SverreJohnsen GSASWorkshoponIndo-Europeanhistoricallinguistics HarvardUniversity October6th,2006 ThehistoricalderivationofGothicaba‘husband’ ‘husband’ 1.Semantics 1.Semantics Gothicabahas29attestationsinthefragmentsofWulfila’stranslationoftheBible.27of theseareinpassageswhereabaisusedtodenotetheothermemberinthepairsqēns ‘woman,wife’–aba,qinō‘id.’–abaandmagaþs*‘youngwoman’–aba.Fromthisitis clearthatitdesignatesamaleperson,usuallythehusband.Thetworemaining attestationsareequallytransparentinthatmeaning.abaisfurtherwithoutexceptions translatedfromtheGreekoriginal7ν9ρ‘maleperson;husband’,sowehavedouble evidenceforthismeaningofGothicaba. 2.Germaniccognates 2.Germaniccognates AGothicabawouldcorrespondtoONafi,andsuchawordisattestedwithtwodifferent meanings,‘malerelativeindirectline’and‘grandfather’.Themeaningmostinteresting toushere,‘malerelative’,isnotaswellattestedastheothermeaning,butitis neverthelesssurelyused.ExamplesfromNorwegianprose:Núskalþǽrjarðirtelja,er óðlumskulufylgja.Súerein,erafihefirafaleift.‘Nowthoseestateswillbementioned, whicharepatrimonial.Thatisone,whichafihasleftforafi’(GulI912).Middle Norwegian:mitthafuumengheannathøyrtattþathefuerfylktafueeftirafwaþatsem firasysteraatto[...]efttirfadursiin.‘wehavenotheardanythingelsethanwhatthefour sisters[…]gotfromtheirfatherhadfollowedafiafterafi’(DNIV620). AphonologicalcorrespondenceinWesternGermanicappearsonlyinmalepersonal names:OHGAbo,OSALoandOEAfa.Thereisnocompellingreasontorejecttheseas perfectcorrespondences,buttheyobviouslyallowotherinterpretations,e.g.as hypocoristicformations. 1 3.Morphology 3.Morphology Gothicabahasthefollowingdeclension: Sg Pl Nom ab-a ab-ans Acc ab-an – Dat ab-in ab-nam Gen ab-ins ab-nē Voc – – Thesingulardeclinesasaregularmasculinen-stem,whereastheobliqueplural declensiondiffersfromtheregularpattern,illustratedthroughatta‘father’. Sg Pl Nom att-a att-ans Acc att-an att-ans Dat att-in att-am Gen att-ins att-anē Voc att-a att-ans ThespecialtraitofGothicabaistheform-n-ofthen-stemsuffixbeforetheendings-am and-ēinthedat.andgen.pl.respectively.Thishasitsparallelsinothern-stem formationsinGothic. 2 1.Thewordfor‘ox’,m.auhsa*,isattestedinthefollowingcases: Sg Pl Nom – – Acc auhs-an auhs-OPOs Dat auhs-QO – Gen – auhs-nē Voc – – 2.Thewordm.manna‘man’(theformsinnon-boldtypesareanalogicalformationsfrom theboldtypeforms,andthereforeputinparenthesis): Sg Pl Nom (manna) man--s man Acc (mannan) (mans) Dat man--n man (mannam) Gen man--s man man--nē man nē Voc (manna) – Thegen.sg.andnom.pl.mansaresynchronicallytheoutputformsofunderlying /man-n-s/,asgeminatesareshortenedbeforeaconsonant. 4.TheGermanicn-stem stem OHGagreeswithGothicintheregulardeclensionofthen-steminhaving-in-inthe dat./gen.sg.,elsewhere*-an-(heredisregardingthemuchdisputedfactthatthis*-an- showsupas-un-and-on-inOHG).MostoftheotherGermaniclanguageshave generalized-an-outsideofthenom.sg.MostofthelanguagesoutsideofGothicshow similardeviantformswithonly-n-,though. 3 1.Them.wordsfor‘ox’declineswithgeneralized-n-inthepluralinbothOEandON: OE ON Sg Pl Sg Pl Nom ox-a øx-en ux-i yx-n Acc ox-an øx-en ux-a yx-n Dat ox-an ox-num ux-a yx-num Gen ox-an ux-a yx-na ox-na Comparedtotheregularparadigm,exemplifiedthroughguma‘man’: OE Sg Pl ON Sg Pl Nom gum-a gum-an gum-i gum-ar Acc gum-an gum-an gum-a gum-a Dat gum-an gum-um gum-a gum-um Gen gum-an gum-ena gum-a gum-a 2.TheOEmanna‘man’hasalmostentirelycrossedovertotheconsonantstem,but preservesn-stemfeaturesinthesg.: OE Pre-OE Sg Pl Sg Pl Nom mann-a men *man-ni Acc mann-an men *man-ni Dat men *man-ni Gen men *man-ni man-num man-na ONshowsthesamepatternintheplural,withnom./acc.pl.menn<*man-niR,dat.pl. mǫn-num,gen.pl.man-na.Thesingularfollowsthea-stem. 4 3.WhereotherGermaniclanguagesshowaregularn-stemin-C-an-,ONhassometimes -C-nu-,asequencewhichonlycanhaveoriginatedfrom*-C-n-C-,wherethesyllabic nasal*--triggersananaptycticvowelandbecomes*-uN-,hence*-C-n-C-> *-C-n-uNC-.AnONnu-stemisthereforeindirectevidenceof-n-inthen-stem.Thebest examplesofthisareONǫrn<*arnu-vs.OHGaro‘eagle’andONbjǫrn<*bernu-vs. OHGbero‘bear’. 4.AcrosstheGermaniclanguages,especiallyinNordic,somen-stemshaveundergone paradigmsplit,whereoneoriginalwordhassplitintotwo,andwherethetwowordsnow caneithershowthesamemeaning,ortwoslightlydifferent.Thesesplitshaveoccurred wherethestemformant-n-wasused,whichinoneofthewordsoriginatingfromthesplit hasbecomeapartofthestem,withthere-additionofthen-suffix*-an-,orbygivingita vocalicinflexionin-na-or-nu-,i.e.*-C-an-/-C-n-→1.*-C-an-2.*-C-n-an-3.*-C-n-V-: a) PG*ber-an-/ber-n-‘bear’→1.OHGbero,OldSwedishPNBjæri2.ONBjarni3. ONbjǫrn. b) PG*ar-an-/ar-n-‘eagle’→1.ONari,OHGaro3.OEearn,ONǫrn,OHGarn. c) PG*sef-an-/seb-n-‘mind’→1.ONsefi2.ONsjafni. d) PG*hers-an-/herz-n-‘head,skull’→1.ONhjarsi‘crownofthehead’2.ON hjarni‘brain’. e) PG*urz-en-/urz-n-‘themale’→1.ONorri‘heathcock’2.OldSwedishorni ‘boar’. 5.Thereareseveralpairsofwords,especiallyinWestGermanic,withandwithouta geminatedrootfinalconsonant,andthisisgenerallytakentoindicateaparadigmsplit, andthesequence*-C-n-issaidtoberesponsibleforthegeminationto*-CC-.Aswith theparadigmsplitsunder4,then-stemsuffixmightbere-added,i.e.*-C-an-/*-C-n-> *-CC-→1.*-C-an-2.*-CC-an-: 5 a) *bul-an-/*bul-n->*bull-‘bull’→1.ONboli2.MEbulle,MLGbulle,German Bulle. b) *knab-an-/*knab-n->*knapp-‘boy’→1.OHGknabo,OEcnafa2.OHG knappo,OEcnapa. Theconclusionmustthereforebethattheuseof*-n-ofthen-stemsuffixwasmore proliferateinearlierstagesofGermanicthanwhatitwasattheattestedstagesofthe individualOldGermaniclanguages. 5.ThePIEn-stem stem TheanimatePIEn-stemcameinfourdistincttypes: 1.Theamphikinetictypewithaccentede-gradeoftherootando-gradeofthesuffixin thestrongcases,andaccentedendingintheweakcaseswithzerogradeintheroot: Amphikinetic Strongcases R(é) S(o) E(Ø) Weakcases R(Ø) S(Ø) E(é) Loc.sg. R(Ø) S(é) Vedic Nom.sg. ātm > Loc.sg. *éh1tm-ō *h1tm-nés *h1tm-én tmán Latin Nom.sg. *kérH-ō *kH-nés *kH-én carō carnis Gen.sg. Gen.sg. Loc.sg. 6 > 2.Thehysterokinetictypewithzerogradeoftheroot,andaccentede-gradeofthesuffix inthestrongcases,andaccentedendingintheweakcases: Hysterokinetic Strongcases R(Ø) S(é) E(Ø) Weakcases R(Ø) S(Ø) E(é) Loc.sg. R(Ø) S(é) Greek Nom.sg. *wh1-en *wh1-n-és *wh1-én 7ρ9ν > 7ρνfς Gen.sg. Loc.sg. 3.Theindividualizingtype,whereanamphi-orhysterokineticablautingn-suffixisadded toanotherstem.Ifthisstemisathematic,itwilldeclineastype1and2.Whenaddedtoa thematicstem,theyproducetwodifferenttypes: a) Originalhysterokinetic: Greek Nom.sg. *-C-en *-C-en- *-C-en-és *-C-én -9ν -9να Greekjριστος‘best’→oριστ9ν‘thebestone’ > -pνος Acc.sg. Gen.sg. Loc.sg. b) Originalamphikinetic: Latin Nom.sg. *-C-q *-C-qn- *-C-on-és *-C-ón Latincatus‘sharp’→Catō‘thesharpone’ > -ō -ōnem -ōnis Acc.sg. Gen.sg. Loc.sg. 4.TheHoffmann-type,whereapossessivesuffix*-h1en-wasaddedtoanotherstemto formapossessive.Thesuffixhadamphi-andhysterokineticablaut,andwhenitwas 7 affixedtoanathematicbase,iteventuallycollapsedwithtype1and2inmostcases.The affixationtoathematicbasehasleftmoredistincttracesinthelanguages. a) Athematicamphikinetic: Vedic Nom.sg. *h2éw-h1ō *h2éw-h1on- *h2u-h1n-és *h2u-h1én Vedicyu-‘life’→yúvān-‘havinglife’ > yúvā yúvānam ynas Vedic Acc.sg. Gen.sg. Loc.sg. b) Athematichysterokinetic: Nom.sg. *koni-h1en *koni-h1én- *koni-h1n-és *koni-h1én Acc.sg. Gen.sg. Loc.sg. kany kanyánām > *kanīnas1 *koni-‘freshness’→kany-‘virgin,girl’ c) Thematicamphikinetic: Latin Nom.sg. *-e/o-h1ō *-e/o-h1on- *-e/o-h1n-és *-e/o-h1én nāsus‘nose’→Nāsō‘havinga(big)nose’ > -ō -ōnem -ōnis Acc.sg. Gen.sg. Loc.sg. d) Thematichysterokinetic: Greek Nom.sg. *-e-h1ēn *-e-h1en- *-e-h1n-és *-e-h1én -9ν -9να φαλλfς‘penis’→Φαλλ9ν‘Dionysus’ > -pνος Acc.sg. Gen.sg. Loc.sg. 1 Gen.pl.kannām<*koni-h1n-. 8 6.ExpectedoutcomeofthePIEtypesinProto.ExpectedoutcomeofthePIEtypesinProto-Germanic Germanic Type1,amphikinetic: Nom.sg. *-ō *-anun *-niz *-ini Acc.sg. Gen.sg. Loc.sg. Type2,hysterokinetic Nom.sg. *-ē(n) *-inun *-niz *-ini Acc.sg. Gen.sg. Loc.sg. Type3a),individualizinghysterokinetic: Nom.sg. *-ē(n) *-ēnun *-iniz *-ini Acc.sg. Gen.sg. Loc.sg. Type3b),individualizingamphikinetic: Nom.sg. *-ō *-ōnun *-aniz *-ani Acc.sg. Gen.sg. Loc.sg. 9 TheathematicHoffmann-typeshavenotleftanycleartracesinGermanic,sowegoto type4c),Hoffmannthematicamphikinetic: Nom.sg. *-ō *-ōnun *-ōniz *-ōni Acc.sg. Gen.sg. Loc.sg. Type4d),Hoffmannthematichysterokinetic: Nom.sg. *-ē(n) *-ēnun *-ēniz *-ēni Acc.sg. Gen.sg. Loc.sg. Type1isthegeneraltypereconstructedfortheGermanicn-stem,andwassurely continuedinGermanic.Thenom.sg.in*-ō,theacc.sg.in*-anunandtheloc.sg.in*-ini arealldirectlycontinuedinthedaughterlanguages,andthezerograde*-n-thatwould beusedintheotherweakcasesisneededinordertoexplainwordslikeONǫrn,OHG arn‘eagle’,awordthatweknowwasaPIEamphikineticnom.sg.*h2érō,gen.sg.h2ernés onthestrengthofHittiteharas–haranas. Type2wouldcoincidewithtype1intheweakcases.Anacc.sg.in*-inuncannotbe establishedforGermanic.ThatitneverthelesswascontinuedinGermanicismade probablebytwofacts:1)ThatProto-Norsehasanom.sg.‹-aa›(/-ǣ/>ON-e/-i)in additionto‹-ō ō›2)ThattheParadebeispielforaPIEtype2,*h2uksen–h2uksnés(Vedic uk}–uk}nás)iscontinuedinGermanicwiththezerograde*-n-inweakcases. Type3a)wouldcoincidewithtype2inthenom.sg.Anacc.sg.in*-ēnunissurelynot continuedanywhere.Theotherweakcaseswouldshowthesamedevelopmentaswhat wewouldexpectfromtype1and2afterthegeneralizationofthestemvariant*-in-from thedativetothegenitive.Acontinuationoftype3a)cannotbeestablished. 10 Type3b)wouldcoincidewithtype1inthenom.sg.Theweakcaseswith*-an-arethe onesfoundthroughoutNorthGermanicandIngveonic,whereasanacc.sg.in*-ōnuncan nowherebefound.Thefactthatweakcaseformsin*-an-wasgeneralizedingreatparts oftheGermanicareashowsthatthistypemusthavebeenprominent,anditconcurswith thefactthatindividualizingn-stemsinGermanicwereespeciallyfrequent.Type3b) surelycontinued. Type4c)wouldbehomonymouswiththenewlycreatedfeminineōn-steminGermanic. MasculinenounsdonotshowanysuchdeclensionwithveryrareexceptionslikeON Sturla.Probablynotcontinued. Type4d)notcontinued. Theprobablen-stemclassesinProto-Germanicwerethus: Amphikinetic Hysterokinetic Individualizing Nom.sg. *-ō *-ē *-ō Acc.sg. *-anun *-anun *-anun Dat.sg. *-ini *-ini *-ani Gen.sg. *-(i)niz *-(i)niz *-aniz 7.Theoriginofaba NowthatwehaveestablishedthreedifferentGermanicn-stems,weneedtofindout whichgroupitbelongedtoinordertopinpointitsderivationalhistory. Individualizing Theonegroupthatstandsoutasmostdifferentistheindividualizingclass,where*-an- wasusedinallcasesoutsidethenom.sg.Sinceabashows-n-intheweakcasesinthe plural,abacouldonlycomefromthisgroupifitcanbeshownthatoriginal individualizingn-stemscouldsecondarilyacquiresuffixablautinanalogywiththetwo 11 othertypes.WeknowthatthisindividualizinggroupcoulddevelopVernervariantslike *hasan-,*hazan-‘hare’,anindividualizationfromPIE*~asó-‘grey’.Vernervariants appearinclasseslikethem.a-stemtoo,wherewedon’tpositanyablautforGermanic, andamobileaccentdoesanywaynotprovesuffixablaut.Theonlyprimeexampleof suffixablautforanoriginalindividualizingstemis*beran-/bern-‘bear’,asitispractically uniformlytakentobederivedfromanunderlyingPIEadjective*bhero-‘brown’,butthis derivationcarrieswithitmajordifficulties.2Regardlesstheetymologicalhistoryof Germanic*beran-,ifitdidsecondarilyacquiresuffixablaut,itwouldratherbeinanalogy fromalltheotherexamplesofanimalnamesshowingoriginalablautinthen-stemsuffix as*aran-/arn-‘eagle’,*bulan-/buln-‘bull’,*urzen-/urzn-‘themaleanimal’and*uhsen- /uhsn-‘ox’,anexplanationthatpossiblycouldapplyto*hasan-/hazn-‘hare’also,butnot toaba. Hysterokinetic Ifabahadanoriginalhysterokineticinflection,itwouldstraightforwardlyaccountforthe caseswith-n-intheweakcases.However,asthegivenexamplesofhysterokinetic inflectionhaveshown(*wh1en‘lamb’,*h1sen‘themale’,*h2uksen‘ox’),therootwould appearinthezero-grade,whichshouldhavegivenusGermanic*fen-or*ben-(<PIE *Hpén-or*Hbhén-),unlessweinvokeanadhoc‘anti-monosyllabicity’constraintonthis development. 2 ThisthematicadjectiveshowsuponlyinBaltic,butthereasunderlying*bhēro-.Thisformwithalong vowelcanunderlietheGermanicformsonlyifwepositanOsthoff-shorteningaftertheanalogical introductionofzero-gradeformsofthesuffix.InallotherIndo-Europeanforms,thereareonly reduplicatedand/orsuffixedformswithzero-gradeofaroot*bher-thatappear,whichindicatesthatthere issomeunderlying*bher-‘bebrown?’‘browncolor?’instead,fromwhichBaltic*bhēro-thenwouldbea regularvrddhi-formation.TheGermanic*beran-isthenbettertakenasaprimaryn-stemorHoffmannformationtothisroot,afterwhichtheGermanicablautisregular,andwhichremovesitfromtheGermanic individualizingclassaltogether.It’sfurtherpossiblethat*beran-istheindividualizedformoftheathematic PIE*hwer-‘wildanimal’,whichalsowouldmakeitanamphikinetictype. 12 Amphikinetic Aswiththehysterokineticinflection,anamphikineticinflectionwouldaccountforthe weakcaseswith-n-,andwewouldn’thaveanyproblemwiththestructureoftheroot,as anoriginalamphikineticinflectionwouldgiveus*Hép/bhon-/Hep/bhn-´>ProtoGermanic*aban-/abn-.TheevidenceinGermanicsuggeststhereforethatababelonged totheamphikinetictypeinProto-Germanic. 8.PIEetymologyofaba Thebestassumptionfortheetymologyistotreatitasaprimaryamphikineticn-stemasit surfacesinProto-Germanic.Ithaslongbeenrootetymologizedto*h3ep-‘do,make’ withoutanexplanationofitsderivation.Itcouldbetakenasanomenagentisformation fromtheverbalrootseenintheSabellicperfect*ps-inthesamewayasthePIE amphikinetic*tét~on-/tet~n-´‘carpenter’isderivedfrom*tet~-‘topound,carpenter’,as seeninVedicták}-→ták}ān-,Greekτκτων.*h3épon-wouldthenhaveameaning ‘performer’orsimilar.Theproblemswithsuchaderivationarefirstthatanomenagentis derivationstraightfromtheverbalrootwithaprimaryn-suffixhasnotbeenestablished forPIE,secondthattheunderlyingverbisnotattestedinGermanic,infactnowhere outsideSabellic. Thereisanacrostaticheteroclitic*h3óp-/*h3ép-n-“wealth,riches,possession” withnumerousderivativesinAnatolianalongsideLatinopulentus‘rich’andVedic ápnas-‘property’.Weknowthroughgoodexamplesthattheseneuterheterocliteswitha stemending*-inthestrongcasesand*-(e)n-intheweakcasescouldhaveanimate (masculine)amphikineticn-stemsmadetothembymeansofinternalderivation,giving thederivativeapossessivemeaning: • *h3r-/h3r-n-‘power’(OldAvestanrāzar)→*h3r-on-/*h3r-n-´‘having power’→‘king’(Vedicrjān-/rjñ-) • *h1óHdh-/h1éHdh-n-‘udder’(Greekοθαρ)→*tri-h1éHdh-on-/*-h1uHdh-n-´ ‘havingthreeudders’(Vedictri-dhán-) 13 • *péH-w/piH-wén-‘fat’(Greekπαρ)→*péHw-on-/piHu-n-´‘havingfat’ (Greekπων) • *h2érh3-w/*h2h3-wén-‘grain’(OldIrisharbar)→*h2érh3w-on-/h2h3u-n-´ ‘havinggrain’→‘field’(Armenianharawownk) Ifwedothesamewith*h3óp-/*h3ép-n-,wewouldgetanamphikineticderivative h3ép-on-/*h3ep-n-´‘havingwealth,riches,possession’,where‘theonepossessingthe riches(inthefamily)’naturallywoulddesignatethepaterfamilias.ThePIEbasewould giveProto-Germanic*afan-/abn-,whichaftertheregulargeneralizationofoneofthe Verner-variantswouldpreciselygiveGothicaba(abn-)aswellascomplywithits meaning‘husband’andtheOldNorsemeaning‘malefamilymemberwithhereditary status’. Thisderivationgainsstrengthfromthefactthat*h3óp-/*h3ép-n-seemstohave servedasthebaseforotherderivationsinGermanic,asseenin*h3op-r-ó-‘havingriches, property’>Germanicabra-‘powerful,strong’(Gothicabrs,ONafr-)and*h3ep-n-io- ‘thatofproperty,possession’>Germanic*af/bnija-‘stuff,material’(ONefni). 14