Lasers in Science and Industry:
A report to OSTP on the contribution of lasers to American
jobs and the American economy
Honoring the 50th Anniversary of the Laser
Report prepared for LaserFest 2010
Dr. Thomas M. Baer
Stanford University
President 2009
Optical Society of America
Dr. Fred Schlachter
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
American Physical Society
Report date: June 15, 2010
Updated August 4, 1020
Honor
Educate
Inspire
Promote
Laser History Timeline
Classical Physics Era
Quantum Physics Pre-Laser Era
Maser Era
Bloch
Maxwell
1800s
Boltzman
Planck
1900
Bohr
Ladenburg
1910
1920
Einstein
Laser Era
Gould
Lamb
1930
1940
Tolman
Townes
Kastler
1950
Basov
Schawlow
Bloembergen
Kroemer
1960
1970
Maiman
Sorokin
Alverov
1980
Javan
The theoretical foundation for the laser can be traced back over 100 years.
Early in the 20th century modern quantum physics replaced the classical theories of light and matter. Western
Europe was the epicenter of this extraordinary scientific revolution until the events surrounding World War II
disrupted this remarkably productive period in physics. Many leading Western European scientists involved in
quantum mechanics theory and experiment were displaced by the war, often choosing to migrate to the US
to continue their research. After the war the US offered unparalleled resources supporting scientific
research and innovation: intact and well-funded university, government and industry enterprises, as well as
a free-market economy which rewarded entrepreneurship.
Prokorov
Robert Hall
Fred Schlachter and Thomas Baer
This dynamic research environment in the US created the perfect setting for the
invention of the laser.
1990
Lasers Play a Key Role in the US Economy
The laser has moved in fifty years from “a solution
looking for a problem” to a key technology which enables
major sectors of the US economy.
May 16, 1960
Ted Maiman demonstrates
the first ruby laser.
Early Lasercompatible slit
lamp
Laser printer HP
vintage 1960’s
Vintage laser and
fiber-optic cable
CO2 & Fiber
Lasers
$1.3 Billion
Hughes Research Laboratory
1960
1970
1980
1990
Solid-state &
Excimer Lasers
$400 Million
2000
Diode & Fiber
Lasers
$3.2 Billion
Vintage Corning
fiber-optic cable and
laser assembly.
Vintage laser barcode scanner
Laserdisk and player
Laser devices are the core technology in instruments
performing vital functions in many industries including
transportation, healthcare, and telecom.
Fred Schlachter and Thomas Baer
Lasers Empower Our World: Enabling Business Creating Jobs Improving Lives
Information technology:
Telecommunications and internet: Lasers transmit virtually all the
Lasers fabricate CPUs and memory integrated
circuits, manufacture LCD display screens, and encode/read information to and from
optical CDROM and DVD disks.
information on the internet and almost all voice communications over fiber-optic networks.
Information in a card catalog can
be easily stored on a single optical
disk.
Commerce:
Lasers enable e-commerce online transactions. Barcodes printed on the packaging of almost every commercial product are read
by laser scanners.
Consumers are shifting from
“Bricks
and
mortar”
to
convenient on-line shopping,
saving much time and energy.
Lasers power the U.S.
telecommunications industry,
$1.1 trillion in 2008.
Instant news updates,‘anytime’
television and movies, video
conference virtual meetings, all
depend on lasers.
Laser-based CD and DVD
players are common features
in almost every US household.
The US motion picture
industry generates $3 Billion
selling movies on DVDs
Laser produced music CDs
yield $5 billion in the US.
Newspaper ads
Lasers have created a million
jobs in the telecommunications
Industry in America.
Voice and data are encoded
onto laser light and
transmitted over fiber-optic
networks.
Manufacturing: Lasers cut sheet metal for cars and airplanes, cloth for clothes, scribe photovoltaic
panels for solar energy, print serial and lot numbers on food and medicine packaging, shell peanuts, and sort eggs.
Barcode scanner
Lasers are essential for more
than $3 trillion of e-commerce
conducted annually in America
Medicine: Lasers help prevent blindness and improve vision,
Science, environment, energy, time-keeping:
Lasers are the invisible gears in the
mechanisms of the world’s most accurate clocks. Lasers provide the fastest strobe lights for studying chemical reactions
and are the sources powering research to develop inertial fusion––a limitless carbon-free source of energy.
provide personalized medicine by decoding a patient’s genome, and
diagnose cancer and AIDS.
Next generation Global Positioning Satellites will
use lasers to drive atomic clocks for greatly
improved accuracy and reliability
Laser
based
gene
sequencers are millions
of times faster than older
methods.
Craigslist
Lasers save many
lives each year and
help reduce the cost
of medical care.
Lasers are used to create the hottest temperatures
on earth to study laser fusion (NIF) and the coldest
objects on earth to study new states of matter (BEC).
Fred Schlachter and Thomas Baer
Lasers in Manufacturing: Lasers make light work in heavy industry
Engine
Clutch
Gear box
Automobile doors: Lasers weld
Laser make cars stronger, safer
lighter and cheaper.
where classic arc welding does not work.
Lasers easily weld materials of
different thickness: car doors
are made lighter in weight and
stronger, improving fuel
economy.
Lasers make hundreds of parts for
a modern car.
• weld seat frames
Driveshaft
Wheel
• harden torsion springs
Traditional arc welding warps
sheet metal when attaching hinges
to door frames.
• mark parts
• cut and weld airbags
Hub
• weld antilock brakes
• cut body parts
• drill holes in fuel injectors
Courtesy of Tim Morris at TRUMPF Inc
Differential gears
Turbine engines: Improving efficiency requires advances in cooling.
Pre-laser era.
21st century
Holes drilled by mechanical means*
Lasers drill millions of precision holes
Automobile sales in
US: $200 billion
Lasers quickly drill millions of small holes.
Jet engines and gas turbines
benefit from laser-drilled holes.
Solar panels: Lasers improve
fabrication and efficiencies of thinfilm solar cells.
Lasers are a tool which never gets dull.
Their use produces better products and
reduces heavy-metal contamination of the
ecosystem.
Laserbeam
Glass
Front Contact
Absorber
Back Contact
• Engine components require
hardened steel and ceramic
materials which dull drill bits
and blunt saw blades.
• A laser beam never dulls,
and is ideal for precision
drilling and cutting.
Lasers precisely machine borders on thin-film solar cells
and provide accurate dopant profiles to increase solar cell
efficiencies.
Powerful lasers can be used to drill millions of
precisely shaped and accurately located holes
in difficult materials.
Jet engines and gas turbines for generation
of electricity are more efficient because
laser-drilled holes improve cooling.
Fred Schlachter and Thomas Baer
Lasers in Medicine and Biotechnology: Saving Lives
Eye surgery:
Improving Health
Lasers improve health and well-being of patients.
Medical devices: Lasers save lives.
Lasers produce “impossible” micromachined components
Lasers allow ophthalmologists to correct many problems
in different locations in the eye, fixing retinas, reshaping
corneas, and helping forestall blindness in diabetic
patients.
Retina Reattach
Cataract Surgery
Cornea LASIK
Ultraviolet
Laser
Reducing Cost
Pulsed Infrared
Laser
Green Laser
Precise sterile machining
of hard materials
Detached retina repaired
with laser: Gold-medal
Chinese diver Guo
Jingiing (courtesy tksteven)
Stents
Gene sequencing: Lasers power the latest medical diagnostic instruments.
1975: 2000 base pairs/day
One day’s data would fill one half page in a book.
1990’s: 100,000 base pairs/day
Today: two billion base pairs/day
One day’s data would fill a chapter in a book.
One day’s data would fill ten encyclopedias.
A new lease on life: laser-made stents.
Data
Data
Pre-laser DNA sequencers
(1970’s) could sequence 2000
base pairs per day.
Time to sequence a single
human genome: 4000 years.
1990’s laser-based DNA sequencers
could sequence 100,000 base pairs
per day.
Time to sequence a single
human genome: 80 years.
Today’s laser-based DNA sequencers
sequence two billion base pairs per day.
can
Time to sequence a single
human genome: 1 day.
A million-fold improvement in speed since 1975!
Rapid laser-based sequencing of human genomes opens the door to personalized medicine and individualized therapies.
Fred Schlachter and Thomas Baer
Lasers in Telecom and Information Technology: Internet
E-commerce Personal Computers
Real-time two-way communication: Lasers and fiber optics have greatly increased the speed of real-time communication.
Ancient times through 19th century
Information transmitted by smoke and fire
20th century
Electrons through copper wires
21st century
A case study in enabling technology:
Laser light through fiber optics
--
Laser
Vintage telephone switchboard
Watchtower Fire
RATE ~ 1 character/10 sec
Smoke
Time to transmit the Gettysburg
Address: hours
Electrons carry information
through copper wire over 1000s
km with moderate bandwidths.
RATE~100 characters/sec
(1970’s); ~100,000 characters
per second (1990’s)
Time to transmit the Gettysburg
Address: seconds
The invention of the laser spurred development of
many applications. Diode lasers have an annual
impact on the U.S. market of more than $200 billion.
Basic research:
Laser invented in 1960
Smoke signals
Visual information carried over
100 km distance with very low
bandwidth.
Lasers in information storage: CDs and DVDs
High-bandwidth communication
using infrared lasers and fiber
optics to guide the light.
RATE~100 billion characters/sec
a million times faster than copper wire
Time to transmit the Gettysburg
Address: 10’s of nanoseconds
The laser in 1960 was
deemed: “A solution
looking for a problem”
Early laser
In 2010, 500 million
infrared diode lasers
will be produced
These lasers power many
different instruments.
Microelectronics: Lasers produce almost all microprocessors and memory chips in personal computers.
For example:
CDROM/DVD
Optical disk drives
$3 billion
Laser
Laser disk drive
Laser instruments are built
into larger systems
UV Lasers in Photolithography
Pulsed lasers in redundant memory repair
Microprocessor
10 Billion CPUs Produced in 2008
Memory Chip
$20 Billion in 2009
Optical drives
incorporated into
personal computers
$60 billion
Lasers print the vast majority of IC circuits in
the $260 Billion micro electronics industry
Fred Schlachter and Thomas Baer
Basic Research in Laser Science Continues to Drive Innovation
New breakthroughs build upon the unique properties
of the laser
Femtosecond
Chemistry
Bose Einstein
Condensate
Livermore Lab Fusion Laser (NIF)
High frequency: encodes enormous amounts of information
Application: supercomputing, telecommunication
Focusability: focuses to small spots (less than 1/100 of width of hair)
Application: optical data storage
Cal Tech
NIST
Power: precisely delivers high intensities to small areas
Application: manufacturing, cutting and welding, surgery
Short pulses: generates pulses shorter than 1 femtosecond
(a million billionth of a second)
Application: advancing our understanding of biology, physics, and
chemistry, stroboscopic pictures of atoms and molecules in action
High fields: produces ultra-strong electric fields
Application: compact particle accelerators
Large pulse energies: creates pulses shorter
than 10 billionths of a second with energies
greater than a stick of dynamite
Application: drilling, laser fusion
1997
Chu
University
of Colorado
MIT
Stanford X-ray Laser
Zewail
1999
Cornell
Wieman
Ke,erle
2005
2001
Phillips
Cohen-­‐
Tannoudji Glauber
Hall
Hänsch
Keck telescope
Laser Guide Star
Monochromaticity: emits ultra-pure colors
Application: atomic clocks, astronomy, metrology
Coherence: forms highly order light waves
Application: holography, astrophysics
Stanford Collège de France University
NIST
Laser Cooling
& Trapping
Harvard
University
NIST
Max Planck
InsJtute
Going where no laser has gone before!
Optical Frequency
Comb
Fred Schlachter and Thomas Baer
LaserFest
2010
Founding Partners
LaserFest
2010
Partners
This report is for educational use only. Commercial use is not allowed.
The list below shows the web sites where the images were found.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ruby_laser.jpg
http://parts.digikey.com/1/parts-cats/laser-diodes-optoelectronics
http://www.supplierlist.com/photo_images/73056/SC_Fiber_Optic_Communication_cable.jpg
http://www.psilogo.co.za/Products.asp
http://obsoleteblog.com/2009/11/10/laser-disc-players-you-had-a-good-run/
http://www.rewindmuseum.com/philipslaserdisc.htm
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dreamstime.com/movie-projector-thumb1475529.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-images-movie-projectorimage1475529&usg=__E0szyhfgte3aOWNj9PqHv3wNAA=&h=350&w=248&sz=37&hl=en&start=1&sig2=SLkanHJPCoI8npzJQ7Y0vw&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=llKcSGXBZLIKaM:&tbnh=120&tbnw=85&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvintage%2Bmovie%2Bprojector
s%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=WWf1S4XlCY67rAfdl8DDCg
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.slipperybrick.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/12/portable-handheld-dvd-player.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.slipperybrick.com/2006/12/portable-handheld-dvdplayer/&usg=__o_G7RZeEOvIKOrwJq0Fz4EFvpN0=&h=348&w=392&sz=69&hl=en&start=10&sig2=zPmQd1a6Lavs0zwd2tHVdw&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=p55fp2paHZKO8M:&tbnh=109&tbnw=123&prev=/images%3F
q%3Ddvd%2Bplayer%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DG%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=wGf1S9SNH5GxrAeCwqXACg
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/euvl.htm/printable
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://greenernews.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/euvl-sandia-wafer.jpg&imgrefurl=http://greenernews.wordpress.com/2009/06/29/imagining-the-tech-world-in2050/&usg=__yILGXEwWiUaHJ8MKHQswiOKC8sw=&h=412&w=400&sz=47&hl=en&start=1&sig2=PR8ug2kRHQ1WzvJoeahWPQ&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=JST4imXiKHeROM:&tbnh=125&tbnw=121&prev=/images%
3Fq%3Deuvl-sandia%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=rmv1S-yND4jHrAf-5Ji1Cg
3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=jGz1S83dIJLHrAeA_eC3Cg
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hewnandhammered.com/.a/6a00d8341c5fc853ef0112790717c328a4300wi&imgrefurl=http://www.hewnandhammered.com/hewn_and_hammered/woodworking/&usg=__z9LODfXmXEVPuc2Y_CEKb6lJAUk=&h=450&w=300&sz=31&hl=en&start=43&sig2=006kvGJccbvjlFvx5B_ifQ&u
m=1&itbs=1&tbnid=KQaL5yyqHMuTgM:&tbnh=127&tbnw=85&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvintage%2Blibrary%2Bcard%2Bcatalog%26start%3D42%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DN%26ndsp%3D
21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=L2r1S4W1BYi4rAeem7iwCg
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.laserfest.org/lasers/images/inncds.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.laserfest.org/lasers/innovations.cfm&usg=__KuieO3HveGc5D80wzCvJEVF5cyA=&h=281&w=310&sz=16&hl=en&start=1&sig2=6BGpzoz035XksdiXbEhTYw&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=EXC
wsruH8ZTq0M:&tbnh=106&tbnw=117&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dinn-cds%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DG%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=jGz1S83dIJLHrAeA_eC3Cg
http://www.usposttoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/resized_ap_black_friday_04_081128_ssh-150x150.jpg
http://cutslist.com/symbol-handheld-point-of-sale-ps2-laser-barcode-scanner/
http://www.commercecarts.com/images/girl_online-shopping.jpg
OR
http://www.ultimatecoupons.com/blog/2009/12/cyber-monday-sales-soar/
Disclaimer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/picrender.fcgi%3Fbook%3Dcooper%26part%3DA448%26blobname%3Dch3f25.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.f
cgi%?ie=UTF8&s=electronics&qid=1274380997&sr=1-22 (and other amazon sites)
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.alexdavisassoc.com/gallery/king_new_machinery/king_kc712bc_king_bandsaw.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.alexdavisassoc.com/print/king_kc712bc_metal_bandsaw_
page.htm&usg=__TgCu58YxxefYkOw8gwNulB3VKg=&h=285&w=320&sz=50&hl=en&start=2&sig2=UTdkspdITUvyYPze9_FjKQ&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=GFuQD4r6uji5lM:&tbnh=105&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dking%2Bbandsaw%26um%3D1%26hl%3D
en%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg
3Fbook%3Dcooper%26part%3DA448&usg=__NaCQguhjHhuytv9wyWQOA3Lpy7w=&h=528&w=701&sz=112&hl=en&start=1&sig2=hiACvvL_67K1tXJmYwVxHA&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=3qqr1WpTqNW2M:&tbnh=105&tbnw=140&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddna%2Bsequencing%2Bfluorescence-labeled%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefoxa%26hs%3DPnV%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=o3_1S7ioM4TysgP3rbCJBQ
http://lasikeyesurgery4.blogspot.com/2009/12/cost-lasik-eye-surgery.html
http://www.amazon.com/Crosley-Kettle-Classic-Phone-CR62-Black/dp/B000ASKN90/ref=sr_1_22.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=14X1S4nAGMu0rAfPsr26Cg
http://www.lanteksms.com/en/noticia.asp?id=473
http://www.boeing.com/commercial/787family/gallery/k63211-1.html
http://www.stylehive.com/tag/pure_silk
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.strima.com/image/1021772/DS4-FREESTYLE-3-CO2---200W-Machine-for-laser-engraving-and-cutting-on-fabrics--plastics-and-othermaterials.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.strima.com/item/1021772/en/&usg=__T8srKrK5plL3Koq8zr5vhiBShnw=&h=865&w=470&sz=122&hl=en&start=1&sig2=i7iBuC7m8csgrJXA17fzQ&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=LN85lZJV6exv8M:&tbnh=145&tbnw=79&prev=/images%3Fq%3DDS4-freestyle%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:enUS:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=K4f1S9fINITysgP3rbCJBQ
Courtesy of Tim Morris at US Trumpf. Email timothy.morris@us.trumpf.com
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.techzonics.com/vintage-hand-drill.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.techzonics.com/hand-tools-electrictools.htm&usg=__TDoUNbuOSl8J5dct7jezcceYtsc=&h=342&w=400&sz=19&hl=en&start=11&sig2=xd7680oU-_juhcUwfsE_0Q&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=lekytS_V3FWaM:&tbnh=106&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvintage%2Bhand%2Bdrill%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:enUS:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=VY_1S5PvFdG3rAezq63gCg
http://boky.en.hisupplier.com/
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://images.pennnet.com/articles/ils/thm/th_129369.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.optoiq.com/index/lasers-for-manufacturing/display/ils-article-display/183493/articles/industrial-laser-solutions/volume-18/issue8/features/drilling-holes-in-turbineengines.html&usg=__VB3rXH4eoqATiMRDJ70DhpBGuL8=&h=236&w=325&sz=13&hl=en&start=57&sig2=IzFI0PHrxzCdrFUSADgENA&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=_QNfqBwOtIULIM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlaser%2Bdrilling%26
start%3D42%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=-ZL1S9mfIYuStgPBtdiIBQ
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.siemens.com/press/pool/de/pressebilder/2010/photonews/072dpi/PN201002/PN201002-06_072dpi.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.siemens.com/press/en/presspicture/picturesphotonews/2010/pn201002.php&usg=__MskMtLxdiCXAMXQB0rbAMtBxiLE=&h=400&w=289&sz=77&hl=en&start=12&sig2=6GoSZZlU9XqHFQnqvMEgTg&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=JeswDe54D_71YM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=90&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dt
urbine%2Bblade%2Bholes%2Bsiemens%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=mJH1S7XNOcq_rAer-fXCCg
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_xCW4Jfa-SWE/Sy7yRRSHFnI/AAAAAAAAIhE/PqfOS5HN5JI/s400/jetengine.jpg&imgrefurl=http://alditta.blogspot.com/2009/12/missing-jetengine.html&usg=__ADig3gsDrhAmMJzx984yowifsy4=&h=297&w=330&sz=21&hl=en&start=64&sig2=HTuUAb0J6q7j9SJEa8pumA&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=LSFsRFw5axB3TM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=119&prev=/images%3Fq%3Djet%2Bengine%26star
t%3D63%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=QJL1S7iXJ8nGrAfo2tiyCg
http://www.siemens.com/innovation/de/publikationen/zeitschriften_pictures_of_the_future/pof_herbst_2007/materialien_fuer_die_umwelt/gasturbine_irsching.htm
http://www.twi.co.uk/content/laser_thin.html
http://www.metacafe.com/watch/yt-0bkyjZ5j-VQ/diy_cheapest_solar_panel_system_ever_part_2/
Disclaimer con’t
http://www.myinkblog.com/2010/01/31/myinktrail-best-of-the-design-community-january-2010/ OR
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.laservisionrepair.co.uk/images/laser_eye_surgery_image_03.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.laservisionrepair.co.uk/&usg=__R5aPl5es1wu9kLNC_sNviI9d84o=&h=279&
w=274&sz=85&hl=en&start=43&sig2=JnGEmrZC_33nu8lLjxJjCQ&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=1Om_KSsKo9XiHM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=112&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlaser%2Beye%2Bsurgery%26start%3D42%26um%3D1%
26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26ndsp%3D21%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=eK31S62rDIewrAfq_fy1Cg
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.calgaryoptometry.com/images/LaserEyeRGB.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.calgaryoptometry.com/LaserSurgery.htm&usg=__gs_g3GSQVDA8LwyHcdkUZjOmECs=&h=240&w=320&sz=19&hl=en&start=18&sig2=_uKwFVtzAiBVVBBgTl_fbQ&um=1&itbs=1&tb
nid=35dGxA_NFJ-DAM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlaser%2Beye%2Bsurgery%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:enUS:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=S631S4W6JofDrAfYzaneCg
http://www.ocalaeye.com/html/cornea.html
http://news.ifeng.com/history/1/jishi/200808/0821_2663_736679_2.shtml
I SUGGEST OBTAINING PERMISSION TO USE THIS IMAGE
http://www.severnbiotech.com/images/seq-3341.JPG
http://appliedbiosystems.com/
http://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Britannica-Editors/dp/0852299613/ref=pd_sim_sbs_b_2
http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/19867/
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.shevet.org/maryam/miriam9173.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.shevet.org/maryam/&usg=__UPj8ZRwJDIdniGK1dEka4aMoj9M=&h=2560&w=1920&sz=688&hl=en&start
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http://www.google.com/images?q=stent-01_m02&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=og&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wi
http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/sb10066182j-001
http://www.trackofthewolf.com/News.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1&as=1
http://www.hail-tec.com/content/aktuelles/praezisionslasermaschine.php
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.drmcdougall.com/misc/2006nl/sept/angioopti.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.drmcdougall.com/misc/2006nl/sept/angio.htm&usg=__jEB496UpTDzDMRX7o8D2qp5cHMs=
&h=359&w=312&sz=32&hl=en&start=1&sig2=jfnMdYQkJ_-hUdkobtApJA&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=wnevdprDF36oM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=105&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dangioopti%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=rLL1S-jNI4z0tAPiv6WIBQ(attributed to US Dept Health and Human
Services)
http://home-insurance.lhjk.com/home-commercial-insurance
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.shevet.org/maryam/miriam9173.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.shevet.org/maryam/&usg=__UPj8ZRwJDIdniGK1dEka4aMoj9M=&h=2560&w=1920&sz=688&hl=en&start
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WE PROBABLY NEED PERMISSION FOR THIS PHOTO
http://www.mobi.ru/Articles/1742/SFB_MORZE.htm
http://piano.dsi.uminho.pt/museuv/ac_ttochas.html
http://www.flickr.com/photos/ironrodart/4155664186/
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&h=799&w=500&sz=252&hl=en&start=3&sig2=mNDE7GF2uRbjEO9-Bn3F8w&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=gVsGgyhNrkWXM:&tbnh=143&tbnw=89&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtelephone%2Bpoles%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:enUS:official%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=1o71S7qXNI_ctgOwrbCIBQ
http://bak2.beareyes.com.cn/2/lib/200711/14/20071114007.htm
Disclaimer con’t II
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kevin8408.diytrade.com1219141065.jpghttp://kevin8408.diytrade.com/sdp/727357/3/pd-3 safari%26sa%3DN
http://www.prepuzio.com/2010/03/god-vibrations.html/
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
www.slac.stanford.edu
nasimages.org
physicsworld.com
http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/sp/kids/funphysics4.shtml
http://www.bergdorfgoodman.com/
http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/health/clinton300x450.jpg
Disclaimer con’t III