Case Studies for
Understanding
Groundwater and Lake
Interactions
Interactions
Wisconsin Lakes Convention 2008
Case Studies
• Silver Lake, Barron Co
• Middle
ddl Genesee,
G
Walworth Co
• Crystal Lake,
Sheboygan Co
• Central sand plains
p
The effects of changes in water
level on the water quality of
Sil
Silver
Lake,
L k Barron
B
County,
C
t
Wisconsin
Dale Robertson and Bill Rose
U.S. Geological
g
Survey,
y,
Wisconsin WSC
Average Summer Trophic State of Silver Lake
T R O P H IC S T A T E IN D E X
60
Eutrophic
50
Mesotrophic
40
TSI - TP
30
TSI - CHL
Oligotrophic
TSI - SD
20
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
W t Budget
Water
B d t
Change in Storage = Inputs – Outputs
Ground water
ΔS = P + QI + GI – E - Go
Precipitation Surface water
Evaporation
Original
O
i i l Description
D
i i off
Ground-water Flow
Installation and
measurement of
piezometers
Lake
water level
recording
di
gage and
rain gage
Ground-water flow near Silver Lake
Original Description
Silver Lake
Yellow River
New Description
Silver Lake
Yellow River
Estimated Ground-water Output – 0.1 inches/day
89
With Tribs. 2, 3, and 7, 0.4
0.4' to ungaged in April 2005, and .3 to ungaged in
April 2006
Elevation, ft
88
87
86
85
Preliminary Results
84
Measured stage
Calculated stage
83
11/1/04
12/31/04
3/2/05
5/1/05
7/1/05
8/30/05
10/30/05
12/29/05
2/28/06
4/29/06
6/29/06
8/28/06
10/28/06
MY2005
Water inputs = 1297 acre-ft
Water outputs = 1777 acre-ft
Ungaged
11%
Trib. 7
11%
Trib. 3
3%
Trib. 2
7%
Precip.
68%
GW out
61%
Evaporati
on
39%
Oct. 06
Sept. 06
Aug. 06
July 06
June 06
May 06
Apr. 06
Mar. 06
Feb. 06
Jan. 06
Dec. 05
Nov. 05
Oct. 05
Sept. 05
Aug. 05
July 05
June 05
May 05
Apr. 05
Mar. 05
Feb. 05
Jan. 05
Dec. 04
Nov. 04
Volume, in ac
cre-feet
Accuracy of the Estimated Water Budget
300
Monthly water inputs and outputs at Silver Lake
Inputs
250
Outputs +sto
+ sto rage change
200
150
100
50
0
Results Can Now Be Used To:
1. Understand changes in water quality
2. Estimate how the lake should respond to
various management alternatives
3. Develop a Management Plan for the lake
4. Better able to predict changes in other lakes
Middle Genesee Lake
Waukesha County
Middle Genesee Study,
Waukesha County
Middle Genesee Study,
Waukesha County
Middle Genesee Study,
Waukesha County
Middle Genesee Study,
Waukesha County
Middle Genesee Study,
Waukesha County
Middle Genesee Study,
Waukesha County
The calibrated model can be used
to estimate GWin Î
Middle Genesee Study,
Waukesha County
Middle Genesee Study,
Waukesha County
The ground-water capture zone under a
“development” scenario
CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKE
Bob Nauta, RSV Engineering
Are the wells affecting Crystal Lake?
Figures from Hey and Associates, 2007
CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKE
• STATISTICAL ANALYSES
• WATER CHEMISTRY ANALYSES
• GROUNDWATER MONITORING
CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKE
GROUNDWATER MONITORING
CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKE
GROUNDWATER MONITORING
8/7/07
8/14/07
8/21/07
8/28/07
9/4/07
9/11/07
9/18/07
8/7/07
8/14/07
8/21/07
8/28/07
9/4/07
9/11/07
8/7/07
9/18/07
8/7/07
8/7/07
8/14/07
8/21/07
8/28/07
9/4/07
9/11/07
9/18/07
8/14/07
8/14/07
8/21/07
8/21/07
8/28/07
8/28/07
9/4/07
9/4/07
9/11/07
9/11/07
9/18/07
9/18/07
CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKE
• STATISTICAL ANALYSES
• WATER CHEMISTRY ANALYSES
• GROUNDWATER MONITORING
• GROUNDWATER MODELING
CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKE
GROUNDWATER MODELING
CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKE
GROUNDWATER MODELING
GROUNDWATER
DIVIDE
LA BUDDE
CREEK
CR CJ
CR J
GOLF
COURSE
ROAD
1000
CRYSTAL LAKE
ELEVA
VATION (MSL)
900
800
700
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
FEET
5000
6000
7000
8000
CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKE
• STATISTICAL ANALYSES
• WATER CHEMISTRY ANALYSES
• GROUNDWATER MONITORING
• GROUNDWATER MODELING
• ORGANIZE REGIONAL STUDY
• GRANT ASSISTANCE
CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKE
REGIONAL STUDY
• SANITARY DISTRICT #1 – TOWNS
OF RHINE & PLYMOUTH
• TOWN OF RHINE
• LITTLE ELKHART LAKE
REHABILITATION DISTRICT
• SHEBOYGAN COUNTY
CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKE
REGIONAL STUDY
• CITIZENS ADVISORY COMMITTEE
• TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP
CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKE
• STATISTICAL ANALYSES
• WATER CHEMISTRY ANALYSES
• GROUNDWATER MONITORING
• GROUNDWATER MODELING
• ORGANIZE REGIONAL STUDY
• GRANT ASSISTANCE
CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKE
GRANT ASSISTANCE
• SUBMITTED BY SHEBOYGAN
COUNTY
• FIRST STEP IN REGIONAL STUDY
– ORGANIZE EXISTING DATA
• PROCEED TO NEXT PHASE
Central Sands Lakes
Tim Asplund, WDNR
and George Kraft (UWSP)
NW Waushara County Lakes
• Landlocked lakes, no
•
•
•
•
•
outlet
Sandy soils
Lakes near major regional
groundwater divide
Recent declines after
unusually high period in
the 1990s
Short--term drought in
Short
Central WI
Major
ajo pumping
pu p g center
ce te
Source: UWSP
Source:UWSP
Source:UWSP
Effects of irrigation
1970 –1/4 of the area irrigated
- normal summer stream loss:
25-30%
- normall summer water
t decline:
d li
½ foot
- drought stream loss:
70-90%
- drought water decline:
2-3 feet
Effects of irrigation
If 50% of area irrigated
-drought
drought stream loss:
100%
- drought water decline:
4 - 5 feet
2007:
>75% of area irrigated
Waushara County Lakes
Long, Huron
Fish, Pine
Source: UWSP
1950s
1994
99
Spring 2006
July
Ju
y 2006
006
Relative
e Lake Leve
el (5 Feet Inttervals)
Waushara Co Lakes
Marl
Huron
Pleasant
Beans
Pine
Pi
Witters
Long
Fish
Bughs
1954 1960 1965 1971 1976 1982 1987 1993 1998 2004 2009
Year
Waushara Co.
Co Lakes
At sub-continental divide, near pumping
1105
Feet abov
ve sea levell
1100
1095
2
R = 0.0096
1090
1085
2
R = 0.3949
0 3949
1080
2
R = 0.5418
1075
1070
2
R = 0.7118
1065
Jun- Dec- May- Nov- May- Oct- Apr- Oct- Apr1968 1973 1979 1984 1990 1995 2001 2006 2012
Year
Long
Huron
Pine
Fish
Waushara Co.
Co Lakes
Away from divide, distant from pumping
890
Feet above sea levvel
885
880
2
R = 0.0092
875
870
865
2
R = 0.0908
860
855
850
2
R = 0.0006
845
Jun- Dec- May- Nov- May- Oct- Apr- Oct- Apr1968 1973 1979 1984 1990 1995 2001 2006 2012
Year
Gilbert
Bughs
Witters
Water table well
near Hancock, WI
source: US Geological Survey http://groundwaterwatch.usgs.gov
Down 3 ft
Kraft, 2008
Nelsonville
Amherst Jct.
Down 1 ft
Wild Rose
Down 1 ft
Down 3 ft
Wautoma
Water levels unaffected by
pumping
Year
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
PT0276
WS0105
2000
2010
Depth to wa
D
ater (ft) from
m 1959 reference
-10.0
-8.0
-6.0
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
60
6.0
PT0015
Kraft, 2008
Water levels affected by
pumping
Year
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Depth to wa
D
ater (ft) from
m 1959 refe
erence
-10.0
-8.0
-6.0
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
60
6.0
PT376_1464
WS0008
Kraft, 2008
Down 3 ft
Kraft, 2008
Nelsonville
Amherst Jct.
Down 1 ft
Wild Rose
Down 1 ft
Down 3 ft
Wautoma