DOE FEMP First Thursday Seminar
Selecting and Evaluating New and
Underused Energy Technologies
Learner Guide
Short Description
Selecting and Evaluating New and Underused Energy Technologies demonstrates how to use the FEMP
Technology Deployment Matrix to identify and select clean energy technologies that have high potential
of immediate deployment into agency energy-use reduction programs; assess potential benefits;
execute market-based deployment strategies; and develop performance metrics to validate
effectiveness and justify project funding.
This course is offered live on April 5, 2012 and archived for 24/7 viewing after the live training event.
The following topics will be covered:
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The Technology Deployment Matrix and how technologies are selected and rated
The Top 20 technologies in the technology deployment matrix
Project Examples
Best Practices and Lessons Learned
Core Competency Areas Addressed in the Training
Energy/Sustainability Managers
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Industry Trends
Building Technologies
Improving Energy Efficiency
Facility Managers
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Industry Trends
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Managing Facility Projects
Operating Engineers/Building Technicians
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Industry Trends
Building Technologies
Maintenance Management
Expected Results for Those Completing this Training
Employ the ideal energy saving technologies in your facility or facilities based on an analysis of the
options that best meet the facility needs.
Technology Deployment Matrix Resources
FEMP Technology Deployment webpage
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/new_technologies.html
FEMP Technology Deployment List
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/newtechnologies_matrix.html
FEMP Technology Deployment Goals and Initiatives
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/newtechnologies_goals.html
FEMP Outdoor Solid State Lighting
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/solid_state_lighting.html
Federal Technology Deployment Working Group
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/newtechnologies_workgroup.html
Glossary of Terms
ACAE - Air Conditioning Airflow Efficiency, the amount of heat removed per standard cubic foot
of airflow per minute.
Air Mixing - The mixing of cold and hot air.
Airside Economizer - A device consisting of fans, ducting and a control, which utilizes outside
air directly to cool the area when environmental conditions allow. Air is typically filtered,
brought into existing distribution system and then exhausted back to the atmosphere.
ASHRAE - American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers is an
international non-profit technical society that seeks to improve the state of heating,
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refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, codes and standards. The organization publishes
the ASHRAE Handbook, which is a four-volume resource. The volumes are Fundamentals, HVAC
Applications, HVAC Systems and Equipment, and Refrigeration. One of the four volumes is
updated each year.
Backlight - Light emitted in the direction of the luminaire OPPOSITE from the area intended to
be lighted which may create unwanted trespass, usually towards the house side of a street light
pole. Backlight is a component of the new TM-15-07 based BUG rating system, which replaces
the older cutoff classification system.
BMS - Building Management System, synonymous with BAS, AMS and other computer-based
tools used to manage energy usage.
BUG - System created by IESNA based on TM-15-07 to rate the amount of light emitted from a
luminaire in unwanted directions. The methodology represents a comprehensive system that
limits lamp lumens to values appropriate for the lighting zone. The BUG rating system replaces
the older IES cutoff classification system.
Building Envelope - It is the separation between the interior and the exterior environments of a
building. The exterior can be the outdoor environment as well as another built environment.
The main components of the building envelope include: the ground construction, roof, walls,
doors and windows. The building envelope serves as the outer shell to protect the indoor
environment and should ensure comfortable conditions with minimum energy consumption.
Candela - A measure of luminous intensity, or power emitted by a light source in a particular
direction. A common candle emits light with a luminous intensity of roughly one candela.
Chilled beams - Units that by convection from a finned heat exchanger cool the air in a room.
Chiller - A unit consisting of a compressor, a condensing section and an expansion section. The
condensing and expansion sections nearly always have water or glycol as the heat transfer
agent to the rest of the system; primary water/glycol on the condensing side and secondary
water on the expansion side.
Chromaticity - A measure of color quality as reflected in the CIE (International Commission on
Illumination) 1931 color chart, which provides x/y coordinates of reds, greens and blues (RGB).
The color of white LEDs, as measured in Kelvin (K), is reflected in a narrow strip at the center of
the CIE chart where RGB combinations create various shades of white. See correlated color
temperature (CCT).
Cold Spot - An area where ambient air temperature is below desired levels. Typically caused by
ineffective airflow management necessitating a temperature set point lower than that which
would be required with proper airflow management.
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Correlated color temperature (CCT) - is the measure used to describe the relative color
appearance of a white light source. CCT indicates whether a light source appears more
yellow/gold/orange or more blue, in terms of the range of available shades of "white." CCT is
given in Kelvin (unit of absolute temperature). See more information in the Color Quality
section.
Color rendering index (CRI) - indicates how well a light source renders colors of people and
objects, compared to a reference source.
Condensing water heaters - Gas water heaters that condense water out of the flue gas to
achieve higher efficiencies.
Cones - Photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that function best in relatively bright light.
Constant Air Volume (CAV) Systems - the temperature of the air supplied to the building can
vary, but the supply airflow rate is kept constant.
Cool Roofs - Roofs with reflective and emissive properties that help improve the energy
efficiency of the building and/or mitigate the urban heat island effect.
Cooling panels - Cold water flows through an aluminum plate, which transfers heat from the air
to the cold water. The panel cools the warm room air and also cools the room’s surfaces by
low-temperature radiation.
Cooling Tower - A device that cools water via the direct evaporation of some of the water.
Water is pumped into the top of the cooling tower and allowed to run down over the fill,
typically pads or strips into a sump at the bottom of the cooling tower. Air is drawn in from the
sides over the fill by fans in the top of the tower, evaporating some of the water, which cools
the remaining water. The temperature of the water in the sump is controlled by varying the
speed of the fans. The water in the sump is then used to cool the condensing section of a chiller
or to cool the secondary loop directly via a heat exchanger (see water side economizer).
Cutoff Luminaire - One of the IESNA luminaire classifications that prescribe light distribution
metrics intended to avoid light pollution. A cutoff luminaire is one in which the luminous
intensity (in candelas) at or above an angle of 90° above nadir does not numerically exceed
2.5% of the luminous flux (in lumens) of the lamp or lamps in the luminaire, and the luminous
intensity (in candelas) at or above a vertical angle of 80° above nadir does not numerically
exceed 10% of the luminous flux (in lumens) of the lamp or lamps in the luminaire. See fullcutoff luminaire.
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Dead Band - A control technique that prevents oscillation or unnecessary cycling of a controlled
variable. A certain amount of dead band around the set point prevents unnecessary cycling of
the compressor or chilled water valve.
Degree Days - Cooling and heating degree days (CDD/HDD) are often used to estimate how hot
the climate is and how much energy may be needed to keep buildings at a comfortable
temperature. CDD are calculated by subtracting a reference indoor temperature from the
mean daily temperature, and summing only positive values over an entire year.
Delta T - The difference in temperature across a device. Examples include the temperature
difference between the inlet and outlet of piece of IT equipment or between the inlet and
outlet of a cooling unit (CRAC or CRAH). Delta T, airflow and thermal dissipation are related:
thermal dissipation = airflow x delta T x specific heat of air.
Dewpoint - The temperature at which air reaches water vapor saturation. Dewpoint is constant
for a specific amount of water in a specific amount of air while relative humidity varies with
temperature. The latest ASHRAE spec for data center environmental conditions includes an
upper limit for humidity based on dewpoint.
Driver - An LED power supply that provides either a constant levels of current, or a constant
level of voltage.
Driver Efficiency - A measure of luminaire efficiency that focuses on the performance of driver,
or power supply, components. Specifically, driver efficiency is the ratio of the power delivered
from the driver divided by the power required to operate the driver.
Dry Cooler - A liquid-to-air heat exchanger that is a radiator over which air is blown via fans.
Typically used as the heat rejection device for water or glycol cooled condensers, may also be
used as the heat rejection device for liquid cooled coils in an AHU under proper environmental
conditions.
Dry-Bulb Temperature - The temperature of the air measured using a dry-bulb thermometer
such that evaporative cooling has no effect. Typically taken in conjunction with a wet-bulb
reading, which does include the evaporative cooling effect in order to determine relative
humidity.
Energy recovery ventilation (ERV) – An ERV is a heat exchanger application used to transfer
heat between a make-up air system and an exhaust air system. ERV systems provide a
controlled way of ventilating a building while minimizing energy loss. They reduce the costs of
heating ventilated air in the winter by transferring heat from the warm inside air being
exhausted to the fresh (but cold) supply air. In the summer, the inside air cools the warmer
supply air to reduce ventilation cooling costs.
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Fitted Target Efficiency (FTE) - A system created under the draft Energy Star program for
outdoor SSL luminaires used to measure how efficiently a luminaire illuminates its targeted
area. The FTE calculator uses a selected LM-79-08 absolute photometry IES file for a desired
luminaire, and projects the luminaire output onto a grid along the area to be illuminated, such
as a street or parking garage floor.
Fixture (Or System) Efficiency - A measure of luminaire efficiency that focuses on the
performance of the combined luminaire, including source efficiency, driver efficiency, and
optical efficiency. Fixture efficiency reflects the amount of useful light delivered by the
luminaire divided by the power required to operate it.
Foot-candle - A measure of illuminance or light intensity. A foot-candle reflects the amount of
illumination the inside surface of a 1-foot radius sphere receives from a point source of one
candela in the center of the sphere. A foot-candle is also equal to one lumen per square foot.
Free Cooling - Used in connection with all-air cooling systems, when the cooling requirement
can be met solely by outdoor air, and without a mechanical chiller. Also used to describe the
process of utilizing the colder outside air to cool a building instead of operating an air
conditioning unit.
Full-Cutoff Luminaire- One of the IESNA luminaire classifications that prescribe light
distribution metrics intended to avoid light pollution. A full-cutoff luminaire is one in which the
luminous intensity (in candelas) at or above an angle of 90° above nadir is zero, and the
luminous intensity (in candelas) at or above a vertical angle of 80° above nadir does not
numerically exceed 10% of the luminous flux (in lumens) of the lamp or lamps in the luminaire.
See cutoff luminaire.
Fully-Rated Life - An achievement by a device or system that provides useful service for as long
as the device or system manufacturer projects. For example, white LEDs are commonly
marketed with 50,000 hour fully-rated lives, where the end of life is defined by the point at
which the LED fails to deliver at least 70% of initial lumen output.
General illumination - A term used to distinguish between lighting that illuminates tasks,
spaces, or objects from lighting used in indicator or purely decorative applications.
Glare- Consists primarily of light emitted at high angles emitted from the front and back of the
luminaire which may interfere with ground-level pedestrians and motorists. Glare is a
component of the new TM-15-07 based BUG rating system, which replaces the older cutoff
classification system.
Ground Water-Source - Water from an underground well is being used as the heat source or
heat sink for a heat pump.
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Ground-Source - The ground or soil below the frost line is being used as the heat source or heat
sink for a heat pump.
Heat Dissipation - The intentional transition of thermal energy from a hotter object (such as a
sensitive electronic device) to a cooler object. Heat dissipation is achieved with LEDs primarily
by mounting them on heat sinks made on high-quality aluminum and other alloys.
Heat Exchanger - A device used to transfer heat energy from one medium to another. Common
uses of heat exchangers are water to air heat exchangers in air handling units, plate and frame
heat exchangers in economizers, etc.
Heat Sink - An object that absorbs and dissipates heat from another object using thermal
contact (either direct or radiant).
High Intensity Discharge (HID) - A type of electrical lamp that produces light by striking an
electric arc between tungsten electrodes, which is filled with certain gases and other
compounds. HID lamps are a traditional light source that offers relatively high efficiency and
long life, but sometimes with undesirable color effects. See correlated color temperature (CCT)
and color rendering index (CRI).
High Power LEDs - LEDs designed to operate at several hundred milliamps and a watt or more
of power. Since these devices create substantial heat, which would destroy the unit if special
steps were not taken, specialized heat dissipation technologies must be employed.
High Pressure Sodium (HPS) - A popular type of high intensity discharge (HID) lamp offering a
relatively warm correlated color temperature (CCT), high levels of efficiency, and long life, but
only modest levels of color rendering index (CRI).
High R Value Window - Whole-window R-value of 5 (a U-factor of ~ 0.2) Currently the top tier
of energy-efficient windows for cold and mixed climates.
HPDC - High-Performance Data Center - a data center with above average kW loading, typically
greater than 10kW/rack.
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) - A non-profit organization that
“seeks to improve the lighted environment by bringing together those with lighting knowledge
and by translating that knowledge into actions that benefit the public.” (Source:
www.iesna.org) The IESNA periodically publishes a Lighting Handbook and other prescriptive
publications that drive many lighting standards.
Indium Gallium Nitride (InGaN) - A type of semiconductor material used in manufacturing blue
LEDs and other electronic devices.
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Inlet Air - The air entering the referenced equipment. For air conditioning equipment this is the
heated air returning to be cooled, also called return air.
L70 - An abbreviation for 70% of initial lumens levels delivered from an LED, which is a common
definition of the useful life of an LED.
Lamp Sources - General term for a number of types of electric lighting components including
incandescent, fluorescent and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps, which are commonly called
light bulbs. Although LEDs are sometimes called lamps, the term more frequently refers to
traditional lamps.
Latent Cooling - The process of condensing water out of air, then evaporating the water later.
Energy is given up by the water during condensation. If the water is then later evaporated (such
as from a drip tray), the amount of energy used to evaporate the water is the same as the
amount of energy given up by the water vapor to the cooling equipment when it was
condensed. Cooling is occurring later in time, hence the name "latent cooling". In a system
where condensed water is pumped or drained away, the cooling that may occur from
evaporation does not cool the environment where the condensation took place so the cooling
capacity spent condensing the water vapor is wasted energy.
Latent Cooling Capacity - Cooling capacity related to wet bulb temperature and objects that
produce condensation.
LED - Acronym for light emitting diode.
Light Emitting Diode (LED) - An electronic light source derived from a semiconductor diode
possessing unidirectional electric current properties—in other words, diodes are one-way
switches. When a voltage is applied in the forward direction, electrons from one side of the p/n
junction recombine with holes on the other side of the junction, and energy is released in the
form of light.
Liquid Cooling - A general term used to refer to cooling technology that uses a liquid evacuate
heat. Two prevalent forms of heat evacuation are liquid (chilled water) and refrigerant (DX).
LM-79 - Popular name for an LED measurement standard, the full title of which is IESNA LM-7908, Approved Method for the Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting
Products. This standard provides guidelines to photometric labs for the proper and repeatable
measurement of LED lighting systems.
LM-80 - Popular name for an LED measurement standard, the full title of which is IESNA LM-8008, Approved Method for Measuring Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources. This standard
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provides guidelines to LED manufacturers for measuring lumen maintenance, or the level of
light output maintained over predetermined time periods.
Load - The demand placed on a system, typically used to describe the electrical demand on the
electrical supply system or the cooling demand on the cooling system. Units are power such as
kW, BTU/hr, Tons, etc.
Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) - A popular type of high intensity discharge (HID) lamp offering an
extremely warm correlated color temperature (CCT), very high levels of efficiency, and long life,
but very poor levels of color rendering index (CRI).
Lumen Depreciation - A measure of the declining level of lumen output produced by a lamp or
luminaire over time.
Luminaire - A lighting fixture complete with lamp, optical components used to direct light,
housing, and power supply (e.g., a fluorescent ballast or LED driver).
Luminous efficacy - is the most commonly used measure of the energy efficiency of a light
source. It is stated in lumens per watt (lm/W), indicating the amount of light a light source
produces for each watt of electricity consumed. For white high-brightness LEDs, luminous
efficacy published by LED manufacturers typically refers to the LED chip only, and doesn't
include driver losses. See more information in the Energy Efficiency section.
Lux - A metric measure of illuminance, or the apparent intensity of light hitting or passing
through a surface.
MAH - Makeup Air Handler, an air handler that conditions and delivers outside air into an
occupied space.
Maximum Temperature Rate of Change - An ASHRAE standard established to ensure stable air
temperatures. The standard is 9 degrees F per hour.
MERV - Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value, A ventilation filter rating system; ASHRAE 52.2,
for air filtration measured in particulate size.
Mesopic Vision - A combination of photopic vision and scotopic vision in environments with
low, but not completely dark, light levels.
Metal Halide (MH) - A popular type of high intensity discharge (HID) lamp offering a relatively
cool correlated color temperature (CCT) and long life, but only modest levels of efficiency and
color rendering index (CRI).
Nominal Cooling Capacity - The total cooling capacity of air conditioning equipment, includes
both latent cooling and sensible cooling capacities.
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Optical Efficiency - A measure of luminaire efficiency that focuses on the performance of
optical components. Specifically, optical efficiency is the ratio of lighting delivered by a
luminaire to the light produced by the lamps.
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) - OLEDs are based on organic (carbon based) materials.
In contrast to LEDs, which are small point sources, OLEDs are made in sheets that provide a
diffuse area light source. OLED technology is developing rapidly and is increasingly used in
display applications such as cell phones and PDA screens. However, OLEDs are still some years
away from becoming a practical general illumination source. Additional advancements are
needed in light output, color, efficiency, cost, and lifetime.
Overcooling - A situation where air is cooled below optimum levels. Typically used in reference
to rack inlet temperatures.
PDU - Power Distribution Unit, this typically refers to one of two pieces of equipment in the
power delivery chain. One is the combination transformer/breaker panel that is often used
between a UPS supplying voltage higher than that used by the IT equipment and the cabinets.
The other is the smaller "power strip" like device that is used inside the rack to distribute power
to the IT equipment.
Phosphors - A substance that exhibits phosphorescence, which is the process of glowing
occurring after exposure to energized particles. Many white LEDs are produced by combining
GaN or InGaN LEDs, which produce blue light, with YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) phosphors.
See white phosphor LED.
Photopic Vision - Vision under well-lit conditions, mediated primarily by cone cells, which
allows color perception. Photopic vision is the basis for most commonly accepted lighting
metrics, including those published by the IESNA.
Plenum - A receiving chamber for air used to direct airflow.
Primary Loop - Refers to the water loop that cools the condenser side of a chiller. This loop is
cooled by dry coolers or cooling towers.
PU - Packaged Unit, an air handler that is a complete device shipped ready for use rather than a
custom device that is assembled on-site from components.
PUE - Power Usage Effectiveness, a measure of data center efficiency calculated by dividing the
total data center energy consumption by the energy consumption of the IT computing
equipment.
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Recirculation - Air that exits IT equipment and then re-enters either the same IT equipment or
another piece of IT equipment without being cooled. Typically caused by poor control of airflow
due to missing blanking panels, gaps in rows, insufficient air supply, etc.
Return Air - The heated air returning to air conditioning equipment.
Rh - Relative Humidity.
Scotopic Vision - Monochromatic vision in low light levels, which is produced by rod cells.
Secondary Loop - Refers to the water that is used to cool the heat exchangers in AHUs and is
cooled via the expansion unit in a chiller.
Sensible Cooling - The action of lowering the dry bulb temperature of air without condensation
taking place.
Set Point - In a control system, this is the value against which the variable that is being
controlled is compared. Temperature and humidity set points are common in the cooling
systems.
Solid State - Electronic components and systems based on the use of semiconductors rather
than vacuum tubes. Common types of solid-state components include integrated circuits,
liquid-crystal displays, and LEDs.
Solid-state lighting (SSL) - SSL technology uses semi-conducting materials to convert electricity
into light. SSL is an umbrella term encompassing both light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and organic
light emitting diodes (OLEDs).
Source Efficiency - A measure of luminaire efficiency that focuses on the performance of
lamps. The source efficiency of LEDs is currently about equal with many fluorescent and HID
sources, but the directional nature of light produced from LEDs delivers substantially higher
fixture (or system) efficiency than traditional sources.
Supply Air - The cooled airflow emitted from air conditioning equipment.
Thermal Efficiency - A measure of luminaire efficiency that focuses on the ability of the
luminaire system to transfer heat from sensitive components, such as LEDs, to the outside
environment. High levels of thermal efficiency are made possibly through the use of highquality components (such as LEDs with low thermal resistance) and materials (such as
aluminum alloys with low thermal resistance), as well as intelligent product designs.
TM-15-07 - Rating system developed by IESNA, which replaces the older IES cutoff classification
system for controlling light emitted in unwanted regions surrounding a luminaire.
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Traditional Lamps - Light sources developed and used during the last century including
incandescent, fluorescent, HID and other sources.
Uplight - Light emitted from the luminaire directly into the sky, which causes artificial sky glow
and generally represents wasted energy. Uplight is a component of the new TM-15-07based
BUG rating system, which replaces the older cutoff classification system.
UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply, a device placed in series with the supply of power from the
utility which contains energy storage such that the supply of power from the UPS is continuous
even when the utility supply is removed. While battery-based energy storage is the most
common, flywheel-based energy storage is gaining in popularity due to the reduced
maintenance cost.
Useful Life - The length of time an asset or device can be used without major refurbishing. In
lighting, the useful life of lamps is typically stated at 70% of initial lumens since it is difficult to
perceive this reduction in light output.
V - Volt, a unit of electrical potential.
VA - Volt-Amp, a unit of apparent power. In AC circuits, the magnitude of the voltage across a
circuit times the current through the circuit is the apparent power. Including a representation
of the angle between the two waveforms in the form of power factor (see PF) yields the real
power.
Variable Air Volume (VAV) System - A method of control that continually adjusts airflow to
satisfy the changing conditions of the space.
VFD - Variable Frequency Drive, a device that supplies AC power of varying frequency, typically
used to control the speed of induction motors.
Volumetric Air Flow - The volume and speed of air being transported; expressed in Cubic Feet
per Minute.
Waterside Economizer - A system uses a source other than a chiller to cool the secondary loop
water used by the AHUs. This typically consists of either a dry cooler or cooling tower, piping,
valves and in the case of a cooling tower, it also includes a heat exchanger since the secondary
loop water is treated completely differently than the primary loop water and is typically much
"better" water.
White Phosphor LEDs - Combinations of InGaN (indium gallium nitride) semiconductor
material—which produces blue light—and YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) phosphors create
white light. Other LED systems deliver white light by combining red, green and blue (RGB) LEDs.
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