IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
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IEEE Ultra wideband Presentation
October 21, 2003
Jim Silverstrim
JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
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Agenda
• UWB technology
• FCC regulation
• Comparison to commercial wireless standards
JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
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References
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A Brief History of UWB Communications by Dr. Robert J. Fontana, President
Multispectral Solutions, Inc. http://www.multispectral.com/history.html
Ultra-Wideband Tutorial IEEE 802.15-02/133r1 by Matt Welborn (XtremeSpectrum)
and Kai Siwiak (Time Domain)
Ultra Wideband Communication for Low Data Rate Ad-Hoc WPAN by István Z.
Kovács Aalborg University, Denmark
Ultra-wideband – a Disruptive RF Technology by J Wilson, Sept 2002,
http://www.intel.com
Ultra-wideband Technology for Short-Range, High-Rate Wireless Communications Jeff
Foerster Intel Labs
A Tutorial on Ultrawideband Technology by John McCorkle IEEE 802.15-00/082r1
Understanding UWB – Principles & Implications for Low Power Communications IEEE
802.15-03/157r1
Palowireless UWB Resource Center http://www.palowireless.com/uwb/
Spread Spectrum Scene http://www.sss-mag.com/uwb.html
Ultrawideband Planet.com http://www.ultrawidebandplanet.com/
UC Berkeley UWB Group http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/UWB/links.htm
University of Southern California UltraLab http://ultra.usc.edu/New_Site/
JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
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UWB Technology
Narrowband (30kHz)
Wideband CDMA (5 MHz)
Part 15 Limit
UWB (Several GHz)
Frequency
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Short electric pulses (sub-nanosecond) are generated, transmitted, received and
processed
– Very low duty cycle pulses
– No energy content at 0 Hz
– Occupied bandwidth >> information bandwidth
Form of spread spectrum where RF energy is spread over gigahertz of spectrum
– Wider than any narrowband system by orders of magnitude
– Power seen by a narrowband system is a fraction of the total
– UWB signals can be designed to look like imperceptible random noise to
conventional radios
Ultra-Wideband Tutorial IEEE 802.15-02/133r1 by
Matt Welborn (XtremeSpectrum) and Kai Siwiak (Time Domain)
JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003
IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !
History of UWB Technology
• Before 1900: Wireless Began as UWB
– Large RF bandwidths, but did not take advantage of large spreading gain
• 1900-40s: Wireless goes ‘tuned’
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Analog processing: filters, resonators
‘Separation of services by wavelength’
Era of wireless telephony begins: AM / SSB / FM
Commercial broadcasting matures, radar and signal processing
• 1970-90s: Digital techniques applied to UWB
– Wide band impulse radar
– Allows for realization of the HUGE available spreading gain
• Feb 14, 2002: UWB approved by FCC for commercialization
Ultra-Wideband Tutorial IEEE 802.15-02/133r1 by
Matt Welborn (XtremeSpectrum) and Kai Siwiak (Time Domain)
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UWB Definition for Commercial Usage
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Definition from First Report and Order FCC 02-48, February 14, 2002
– Bandwidth
• Instantaneous bandwidth >= 20% bandwidth or >= 500 MHz bandwidth
• -10dB emission points
• 2(fH – fL )/(fH + fL )
– Very Low Power Spectral Density (PSD)
• In band average EIRP < -41.25 dBm/Hz (FCC Part 15 unintentional emission
limit)
• In band peak EIRP 0 dBm/50 MHz
– Approved Spectrum is Application Specific
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Ground penetrating radars & wall imaging: <960 MHz and 3.1 – 10.6 GHz
Thru-wall Imaging & Surveillance Systems: 1.99 to 10.6 GHz
Medical imaging, communication and Measurement Systems: 3.1 to 10.6 GHz
Vehicular Radar Systems: 22 to 29 GHz
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UWB Motivation for Usage
• Consider Shannon’s capacity equation
– Capacity increases faster as a function of BW than a function of power.
• Compare capacity of Tx power limited “narrowband” systems operating
in dedicated bands with Tx power spectral density limited overlay
system (UWB)
– Derive P based on Tx constraints, propagation environment, and
operational scenarios
Where : C = Channel Capacity (bits /sec)
B = Channel Bandwidth (Hz)
P = Received Signal Power (watts )
No = Noise Power Spectral Density (watts /Hz)
C is an increasing function of B
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UWB Technology – How it works?
• A signal with ultra-wide bandwidth is generated using
electrical short, baseband pulses (100 ps to 1 ns)
• Data transmission: pulse modulation
– Amplitude, position or phase modulation
• The base-band pulses are applied directly to the antenna
– Low cost equipment with minimal RF components
– Ultra wideband antennas
• A correlation receiver or a RAKE receiver is used to
capture the signal energy
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UWB Technology – Signal generation
1
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Time domain - pulse waveforms
0.5
– Gaussian mono-cycle (Rayleigh
pulse): 1st derivative of Gaussian
pulse
– Gaussian doublets: two Gaussian
mono-cycles
– Wavelets mono-cycle
– Complex shape
Amplitude [V]
0
−0.5
−1
−1.5
pulse width
−2
−2.5
• Frequency domain
Gaussian pulse:
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Time [nsec]
0.4
0.5
5
– Pulse length/ shape determines:
center frequency, bandwidth,
spectral shape
0
−3dB
−5
−10
Power [dB]
−15
−20
−25
−30
−35
Doublet
Monopulse
Wavelet
−40
−45
−50
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Gaussian pulse:
1st deriv
2nd deriv
3rd deriv
1
10
Frequency [GHz]
Simple
1st deriv
2nd deriv
3rd deriv
0.6
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UWB Technology – Pulse modulation
• On-Off Keying (OOK)
• Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
• Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
– Low data rates (< n x 10 Kbps)
– Many users/ devices (> 1000)
• Pulse Bi-Phase Modulation
– High data rates (> 100 Mbps)
– Low number of devices/ users
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UWB Technology – Channelization
• None
– Single pulse detection -requires 7 to 10dB SNR above background at receiver
• Time hopped spread spectrum (TH-SS)
– Uses PN sequence to “pseudo-randomly” shift the position (in time) of a periodic
pulse train from its nominal position: time hopping
– Information bits are encoded in the time shifts of the pulses by M-ary PPM
– Reception is using a correlation receiver: multiplies the received RF signal with its
locally generated “template” waveform and integrates to yield a single sample
(pulse integration)
• Direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS)
– Uses high duty cycle DS-SS coded sequence of wide band pulses transmitted at
GHz rates
– Can provide high data rates, up to 100Mbps, at relatively short distances
– Reception is by the RAKE receiver: bank of correlators with MRC combining of the
samples at the output of the RAKE fingers
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UWB Technology – Antennas
• Antenna is critical part of pulse-shaping filter
– monopole, electric dipole, magnetic loop
– planar, printed circuit: bowtie, equiangular spiral, ...
– 3-D geometry: disc-cone, equiangular spiral, meander line, ...
Ultra Wideband Communication for Low Data Rate Ad-Hoc WPAN by
István Z. Kovács Aalborg University, Denmark
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UWB Attributes
• Ultrawideband Operation (> 500 MHz)
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Better multipath fading performance (like any wideband signal would)
Large processing gain (> 40 dB) improves Anti-Jam (AJ) properties
Covert operation (Low Probability of Intercept/Detection (LPI/D))
Precise location on the order of a few centimeters
• Simple transceiver design based on pulse waveform
– Few functions
– Low cost, low power dissipation, small size, low weight
– Higher energy efficiency due to pulsed battery operation
• More Efficient Use of the Spectrum
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–
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More users per unit of bandwidth
Reduced near-far interference resulting from low duty cycle operation
Full-duplex operation in the same frequency band
Unregulated (FCC Part 15) operation
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Pulsed Based UWB System
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FCC UWB Regulations
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Part 15 UWB Regulations
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Subpart F – Ultra-Wideband Operation
Section 15.501 Scope.
Section 15.503 Definitions.
Section 15.505 Cross reference.
Section 15.507 Marketing of UWB equipment.
Section 15.509 Technical requirements for ground penetrating radars and wall
imaging systems.
Section 15.110 Technical requirements for through-wall imaging systems.
Section 15.511 Technical requirements for surveillance systems.
Section 15.513 Technical requirements for medical imaging systems.
Section 15.515 Technical requirements for vehicular radar systems.
Section 15.517 Technical requirements for indoor UWB systems.
Section 15.519 Technical requirements for hand held UWB systems.
Section 15.521 Technical requirements applicable to all UWB devices.
Section 15.523 Measurement procedures.
Section 15.525 Coordination requirements.
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Emission Limits for Indoor Communication and
Measurement Applications
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Equipment must be designed to ensure that operation can only occur indoors
or it must consist of hand- held devices that may be employed for such
activities as peer- to-peer operation.
Operate in 3.1 – 10.6 GHz band
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Emission Limits for Outdoor Communication and
Measurement Applications
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Equipment must be hand-held
Operate in 3.1 – 10.6 GHz band
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Emission Limits for Ground Penetrating Radar, Wall Imaging
& Medical Imaging Systems
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Operation is limited to law enforcement, fire and rescue organizations,
scientific research institutions, commercial mining companies, and
construction companies.
GPR & Wall Imaging – Below 960 MHz or 3.1-10.6 GHz
Medical - 3.1-10.6 GHz
FCC will notify or
coordinate with NTIA.
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Emission Limits for Thru-wall Imaging & Surveillance
Systems
• Operation is limited to law enforcement, fire and rescue organizations.
Surveillance systems may also be operated by public utilities and
industrial entities.
• Thru-wall Imaging – Below 960 MHz or 1.99-10.6 GHz
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Surveillance – 1.9910.6 GHz
FCC will notify or
coordinate with NTIA
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Emission Limits for Vehicular Radar
• Devices to detect the location and movement of objects near a vehicle
– Enable near collision avoidance, improved airbag activation, and
suspension systems that better respond to road conditions.
• Operation of vehicular radar in the 22-29 GHz band using directional
antennas on terrestrial transportation vehicles
– Center frequency of the emission and the frequency at which the highest
radiated emission occurs are greater than 24.075 GHz.
– Attenuation of the emissions below 24 GHz is required above the
horizontal plane in order to protect space borne passive sensors operating
in the 23.6-24.0 GHz band.
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UWB Comparison to commercial wireless standards
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Transceiver Comparison
Ultra-wideband Technology for Short-Range, High-Rate Wireless Communications
Jeff Foerster Intel Labs
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UWB Model using Agilent ADS
Bit Slicer
Bi-Phase
Transmitter
Correlator
Data Out
Data In
Spreading
Code
PPM
Transmitter
Bi-Phase Receiver
Reference Pulser
Noise Source
PPM Receiver
Reference Pulser
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UWB Eb/No Simulation Results
TX Out
Pulse Stream
Noise Spectrum
TX Output Spectrum
RX Input
Signal and Noise
Bit Errors
versus
Eb/No
Data In
Data Out
Bit Errors
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Received Power as a Function of Tx/Rx Separation
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A Tutorial on Ultrawideband Technology by John McCorkle
IEEE 802.15-00/082r1
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Environment Channel models
• IEEE 802.15.3a Study recommendation
– Channel Modeling Sub-committee Report Final IEEE P802.1502/368r5-SG3a
– Saleh-Valenzula model
– Four indoor model parameters for short range high data rate: CM1,
CM2, CM3, CM4
– Typical values for indoor channels
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RMS delay spread between 19-47 nsec
Mean values between 20-30 nsec for 5-30 m antenna separations
Multipath delay spread increases with range
Multipath amplitude fading distribution log-normal with 3-5 dB STD
- No Rayleigh fading
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Where UWB Fits versus IEEE 802.11
Understanding UWB – Principles and Implications for Low Power Communications – A Tutorial
IEEE 802.15-03/157r0
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Where UWB Fits versus IEEE 802.15
Understanding UWB – Principles and Implications for Low Power Communications – A Tutorial
IEEE 802.15-03/157r0
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802.15.3a Study Group
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Develop alternate physical layer as supplement
Bit Rate and Range
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110 Mb/s @10m, 200 Mb/s @4m, 480 Mb/s@4m desirable at PHY SAP after FEC decoding
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Acquisition Time
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<100 mW for 110 Mb/s, <250 mW for 200 Mb/s, power save modes
QoS
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4 UWB piconets operating in close proximity with isotropic antennas
802.15.3, 802.15.1, 802.11b, 802.11a, microwave ovens, generic in-band modulated interferer, generic
in-band tone interferer
Models and evaluation methods included in P802.15-02/105r13
Power Consumption and Power Management modes
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<6 us for piconet CCA
<20 us from beginning of preamble to beginning of header
Coexistence and interference from other wireless devices
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BER <10-5 (corresponds to 8% packet error for 1024 octet)
Uncorrected error rate ≤8% packet error for 1024 octet
Equivalent BER of <10-9 at PHY SAP
Add location aware enhancements
Size and Form Factor
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Antenna not included in size requirements
PC Card, Compact Flash, Memory Stick, SD Memory
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UWB PHY Based on Time Frequency Interleaved OFDM
• Group the 528 MHz bands into 4 distinct groups.
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Group A: Intended for 1st generation devices (3.1 – 4.9 GHz)
Group B: Reserved for future use (4.9 – 6.0 GHz).
Group C: Intended for devices with improved SOP performance
(6.0 – 8.1 GHz).
•
Group D: Reserved for future use (8.1 – 10.6 GHz)
Multi-band OFDM Physical Layer Proposal
IEEE 802.15-03/267r2
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TFI-OFDM Advantages
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Low cost, low power, and
CMOS integrated solution
One transmit and one receive
chain
Antenna and pre-select filter
are easier to design
Inherent robustness in all
expected multipath
Excellent robustness to ISM,
U-NII, and other generic
narrowband interference.
Ability to comply with
world-wide regulations
Coexistence with current and future systems
Scalability:
Discrete Time PHY Proposal for TG3a
IEEE 802.15-03/099r1
– More channels can be added as the RF technology improves.
– Digital section complexity/power scales with improvements in technology nodes
(Moore’s Law).
– Analog section complexity/power scales poorly with technology node.
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802.15.4a Study Group
• UWB Interest
– High precision location capability
– High aggregate throughput,
– Scalability to data rates, range, power consumption, and cost
• Call for applications
– Open 8 Sept 2003
– Close 7 Nov 2003
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WPAN Comparison
Service
802.15.1
802.15.3
802.15.3a
802.15.4
802.15.4
802.15.4 a
Frequency
Band
2.4 GHz
2.4 GHz
UWB
896/902
MHz
2.4 GHz
UWB
Data Rate
1 Mb/s
11, 22, 33,
44, 55 Mb/s
110-480 Mb/s
20/40 kb/s
250 kb/s
Range
10 m Class 3
100 m Class 1
10 m
4.5 m >200 Mb/s
10 m > 110 Mb/s
10 m
100 m
10 m
100 m
Clock
Accuracy
±20 ppm
±25 ppm
±25 ppm
±40 ppm
±40 ppm
Current Drain
(mA)
<30
<80
30 – 80
<100
6 mo battery
life
6 mo battery
life
Complexity
1
1.5x
2x
0.2 x
0.2 x
Connect Time
5 sec
<<1 sec
1 sec to 1
hour
1 sec to 1
hour
QoS
SCO voice,
Async data
Guaranteed
time slots
Guaranteed time
slots
Guaranteed
time slots
Guaranteed
time slots
Number of
Channels
None (FH)
5
TBD
1/10
16
Number of
Nodes
8 per piconet,
64 per
scatternet
8 bit piconet
address
8 bit piconet
address
8 or 64 bit
piconet
address
8 or 64 bit
piconet
address
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Guaranteed
time slots
8 or 64 bit
piconet
address
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UWB Commercial Applications
• Communications
– Video and audio distribution
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Digital Camcorder
Video Player
PC to LCD projector
Interactive video gaming
DOD and Public Safety
• Radar – non cooperative object
detection, tracking and
identification
– High speed data transfer
• MP3 player
• Kiosk downloads
• Printers and scanners
– IEEE 802.15.3a link layer protocol
– Link to IEEE1394 and/or USB 2.0
• Localization -integrated position
location and communication
– Cooperative location and tracking
– Asset identification and tracking (RF ID
tag)
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– Surveillance
• Proximity detection and alert
• Weapon detection
– Ground Penetrating radar
• Low frequency required
– Wall imaging
– Medical imaging
– Thru-wall imaging
• High peak power required
– Vehicle collision avoidance
• High frequency allocated
– Pattern Reader
• Radar signature of reflective
Universal Product Code
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UWB Military/Government Applications
• Communications
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Tactical Handheld & Network LPI/LPD
Wireless Intercom Systems LPI/LPD
Radios
Precision Geolocation Systems
UAV/UGV Datalinks
• Radar
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Non-LOS LPI/LPD Groundwave Communications
LPI/LPD Altimeter/Obstacle Avoidance
Radar Tags
Intrusion Detection Radars
Precision Geolocation Systems
Proximity Fuzes
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UWB Communication Suppliers
Company
Funding
Applications
Status
Aether Wire and
Location
(Nicasio, CA)
Military contracts
(primarily DARPA),
Helix Investments
Precision location and data
on ad hoc network
Prototype demonstrated
Time Domain
(Huntsville, AL)
Investors include Sony
and Siemens
Multimedia data transfer;
precision location; Thru-wall
radar
Radar products on the market; first
communications chips to be
released this year
Active in 802.15.3a study group
Multispectral Solutions
(Germantown, MD)
Military contracts
(primarily DARPA, air
force and navy)
Voice communications;
data transfer; precision
location; radar
Military systems in use; civilian
applications under development
Xtreme Spectrum
(Vienna, VA)
Investors include Cisco
Systems, Motorola and
Texas Instruments
Multimedia data transfer
First chips released this year
Active in 802.15.3a study group
Pulse-Link (Fantasma)
(San Diego, CA)
Undisclosed
UWB data over cable
network; precision location,
Chips scheduled for release 2003
Intel
(Santa Clara, CA)
Internal
Data transfer
Prototype demonstrated
Active in 802.15.3a study group
IBM Research
(Zürich, Switzerland)
Internal
Networking
R&D
Texas Instruments
Internal
Multimedia data transfer
R&D
Active in 802.15.3a study group
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Product Announcements
Company
Product
Applications
Status
Aether Wire and Location
(Nicasio, CA)
Tx Chip (Driver2)
Rx Chip (Aether5)
Antenna (Monopole Large
Current radiator
Precision location and data on
ad hoc network
4th Generation chips available
Time Domain
(Huntsville, AL)
PulsOn 100 Chipset
2 Timer, 1 Dual Corr
Multimedia data transfer;
precision location; Thru-wall
radar
PulsOn 100: Avail 2000
Time Domain
(Huntsville, AL)
PulsON 200 Chipset
2 Tx chips, 2 Rx chips, 1
RF Processor chip
Multimedia data transfer;
precision location; Thru-wall
radar
PulsON 200: Avail 2002
Eval kit $50K
Time Domain
(Huntsville, AL)
PulsON 300 Chipsets
300TAC: 1 timer, 1 Corr
300C: 2 timers, 2 Corr
300AP: 8 timers, 8 Corr
Indoor multimedia data transfer
using 802.15.3a standard
PulsON 300: Avail ??
Multispectral Solutions
(Germantown, MD)
Undisclosed
Data and precision location for
up to 1 km
Announcement Dec 2001 Navy
contract
Xtreme Spectrum
(Vienna, VA)
Trinity Chipset (4 chips)
XSI 112 LNA, XSI102 RF
Transceiver, XSI122 BB,
XSI141 MAC
Indoor multimedia data transfer
using 802.15.3a standard
General Avail mid 2003
$19.95 for qty of 100K
Eval kit $50K
Pulse-Link (Fantasma)
(San Diego, CA)
Undisclosed
UWB data over cable network
and wireless network
Chips scheduled for release 2003
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Keys to UWB success
• FLEXIBLE - provide variable spectral filling of the wideband channel
and better co-existence
• SCALABLE - scale performance with technology advancement and
with application requirement
• ADAPTABLE - accommodate potentially different worldwide
regulations
• LOW COST - enable full CMOS integration
• LOW POWER – mW/Mb ratio must be 5-10x better than 802.11 and
must include scaling to the power requirements of small battery
powered CE devices
• SINGLE STANDARD – unlike cables, the wireless PAN market
requires that all UWB systems cooperate to prevent interference with
one another
UWB and Wireless PAN Reality vs. Perception
Mark Bowles mark@staccatocommunications.com
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Summary
• Ultrawideband - What’s Old Is New Again!
– Wireless could have gone straight to UWB if DSP had been available
• Cornucopia of Commercial and Military Applications
– Communications, radar, geolocation, automation, measurement, etc.
• UWB Has The Potential for Revolutionary Change
– Regulatory changes are needed to FCC Part 15 to realize full potential
• UWB Development Has Only Just Begun
– Propagation, antennas, circuits, devices, waveforms, signal processing,
radio architectures, MAC/network protocols, etc.
Ultrawideband (Impulse Radio) Communications Technical Challenges
Dr. James A. Freebersyser Program Manager, DARPA/ATO
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Contact Information
Innovative Wireless Technologies
1047 Vista Park Drive Suite A
Forest, VA 24551
Phone 434-316-5230
Fax 434-316-5232
Web site: www.iwtwireless.com
jsilverstrim@iwtwireless.com
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