improved
Unimproved
Piped
water on premises
14
14
27
14
10
10
42
17
29 26
27
42
51
54
80
78
69
67
71
35
69
2006 1990
2006 1990
22
33
16
16
16
20
54
48
32
46
36
2006 1990 1990
2006 2006
1990 1990
2006 1990
2006 1990
2006 1990
2006 1990
2006 1990
2006 2006
1990
Northern
Africa
42
73
51
32
20
Common- Latin America
wealth of
& Caribbean
Independent
States
42
33
91 57 93
58
51
1990
80
35
65
54
78
73
67
58
54
57
80
73
29
17
65
80
29
15
38
73
23
33
17
71
13
14
51
30
54
Unimproved
1
6
2
7
16 13
12
32
Other improved
MDG target
This translates into 5.7 billion people worldwide who are now using
drinking water from an improved source, an increase of 1.6 billion since
1990. About 3.6 billion people use a piped connection that provides
running water in or near their homes.
89
Improved drinking water coverage, according to the MDG indicator
Today, 87 per cent of the world’s population uses drinking water from
improved sources: 54 per cent uses a piped connection in their dwelling,
plot or yard, and 33 per cent uses other improved drinking water sources.
13
Coverage (%)
Proportion of
the world’s
population
using a piped
drinking water
connection,
another
improved
drinking water
source or an
unimproved
source, 2006
22
36
16
16
16
19901990
20062006
1990
1990
2006
199020062006
1990 2006
2006
1990
Western
SouthernNorthern
South-eastern
Sub-SaharanEastern Developing
Common-Eastern
Latin America
Western
Southern Developed
South-eastern World
Sub-Saharan
Asia wealth of Asia& Caribbean Asia Africa Asia Asia Africa Asia
regionsAsia regions
Asia
Africa
Independent
States
Develop
region
Figure 20 Trends in the proportion of the population using a piped water connection, other improved drinking
water sources or an unimproved source, by MDG region in 1990 and 2006
*Oceania is not included due to lack of complete data.
2
23
Progress towards the drinking water target
The world is on track to meet
the drinking water target
87 per cent of the world’s population uses
an improved drinking water source
The world is on track to meet the MDG drinking
water target. Current trends suggest that more
than 90 per cent of the global population will use
improved drinking water sources by 2015.
20
15
10
5
0
-5
All regions report gains,
except Oceania
+8
+13 +13
+4
+13
+9
92
92
90 88
87
86
99
Figure 22 Drinking water coverage, 2006
24
87
84
80
58
60
50
40
20
World
Developed regions
Developing regions
Oceania
Sub-Saharan Africa
South-eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Eastern Asia
0
Figure 21 Improved drinking water coverage, by region in
2006 and percentage-point change 1990-2006
Countries in sub-Saharan Africa face the greatest challenges in drinking water
Less than 50%
50% - 75%
76% - 90%
91% - 100%
No or insufficient data
+10
+1
-1
Latin America &
Caribbean
Western Asia
Population forecasts suggest that an additional
784 million people worldwide will need to gain
access to improved drinking water sources to
meet the MDG target. Accelerated progress is
needed especially in sub-Saharan Africa, home
to more than a third of those using unimproved
drinking water sources.
+4
Commonwealth of
Independent States
Northern Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa is making
the slowest progress
+1
100 94
Coverage (%)
Eighty-seven per cent of the global population
now uses improved drinking water sources,
compared to 77 per cent in 1990. Gains were
made in all regions except Oceania, where
drinking water coverage slipped back slightly.
Eastern Asia stands out for increasing its drinking
water coverage by 20 percentage points, which
represents 416 million people who have gained
access to improved water sources since 1990.
+20
Trends indicate that most countries are on track to meet
the MDG drinking water target, except in sub-Saharan Africa
On track
Coverage in 2006 was less than 5 per cent below the rate it
needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target, or
coverage was higher than 95%
Progress but insufficient
Coverage in 2006 was 5 per cent to 10 per cent below the
rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target
Not on track
Coverage in 2006 was more than 10 per cent below the
rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG
target, or the 1990-2006 trend shows unchanged or decreasing coverage
No or insufficient data
Data were unavailable or insufficient to estimate trends
Figure 23 Progress towards the MDG drinking water target, 2006
Table 8 Regional and global progress towards the MDG drinking water target
Region
Commonwealth of Independent States
Northern Africa
Latin America & Caribbean
Western Asia
Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
South-eastern Asia
Developing regions
Developed regions
World
Sub-Saharan Africa
Oceania
Drinking water
coverage (%) Coverage needed to be
on track in 2006 (%)
1990
2006
93
88
84
86
68
74
73
71
98
77
49
51
94
92
92
90
88
87
86
84
99
87
58
50
95
92
89
90
78
82
82
80
99
84
65
67
MDG target
coverage (%)
Progress
97
94
92
93
84
87
87
86
99
89
75
76
On track
On track
On track
On track
On track
On track
On track
On track
On track
On track
Not on track
Not on track
25
Urban-rural disparities in drinking water coverage
The MDG target for water and
sanitation requires that indicators to
measure progress be disaggregated
by urban and rural populations. This
report therefore highlights urban
and rural disparities, which would
otherwise be masked by aggregate
figures.
Rural access to improved
drinking water sources
remains low
%
100 99
98
86
97
81
80
96
87
95
95
84
80
73
92
100 97
94
91
81
81
96
78
76
60
46
40
37
20
Population (billions)
3.5
Urban
World
Developed regions
Developing regions
Sub-Saharan Africa
Oceania
South-eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
Northern Africa
Latin America &
Caribbean
Eastern Asia
0
Commonwealth of
Independent States
The world’s rural inhabitants
represent 84 per cent of the
population using unimproved
sources of drinking water. An
estimated 746 million rural dwellers
are without improved drinking
water supplies, compared to 137
million urban residents. That said,
there is some positive news: 717
million rural inhabitants have gained
access to safe drinking water since
1990.
Rural
Figure 24 Urban and rural
3.0water supply coverage, 2006
2.5
2.0
Urban coverage is struggling to keep pace with population
1.5 growth
While the rural challenge remains significant, the urban challenge is growing
fast.
1.0
Since 1990, the world’s urban population has risen by 956 million people. During
0.5
that period, 926 million urban dwellers gained access to improved drinking
water
sources. At the same time, the urban population without improved drinking
water
0.0
sources increased from 107 million to 137 million. Most of this increase took
1990 place
in urban areas of the developing world.
137 million people in urban areas do not use
an improved source of drinking water
Population (billions)
Population (billions)
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1990
Urban
Improved
2006
Unimproved
Figure 25 Trends in urban drinking water
coverage by population, 1990-2006
26
3.5
Improved
2006
Unimproved
746 million people in rural areas do not use
an improved source of drinking water
3.5
3.0
Urban
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1990
Rural
Improved
2006
Unimproved
Figure 26 Trends in rural drinking water coverage
by population, 1990-2006
Urban-rural disparities in the use of improved drinking water
sources are highest in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa
Less than 50%
50% - 75%
76% - 90%
91% - 100%
No or insufficient data
Figure 27 Coverage of improved drinking water sources in urban areas, 2006
Less than 50%
50% - 75%
76% - 90%
91% - 100%
No or insufficient data
Figure 28 Coverage of improved drinking water sources in rural areas, 2006
27
Piped water on premises:
Piped connections into a dwelling,
plot or yard.
Solid progress is being made in piped
drinking water coverage
Good progress has been made in the use of piped
drinking water on premises, which represents
the highest rung of the drinking water ladder
where health gains are maximized. Use of piped
drinking water has risen by six percentage points
since 1990, reaching 54 per cent in 2006. While
this may seem modest, it represents an increase
of one billion people. This progress is impressive.
However, piped drinking water remains largely an
urban privilege: 2.5 billion urban inhabitants use
a piped drinking water connection on premises,
compared to only 1.1 billion people in rural areas.
1,200
1, 047
Urban dwellers are more than twice as likely as
rural dwellers to have piped water connections
98
87
60
57
63
62
48
40
53
42
10
Urban
Southern Asia
South-eastern Asia
Eastern Asia
Commonwealth of
Independent States
Latin America &
Caribbean
Northern Africa
0
400
200
51
35
14
Western Asia
78 78
70
595
600
31
27
0
5
Rural
Figure 29 Piped water coverage, urban and rural, by
region, 2006
Other improved
sources
80
800
Piped water
on premises
90
90
World
91
Developed regions
93
Developing regions
%
100
20
28
Population (millions)
1,000
Sub-Saharan Africa
THE DRINKING WATER LADDER: Piped WATER ON PREMISES
Piped water on premises
Figure 30
Population that gained access
to a piped connection in their
dwelling, plot or yard and
to other improved sources,
1990-2006
Other improved sources:
Sources of drinking water likely to be
protected from outside contamination,
particularly faecal matter, but excluding
piped connections into dwelling, plot
or yard. They include public taps or
standpipes, tube wells or boreholes,
protected dug wells, protected springs
and rainwater collection.
Use of other improved drinking water sources
remains high globally and has increased since
1990. Populations in Southern Asia rely heavily
on these drinking water sources, where use has
increased from 54 per cent to 65 per cent since
1990. In sub-Saharan Africa, use has increased
from 33 per cent to 42 per cent during the
same period. In South-eastern Asia, use of other
improved drinking water sources has declined
slightly, though more than half the population (54
per cent) depends on them. In all other regions,
use of these sources is decreasing – most notably
in Northern Africa, where use declined from 30 per
cent in 1990 to 14 per cent in 2006.
Rural dwellers are more than twice as likely as urban dwellers
to rely on other improved sources of drinking water
%
100
74
46
49
41
25
7
5
2
Western Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Commonwealth of
Independent States
South-eastern Asia
0
Southern Asia
23
Northern Asia
9
24
Latin America &
Caribbean
25
19
11
47
24
Urban
19
18
2
World
44
39
Developed regions
44
Developing regions
50
67
Eastern Asia
75
THE DRINKING WATER LADDER: OTHER Improved
Other improved sources of drinking water
Rural
Figure 31 Coverage of other improved sources of drinking water, urban and
rural, by region in 2006
29
THE DRINKING WATER LADDDER: unimproved
Unimproved
Unimproved sources
sourcesofofdrinking
drinkingwater
water
Unimproved drinking water sources:
Unprotected dug wells, unprotected
springs, cart with small tank/drum,
bottled water, tanker truck, and surface
water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream,
canal, irrigation channels).
The lowest rung of the drinking water ladder
is use of unimproved drinking water sources.
Thirteen per cent of the world’s population
– 884 million people – now consumes
drinking water from unimproved sources. This
represents a reduction of 10 percentage points
since 1990. Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest
population using unimproved water sources,
but figures have dropped for this region from
51 per cent in 1990 to 42 per cent in 2006.
Oceania is the only developing region that has
failed to lower use of unimproved drinking
water sources since 1990. Half of the 9.2
million people in that region continue to use
unimproved sources.
884 million people – about half of whom live in Asia –
still use an unimproved drinking water source
Sub-Saharan Africa, 328
Southern Asia, 207
Eastern Asia, 162
South-eastern Asia, 78
Western Asia, 21
Latin America & Caribbean, 47
Commonwealth of Independent States, 16
Northern Africa, 12
Developed regions, 8
Oceania, 5
Figure 32 Population using an unimproved drinking water source,
by region in 2006 (millions)
30
Use of bottled water is a growing
phenomenon
Surveys show that bottled water is a significant
source of drinking water in some developing
countries. The water comes in both bottles and
plastic sachets and is usually packaged by private
enterprises, both large and small. Tap water is
often resold in bottles by public water vendors.
The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) considers
bottled water a source of improved drinking
water only when another improved source is
also used for cooking and personal hygiene.
For countries where information on the use of
alternative sources is not yet available, bottled
water is considered on a case-by-case basis.
The JMP will be analysing the role of bottled
water in an upcoming report on the safety and
quality of drinking water.
Table 9 Countries in which more than 5 per cent of the urban
population uses bottled water as their main drinking
water source
Country
Dominican Republic
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Thailand
Guatemala
Guyana
Turkey
Yemen
Haiti*
Albania
Ghana**
Philippines*
Serbia
Cambodia
Indonesia
Bottled water users (%)
Urban
Rural
67
52
45
31
28
26
25
15
12
12
10
7
7
6
34
6
18
10
14
3
1
8
1
1
1
4
1
1
Source: MICS, DHS, Encuesta Nacional de Salud Materno Infantil (ENSMI) and Pan Arab
Project for Family Health (PAPFAM) surveys, 2002-2005
* All or part of the water is sold from refilling stations that fill bottles with tap water.
** Data for Ghana only describe use of ‘sachet water’ (300 millilitre plastic bags of water).
31
A different perspective on progress
Countries facing exceptional challenges deserve recognition
As described on page 20, this report recognizes the efforts of countries that face the
greatest challenges in meeting the MDG water and sanitation target, due to either low
baseline coverage levels or rapid population growth. Table 10 lists ten countries on
track to meet the MDG drinking water target that have made the most rapid progress
between 1990 and 2006.2 Seven of these countries are in sub-Saharan Africa.
Table 11 lists the five countries that have progressed most rapidly among countries not
on track to meet the drinking water target. All of them had low coverage baselines in
1990, and all are in sub-Saharan Africa.
2 Relative to the 1998 (mid-point 1990-2006) population
Table 10 Countries with the largest proportion of population that gained access to an
improved drinking water source, 1990-2006
Countries making the most rapid progress
Country
Proportion of the population that gained access to an
improved drinking water source since 1990 (%)
66
61
59
59
53
52
51
49
49
47
Burkina Faso
Namibia
Malawi
Viet Nam
Jordan
Guatemala
Ghana
Uganda
Mali
Djibouti
Table 11 Countries not on track to meet the MDG drinking water target with the
largest proportion of population that gained access to an improved drinking
water source, 1990-2006
Countries not on track but making rapid progress
Country
Benin
Angola
Comoros
Burundi
United Republic of
Tanzania
32
Proportion of the population that gained access to an
improved drinking water source since 1990 (%)
37
33
31
29
28
EXPANDING DATA COLLECTION
33
Expanding data collection
Household water treatment
The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme
for Water Supply and Sanitation has played an
increasingly important role in improving the
indicators and methods used for monitoring
national and global drinking water supply and
sanitation. In 2004, work began on developing
a series of questions related to this topic that
are recommended for inclusion in all national
household surveys. The dual aims of this exercise
are to increase coherence among surveys over
time and the comparability of estimates among
countries. This set of questions has already been
adopted by two of the major household survey
programmes in the developing world – that is,
the UNICEF-supported Multiple Indicator Cluster
Surveys and the USAID-supported Demographic
and Health Surveys. The work was carried out
in collaboration with national and international
authorities on household surveys as well as
academics and sector specialists. This set of ‘Core
Questions’ can be found on the JMP website
(www.wssinfo.org). Work in this area will continue
as other indicators are developed and adopted at
national and international levels.
The set of Core Questions
includes questions related
to household drinking
water treatment practices
and on the gender
aspects of drinking
water collection. The
latest round of MICS,
conducted in 2005 and
2006, and a series of DHS
carried out since 2005
have enabled the JMP to
include the findings from
these questions in this
report. The inclusion of a
question on household
water treatment was
particularly timely since it
provides national baseline
data for over 70 countries,
now that household water
treatment is being more
widely promoted.
Table 12
Unhygienic handling of water during transport or within the
home can contaminate previously safe water. A high percentage
of people could therefore benefit from effective household water
treatment and safe storage practices. Such household-level
interventions can be very effective in preventing disease if they
are used correctly and consistently.
Two main household surveys used by the JMP now include
questions on household water treatment. Results from recent
surveys conducted in 35 countries show that a variety of
treatment methods are used. Additional evidence can be
obtained and a trend analysis carried out as more surveys
become available over time.
The JMP is currently undertaking an investigation to explore
issues related to household water treatment technologies, with
a view to evaluating their potential role in providing measurable
access to a safe and sustainable drinking water supply.
Percentage of households using different water treatment methods
Drinking water treatment practices vary greatly among countries
Country
Mongolia
Viet Nam
Guinea-Bissau
Lao PDR
Cambodia
Jamaica
Guyana
Honduras
Thailand
Uganda
India
Haiti
Somalia
Gambia
Malawi
Algeria
Iraq
Nepal
No
Boil
treatment
0
6
26
30
34
46
46
55
56
61
67
67
69
78
80
83
85
87
95
90
1
64
60
36
10
22
11
37
9
2
8
0
11
1
5
7
Add
bleach/
chlorine
Use
water
filter
1
6
3
0
0
30
43
23
1
1
2
30
13
3
9
15
4
1
2
14
0
1
2
2
1
6
15
1
6
1
4
0
0
1
1
5
Let it
Strain
Solar
stand and through a
Other
disinfection
settle
cloth
0
10
6
7
12
2
6
0
13
1
1
0
9
0
1
0
8
0
Note: Multiple responses were possible, so totals do not add up to 100 per cent.
Source: MICS and DHS surveys in 2005 and 2006.
34
2
3
71
2
0
1
1
1
6
2
17
0
4
19
2
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
3
3
1
0
1
1
0
0
Don't
know
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gender dimensions
of hauling water
Some recent household surveys included
the question, “Who usually goes to the
source to fetch water for the household?”
The findings, presented in Figure 33,
confirm the anecdotal evidence that
women shoulder the bulk of the watercollecting responsibility when drinking
water is not available on premises.
Women are more than twice as likely
as men to go and fetch drinking water.
Interestingly, the findings also suggest
that children (boys and girls) play a
relatively small role in water collection
(only 11 per cent of households report
that children are the main water haulers).
Moreover, men appear to play a larger
role in collecting water than they were
previously given credit for: 1 out of 4
households report that men are usually
responsible for collecting water.
Table 13 Distribution of those usually responsible for collecting water,
by percentage of women, men, girls and boys
Collecting water is predominantly
a woman’s responsibility
Guinea-Bissau
Bangladesh
Djibouti
Malawi
Côte d'Ivoire
Burkina Faso
Nepal
Gambia
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Ethiopia
India
Cameroon
Cambodia
Guyana
Algeria
Jamaica
Mongolia
Syrian Arab Republic
Trinidad and Tobago
Women
(%)
Men
(%)
Girls
(%)
Boys
(%)
(highest)
94
90
88
87
86
86
86
84
84
82
82
(lowest)
46
44
39
34
33
32
23
22
1
5
11
6
4
8
8
7
8
6
13
25
48
50
54
59
49
75
75
5
4
1
6
8
5
5
8
6
9
4
15
5
5
5
4
6
1
1
0
1
0
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
14
3
6
7
4
13
1
2
Source: MICS and DHS surveys from 35 developing countries in 2005 and 2006
Women
shoulder
theburden
largest burden
Women shoulder
the
largest
in collecting water
in collecting water
4%
Boys
%
ls 7
Gir
Men 25%
Women
64%
Figure 33 Distribution of those who usually collect water
Source: MICS and DHS surveys from 35 developing countries in 2005 and 2006.
35
Expanding data collection
Safe disposal of children’s faeces
In many developing countries, young children defecate either in or close to home, or in
diapers and potties. Infant and child excreta often ends up contaminating soil, drains
and water bodies, either through direct disposal or defecation, or through the washing
of diapers, potties and children in areas without safe wastewater disposal.
As with open defecation, unsafe disposal of child excreta poses a health risk to anyone
living or playing nearby. When left in the open in the yard or direct vicinity of the
household, child faeces, which may carry a higher pathogen load than adult faeces, pose
a particular risk for young children, whose play areas frequently overlap with disposal
areas. Safe disposal of children’s faeces is therefore at least as important as stopping
open defecation.
Table 14 Practices of disposing the faeces of young children (less than 36 months of age), by selected
developing countries
Practices for disposing of children’s faeces are often unsafe
Adequate
Country
Sao Tome and Principe
Bangladesh
Guinea-Bissau
Burkina Faso
Somalia
Mongolia
Togo
Viet Nam
Cameroon
Côte d'Ivoire
Iraq
Thailand
Burundi
Central African Republic
Guyana
Ghana
Malawi
Gambia
Jamaica
Sierra Leone
Suriname
Inadequate
Used toilet
or rinsed in
toilet (%)
Buried
(%)
Thrown into garbage/with
solid waste (%)
Put/rinsed in
drain or ditch (%)
Left in the
open (%)
Other
(%)
20
23
37
18
36
61
27
52
65
44
41
65
70
53
76
45
79
83
37
42
34
2
1
1
2
10
3
9
4
1
0
1
9
9
1
1
7
4
0
2
0
7
4
11
19
38
29
12
35
2
14
30
37
16
3
28
11
24
4
11
57
25
45
2
22
7
15
4
2
5
15
5
3
14
1
6
9
6
15
8
5
1
19
3
49
37
29
26
20
18
14
14
9
8
7
7
5
4
3
2
2
0
0
0
0
23
6
7
1
1
4
10
13
6
15
0
2
7
5
3
7
3
1
3
14
11
Source: MICS surveys in 21 countries in 2005 and 2006
36
Adequacy depends on
solid waste collection
Table 15
Percentage of urban and rural populations using
improved drinking water sources over 30 minutes
away (round-trip)
Collecting water is a time-consuming task
in many African countries
Country
Uganda
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Malawi
Mauritania
Rwanda
Mauritius
Lesotho
Central African Republic
Gambia
Namibia
Zimbabwe
Nigeria
Cameroon
United Republic of Tanzania
Chad
Ethiopia
Ghana
Congo
Kenya
Swaziland
Sao Tome and Principe
Côte d'Ivoire
Guinea
Togo
Guinea-Bissau
South Africa
Senegal
Madagascar
Niger
Zambia
Mali
Sierra Leone
Somalia
Comoros
People who use an improved
drinking water source more
than 30 minutes away* (%)
Urban
Rural
Total
28
43
41
13
38
36
35
36
35
55
35
33
36
26
30
23
29
28
0
45
26
12
25
23
22
22
22
15
23
21
5
27
20
0
28
19
22
13
19
15
18
18
14
20
18
4
22
18
12
15
18
8
19
15
16
13
15
2
17
14
4
15
13
11
12
11
2
17
11
14
9
11
8
12
11
8
12
11
7
15
10
4
16
10
13
8
10
7
10
10
4
12
9
3
8
7
16
3
7
9
6
7
5
5
5
Time spent to go to the source, collect
water and come back
When drinking water is not available in the home or
close to it, the time taken to collect water (that is, to
go to the source, stand in line, fill water containers
and return home) is critical in determining whether
a household can obtain enough water for drinking,
food preparation and personal hygiene.
Studies have found that if the time spent collecting
drinking water is between 3 and 30 minutes, the
amount collected is fairly constant and suitable to
meet basic needs – defined as between 15 and 25
litres per person per day. However, if the total time
taken per round trip exceeds 30 minutes, people
tend to collect less water, thus compromising their
basic drinking water needs. The MDG indicator does
not include a measure for time taken to collect water.
However, some argue that, because it is a factor in
drinking water use, the time needed to collect water
should be considered when determining whether a
source is ‘improved’ or not.
Data from 35 recent household surveys show that
18 per cent of the population in sub-Saharan Africa
relies on an improved drinking water source that is
more than 30 minutes away.
*According to data from the latest household survey on file.
37
JMP methodology
The JMP
The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water
Supply and Sanitation is the official United Nations
mechanism tasked with monitoring progress towards the
MDG drinking water and sanitation target. In fulfilling this
mandate, the JMP publishes updated estimates every two
years on the various types of drinking water sources and
sanitation facilities being used worldwide.
This JMP report presents global, regional and national
estimates of the use of improved drinking water sources
and improved sanitation facilities in 2006. These coverage
estimates show what proportion of the population
remained without improved drinking water sources and
improved sanitation in 2006 and what the increase in use
has been since the MDG baseline in 1990. In addition, the
changes in coverage between 1990 and 2006 are used to
assess progress towards the 2015 MDG targets for drinking
water and sanitation.
In line with the MDG indicator definition, which stipulates
‘use of improved facilities’ as a proxy for ‘access to
improved facilities’, the JMP measures and reports on the
actual use of facilities. It is worth noting that the household
surveys on which the JMP relies also measure ‘use’ and not
‘access’ – since access involves many additional criteria
other than use. Measurability of many of these other
criteria at the national scale, which is the scale required by
the JMP, poses a huge challenge.
Data sources and the JMP database
For each country, survey and census data are plotted on
a time scale from 1980 to the present. A linear trend line,
based on the least-squares method, is drawn through
these data points to estimate coverage for 1990 and 2006.
The total coverage estimates are based on the aggregate
of the population-weighted urban and rural coverage
numbers, divided by the total population.
Trend analysis at the country level has been carried out for
the following categories:
Drinking water:
- Piped water into dwelling, plot or yard
- Improved drinking water sources
Sanitation:
- Improved sanitation facilities
- Open defecation
The coverage estimates for improved sanitation
facilities presented in this report are discounted by the
proportion of the population that shared an improved
type of sanitation facility. The ratio (the proportion of the
population that shares a sanitation facility of an otherwise
adequate type among two or more households) derived
from the latest household survey/census is subtracted
from the trend estimates of improved sanitation facilities.
This results in the estimates for shared sanitation facilities.
The water supply and sanitation coverage estimates
presented in this report originate from data collected by
national statistics offices and other relevant institutions
through nationally representative household surveys
and national censuses. The survey data used were mainly
drawn from Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple
Indicator Cluster Surveys, World Health Surveys, Living
Standards Measurement Surveys, Core Welfare Indicator
Questionnaires, Health and Nutrition Surveys, Household
Budget Surveys, Pan Arab Project for Family Health surveys
and Reproductive Health Surveys.
Regional averages
The JMP assembles, reviews and assesses these household
survey and census data. The JMP database currently
comprises data from over 600 surveys and censuses.
Differences in national coverage estimates
Population estimates
The population estimates in this report, including the
proportion of people living in urban and rural areas, are
those published by the United Nations Population Division
(2006 revision). These estimates may differ from national
estimates.
38
Methodology to derive MDG
progress estimates
Regional coverage estimates are calculated when the
available data cover at least 50 per cent of the population
in a region. For this report, insufficient data were available
to disaggregate each of the rungs of the sanitation
ladder for the developed regions, the Commonwealth of
Independent States and Oceania.
The MDG regional groupings (see map on the inside
back cover) have been used in all regional analyses and
tabulations.
Indicator definitions and population estimates used by
the JMP sometimes differ from those used by national
governments. Coverage estimates in this report may
therefore differ from national estimates.
Data comparability between JMP reports
For each report published by JMP, the country, regional
and global estimates on water and sanitation are revised.
For this reason, the data published in successive JMP
reports are not comparable.
Definitions and indicators
Millennium Development Goal 7 calls on countries to “halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to
safe drinking water and basic sanitation.” This report assesses the proportion of people with access to safe drinking water and
basic sanitation using the following MDG indicators:
- The proportion of the population that uses an improved drinking water source, urban and rural.
- The proportion of the population that uses an improved sanitation facility, urban and rural.
An improved drinking water source is defined as a
drinking water source or delivery point that, by nature of its
construction and design, is likely to protect the water source
from outside contamination, in particular from faecal matter.
The JMP uses the following classifications to differentiate
improved from unimproved drinking water sources.
An improved sanitation facility is defined as one that
hygienically separates human excreta from human contact.
The JMP uses the following classifications to differentiate
improved from unimproved sanitation facilities. However,
sanitation facilities are not considered improved when
shared with other households, or open for public use.
Improved drinking water sources
Improved sanitation facilities
Piped water into dwelling, plot or yard
Public tap/stand pipe
Tube well/borehole
Protected dug well
Protected spring
Rainwater collection
Flush or pour-flush to:
- piped sewer system
- septic tank
- pit latrine
Ventilated improved pit latrine
Pit latrine with slab
Composting toilet
Unimproved drinking water sources
Unprotected dug well
Unprotected spring
Cart with small tank/drum
Tanker truck
Surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal,
irrigation channel)
Bottled water3
Unimproved sanitation facilities4
Flush or pour-flush to elsewhere 5
Pit latrine without slab or open pit
Bucket
Hanging toilet or hanging latrine
No facilities or bush or field (open defecation)
Since the last report, the JMP database has been updated with data from over 120 new surveys and censuses covering 84
countries:
Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Bangladesh, Belarus, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso,
Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d´Ivoire, Djibouti,
Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,
Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Malawi,
Mexico, Moldova (Republic of ), Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Portugal,
Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Swaziland,
Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Thailand, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda,
Ukraine, United Republic of Tanzania, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Zambia, Zimbabwe
3
4
5
Bottled water is considered to be improved only when the household uses water from an improved source for cooking and personal
hygiene; where this information is not available, bottled water is classified on a case-by- case basis.
Shared or public facilities are not considered improved.
Excreta are flushed into the street, yard or plot, open sewer, a ditch, a drainage way or other location.
39
40
Country, regional and
global estimates on
water and sanitation
41
42
Belgium
Belarus
Barbados
Bangladesh1
Bahrain
Bahamas
Azerbaijan
Austria
Australia
Aruba
Armenia
Argentina
Antigua and
Barbuda
Anguilla
493
739
113,048
155,991
271
293
10,260
9,742
9,933
10,430
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
8,406
2006
2006
7,212
1990
1990
8,327
2006
255
7,729
1990
327
20,530
2006
1990
16,873
1990
2006
64
104
3,010
2006
2006
3,545
1990
1990
39,134
12
2006
32,581
9
1990
2006
16,557
2006
1990
10,534
1990
62
74
2006
84
53
1990
1990
33,351
2006
2006
25,283
1990
97
96
73
66
53
45
25
20
97
88
91
84
52
54
66
66
88
85
47
50
64
67
90
87
39
35
100
100
54
37
91
94
64
52
76
95
94
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
98
100
100
20
66
82
30
100
100
85
100
100
88
-
100
100
-
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
97
99
-
97
99
-
83
98
98
76
97
98
-
95
-
95
-
100
100
-
100
100
3
81
87
27
87
99
62
92
37
98
Improved
97
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
100
Other improved
46
0
0
6
-
0
2
65
58
0
0
-
-
19
16
0
0
-
-
0
0
2
2
15
21
-
-
-
-
35
34
0
0
6
12
5
2
Unimproved
36
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
12
0
0
2
2
5
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
3
5
5
-
-
38
63
0
0
13
1
3
0
Improved
Angola
3,172
2006
-
-
-
99
100
100
100
78
76
-
-
-
-
59
51
100
100
100
100
100
100
96
-
80
72
-
-
-
-
39
40
100
100
81
88
97
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
Andorra
3,289
1990
-
-
90
68
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
-
-
19
16
100
100
-
-
100
100
74
64
45
22
-
-
-
-
1
0
-
-
55
48
72
Other improved
-
-
-
31
-
-
-
78
76
-
-
-
-
40
35
0
0
-
-
0
0
22
-
35
50
-
-
-
-
38
40
-
-
26
40
25
-
-
1
0
0
0
22
24
-
-
-
-
41
49
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
-
20
28
-
-
-
-
61
60
0
0
19
12
3
-
83
-
Unimproved
-
-
-
100
100
100
100
80
78
-
-
-
-
78
68
100
100
100
100
100
100
98
-
96
94
-
-
-
-
51
39
100
100
85
94
97
-
22
-
Improved
17
-
100
87
-
-
-
5
6
-
-
-
-
48
43
100
100
-
-
100
100
89
86
79
69
-
-
-
-
15
1
-
-
72
68
81
-
3
-
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
-
-
-
13
-
-
-
75
72
-
-
-
-
30
25
0
0
-
-
0
0
9
-
17
25
-
-
-
-
36
38
-
-
13
26
16
-
19
-
Other improved
0
-
-
0
0
0
0
20
22
-
-
-
-
22
32
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
-
4
6
-
-
-
-
49
61
0
0
15
6
3
-
78
-
Unimproved
-
-
2
8
27
-
-
20
7
20
46
-
20
-
-
33
32
16
-
-
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
17
-
-
91
-
99
99
48
56
100
100
100
100
90
-
100
100
100
100
-
-
96
94
92
86
98
98
99
99
79
55
100
100
98
99
98
97
45
-
Improved
-
-
-
8
-
-
-
20
23
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
-
-
Shared
63
-
-
1
-
1
1
28
15
0
0
0
0
10
-
0
0
0
0
-
-
2
4
8
14
2
2
1
1
14
7
0
0
1
1
0
1
42
-
Unimproved
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
4
6
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
-
-
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
38
0
0
1
0
-
-
13
-
Open defecation
26
-
-
97
-
100
100
32
18
-
-
100
100
70
-
100
100
100
100
-
-
81
-
83
45
-
-
-
-
16
9
100
100
87
77
97
-
25
-
Improved
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
14
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
Shared
11
-
-
1
-
0
0
40
39
-
-
0
0
30
-
0
0
0
0
-
-
17
-
17
55
-
-
-
-
28
14
0
0
2
5
2
-
34
-
Unimproved
-
Rural
-
-
0
-
0
0
14
35
-
-
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
56
77
0
0
11
18
-
-
41
-
Open defecation
37
Urban
-
-
93
-
99
100
36
26
-
-
100
100
80
-
100
100
100
100
-
-
91
-
91
81
-
-
-
-
50
26
100
100
94
88
97
-
30
-
Improved
23
Total
Total
-
-
6
-
-
-
16
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
Shared
Algeria
26,088
2006
Urban (%)
18
Rural
-
-
1
-
1
0
37
34
-
-
0
0
20
-
0
0
0
0
-
-
7
-
9
19
-
-
-
-
20
11
0
0
1
3
2
-
36
-
Unimproved
Albania
Total
(thousands)
12,659
Year
1990
Urban
Sanitation coverage (%)
-
-
0
-
-
-
11
29
-
-
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
30
63
0
0
5
9
-
-
34
-
Open defecation
Afghanistan
Country, area or
territory
Population
Drinking water coverage (%)
Drinking water and sanitation coverage: country estimates by type of drinking water and sanitation facilities (1990 and 2006)
-
-
7
21
-
25
-
7
20
-
-
26
-
-
42
32
30
-
-
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
Chad
Central African
Republic
Cape Verde
Canada
Cameroon
Cambodia
Burundi
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Brunei Darussalam
British Virgin Islands
Brazil
Botswana
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
382
2006
18,175
27,701
32,577
355
519
3,008
4,265
6,113
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
10,468
12,239
1990
2006
9,698
2006
14,197
8,173
1990
1990
5,692
2006
2006
8,871
14,359
1990
8,819
257
1990
7,693
22
2006
1990
17
1990
2006
189,323
3,926
2006
149,522
4,308
1990
2006
9,354
2006
1990
6,669
1990
1,367
649
2006
1,858
547
1990
1990
64
2006
2006
60
1990
26
21
38
37
58
44
80
77
56
41
20
13
10
6
19
14
70
66
74
66
66
50
85
75
58
42
46
39
65
56
11
7
100
100
26
100
100
6
6
8
88
100
100
78
90
-
16
26
76
71
-
46
84
43
32
97
-
27
80
26
97
-
-
62
-
96
97
98
96
97
98
100
88
97
100
85
93
94
100
40
96
99
62
91
96
100
78
91
100
-
-
54
-
-
25
98
18
Improved
78
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
73
Other improved
40
55
-
84
72
-
-
0
0
62
50
37
-
38
65
70
36
4
4
-
-
1
1
9
8
38
60
6
3
5
13
44
-
-
-
53
55
Unimproved
34
29
-
10
22
-
-
0
0
12
24
20
-
16
3
3
38
0
0
-
-
2
2
3
7
0
0
0
1
4
9
2
-
-
-
22
27
Improved
Bolivia
8,760
2006
40
16
51
47
-
-
99
99
47
31
61
-
70
68
66
29
97
97
-
-
98
98
58
54
90
88
98
96
69
49
79
-
-
-
57
57
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
Bhutan
5,179
1990
1
0
0
0
-
-
38
38
2
2
5
-
1
1
0
1
-
72
-
-
97
97
17
8
28
13
72
-
45
22
9
-
-
-
2
1
Other improved
39
16
51
47
-
-
61
61
45
29
56
-
69
67
66
28
-
25
-
-
1
1
41
46
62
75
26
-
24
27
70
-
-
-
55
56
60
84
49
53
-
-
1
1
53
69
39
-
30
32
34
71
3
3
-
-
2
2
42
46
10
12
2
4
31
51
21
-
-
-
43
43
-
-
Unimproved
-
48
-
66
58
-
-
100
100
70
49
65
-
71
70
72
34
99
99
-
-
98
98
91
83
5
2
2
2
-
-
88
85
15
12
13
-
6
3
5
4
-
88
-
-
97
97
77
66
48
24
93
96
82
-
75
53
14
-
-
-
11
7
-
-
99
97
86
72
81
-
-
-
65
63
-
-
Improved
-
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
-
43
-
64
56
-
-
12
15
55
37
52
-
65
67
67
30
-
11
-
-
1
1
14
17
48
69
17
-
11
19
67
-
-
-
54
56
-
-
Other improved
-
52
-
34
42
-
-
0
0
30
51
35
-
29
30
28
66
1
1
-
-
2
2
9
17
4
7
1
3
14
28
19
-
-
-
35
37
-
-
Unimproved
-
-
28
-
16
44
-
29
66
2
-
26
28
30
2
41
-
-
37
-
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
-
23
19
40
21
-
-
100
100
58
47
62
-
44
41
41
23
100
100
-
-
100
100
84
82
60
60
99
99
54
47
71
-
-
-
59
32
-
-
Improved
0
19
15
23
12
-
-
-
-
9
7
6
-
20
18
13
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
4
1
0
22
19
16
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Shared
0
44
39
33
57
-
-
0
0
32
46
1
-
34
40
38
58
0
0
-
-
0
0
12
15
36
24
0
0
14
10
9
-
-
-
6
17
-
-
Unimproved
0
14
27
4
10
-
-
0
0
1
0
31
-
2
1
8
12
0
0
-
-
0
0
4
3
0
12
0
1
10
24
4
-
-
-
35
51
-
-
Open defecation
8
4
1
25
5
-
-
99
99
42
34
19
-
41
44
6
2
96
96
-
-
100
100
37
37
30
22
92
-
22
15
50
-
-
-
11
2
-
-
Improved
92
4
2
13
2
-
-
-
-
5
4
4
-
3
4
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
4
1
-
3
2
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Shared
100
8
3
29
44
-
-
1
1
39
56
0
-
55
49
8
9
4
4
-
-
0
0
23
28
31
21
7
-
21
12
33
-
-
-
4
4
-
-
Unimproved
100
Rural
84
94
33
49
-
-
-
-
14
6
77
-
1
3
83
88
-
-
-
-
0
0
40
35
34
53
0
-
54
71
13
-
-
-
85
94
-
-
Open defecation
100
Urban
9
5
31
11
-
-
100
100
51
39
28
-
41
44
13
5
99
99
-
-
100
100
77
71
47
38
95
-
43
33
52
-
-
-
30
12
-
-
Improved
48
Total
Total
8
5
17
6
-
-
-
-
7
5
4
-
5
5
5
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
4
1
-
15
11
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Shared
Bermuda
282
2006
Urban (%)
47
Rural
17
10
30
48
-
-
0
0
35
52
0
-
53
48
13
15
1
1
-
-
0
0
14
18
35
22
4
-
16
11
31
-
-
-
5
9
-
-
Unimproved
Benin
Total
(thousands)
186
Year
1990
Urban
Sanitation coverage (%)
66
80
22
35
-
-
-
-
7
4
68
-
1
3
69
78
-
-
-
-
0
0
9
11
14
36
0
-
26
45
12
-
-
-
65
79
-
-
Open defecation
Belize
Country, area or
territory
Population
Drinking water coverage (%)
8
27
-
16
29
-
14
12
2
-
26
24
22
2
23
-
-
30
-
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
43
44
Ecuador
Dominican Republic
Dominica
Djibouti
Denmark
Democratic
Republic of the
Congo
Democratic People's
Rep. of Korea
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Cuba
Croatia
Côte d'Ivoire
Costa Rica
3,689
2006
37,942
60,644
5,140
5,430
561
819
69
68
7,295
9,615
10,272
13,202
1990
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
23,708
2006
20,143
2006
681
1990
1990
11,267
2006
10,189
10,605
1990
2006
4,556
2006
846
4,517
1990
10,303
18,914
2006
1990
12,780
1990
2006
3,076
4,399
1990
2006
18
2,422
1990
14
818
2006
1990
527
1990
63
55
68
55
73
68
87
76
86
85
33
28
62
58
73
75
69
67
75
73
57
54
45
40
62
51
75
58
61
54
38
28
73
69
98
98
85
92
72
91
100
100
98
97
82
98
100
81
81
100
69
97
100
98
97
100
79
100
100
100
100
100
100
82
95
100
77
95
100
95
100
79
95
100
27
62
98
90
49
71
82
99
99
-
99
98
-
30
91
43
50
98
-
96
99
95
94
98
Other improved
7
10
5
13
2
2
17
10
0
0
55
11
19
-
3
3
0
0
13
18
5
5
36
22
0
-
-
-
52
-
61
48
3
4
11
Unimproved
16
2
18
3
2
0
0
2
21
0
0
18
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
0
2
29
1
-
2
1
5
-
9
2
1
2
2
3
Improved
2006
45,558
2006
87
98
91
61
91
66
-
-
54
68
100
100
29
25
100
-
100
100
100
100
78
-
98
98
66
65
96
88
88
87
35
-
81
91
77
68
81
55
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
Cook Islands
34,875
1990
81
97
65
27
62
35
-
-
8
21
100
100
1
0
71
-
91
-
100
100
49
31
71
-
13
5
95
74
-
-
3
-
3
23
63
36
62
37
Other improved
41
26
34
29
31
-
-
46
47
0
0
28
25
29
-
9
-
0
0
29
-
27
-
53
60
1
14
-
-
32
-
78
68
14
32
19
18
Unimproved
9
39
9
34
-
-
46
32
0
0
71
75
0
-
0
0
0
0
22
-
2
2
34
35
4
12
12
13
65
-
19
9
23
32
19
45
28
51
95
73
95
84
-
-
92
76
100
100
46
43
100
-
100
100
100
100
91
-
99
99
81
67
98
-
95
94
71
-
85
93
93
89
88
67
95
91
Improved
26
81
52
82
63
-
-
71
57
100
100
9
22
77
-
95
-
100
100
74
65
85
-
35
22
97
-
-
-
27
-
13
31
87
76
72
49
92
84
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
27
14
21
13
21
-
-
21
19
0
0
37
21
23
-
5
-
0
0
17
-
14
-
46
45
1
-
-
-
44
-
72
62
6
13
16
18
3
7
Other improved
46
5
27
5
16
-
-
8
24
0
0
54
57
0
-
0
0
0
0
9
-
1
1
19
33
2
-
5
6
29
-
15
7
7
11
12
33
5
9
Unimproved
22
43
36
-
47
6
24
-
2
22
-
1
41
-
2
-
31
28
32
25
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
72
91
88
81
77
-
-
76
-
100
100
42
53
-
-
100
100
100
100
99
99
99
99
38
39
3
3
15
15
-
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
-
-
1
1
25
25
2
2
96
96
-
-
45
-
3
2
13
12
15
12
-
-
100
100
19
-
49
34
85
81
74
61
97
91
Improved
49
Shared
2
4
4
2
5
-
-
15
-
0
0
55
41
-
-
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
33
30
1
1
0
0
33
-
48
62
1
3
7
24
2
6
Unimproved
1
2
5
2
3
-
-
3
-
0
0
3
6
-
-
0
0
0
0
-
-
0
0
4
6
1
1
0
0
3
-
0
2
1
4
4
3
1
3
Open defecation
0
72
50
74
57
-
-
11
-
100
100
25
1
-
-
98
98
100
100
95
95
98
98
12
8
95
92
100
91
21
-
26
12
58
39
59
43
74
48
Improved
2
4
3
15
12
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
-
-
-
-
1
1
13
8
3
3
-
-
24
-
2
1
7
5
1
1
-
-
Shared
27
98
12
15
3
12
-
-
12
-
0
0
62
74
-
-
0
0
0
0
5
5
1
1
24
20
2
1
0
9
37
-
72
81
15
13
38
51
25
45
Unimproved
Congo
1,320,864
2006
97
Improved
98
12
32
8
19
-
-
76
-
0
0
13
25
-
-
0
0
0
0
-
-
0
0
51
64
0
4
0
-
18
-
0
6
20
43
2
5
1
7
Open defecation
Comoros
1,149,069
1990
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
99
Rural
Sanitation coverage (%)
84
71
79
68
-
-
67
-
100
100
31
15
-
-
99
100
100
100
98
98
99
99
24
20
96
94
100
96
20
-
35
18
78
68
65
48
94
84
Improved
88
Urban
Total
3
3
15
14
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
0
-
-
-
-
1
1
18
15
2
2
-
-
37
-
2
1
11
10
7
4
-
-
Shared
Colombia
16,465
2006
Urban (%)
83
Total
7
9
2
8
-
-
15
-
0
0
59
65
-
-
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
28
24
1
2
0
4
34
-
63
76
5
6
25
44
5
12
Unimproved
China
Total
(thousands)
13,179
Year
1990
Rural
Drinking water coverage (%)
6
17
4
10
-
-
13
-
0
0
10
20
-
-
0
0
0
0
-
-
0
0
30
41
1
2
0
-
9
-
0
5
6
16
3
4
1
4
Open defecation
Chile
Country, area or
territory
Population
Urban
32
31
-
-
6
26
-
2
22
6
1
12
35
2
-
29
29
25
30
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
Guadeloupe
Grenada
Greece
Gibraltar
Ghana
Germany
Georgia
Gambia
Gabon
French Polynesia
France
Finland
Fiji
Ethiopia
61,330
195
259
2006
1990
2006
11,123
2006
2006
442
391
10,161
1990
1990
29
2006
96
27
1990
106
23,008
2006
2006
15,579
1990
1990
79,433
2006
82,641
4,433
1990
1990
5,460
2006
2006
962
1,663
1990
918
56,735
1990
1,311
5,261
2006
2006
4,986
1990
1990
724
833
81,021
2006
1990
51,148
1990
2006
1,566
4,692
2006
1,340
3,158
1990
100
98
31
32
59
59
100
100
49
36
75
73
52
55
55
38
84
69
52
56
77
74
61
61
51
42
16
13
69
71
20
16
39
35
99
100
100
98
98
98
-
97
98
-
97
-
99
-
-
100
37
90
99
40
86
100
100
100
87
100
100
81
91
100
51
91
-
99
100
52
100
100
95
100
100
95
96
100
100
32
32
43
96
43
1
50
74
92
42
74
97
40
62
100
16
45
100
12
45
Other improved
0
0
-
-
0
0
-
-
53
46
0
0
13
10
40
-
43
-
1
1
0
0
0
4
11
11
46
73
3
8
32
22
29
33
16
Unimproved
16
2
2
3
3
0
1
-
-
10
14
0
0
0
9
9
-
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
57
57
4
26
0
0
26
38
55
55
6
10
Improved
1990
496
2006
78
94
-
-
-
-
99
91
-
-
71
39
100
100
97
58
81
-
47
-
100
100
100
-
100
100
51
51
31
4
99
99
57
39
42
42
68
48
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
2006
340
1990
74
90
-
-
-
-
99
82
-
-
4
2
97
97
38
22
5
2
8
-
96
96
100
95
-
85
7
7
1
0
75
51
0
0
0
0
38
16
Other improved
60
-
-
-
-
0
9
-
-
67
37
3
3
59
36
76
-
39
-
4
4
0
-
-
15
44
44
30
4
24
48
57
39
42
42
30
32
Unimproved
-
-
-
-
1
9
-
-
29
61
0
0
3
42
19
-
53
-
0
0
0
-
0
0
49
49
69
96
1
1
43
61
58
58
32
52
2
8
-
-
-
-
100
96
-
-
80
56
100
100
99
76
86
-
87
-
100
100
100
-
100
100
47
48
42
13
100
100
60
43
43
43
84
69
98
94
Improved
16
-
-
-
-
100
92
-
-
20
16
99
99
64
55
30
-
45
-
98
98
100
99
-
92
20
17
9
0
90
80
8
6
6
4
62
45
89
61
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
53
-
-
-
-
0
4
-
-
60
40
1
1
35
21
56
-
42
-
2
2
0
-
-
8
27
31
33
13
10
20
52
37
37
39
22
24
9
33
Other improved
82
-
-
-
-
0
4
-
-
20
44
0
0
1
24
14
-
13
-
0
0
0
-
0
0
53
52
58
87
0
0
40
57
57
57
16
31
2
6
Unimproved
39
-
-
12
-
51
4
2
-
-
28
-
5
6
41
2
43
17
36
33
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
98
-
-
96
96
99
100
-
-
15
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
69
47
-
-
100
100
3
3
43
-
40
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
35
25
4
4
18
24
-
-
9
8
2
2
94
96
50
-
37
-
99
99
-
-
100
100
87
87
27
19
96
96
14
20
60
60
90
88
85
68
Improved
92
Shared
1
-
-
4
4
1
0
-
-
8
31
0
0
3
1
6
-
21
-
1
1
-
-
0
0
13
13
27
0
0
0
25
26
40
40
0
0
13
29
Unimproved
3
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
8
11
0
0
0
0
1
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
11
56
0
0
43
30
-
-
1
4
0
1
Open defecation
0
-
-
97
97
97
93
-
-
6
3
100
100
92
91
55
-
30
-
97
97
-
-
100
100
55
55
8
2
94
94
3
0
46
46
80
59
52
37
Improved
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
34
19
-
-
1
1
23
-
24
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
0
6
6
0
0
-
-
8
6
7
5
Shared
49
99
-
-
3
3
2
0
-
-
28
47
0
0
6
7
15
-
41
-
3
3
-
-
0
0
45
45
16
2
0
0
2
0
54
54
3
0
41
40
Unimproved
Estonia
6,762
2006
89
Improved
99
Rural
-
-
-
-
1
7
-
-
32
31
0
0
1
1
7
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
74
96
0
0
95
100
-
-
9
35
0
18
Open defecation
Eritrea
5,110
1990
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
97
Urban
-
-
97
97
98
97
-
-
10
6
100
100
93
94
52
-
36
-
98
98
-
-
100
100
71
68
11
4
95
95
5
3
51
51
86
73
66
50
Improved
43
Total
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
51
29
-
-
2
2
34
-
37
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
3
5
5
4
4
-
-
9
7
5
4
Shared
Equatorial Guinea
74,167
2006
Urban (%)
43
Rural
-
-
3
3
2
0
-
-
19
41
0
0
5
4
10
-
25
-
2
2
-
-
0
0
29
32
18
2
0
0
6
4
49
49
1
0
29
35
Unimproved
El Salvador
Total
(thousands)
55,137
Year
1990
Urban
Sanitation coverage (%)
-
-
-
-
0
3
-
-
20
24
0
0
0
0
4
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
64
91
0
0
85
89
-
-
4
20
0
11
Open defecation
Egypt
Country, area or
territory
Population
Drinking water coverage (%)
-
10
10
-
8
4
2
-
-
28
-
5
12
10
2
4
20
35
33
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
45
46
Jordan
Japan
Jamaica
Italy
Israel
Ireland
Iraq
Iran (Islamic
Republic of )
Indonesia
India
Iceland
Hungary
Honduras
Haiti
Guyana
Guinea-Bissau
731
739
7,110
9,446
1990
2006
1990
2006
4,514
6,810
56,719
58,779
2,369
2,699
123,537
127,953
3,254
5,729
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
28,506
2006
2006
18,515
1990
1990
70,270
2006
3,515
56,674
1990
4,221
228,864
2006
1990
182,847
1990
2006
860,195
1,151,751
298
2006
2006
255
1990
1990
10,365
10,058
1990
2006
4,891
1,646
2006
6,969
1,017
1990
1990
9,181
2006
6,033
2006
83
72
66
63
53
49
68
67
92
90
61
57
67
70
67
56
49
31
29
26
93
91
67
66
47
40
39
29
28
30
30
28
33
28
49
26
34
96
96
96
92
89
99
99
99
99
100
100
100
100
89
90
97
99
97
96
100
100
100
100
100
100
98
97
100
100
99
99
-
52
90
86
100
100
88
100
100
99
94
95
98
100
82
93
21
70
91
27
62
95
-
30
82
81
-
-
26
91
98
34
72
Other improved
3
2
1
3
7
9
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
-
3
3
55
66
47
38
0
0
5
4
2
9
49
35
17
-
52
-
65
38
8
19
Unimproved
1990
91
99
1
1
0
0
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
1
1
1
11
8
4
10
0
0
0
2
5
9
30
38
2
-
18
-
9
28
1
11
Improved
Guinea
70
89
91
91
100
100
88
86
-
-
100
100
-
-
56
46
-
84
71
63
86
65
100
100
100
91
74
60
51
48
91
-
47
-
59
35
94
72
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
48
81
87
94
86
47
33
96
96
98
98
96
96
48
-
-
69
7
2
10
7
100
100
93
72
67
42
4
2
61
-
1
0
1
1
67
34
Other improved
41
10
4
6
14
41
53
-
-
2
2
-
-
8
-
-
15
64
61
76
58
0
0
7
19
7
18
47
46
30
-
46
-
58
34
27
38
Unimproved
9
9
0
0
12
14
-
-
0
0
-
-
44
54
-
16
29
37
14
35
0
0
0
9
26
40
49
52
9
-
53
-
41
65
6
28
0
0
98
97
100
100
93
92
-
-
100
100
-
-
77
83
-
92
80
72
89
71
100
100
100
96
84
72
58
52
93
-
57
-
70
45
96
79
100
100
Improved
-
93
94
97
93
70
61
99
99
100
100
98
98
73
-
-
84
20
9
21
18
100
100
94
86
79
58
11
9
67
-
10
-
9
10
78
49
-
-
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
-
5
3
3
7
23
31
-
-
0
0
-
-
4
-
-
8
60
63
68
53
0
0
6
10
5
14
47
43
26
-
47
-
61
35
18
30
-
-
Other improved
-
2
3
0
0
7
8
-
-
0
0
-
-
23
17
-
8
20
28
11
29
0
0
0
4
16
28
42
48
7
-
43
-
30
55
4
21
0
0
Unimproved
-
53
4
13
-
39
-
28
-
25
41
16
1
39
22
-
-
46
52
24
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
100
88
-
100
100
82
82
-
-
100
100
-
-
80
75
-
86
67
73
52
44
100
100
100
100
78
68
29
49
85
-
48
-
33
19
90
87
99
99
Improved
100
1
-
-
-
16
16
-
-
-
-
-
-
20
19
-
-
8
9
22
18
-
-
-
-
11
9
24
40
11
-
8
-
39
22
7
6
-
-
Shared
0
11
-
0
0
2
1
-
-
0
0
-
-
0
6
-
14
7
0
8
10
0
0
0
0
9
12
38
0
4
-
41
-
27
53
1
3
1
1
Unimproved
0
0
-
0
0
0
1
-
-
0
0
-
-
0
0
-
-
18
18
18
28
0
0
0
0
2
11
9
11
0
-
3
-
1
6
2
4
-
-
Open defecation
-
71
-
100
100
84
83
-
-
-
-
-
-
69
-
-
78
37
42
18
4
100
100
100
100
55
29
12
20
80
-
26
-
12
10
79
58
98
98
Improved
-
2
-
-
-
12
12
-
-
-
-
-
-
13
-
-
-
5
6
5
1
-
-
-
-
5
2
6
11
8
-
1
-
3
2
6
5
-
-
Shared
8,908
-
27
-
0
0
3
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
11
-
-
22
19
8
3
6
0
0
0
0
12
11
31
6
11
-
26
-
47
36
6
4
2
2
Unimproved
13,029
-
Improved
100
0
-
0
0
1
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
-
39
44
74
89
0
0
0
0
28
58
51
63
1
-
47
-
38
52
9
33
-
-
Open defecation
2006
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
100
Rural
Sanitation coverage (%)
85
-
100
100
83
83
-
-
-
-
-
-
76
-
-
83
52
51
28
14
100
100
100
100
66
45
19
29
81
-
33
-
19
13
84
70
99
99
Improved
94
Urban
Total
1
-
-
-
14
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
18
-
-
-
6
7
10
5
-
-
-
-
8
5
13
20
9
-
3
-
15
8
6
5
-
-
Shared
1990
171
2006
Urban (%)
91
Total
14
-
0
0
3
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
17
13
6
4
8
0
0
0
0
10
11
34
3
9
-
30
-
40
40
4
4
1
1
Unimproved
Guatemala
Total
(thousands)
134
Year
1990
Rural
Drinking water coverage (%)
0
-
0
0
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
29
36
58
73
0
0
0
0
16
39
34
48
1
-
34
-
26
39
6
21
-
-
Open defecation
Guam
Country, area or
territory
Population
Urban
-
4
11
-
-
-
-
-
12
20
16
2
40
-3
-
-
13
44
24
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
Malta
Mali
Maldives
Malaysia
Malawi
Madagascar
Luxembourg
Lithuania
Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya
Liberia
Lesotho
Lebanon
Latvia
Lao People's
Democratic
Republic
4,395
5,259
1990
2006
461
12,033
19,159
2006
1990
2006
1990
405
360
2006
2006
7,669
11,968
1990
300
382
1990
216
3,408
2006
2006
3,698
1990
1990
6,039
2006
26,114
4,364
1990
18,103
3,579
2006
2006
2,137
1990
1990
1,995
2006
9,446
1,601
1990
13,571
4,055
2006
2006
2,974
1990
1990
2,663
2,289
1990
2006
5,759
2,779
2006
4,076
2,143
1990
2006
94
2006
1990
72
1990
96
90
31
23
30
26
68
50
18
12
27
24
83
81
66
68
85
79
59
45
19
17
87
83
68
69
21
15
36
38
98
98
52
35
75
87
97
99
1
54
89
93
100
100
28
14
43
28
98
98
77
76
72
72
100
100
80
76
92
96
100
100
100
98
100
100
100
21
85
100
59
8
19
93
22
100
100
86
100
100
50
93
100
100
-
49
77
69
46
76
-
47
86
58
Improved
85
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
90
Other improved
21
0
0
64
42
22
23
2
2
68
49
62
52
0
0
-
-
-
18
71
64
34
-
0
0
7
-
17
-
12
22
-
-
28
30
38
32
Unimproved
18
0
0
14
50
2
0
0
0
4
8
24
20
0
0
-
-
-
28
28
15
7
-
0
0
0
0
14
-
1
3
-
-
23
24
15
10
Improved
Kyrgyzstan
36,553
2006
100
100
48
28
76
95
96
96
72
34
36
27
100
100
-
-
-
68
52
34
74
-
100
100
96
96
53
-
83
-
-
-
53
33
49
30
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
Kuwait
23,447
1990
96
96
2
0
0
0
87
-
2
2
2
1
98
98
57
49
-
55
0
3
5
2
-
-
59
-
8
-
33
25
-
-
22
13
12
11
Other improved
4
4
46
28
76
95
9
-
70
32
34
26
2
2
-
-
-
13
52
31
69
-
-
-
37
-
45
-
50
-
-
-
31
20
37
19
0
0
52
72
24
5
4
4
28
66
64
73
0
0
-
-
-
32
48
66
26
-
0
0
4
4
47
-
17
-
-
-
47
67
51
70
9
9
Unimproved
60
100
100
60
33
83
96
99
98
76
41
47
39
100
100
-
-
-
71
64
57
78
-
100
100
99
99
60
-
89
-
-
-
65
48
57
41
96
96
Improved
67
100
100
8
2
23
20
95
-
7
7
5
7
100
100
81
76
-
54
1
11
15
5
-
-
82
-
21
-
52
44
-
-
36
24
19
20
58
66
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
31
0
0
52
31
60
76
4
-
69
34
42
32
0
0
-
-
-
17
63
46
63
-
-
-
17
-
39
-
37
-
-
-
29
24
38
21
38
30
Other improved
24
0
0
40
67
17
4
1
2
24
59
53
61
0
0
-
-
-
29
36
43
22
-
0
0
1
1
40
-
11
-
-
-
35
52
43
59
4
4
Unimproved
91
12
49
15
36
59
28
19
-
-
39
-
29
2
-
-
-
32
37
2
100
100
59
53
100
100
95
95
51
50
18
15
100
100
-
-
97
97
49
59
43
-
100
100
82
-
87
-
94
-
-
-
46
26
19
18
-
-
5
4
-
-
4
4
40
39
28
25
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
37
-
-
-
13
-
5
-
5
-
-
-
13
7
77
71
3
3
97
97
Improved
91
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
1
Shared
1
0
0
32
40
0
0
1
1
7
7
37
27
0
0
-
-
3
3
51
41
11
-
0
0
5
-
2
-
1
-
-
-
0
26
2
8
0
0
Unimproved
6
0
0
4
3
0
0
-
-
2
4
17
33
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
-
0
0
0
-
6
-
0
-
-
-
41
41
2
3
0
0
Open defecation
16
-
-
39
30
42
-
93
-
62
46
10
6
100
100
-
-
96
96
7
24
34
30
-
-
71
-
38
-
93
-
-
-
20
20
48
44
98
96
Improved
93
-
-
4
3
-
-
4
-
18
13
16
10
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
4
-
-
3
-
1
-
2
-
-
-
2
2
26
24
1
1
Shared
83
-
-
29
32
37
-
3
-
7
6
29
7
0
0
-
-
4
4
93
76
10
15
-
-
26
-
5
-
5
-
-
-
25
13
12
8
1
1
Unimproved
99
Rural
-
-
28
35
21
-
-
-
13
35
45
77
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
51
51
-
-
0
-
56
-
0
-
-
-
53
65
14
24
0
2
Open defecation
99
Urban
-
-
45
35
59
-
94
-
60
46
12
8
100
100
-
-
97
97
32
40
36
-
-
-
78
-
48
-
93
-
-
-
33
22
42
39
97
97
Improved
58
Total
Total
-
-
4
3
-
-
4
-
22
16
19
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
11
-
-
-
10
-
2
-
3
-
-
-
8
4
37
33
2
2
Shared
Kiribati
15,314
2006
Urban (%)
56
Rural
-
-
30
34
26
-
2
-
7
7
32
11
0
0
-
-
3
3
68
60
10
-
-
-
12
-
4
-
4
-
-
-
12
17
10
8
1
1
Unimproved
Kenya
Total
(thousands)
16,530
Year
1990
Urban
Sanitation coverage (%)
-
-
21
28
15
-
-
-
11
31
37
67
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
-
0
-
46
-
0
-
-
-
47
57
11
20
0
0
Open defecation
Kazakhstan
Country, area or
territory
Population
Drinking water coverage (%)
-
29
-
-
34
9
19
-
32
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
19
21
2
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
47
48
Nicaragua
New Zealand
Netherlands
Nepal
Nauru
Namibia
Myanmar
Mozambique
Morocco
Montserrat
Montenegro
Mongolia
Monaco
Moldova
601
11
6
24,808
30,853
13,544
20,971
40,147
48,379
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
9
10
19,114
27,641
14,952
16,379
3,411
4,140
4,141
5,532
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
1,417
587
1990
2,047
2,605
2006
1990
2,216
1990
2006
30
33
3,833
2006
1990
4,389
1990
2006
96
105,342
2006
111
84,002
1990
59
53
86
85
81
69
16
9
100
100
36
28
31
25
35
21
59
48
14
12
53
51
57
57
100
100
47
47
22
26
76
72
42
44
84
69
44
49
100
100
100
100
85
84
98
97
94
100
100
100
100
91
90
16
80
99
18
86
87
-
75
94
100
17
98
100
-
98
100
71
98
35
90
-
51
97
100
100
100
100
96
100
79
98
-
96
98
-
87
94
95
100
100
93
100
100
Other improved
6
6
0
0
0
0
45
53
-
-
30
14
64
68
54
-
13
19
2
2
2
-
55
46
0
0
17
-
-
-
2
7
0
0
35
Unimproved
11
10
9
0
0
0
0
6
3
-
-
1
2
20
14
29
-
0
6
0
0
0
-
10
3
0
0
4
2
5
7
2
6
0
0
30
70
Improved
2006
1,252
2006
35
70
63
46
-
82
100
100
88
70
-
-
90
42
80
47
26
-
58
58
100
100
96
-
48
21
-
-
85
-
94
86
85
72
100
100
54
41
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
1990
1,057
1990
19
30
5
27
16
-
-
100
95
11
3
-
-
28
13
2
1
2
-
15
9
-
-
66
-
6
0
-
-
12
-
-
-
73
47
100
100
14
Other improved
41
36
30
-
-
0
5
77
67
-
-
62
29
78
46
24
-
43
49
-
-
30
-
42
21
-
-
73
-
-
-
12
25
0
0
40
36
Unimproved
37
54
-
18
0
0
12
30
-
-
10
58
20
53
74
-
42
42
0
0
4
-
52
79
-
-
15
-
6
14
15
28
0
0
46
59
-
3
79
70
-
97
100
100
89
72
-
-
93
57
80
57
42
-
83
75
100
100
98
-
72
64
-
-
90
-
94
88
95
88
100
100
60
37
-
96
Improved
-
61
53
-
-
100
98
17
7
-
-
43
33
6
5
7
-
58
41
-
-
83
-
22
29
-
-
43
-
-
-
91
76
100
100
23
11
-
-
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
-
18
17
-
-
0
2
72
65
-
-
50
24
74
52
35
-
25
34
-
-
15
-
50
35
-
-
47
-
-
-
4
12
0
0
37
26
-
-
Other improved
-
21
30
-
3
0
0
11
28
-
-
7
43
20
43
58
-
17
25
0
0
2
-
28
36
-
-
10
-
6
12
5
12
0
0
40
63
-
4
Unimproved
-
30
-
9
46
-
61
36
-
24
2
-
18
-
-
20
27
17
47
-
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
-
57
59
-
-
100
100
45
36
-
-
66
73
85
47
53
-
85
80
96
96
96
-
64
-
100
100
85
-
61
54
91
74
95
95
44
33
-
88
Improved
97
10
10
-
-
-
-
37
29
-
-
11
12
10
6
-
-
15
14
-
-
3
-
31
-
-
-
7
-
-
-
1
1
5
5
12
9
-
-
Shared
-
28
28
-
-
0
0
4
3
-
-
4
5
4
44
26
-
0
1
4
4
1
-
3
-
0
0
8
-
39
46
8
13
0
0
26
31
-
12
Unimproved
5
5
3
-
-
0
0
14
32
-
-
19
10
1
3
21
-
0
5
-
-
0
-
2
-
0
0
0
-
-
-
0
12
0
0
18
27
-
-
Open defecation
-
34
23
-
88
100
100
24
6
-
-
18
8
81
15
19
-
54
25
96
96
86
-
31
-
-
-
73
-
14
20
48
8
94
94
10
11
-
51
Improved
-
7
4
-
-
-
-
9
3
-
-
4
2
11
2
-
-
6
3
-
-
3
-
23
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
0
0
6
6
7
8
-
-
Shared
40
-
32
28
-
12
0
0
10
2
-
-
9
4
0
55
18
-
6
4
4
4
10
-
19
-
-
-
22
-
86
80
45
33
0
0
8
45
-
49
Unimproved
Micronesia
(Federated States
of )
3,044
2006
-
Improved
-
27
45
-
-
0
0
57
89
-
-
69
86
8
28
63
-
34
68
-
-
1
-
27
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
7
59
0
0
75
36
-
-
Open defecation
Mexico
1,945
1990
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
95
Rural
Sanitation coverage (%)
48
42
-
-
100
100
27
9
-
-
35
26
82
23
31
-
72
52
96
96
91
-
50
-
-
-
79
-
25
29
81
56
94
94
24
20
-
75
Improved
67
Urban
Total
9
7
-
-
-
-
14
5
-
-
6
5
11
3
-
-
11
8
-
-
3
-
28
-
-
-
6
-
-
-
1
1
6
6
9
8
-
-
Shared
Mauritius
58
2006
Urban (%)
65
Total
29
28
-
-
0
0
9
2
-
-
8
4
1
52
21
-
3
2
4
4
6
-
9
-
-
-
15
-
75
71
16
18
0
0
15
40
-
25
Unimproved
Mauritania
Total
(thousands)
47
Year
1990
Rural
Drinking water coverage (%)
14
23
-
-
0
0
50
84
-
-
51
65
6
22
48
-
14
38
-
-
0
-
13
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
2
25
0
0
52
32
-
-
Open defecation
Marshall Islands
Country, area or
territory
Population
Urban
18
-
9
25
-
20
68
-
34
2
-
-
-
-
-1
39
16
14
-
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
Romania
Republic of Korea
Qatar
Puerto Rico
Portugal
Poland
Philippines
Peru
Paraguay
Papua New Guinea
Panama
Palau
Pakistan
Oman
Norway
Northern Mariana
Islands
23,207
1990
21,532
48,050
2006
2006
42,869
1990
38,140
2006
821
38,111
1990
467
86,264
2006
2006
61,226
1990
1990
27,589
2006
3,969
21,762
1990
3,528
6,016
2006
2006
4,248
1990
1990
6,202
2006
9,983
4,131
1990
10,579
3,288
2006
2006
2,411
1990
1990
20
2,546
2006
15
1,843
1990
2006
4,669
2006
1990
4,241
1990
112,991
82
2006
160,943
44
1990
1990
2
2006
2
2006
54
54
81
74
96
92
98
72
58
48
62
61
63
49
73
69
59
49
13
13
72
54
34
31
35
31
71
65
77
72
95
89
37
31
93
61
61
60
84
74
90
37
69
97
99
95
99
100
100
96
96
85
96
88
88
78
94
88
92
92
96
100
100
98
99
100
100
97
97
93
86
97
100
99
-
-
-
-
35
85
79
100
100
73
100
100
52
-
98
48
93
98
96
100
100
95
100
100
Other improved
13
8
1
1
0
0
-
-
0
3
1
3
27
55
2
14
10
18
27
27
3
3
-
-
47
44
-
50
0
0
-
5
0
0
58
47
Unimproved
1990
7
65
1
7
3
3
0
0
-
-
1
2
0
0
4
8
8
12
6
22
12
12
4
0
21
27
5
4
-
15
0
0
2
2
0
0
35
20
Improved
Niue
33
80
76
55
-
-
100
100
-
-
100
94
-
-
88
75
63
46
52
28
32
32
81
-
94
98
87
81
-
73
100
100
97
100
100
100
30
34
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
49
8
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
99
80
96
73
24
8
44
16
29
0
4
4
79
-
-
-
19
8
-
8
100
100
-
-
-
-
2
4
Other improved
35
68
48
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
14
-
-
64
67
19
30
23
28
28
28
2
-
-
-
68
73
-
65
0
0
-
-
-
-
28
30
Unimproved
24
45
-
-
0
0
-
-
0
6
-
-
12
25
37
54
48
72
68
68
19
-
6
2
13
19
-
27
0
0
3
0
0
0
70
66
68
62
88
76
-
-
100
100
-
-
99
96
-
-
93
83
84
75
77
52
40
39
92
-
89
90
90
86
-
81
100
100
98
98
100
100
47
50
42
41
Improved
-
50
49
-
-
-
-
-
-
99
87
98
88
53
22
77
56
62
29
12
11
89
-
-
-
29
21
-
26
100
100
-
-
-
-
4
14
-
4
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
37
38
27
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
9
-
-
40
61
7
19
15
23
28
28
3
-
-
-
61
65
-
55
0
0
-
-
-
-
43
36
-
37
Other improved
-
12
24
-
-
0
0
-
-
1
4
-
-
7
17
16
25
23
48
60
61
8
-
11
10
10
14
-
19
0
0
2
2
0
0
53
50
58
59
Unimproved
1
7
-
62
-
9
-
40
28
47
16
-
22
35
-
10
58
0
18
25
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
32
88
88
-
-
100
100
-
-
99
97
-
-
81
71
85
73
89
88
67
67
78
-
96
76
90
76
97
97
-
-
94
85
100
100
35
33
27
16
Improved
38
3
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
13
12
6
5
4
4
10
10
12
-
-
-
4
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
28
27
29
17
Shared
9
9
9
-
-
0
0
-
-
1
1
-
-
1
9
9
5
7
6
19
19
10
-
4
24
0
12
1
1
-
-
6
15
0
0
27
31
25
41
Unimproved
41
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
0
2
-
-
5
8
0
17
0
2
4
4
0
-
-
-
6
8
2
2
-
-
-
-
0
0
10
9
19
26
Open defecation
54
54
52
-
-
100
100
-
-
98
88
-
-
72
46
36
15
42
34
41
41
63
-
52
54
40
14
-
61
-
-
96
78
100
100
25
22
3
1
Improved
38
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
6
1
0
1
0
1
1
6
-
-
-
5
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
14
12
1
1
Shared
94,454
37
45
47
-
-
0
0
-
-
0
0
-
-
4
24
28
10
57
57
38
38
31
-
48
46
10
10
-
7
-
-
4
22
0
0
32
30
4
3
Unimproved
144,720
21
Improved
91
Rural
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
2
12
-
-
14
24
35
75
0
9
20
20
0
-
-
-
45
74
-
32
-
-
-
-
0
0
29
36
92
95
Open defecation
2006
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
59
Urban
72
72
-
-
100
100
-
-
99
92
-
-
78
58
72
55
70
60
45
44
74
-
67
61
58
33
-
85
-
-
94
84
100
100
30
26
7
3
Improved
17
Total
Total
2
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
9
5
3
3
2
2
2
10
-
-
-
5
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
21
17
6
3
Shared
1990
13,737
2006
Urban (%)
15
Rural
26
26
-
-
0
0
-
-
0
1
-
-
2
17
13
7
27
32
35
36
16
-
33
39
6
10
-
3
-
-
6
16
0
0
29
30
7
10
Unimproved
Nigeria
Total
(thousands)
7,822
Year
1990
Urban
Sanitation coverage (%)
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
1
7
-
-
8
16
10
35
0
6
18
18
0
-
-
-
31
54
-
12
-
-
-
-
0
0
20
27
80
84
Open defecation
Niger
Country, area or
territory
Population
Drinking water coverage (%)
2
-
62
-
12
-
43
31
32
18
-
28
40
-
-
63
0
16
7
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
49
50
South Africa
Somalia
Solomon Islands
Slovenia
Slovakia
Singapore
Sierra Leone
Seychelles
Serbia
Senegal
Saudi Arabia
Sao Tome and
Principe
San Marino
Samoa
Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines
Saint Lucia
Saint Kitts and Nevis
24,175
5,388
1,927
2,001
314
484
6,717
8,445
36,577
48,282
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
2006
5,256
5,743
1990
2006
4,087
2006
1990
86
1990
3,016
72
2006
4,382
9,851
1990
1990
9,569
2006
2006
7,896
12,072
1990
60
52
36
30
17
14
51
50
56
56
100
100
41
30
50
50
53
51
42
39
81
77
16,256
2006
1990
2006
1990
59
23
185
44
21
161
155
46
120
116
41
109
2006
1990
28
163
90
29
138
89
32
50
24
35
41
31
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
1990
-
98
98
99
90
84
100
76
94
89
76
94
98
-
-
3
-
-
45
94
100
-
100
100
63
100
100
100
100
20
83
100
-
-
100
78
93
97
50
91
100
97
97
99
97
97
100
32
88
-
-
99
-
-
99
-
22
82
-
32
94
Improved
5
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
20
Other improved
9,464
16
9
18
-
18
18
-
-
6
0
0
0
63
-
0
0
2
-
15
41
0
0
56
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
60
62
Unimproved
7,294
6
0
2
37
-
6
6
-
-
0
0
0
0
17
-
0
0
1
-
7
9
3
3
12
-
-
-
10
1
-
-
2
2
1
1
18
Improved
2006
82
62
10
-
65
65
-
-
100
100
-
-
32
-
-
-
98
-
65
51
-
63
83
-
-
-
87
89
-
-
98
98
99
99
61
63
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
1990
42
18
0
0
1
1
-
-
94
89
-
-
1
1
-
-
63
-
18
4
-
60
17
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
0
Other improved
40
44
10
-
64
64
-
-
6
11
-
-
31
-
-
-
35
-
47
47
-
3
66
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
60
63
18
38
90
-
35
35
-
-
0
0
-
-
68
-
-
-
2
-
35
49
-
37
17
-
-
-
13
11
-
-
2
2
1
1
39
37
12
14
Unimproved
37
93
81
29
-
70
69
-
-
100
100
-
-
53
-
-
-
99
-
77
67
-
89
86
-
-
-
88
91
-
-
98
98
99
99
65
65
97
94
Improved
36
67
55
16
1
14
11
-
-
94
95
-
-
9
-
-
-
81
-
43
22
-
88
26
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
2
82
76
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
49
26
26
13
-
56
58
-
-
6
5
-
-
44
-
-
-
18
-
34
45
-
1
60
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
60
63
15
18
Other improved
52
7
19
71
-
30
31
-
-
0
0
-
-
47
-
-
-
1
-
23
33
-
11
14
-
-
-
12
9
-
-
2
2
1
1
35
35
3
6
Unimproved
86
35
-
31
-
3
-
-
-
-
41
-
-
-
9
-
17
21
21
2
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
88
66
64
51
-
98
98
-
-
100
100
100
100
20
-
-
-
96
-
54
52
100
100
29
-
-
-
100
100
-
-
-
-
96
96
34
31
93
93
Improved
3
26
25
29
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
44
-
-
-
3
-
23
22
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
21
19
-
-
Shared
0
5
10
16
-
2
2
-
-
0
0
0
0
30
-
-
-
1
-
19
17
0
0
14
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
-
-
4
4
42
47
7
7
Unimproved
7
3
1
4
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
0
0
6
-
-
-
0
-
4
9
0
0
53
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
3
-
-
Open defecation
11
49
45
7
-
18
18
-
-
99
99
-
-
5
-
100
100
88
-
9
9
-
-
18
-
-
-
100
98
96
96
-
-
96
96
20
29
70
70
Improved
86
19
18
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
13
-
-
-
3
-
9
9
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
12
-
-
Shared
93
11
14
6
-
82
82
-
-
1
1
-
-
40
-
0
0
9
-
43
24
-
-
9
-
-
-
0
2
4
4
-
-
4
4
68
53
30
30
Unimproved
97
21
23
81
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
42
-
0
0
0
-
39
58
-
-
68
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
6
-
-
Open defecation
100
Rural
Sanitation coverage (%)
59
55
23
-
32
29
-
-
100
100
-
-
11
-
-
-
92
-
28
26
-
-
24
-
-
-
100
98
-
-
-
-
96
96
23
29
87
87
Improved
Rwanda
73
143,221
Urban
Total
23
22
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
26
-
-
-
3
-
15
14
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
11
12
-
-
Shared
2006
Urban (%)
73
Total
(thousands)
148,615
Total
8
11
9
-
68
71
-
-
0
0
-
-
36
-
-
-
5
-
33
21
-
-
13
-
-
-
0
2
-
-
-
-
4
4
62
53
13
13
Unimproved
1990
Year
Rural
Drinking water coverage (%)
10
12
54
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
27
-
-
-
0
-
24
39
-
-
59
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
6
-
-
Open defecation
Russian Federation
Country, area or
territory
Population
Urban
19
-
16
-
2
-
-
-
-
14
-
-
-
16
-
-
21
1
2
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
Turkmenistan
Turkey
Tunisia
Trinidad and Tobago
Tonga
Tokelau
Togo
Timor-Leste
The former
Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia
Thailand
Tajikistan
Syrian Arab
Republic
Switzerland
Sweden
6,640
54,291
63,444
2006
1990
2006
3,668
1990
4,899
73,922
2006
2006
57,345
1990
1,328
2006
8,219
1,224
1990
10,215
100
2006
2006
95
1990
1990
2
2006
1
6,410
1990
1990
3,961
2006
2006
740
1,114
1990
2,036
5,303
1990
1,909
19,408
2006
2006
12,721
1990
1990
6,834
7,455
9,078
2006
1990
8,559
1990
2006
865
455
2006
1,134
402
1990
47
45
68
59
66
60
13
9
24
23
0
0
41
30
27
21
70
58
33
29
25
32
51
49
76
68
84
83
24
23
74
68
42
27
81
86
87
94
70
97
-
100
92
97
95
99
92
98
-
-
-
100
-
-
12
86
-
14
79
-
28
77
96
84
99
-
78
98
100
81
93
95
-
93
96
93
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
57
87
80
97
46
78
99
75
85
Other improved
-
-
1
22
5
8
11
11
-
-
-
-
74
65
49
-
4
-
15
20
12
-
2
3
0
0
0
0
30
-
17
-
32
10
66
Unimproved
55
-
-
2
8
1
5
3
8
0
0
-
-
14
21
23
-
0
-
1
2
7
-
5
4
0
0
0
0
13
-
3
1
22
15
2
9
Improved
2006
37,707
2006
32
98
-
-
95
74
84
62
93
88
100
100
88
94
40
36
56
-
99
-
97
94
58
-
83
70
100
100
100
100
51
-
79
-
64
57
79
62
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
1990
25,933
1990
36
91
-
-
86
46
39
26
72
68
-
-
-
-
0
0
11
-
84
-
35
13
23
-
68
51
99
99
100
100
15
-
46
-
13
19
3
4
Other improved
15
-
-
9
28
45
36
21
20
-
-
-
-
40
36
45
-
15
-
62
81
35
-
15
19
1
1
0
0
36
-
33
-
51
38
76
58
Unimproved
-
-
5
26
16
38
7
12
0
0
12
6
60
64
44
-
1
-
3
6
42
-
17
30
0
0
0
0
49
-
21
-
36
43
21
38
0
0
-
-
97
85
94
82
94
88
100
100
-
-
59
49
62
-
100
-
98
95
67
-
89
83
100
100
100
100
60
-
92
-
70
64
82
67
100
100
Improved
0
-
-
93
60
75
62
74
69
-
-
-
-
5
4
16
-
92
-
51
32
37
-
81
72
100
100
100
100
25
-
71
-
27
34
7
10
99
99
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
0
-
-
4
25
19
20
20
19
-
-
-
-
54
45
46
-
8
-
47
63
30
-
8
11
0
0
0
0
35
-
21
-
43
30
75
57
1
1
Other improved
100
-
-
3
15
6
18
6
12
0
0
-
-
41
51
38
-
0
-
2
5
33
-
11
17
0
0
0
0
40
-
8
-
30
36
18
33
0
0
Unimproved
100
-
35
31
12
5
-
36
-
-
17
-
43
9
6
-
-
30
23
13
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
100
-
-
96
96
96
95
92
93
98
98
-
-
24
25
64
-
92
-
95
92
95
-
96
94
100
100
100
100
64
-
89
90
50
53
89
85
100
100
Improved
100
-
-
2
2
2
2
7
7
-
-
-
-
44
46
4
-
5
-
5
5
4
-
4
4
-
-
-
-
28
-
9
9
-
-
7
7
-
-
Shared
0
-
-
2
2
2
0
1
0
2
2
-
-
9
5
12
-
3
-
0
1
1
-
0
2
0
0
0
0
5
-
2
1
36
37
3
0
0
0
Unimproved
0
-
-
0
0
0
3
0
0
-
-
-
-
23
24
20
-
0
-
0
2
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
-
0
0
14
10
1
8
0
0
Open defecation
1
-
-
72
69
64
44
92
93
96
96
78
39
3
8
32
-
81
-
96
72
91
-
88
69
100
100
100
100
46
-
60
-
24
26
86
68
100
100
Improved
1
-
-
1
1
8
6
7
7
-
-
-
-
6
16
2
-
7
-
4
3
3
-
5
4
-
-
-
-
21
-
10
-
-
-
3
2
-
-
Shared
17
99
-
-
25
26
14
4
1
0
4
4
22
61
13
2
18
-
11
-
0
1
6
-
7
8
0
0
0
0
8
-
9
-
23
26
9
14
0
0
Unimproved
Swaziland
19,207
2006
99
Improved
100
Rural
-
-
2
4
14
46
0
0
-
-
-
-
78
74
48
-
1
-
0
24
0
-
0
19
0
0
0
0
25
-
21
-
53
48
2
16
0
0
Open defecation
Suriname
17,114
1990
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
100
Urban
-
-
88
85
85
74
92
93
96
96
-
-
12
13
41
-
89
-
96
78
92
-
92
81
100
100
100
100
50
-
82
-
35
33
86
71
100
100
Improved
77
Total
Total
-
-
2
2
4
4
7
7
-
-
-
-
22
25
3
-
6
-
4
4
3
-
4
4
-
-
-
-
23
-
9
-
-
-
4
3
-
-
Shared
Sudan
43,887
2006
Urban (%)
75
Rural
-
-
9
11
6
2
1
0
4
4
-
-
10
3
16
-
5
-
0
0
5
-
4
5
0
0
0
0
7
-
4
-
28
29
8
11
0
0
Unimproved
Sri Lanka
Total
(thousands)
38,851
Year
1990
Urban
Sanitation coverage (%)
-
-
1
2
5
20
0
0
-
-
-
-
56
59
40
-
0
-
0
18
0
-
0
10
0
0
0
0
20
-
5
-
37
38
2
15
0
0
Open defecation
Spain
Country, area or
territory
Population
Drinking water coverage (%)
-
25
28
6
5
-
4
-
-
31
-
48
9
6
-
-
14
24
13
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
51
52
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Yemen
West Bank and Gaza
Strip
Wallis and Futuna
Islands
Viet Nam
Venezuela
(Bolivarian Republic
of )
Vanuatu
Uzbekistan
Uruguay
United States of
America
United Republic of
Tanzania
221
2006
10,487
13,228
1990
2006
21,732
2006
8,122
12,314
1990
11,696
3,889
2006
2006
2,154
1990
1990
14
15
1990
2006
86,206
149
1990
66,173
26,981
2006
2006
20,515
1990
1990
3,331
2006
27,191
3,106
1990
19,731
302,841
2006
2006
256,098
1990
1990
25,494
39,459
1990
60,512
2006
2006
57,238
4,248
2006
1990
1,867
1990
United Arab
Emirates
United Kingdom of
Great Britain and
Northern Ireland
51,536
46,557
1990
2006
29,899
Ukraine
17,841
2006
36
29
35
39
28
21
72
68
0
0
27
20
94
84
24
19
37
40
92
89
81
75
25
19
90
89
77
79
68
67
13
11
57
53
41
95
87
68
86
90
99
98
84
-
-
90
-
-
-
-
59
80
93
38
85
98
98
86
97
87
97
100
-
97
100
87
97
100
-
97
100
93
31
45
90
81
100
100
100
100
80
100
100
87
97
11
90
100
18
78
Other improved
1990
-
94
11
4
49
33
11
-
6
-
-
-
39
49
-
6
-
13
13
11
3
3
3
3
36
59
0
0
20
-
10
-
79
60
-
-
Unimproved
Uganda
-
92
2
1
10
14
32
-
10
-
-
-
2
13
-
7
-
7
2
3
0
0
0
0
19
10
0
0
0
0
3
0
10
22
6
8
Improved
58
72
70
41
27
65
-
88
-
100
100
90
43
-
70
-
53
82
85
100
100
94
94
46
39
100
100
100
100
97
-
60
39
92
89
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
41
6
7
2
3
6
-
64
-
99
99
8
1
-
48
-
28
28
37
84
-
46
46
4
3
98
98
70
-
51
-
1
0
-
-
Other improved
9
66
63
39
24
59
-
24
-
1
1
82
42
-
22
-
25
54
48
16
-
48
48
42
36
2
2
30
-
46
-
59
39
-
-
Unimproved
28
30
59
73
35
-
12
-
0
0
10
57
-
30
-
47
18
15
0
0
6
6
54
61
0
0
0
0
3
-
40
61
8
11
0
0
81
78
58
50
66
-
89
-
-
-
92
52
-
89
-
61
88
90
100
100
99
99
55
49
100
100
100
100
97
-
64
43
93
90
100
100
Improved
-
35
33
16
23
20
-
78
-
-
-
22
8
-
81
-
38
49
57
96
-
87
84
14
8
100
100
78
-
75
-
2
2
-
-
-
-
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
-
46
45
42
27
46
-
11
-
-
-
70
44
-
8
-
23
39
33
4
-
12
15
41
41
0
0
22
-
22
-
62
41
-
-
-
-
Other improved
-
19
22
42
50
34
-
11
-
-
-
8
48
-
11
-
39
12
10
0
0
1
1
45
51
0
0
0
0
3
-
36
57
7
10
0
0
Unimproved
-
21
27
-
-
-
59
-
-
22
7
17
28
6
82
-
49
20
77
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
100
63
65
55
49
88
79
84
-
-
-
88
62
-
90
-
-
97
97
100
100
100
100
31
29
-
-
98
98
97
98
29
27
93
83
98
98
Improved
100
33
34
39
34
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
3
-
-
-
-
2
2
0
0
-
-
24
22
-
-
2
2
1
1
30
27
-
-
-
-
Shared
0
1
1
3
14
5
17
15
-
-
-
6
17
-
10
-
-
1
1
0
0
0
0
44
46
-
-
0
0
2
1
39
43
7
17
2
2
Unimproved
0
3
0
3
3
7
4
1
-
-
-
1
18
-
-
-
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
-
-
0
0
0
0
2
3
-
-
-
-
Open defecation
-
37
35
51
38
30
14
69
-
-
-
56
21
-
47
-
-
95
91
99
99
99
99
34
36
-
-
95
95
83
93
34
29
84
74
-
-
Improved
-
18
17
9
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
1
-
-
-
-
2
2
1
1
-
-
9
9
-
-
5
5
5
6
11
10
-
-
-
-
Shared
10
-
6
0
7
10
24
36
28
-
-
-
25
45
-
53
-
-
3
7
0
0
1
1
43
44
-
-
0
0
12
1
40
39
16
26
-
-
Unimproved
2006
-
Improved
100
Rural
Sanitation coverage (%)
39
48
33
45
46
50
3
-
-
-
16
33
-
-
-
-
0
0
0
0
-
-
14
11
-
-
0
0
0
0
15
22
-
-
-
-
Open defecation
1990
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
100
Urban
46
44
52
42
46
28
80
-
-
-
65
29
-
83
-
-
96
93
100
100
100
100
33
35
-
-
97
97
93
96
33
29
89
78
-
-
Improved
48
Total
Total
23
22
20
18
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
1
-
-
-
-
2
2
0
0
-
-
13
11
-
-
3
3
2
3
13
12
-
-
-
-
Shared
Tuvalu
25
2006
Urban (%)
43
Rural
Drinking water coverage (%)
5
0
6
12
19
32
18
-
-
-
19
40
-
17
-
-
2
5
0
0
0
0
43
45
-
-
0
0
5
1
41
39
11
22
-
-
Unimproved
1990
Total
(thousands)
12
Year
Urban
26
34
22
28
35
40
2
-
-
-
12
30
-
-
-
-
0
0
0
0
-
-
11
9
-
-
0
0
0
0
13
20
-
-
-
-
Open defecation
Turks and Caicos
Islands
Country, area or
territory
Population
13
27
39
-
-
47
-
-
28
7
17
13
-
80
2
21
20
-
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
World
1
2
3
934,265
1,016,093
4,079,192
5,298,512
5,294,885
6,592,900
2006
1990
2006
1990
2006
278,295
2006
1990
281,428
565,049
2006
1990
444,277
1990
200,205
2006
49
43
43
35
75
71
64
65
78
71
24
23
66
62
45
32
30
26
86
90
98
98
69
70
79
78
97
99
100
100
93
94
95
96
90
93
95
84
82
95
97
53
92
94
41
92
-
51
95
-
55
91
92
87
98
91
82
97
18
16
24
24
2
2
9
11
7
10
-
-
2
13
39
51
44
36
11
15
4
5
6
7
0
0
1
3
3
6
9
8
5
5
8
8
5
9
2
3
4
5
78
63
76
59
97
95
86
84
73
61
37
39
80
70
81
64
84
68
81
55
87
82
31
24
27
19
78
73
42
42
48
25
6
7
57
50
14
4
10
8
62
37
63
34
47
39
49
40
19
22
44
42
25
36
31
32
23
20
67
60
74
60
19
18
24
48
22
37
24
41
3
5
14
16
27
39
63
61
20
30
19
36
16
32
19
45
13
18
54
87
77
84
71
99
98
94
93
92
84
50
51
90
86
86
73
87
74
88
68
92
88
58
49
54
48
46
36
93
91
73
71
80
67
-
-
80
69
32
16
22
20
73
51
78
58
16
16
33
29
38
35
6
7
21
22
12
17
-
-
10
17
54
57
65
54
15
17
14
30
42
33
13
23
16
29
1
2
6
7
8
16
50
49
10
14
14
27
13
26
12
32
8
12
42
51
31
35
15
12
26
15
54
36
39
33
35
37
79
78
71
66
100
100
94
95
86
81
80
80
94
93
78
74
57
53
74
61
90
82
42
40
11
8
15
12
-
-
-
-
6
6
-
-
6
6
8
8
20
17
15
12
6
6
31
27
5
8
7
12
0
0
6
5
6
7
20
20
0
1
4
6
8
6
7
24
4
10
19
22
5
6
7
10
0
0
-
-
2
6
-
-
0
0
10
12
15
24
4
3
0
2
8
11
45
36
39
28
96
96
81
81
52
35
43
44
64
56
58
40
23
10
59
43
59
44
24
20
9
5
3
5
3
-
-
3
-
4
3
1
1
4
2
5
4
6
2
1
1
7
5
11
The figures for Bangladesh have been adjusted for arsenic contamination levels based on the national surveys conducted and approved by the Government.
Countries with a negative growth rate, reflected in the columns titled ‘% of population that gained coverage (1990-2006) with respect to median population (Year 1998)’.
Figures have been estimated by JMP to ensure compatibility, thus they are not necessarily the official statistics of the concerned country, area or territory, which may use alternative rigorous methods.
Developing regions
Developed regions
Commonwealth
of Independent
States
Latin America &
Caribbean
137,541
1990
6,449
565,105
2006
9,175
440,574
1990
1990
1,612,840
2006
2006
1,192,558
1990
43
30
Other improved
5
Unimproved
12
Improved
Oceania
1,402,837
2006
91
96
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
Western Asia
1,220,373
1990
83
95
Other improved
54
Unimproved
65
Improved
41
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
31
Other improved
5
Unimproved
4
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
46
Improved
35
Shared
19
Unimproved
18
Open defecation
46
Improved
36
Shared
49
35
19
24
21
27
4
4
16
19
21
19
36
34
18
24
13
21
8
7
38
51
25
21
26
25
Unimproved
South-eastern Asia
155,087
2006
46
Improved
81
Rural
31
37
35
42
-
-
-
-
23
43
20
21
14
18
24
35
63
81
2
5
9
30
39
46
Open defecation
Southern Asia
118,032
1990
Piped into dwelling, yard or plot
82
Urban
62
54
53
41
99
99
89
90
79
68
52
52
84
79
67
50
33
21
65
48
76
62
31
26
Improved
36
Total
Total
8
5
9
6
-
-
-
-
6
5
-
-
6
4
7
5
10
6
7
4
6
5
18
14
Shared
Eastern Asia
788,214
2006
Urban (%)
28
Rural
12
17
15
22
1
1
11
10
8
10
48
48
5
10
8
17
9
8
25
44
14
17
23
24
Unimproved
Northern Africa
Total
(thousands)
519,388
Year
1990
Urban
Sanitation coverage (%)
18
24
23
31
-
-
-
-
7
17
-
-
5
7
18
28
48
65
3
4
4
16
28
36
Open defecation
Sub-Saharan Africa
MDG regions and
the world
Population
Drinking water coverage (%)
Drinking water and sanitation coverage: regional estimates by type of drinking water and sanitation facilities (1990 and 2006)
22
25
12
10
25
17
63
36
19
25
32
19
% of population that gained coverage
(1990-2006) with respect to median
population (Year 1998)
53
Millennium Development Goals: regional groupings
In charting progress towards the MDGs,
the United Nations has classified the
world’s countries into three regions:
developed regions, developing regions
and the Commonwealth of Independent
States. The developing regions are further
divided into subregions shown on this map.
A complete list of countries included
in these subregions can be found at
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htm
54
Commonwealth of Independent States
Developed regions
Eastern Asia
Latin America & Caribbean
Northern Africa
Oceania
Southern Asia
South-eastern Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Western Asia
Photo credits: Cover ©Watercan/George Yap; Page 1 ©UNICEF/HQ06-1843/Josh Estey; Page 3 ©UNICEF/HQ95-1110/Giacomo
Pirozzi; Pages 4-5 ©UNICEF/HQ95-0078/Jonathan Shadid; Page 9 ©UNICEF/HQ98-0939/Giacomo Pirozzi; Page 14 ©2006/Ann
Thomas; Pages 16-17 ©UNICEF/HQ04-0941/Shehzad Noorani; Page 21 ©UNICEF/HQ00-0578/Shehzad Noorani; Page 22 ©UNICEF/
HQ95-0455/David Barbour; Pages 28-29 ©UNICEF/HQ07-1137/Shehzad Noorani; Pages 30-31 ©UNICEF/HQ04-0081/Christine
Nesbitt; Page 33 ©UNICEF/HQ98-0502/Giacomo Pirozzi; Page 35 © UNICEF/HQ05-1712/Asad Zaidi; Page 37 ©UNICEF/HQ04-0938/
Shehzad Noorani; Pages 40-41 ©UNICEF/HQ07-1350/Giacomo Pirozzi; Back cover ©UNICEF/HQ00-0509/Radhika Chalasani
INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF
SANITATION
2008
July 2008
The world is not on track to
meet the MDG sanitation target
The world is on track to meet
the MDG drinking water target
Two and a half billion people, 38 per cent of the
world’s population, remain without improved
sanitation facilities, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa
and Southern Asia.
The number of people without an improved
drinking water source is now below one billion.
While 1.2 billion people still practise open
defecation, the riskiest sanitation practice of all,
it is decreasing.
At current rates, the MDG sanitation target will
be missed by over 700 million people.
Seven out of ten people without improved
sanitation live in rural areas.
More than half of the world’s households now
have piped water connections in or near their
homes.
Progress is slowest in sub-Saharan Africa,
home to a third of the global population using
unimproved drinking water sources.
Eight out of ten people without improved
sources of drinking water live in rural areas.
United Nations Children’s Fund
3 UN Plaza
New York, NY 10017 USA
World Health Organization
Avenue Appia 20
1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland