LAND USE AND WATERSHED IMPACTS
RESIDENTIAL DEVLOPMENT
AGRICULTURE IMPACTS
Watershed
W t
h d Landuse
L d
2001
Applied Data Consultants, Inc.
E
Empirical
i i lW
Watershed
t
h dM
Models
d l
Phosphorus
p
export
p
coefficients - developed
p
based
using monitoring data.
WISCONSIN VALUES
Land Cover
High
Hi
hD
Density
it Urban
U b
Row Crop Agriculture
Mixed Agriculture
g
Grass / Pasture
Medium Density Urban
Low Density Urban
Forested
TP Export
kg/ha/yr
15
1.5
1.0
0.8
0.3
0.5
01
0.1
0.09
H M
How
Much
h Ph
Phosphorus
h
ffeeding?
di ?
What most
dairy producers
feed
NRC
Recommendation
for >80 lb/d milk
0.3%
0.4%
0.5%
0 5%
Absolute
waste!
R
Runoff
ff P Increases
I
with
ith soilil P
2
Sand
y
loam
1.5
Dissolved P
in runoff,
mg/L
1
Loam
05
0.5
0
Loam
Clay
0
200
Mehlich-3 soil P,
mg/kg
400
600
Average
A
S
Soil
il T
Testt P iin
Wisconsin
60
Avera
age P Tes
st, ppm
50
48
50
52
44
40
40
30
34
36
20
10
0
1968-73 1974-77 1978-81 1982-85 1986-90 1991-94 1995-99
Period
Nonpoint Pollution
to Lake Mendota
PL
Loading
di Sources
S
to
t Lake
L k Mendota
M d t
Existing
g Urban Areas
6%
Construction Sites
Cropland
19%
48%
Barnyards 21%
Streambanks
6%
Source: Dane Co. Land Conservation Dept.
Lake Mendota Watershed P Budget
(from Bennett et al. 1999)
= 34 MT
P in = 1,307
1 307 MT
P out = 732 MT
P Storage = + 575 MT !!
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of inputs and outputs used to calculate a P budget for the Lake Mendota watershed for 1995.
Squaw Lake Watershed
Total Land Area: 5760 a
Direct Drainage: 2438 a
Nine Farms
Dairy
Beef
Cash grain
Casey Ambers
August 8, 2004
USGS Aerial Photo
S
Squaw
Lake
L k PB
Balance
l
Phosphorus
p
Inputs
p
Commercial fertilizer
Mineral
Animals
Crops
Manure
Phosphorus
p
Outputs
p
Crops
Animals
Milk
Squaw Lake P Balance
-Elemental P
P--
Total Inputs =
44,282 lbs P
Total Outputs =
46,364 lbs P
Balance =
-2,082 lbs P
Im p a c t s fr o m Im p e r v io u s S u r fa c e s o n
P h o s p h o r o u s L o a d in g
18
20
In c r e a s e in
X
P Load
B ackground
15
12
10
5
1
3
4
6
8
10
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
% Im p e r v io u s S u r fa c e 2 0 K ft2 L a k e L o t
50
Undeveloped – Apr.-Oct. phosphorus/sediment runoff model
Source: Wisconsin Dept. of Natural
Resources
Laine Cabin, Long Lake Chippewa County
1940s development – Apr.-Oct. phosphorus/sediment runoff
model
Source: Wisconsin Dept. of Natural
Resources
Redevelopment Long Lake Chippewa County
1990s development – Apr.-Oct. phosphorus/sediment runoff
model
Source: Wisconsin Dept. of Natural
Resources
Gussick’s residence, Lower Ninemile Lake
Pfefferkorn Residence, Butternut Lake
C o m p a r is o n o f M e d ia n N u tr ie n t Y ie ld s w ith P a s t
S tu d ie s (k g /h a / y r )
C ita tio n
Landuse
K in g
e t. a l. ( 2 0 0 1 )
D e n n is ( 1 9 9 6 )
R echow
e t. a l. ( 1 9 8 0 )
P a n u s k a , L i ll i e
(1 9 9 5 )
Thom ann
(1 9 8 7 )
P anuska,
W iL M S
R echhow
e t. a l. ( 1 9 8 0 )
B a rte n (2 0 0 1 )
O u r S tu d y
S tre a m
d r a in in g tu r f
R e s id e n t ia l
P a n u s k a , L i ll i e
(1 9 9 5 )
Thom ann
(1 9 8 7 )
D e n n is ( 1 9 9 6 )
P anuska
(W iL M S )
O u r S tu d y
F o re s t
TKN
0 .3 3
5 .5
U rb a n
U rb a n
T -P
1 .7 5
1 .1
0 .5 2
5 .0
R u ra l R e s .
1 .0
0 .1
R e s id e n t ia l
2 .4 6
0 .2
Lawn
Law n
0 .1 6
0 .0 2 5
F o re s t
0 .0 9
3 .0
F o re s t
F o re s t
F o re s t
0 .4
0 .1 9
0 .0 8
0 .0 1 5
0 .0 0 3
Effect of a Phosphorus
p
Fertilizer Ordinance on
Runoff Water Quality
Cooperating Partners
Image courtesy of the Washington State Water Quality Consortium
EMPACT: Lake Access 2
Three Rivers Park District (formerly Hennepin Parks)
University of Minnesota: Natural Resources Research Institute
Minnesota Sea Grant
Minnehaha Creek Watershed District
Residential Land Surfaces
Lawns
62%
Roofs
R
f
15%
Streets
St
t
14%
Other
1%
Driveways
8%
Weaver Lake
Fish Lake
1991-2002 (May-Sept)
1991-2002 (May-Sept)
65
60
60
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
19
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
19
19
19
94
35
93
35
92
40
93
45
40
91
2
R = 0.0059
92
R = 0.2803
45
50
19
2
91
50
55
19
55
M ean A
An n u al T SI
65
19
M e a n A n n u a l T SI
Maple Grove Lake Trends: 1991-2002
Plymouth Lake Trends: 1991-2002
Parkers Lake: TSI
Medicine Lake: TSI
1991-2002 (May-Sept)
65
60
60
2
R = 0.7336
0 7336
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
19
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
19
19
19
94
35
93
35
92
40
91
40
93
45
92
45
50
19
50
91
2
R = 0.3104
55
19
55
Mean
n Annual TSI
65
19
Mean Annual TSI
1991-2002 (May-Sept)
Median Area-Weighted Loading
for Paired Rain Events
TP
SRP
new
mid
old
new
mid
old
Maple Grove (g/ha)
7.58
6.69
12.0
4.34
3.99
5.31
Plymouth
4.89
4.12
4.75
1.77
1.38
1.88
Diff
Difference
(g/ha)
2 69
2.69
2
2.57
57
7
7.25
25
2 57
2.57
2
2.61
61
3
3.43
43
% “Reduction”
35%
60%
59%
(g/ha)
38%
65%
65%
Soil Compaction during site grading is main
problem
Insufficient
ffi i topsoil
il cover after
f grading
di
exacerbates compaction and affects turf
growth
Soil Compaction is increased during
building construction
Spoil
p from basements placed
p
on
adjacent soils
Building crews and material suppliers
drive on soils
Effect of Compaction on Infiltration
Rate
14
12
Infiltration 10
8
Rate
6
(In/Hour) 4
2
0
Native
Compacted
Sandyy
Pitt, et. al., 1999
Clayey
y y
Soil Type
Lawn Soil Compaction
C
Compaction
ti (M
(Mpa))
0.00
0
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
10
Depth (cm)
20
30
40
50
60
Uninhibited
U
b ted
Root
Growth
70
Impaired
pa ed
Root
Growth
No
o
Root
Growth
5.00
Reducing
educ g So
Soil Co
Compaction
pact o
- Avoid during construction - compaction is forever
- Till compacted
p
areas around buildings
g
- Apply
adequate topsoil prior to seeding
- Add organic matter - minimum of 5%
- Aerate turf areas annually
Till soils around buildingg sites pprior
to adding topsoil
One year later…
later
Rain Garden Depth & Size
B l
Balance
between:
b t
•
drainage area
•
slope
•
soil
•
desired garden
size
LEAVING A LEGACY
Help Protect Wisconsin’s…
WATER RESOURCES.