AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
Ali Abusaidi for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary
Studies in the co-departments of Anthropology and Historic Architecture
presented June 11, 1986
Title: Log Cabin Construction Techniques in Western Siskivou County,
1850-1935: Their Function and Ethnic Origins
Redacted for Privacy
Abstract approved:
Under the sponsorship of the Klamath National Forest, 25 log cabins
which were built in western Siskiyou County between 1850 and 1937 were located
and studied. First, 11 exterior dimensions of these cabins were selected,
measured and recorded. Then 26 building elements were identified for the
purpose of finding whether there was a relationship between the exterior
attributes of these structures and the occupation of their builders. Four
major builder occupations were identified: (1) placer mining, (2) hardrock
mining, (3) homesteading, and (4) ranching. It was hypothesized that there is
a correlation between these builder occupations and the exterior attributes of
the cabins.
A forward stepwise discriminant analysis was performed on the parametric
variables. None of the 11 variables met the default criteria to enter (i.e.,
F=.15). Hence the null hypothesis that there is a relationship between the
occupation of the builder and the exterior variables of the log cabins was
confirmed.
The 26 categorical variables which were used to classify the cabins were
crosstabulated against the occupation of the builders. The results indicated
that only four nominal variables discriminated between the builder occupation
groups. A predictive model for classifying cabins on the basis of these four
variables is presented.
A second hypothesis was proposed to examine the relationship between log
cabin construction elements and the builder's ethnic background. Data
collected on building variables was compared with those ethnic traits
described by other log cabin researchers. From this comparison an index of
ethnic trait compatibility was produced which demonstrated the strength of
relationship between builder's background and cabin construction variables.
Log Cabin Construction Techniques in Western Siskiyou
County, 1850-1935: Their Function and Ethnic Origins
by
Ali Abusaidi
A THESIS
submitted to
Oregon State University
in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
Master of Arts
in Interdisciplinary Studies
Completed June 11, 1986
Commencement June 1987
APPROVED:
Redacted for Privacy
Professor of Anthropology in charge of major
Redacted for Privacy
Associ4'e Professor of A Jt rop ogy in charge of co-field
Redacted for Privacy
Professor of Architecture in charge of co-field
Redacted for Privacy
Chairman of Department of Anthropology
Redacted for Privacy
Dean o
raduate Sc<'''ol
Date thesis is presented
Typed by Donna Atto for
June 11, 1986
Ali Abusaidi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2
HYPOTHESES
10
Chapter 3
ENVIRONMENT
15
Chapter 4
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
20
Chapter 5
ETHNICITY
29
Chapter 6
METHODOLOGY
37
Chapter 7
ANALYSIS
44
Chapter 8
SUMMARY
68
Chapter 9
CONCLUSION
78
I
Bibliography
Appendix I:
82
ELEMENTS OF LOG CABIN CONSTRUCTION
91
Appendix II: ARCHITECTURAL DATA AND FLOOR PLANS
Appendix III: TABLE A: SOURCES FOR ETHNIC TRAIT ORIGINS
94
.
272
TABLE B: INDEX OF ETHNIC TRAIT COMPATIBILITY. 276
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1:
Parametric Variable Cluster Analysis Dendrogram
TABLE 2:
Discriminant Analysis of Cluster Groups.
Summary of Classification Functions
49
TABLE 3:
Discriminant Analysis of Site Types:
Summary of Classification Functions
50
TABLE 4:
Discriminant Analysis of Site Types:
Classification Matrix Results
51
TABLE 5:
Discriminant Analysis of Cluster Groups:
Classification Matrix Results
TABLE 6:
Summary of Forward Stepwise Discriminant
Analysis
.
.
.
.
.....
47
51
52
TABLE 7:
Summary of Backward Stepwise Discriminant
Analysis
53
TABLE 8:
Crosstabulation of Site Types by Occupancy
54
TABLE 9:
Crosstabulation of Site Types by Porch
55
TABLE 10:
Crosstabulation of Site Types by Cinking
56
TABLE 11:
Crosstabulation of Site Types by Shed
57
TABLE 12:
Cabin Characteristic Patterns
59
TABLE 13:
Summary of Ethnic Trait Retention
65
TABLE 14:
Comparison of Ethnic Trait Retention
66
Log Cabin Construction Techniques in Western Siskiyou
County, 1850-1935: Their Function and Ethnic Origins
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Americans as a people, are proud of their democracy, frontier spirit,
concept of the common man, self-reliance, courage and dream of the good life.
All these sentiments express themselves well in the symbol of the log cabin.
Many contestants for public office made use of this symbol successfully. For
example, in 1840 the log cabin became a popular symbol of the American pioneer
spirit, largely through the presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison.
As the Whig candidate, he was contrasted to the affluent Democratic candidate,
Martin Van Buren, as the plain, honest product of a log cabin background (Funk
and Wagnalls 1973:264). A good many other seekers of federal posts proclaimed
with pride their humble beginnings in log cabins. The fact that Abraham
Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant, two American heroes among many, were born in log
cabins indicates the political and emotional significance associated with this
pioneer cultural artifact.
The following address given in 1857 by Virginia Governor Henry A. Wise in
the presence of President Tyler and on the occasion of the 250th anniversary
of Jamestown (from Shurtleff 1939, p.191), illustrates how the log cabin had
become associated with conquest, courage and emotionalism:
"Here the Old World first met the New. Here the White man
first met the Red for settlement and colonization. Here
the White man first wielded the axe to cut the first tree
for the first log cabin. Here the first log cabin was
built for the first village."
Log cabins became ubiquitous both in the early colonies as well as along
the frontier because they were easily constructed with proper knowledge and
because they were so ideally suited to the environment. They could be built
entirely of the logs that were plentiful in the vast American forests.
Well adapted to frontier conditions, a log cabin could be erected by one
man with one felling axe, perhaps a broadaxe and a huntsman's knife. The
walls followed the simplest rectangular plan and were formed of rough hewn or
round wall logs laid horizontally, jointed at the corners and chinked with mud
or moss as protection aginst the wind and rain. The roof, either gable or
hip, was made of roughly hand-rived hewn flat slabs of wood (i.e., shakes).
There was usually only one door, attached with hand-wrought or leather hinges
and wooden pegs for the jambs. Windows were generally covered with greased
papers or canvas, since no glass was available. Shutters, windows and door
jambs were attached with wooden pegs. The floor was often made by beating
down the earth on which the cabin stood or it was composed of the flat sides
of halved logs called puncheons. Although the log structures could be put up
by one man, they were often erected by group effort and the occasion was at
the same time a social event. The early log cabins were not merely buildings
of logs, clay and moss. They were the answer to a dire need for shelter in
the hazardous wilderness. Log cabins were ideal shelters to meet such needs
since once erected, they did not require much maintenance, whereas other types
of dwelling constructions needed constant repair.
According to the census of the U.S. Department of Agriculture for the
3
year 1930, there were over 270,000 log dwellings in the United States. This
figure represents 33.7 percent of the total number of dwellings, more than
those constructed of brick, stone and stucco combined. A survey in Georgia in
the 1930's found there were more than 10,000 log cabins still standing in that
state, many still occupied as homes (USDA 1939: Table 2).
A review of the archaeological site records of the Klamath National
Forest cultural resource files and an examination of the literature on the
history of the area reveal that several thousand log cabins were constructed
in western Siskiyou County, northern California.
This thesis is concerned only with the log cabins that were constructed in
the western half of Siskiyou County between 1850 and the 1930's. Other
structures built by the early settlers of the area are not included within the
scope of the investigation. The objective of this study is threefold:
1)
To compile a careful and detailed inventory of the exterior
elements or attributes of the 25 log cabins that were still
standing in the area during the project fieldwork.
2)
To determine the correlation between the exterior construction
attributes of these cabins and the function of the archaeological sites on which they stand.
3)
To examine the relationship between the cabin construction
elements and the builder's ethnic background.
The data collection was conducted in conjunction with the needs of the
federal cultural resource program of the Klamath National Forest. A graduate
student appointment with the Klamath National Forest provided the opportunity
to record the rapidly vanishing and deteriorating nature of the historic log
cabins in this area. Archaeological field surveys of proposed projects,
4
mainly timber sales, have produced a large and everexpanding site record
inventory file at the Klamath National Forest headquarter's office in Yreka,
California.
From the standpoint of accessibility of reference library data on local
sites, this remote area of California is remarkably well documented. The
records, reports and registers kept by various local county and federal
agencies are an invaluable source for delving into a gamut of research
regarding the social history and background of the pioneers who moved into the
region. Without recourse to documents held by local federal and county
administrative units and their cooperation, it would not have been possible to
follow this line of research.
Field data was collected in order to record and analyze the variation in
log cabin construction techniques during one time period. The time span of
1850 to the 1930's was chosen since it covers most of the historic period of
the project area. The Klamath National Forest cultural resource program has
followed, among other federal legislations, the directions and policies set
forth by the Antiquities Act of 1906 and the Archaeological Resource Protection Act of 1979. The program considers any Euro-American cultural material
remains of 50 years in age or older as historic. The archaeological site
record files for the data base include the above period. Since this study
focuses on the correlation between exterior construction attributes and
functions of the log cabin sites dating between 1850 and the 1930's, and not
change in construction or use through time, then the sample of cases examined
includes almost the entire historic period of the area.
The number of log cabin sites available for this study was substantial
enough to be representative of functional types of the thousands of log cabins
5
which were built during the study period but which have largely fallen into
ruin through aging and other adverse circumstances. The degree of complete-
ness of the existing site record files depends upon the type and intensity of
specific field survey strategies.
Archaeological survey reports which provide general descriptive and
locational data on sites, vary in degree of coverage and detail because of
survey designs and strategies, previous knowledge of the project area by the
fieldworkers, the cultural sensitivity of specific geographic zones and the
degree or type of timber sale project impact upon the lands. Essentially,
archaeological survey efforts have concentrated in areas where timber sale
undertakings have been designed and proposed, i.e., direct and indirect impact
areas. Therefore, the data base for this thesis was generated from the
non-random survey strategy of selected specific locations, i.e., areas of
potential impact. However, a large number of timber sale survey reports which
have been produced include the representative varieties of topographic
landforms and major land use activities within the western portion of Klamath
National Forest and Siskiyou County, California.
In addition to the previous fieldwork conducted in different landform
types, the fortunate availability of written historical documents, records,
files, maps and local informants provided supplementary data to gain back-
ground historic knowledge of the project area and specific sites. The
relevant written historical records furnished the controls which assisted in
determination of four types of log cabin builder occupations or land use
activities. The Klamath National Forest historical files and local literature
sources were utilized to establish the controls necessary for subsequent data
analysis and conclusions. Related historical records files produced data
6
which enabled independent classification of the log cabin archaeological sites
into one of four types of builder occupations.
The project area of western Siskiyou County has not previously received
any systematic detailed historic archaeological study. The area of the
Klamath Mountains has been studied from the perspectives of ethnography,
linguistics and prehistory, but study of the area from the vantage point of
historic archaeology proper did not begin until the early 1970's. Then the
Klamath National Forest initiated a number of archaeological research projects
following the passage of federal cultural resource legislations in the 1960's
and 1970's (McDonald 1979).
The Siskiyou County Historical Society (founded in 1945) also undertook
several projects to investigate the history of pioneer activity in the area.
The Society's contribution to historic research was mainly in the form of the
published Siskiyou Pioneer issues. Apart from these efforts, Siskiyou County
may be considered one of the least known architectural regions in the western
United States.
Presently, however, the Forest cultural resource site record files
contain brief descriptions and locations of only 60 of these cabins that once
provided shelter for the early settlers. Data on the rest are ruefully
lacking. Of these 60 log cabins, only 25 exist in standing or partially
standing condition. These were located during archaeological surveys of
projects undertaken by the Forest Service. It is not known if there are still
additional standing log cabins in areas not yet field surveyed by the Forest
Service.
A variety of factors accelerated the destruction of thousands of unrecorded and unchronicled log structures. For one reason, the early settlers
7
who worked as miners dismantled and removed a great number of their housing
structures when relocating their operations. Natural events such as land-
slides, floods and deterioration through aging also account for the disappear-
ance of a great number of these folk dwellings. Fires either of natural
origin or man caused, have also reduced the cabin population. Moreover, as
these cabins became more accessible to outsiders, vandalism increased with
time.
The Forest Service since its inception in 1905, has succeeded in checking
some of these untoward events. However, government policies to check occu-
pancy trespassing, adopted in the 1960's, salutary as they are, have also
contributed to the ruination of these structures. The directions and policies
of the U.S. Forest Service intended to alleviate the occupancy trespassing of
structures on public lands during the 1960's and 1970's resulted in the
burning and removal of hundreds of cabins. Several local life-time residents
and some historic site reports indicate a considerable decrease in the number
of standing cabin structures due to their removal by government officials.
Considering the multifarious negative forces at work it is surprising that 25
log cabins still remain standing, affording an opportunity for objective study
of this aspect of the archaeology of the area.
In conclusion, a word needs to be said about the role of the government
in the preservation of the cultural heritage of the study area. Major federal
laws governing archaeological resources were passed in the early 1970's.
These laws brought about a radical change in the direction of research in the
region (McDonald 1979). Pursuant to these laws, the Klamath National Forest
established a cultural resource program in 1974. Consequently, since 1974 the
Klamath National Forest has been active in the documentation and preservation
8
of a variety of cultural artifacts in the forest areas of Siskiyou County. By
locating, describing and recording the historic and prehistoric sites, and
compiling inventories of them, the Klamath National Forest has accumulated a
plethora of data on the cultural artifacts of the area that could well
generate numberous topics and types of research. The only drawback is the
fact that such activities on the part of the agency have been confined to
areas that involve the alteration of lands or exert an impact on the forest
resources. Thus all surveys and findings including the log cabin sample, are
limited by the non-random locality of timber sale projects.
Interestingly enough, the federal laws required agencies responsible for
road construction and the sale of timber to identify, describe and preserve
the area's cultural resources. As a consequence, at present the bulk of
information pertaining to log cabins is contained in the archaeological survey
reports of timber sale projects. By the same token, all data leading to the
location of the log cabins under study were derived from the survey reports
and site record files of the Klamath National Forest Cultural Resources, for
which this writer is specially indebted.
The main consideration in undertaking any kind of social and scientific
study is the accurate collection of data. Due to the rapid disappearance of
these historical buildings, collection and recording of the raw data was
viewed as the number one priority. The fact that these cabins are fast
falling into ruin is evident from a comparison of pictures taken of them by
the cultural resource personnel in 1978 and those taken in 1984, when the
fieldwork for this thesis began. Another set of pictures taken at these sites
in 1985 showed that further deterioration has been considerable. This was
particularly evident in the roof and wall elements which normally decay faster
9
than the rest. Unfortunately, before long most of these structures will fall
into such a state of ruin that the opportunity for their investigation by
future students in the field will be totally lost.
Americans recognize the log cabin whatever its origins, as the typical
American frontier dwelling, one that holds a high place in the sentiments of
the people of this land. Therefore, it is imperative that historic architectural sites of such deep significance to the American way of life and folklore
be studied in a scientific fashion.
There are a number of people doing local historic archaeology, but few
archaeologists have pioneered the study of isolated artifacts left behind in
the steep and mountainous regions which are not easily accessible. The
typical terrain of the Klamath Mountains is comprised of a succession of high
ridges with slopes that continue without a break straight to the banks of
adjacent rivers. An additional motive for the selection of this thesis
project might well be ascribed to the challenge of such lofty terrain.
10
Chapter 2
HYPOTHESES
As stated in the introduction, the problem statement consists of two
parts related to historic cabin construction attributes. The objectives of
this study are twofold: (1) To assess the correlation between construction
variables and site function as identified by the builder's economic activity,
and (2) To determine the relationship between log cabin construction elements
and the builder's ethnic background.
The first part of the problem or hypothesis is based on developing a
typology of site function. The theoretical position of Knif fen and Glassie
(1966:40) regarding typology is stated in these words:
"If the geography of a settlement is to reach its full potential as
the interpretable record of the historical events and cultural
processes imprinted on the land, the components of settlements of
all kinds must be systematically reduced to types before they are
set against the revealing vagaries of reality."
Historical documents and cultural resource overviews of western Siskiyou
County indicate the occurrence of a large number of past human activities
or
occupations within the more populated communities. These communities func-
tioned as the centers of services for smaller dispersed settlements in the
surrounding area. Away from towns and communities in rural areas historic
settlement occurred in isolated situations. That is, individuals with or
without partners, or family units comprised the extent of human activities in
11
the surrounding rugged mountainous terrains. The structures they constructed
were occupied either only during the warm months or throughout the year.
Essentially, review of documentary reports on the project area reveals
four types of historic economic activities outside the towns and populated
centers. These activities are (1) placer mining, (2) hardrock mining, (3)
homesteading, and (4) livestock grazing. The historic log cabins still
remaining are directly associated with these four activities. Occurrences of
these activities in different environmental settings in addition to the
variation in the duration of site occupancy, suggest different cabin construction techniques may have been utilized. Therefore, it is specifically
hypothesized that variation in the construction techniques of designated log
cabins is attributable to the function of their sites as reflected in the
occupation of their builders. As a corollary to this functional hypothesis we
can also test whether duration of site occupancy has any relationship to site
function.
For the purposes of this study, the two terms "function of the site" and
"occupation of the builders" will be used interchangeably. It is hypothe-
sized that individuals who were engaged for example in mining, would build log
cabins significantly different in their exterior attributes from those built
by individuals who were involved in livestock grazing activity. In other
words, expected differences in construction elements are affected by the
builder's occupation or intended site use.
Site function typologies are an aspect that many archaeologists consider
in their research. This research orientation is common in prehistoric studies
(e.g. Binford and Binford 1966, Willey and Phillips 1958, Willey and Sablof f
1980).
Site function approaches were explored in the 1930's by architects of
12
historic buildings (e.g. Louis Henri Sullivan, Dankmar Adler, Frank Lloyd
Wright). However, to my knowledge no functional interpretations of log cabin
architecture has previously been attempted.
Prior to the start of fieldwork, a list of exterior construction variables on log cabin elements was developed. This list was utilized to estab-
lish consistency (from one site to another) during recording of cabin attributes. By recording construction variables the objective is to determine from
the data which are the significant elements that will best discriminate
between the different builder occupation types.
In order to examine the correlation between construction elements and
builder occupation, cluster and discriminant methods of multivariate statis-
tical procedures are utilized. To determine the degree of similarity between
site functional types based on parametric cabin attributes a clustering method
of analysis is used. The cabin groups determined by this cluster analysis are
in turn compared by discriminant analysis to the initial historic cabin types
in order to test the relationship between these two classifications. The
influence of the builder's economic activities on building techniques is also
examined by determining which cabin variables distinguish between the site
function types by the analytical discrimination of variables. The discriminant statistical procedure is used to suggest the significant non-parametric
variables which best predict cabin types based on the builder's economic
activity.
The second hypothesis suggests that construction techniques of log cabins
can be expected to reflect the ethnic origin of the builder. Several investigators of log cabin buildings have identified and described ethnic origins for
construction elements observed in the eastern, mid-western and southern U.S.
13
Important sources of literature which have discussed the ethnic trait origins
as revealed in log cabin structures include Mercer (1927), Shurtleff (1939),
Glassie (1963,1965 and 1969), Kniffen (1969), Kniffen and Glassie (1966),
Jordan (1978), Remple (1980) and Rock (1980).
In their study of building construction methods in the eastern U.S.,
Kniffen and Glassie (1966) describe distinctive structural features (elements)
which they found to be characteristic of different ethnic groups of settlers.
They propose continuation of ethnic traits in horizontal log construction
elements between Europe and the core area of American log construction, that
is, the original colonies. Kniffen and Glassie (1966:40) also suggest the
diffusion of building construction traits out of the original colonies and the
"established seaboard nuclei" during the westward movement of settlers between
1790 and 1850.
Jordan (1978) describes and discusses the origin and diffusion of log
folk architecture in Texas and the southern U.S. in general. As a cultural
geographer, he identifies and traces the ethnic characteristics of Texas and
southern log cabin constructions not only back to the eastern U.S. and the
original colonies, but also to the different European ethnic groups. Jordan
(1978:74) focuses on the "...analysis of the cultural heritage of builders as
a key to the decision-making process."
The diffusionary theoretical orientation of the above researchers implies
some continuous ties between the log cabin builders in the U.S. and their
European cultural heritage. If characteristic ethnic traits are revealed in
the construction techniques of the eastern, mid-western and southern U.S.,
then a similar continuity can be anticipated between the eastern seaboard and
the western U.S. (Rock 1980:15). It has been suggested that "...ethnic
14
origins for construction techniques were retained by the settlers and migrants
who moved into the western U.S. (ibid.)."
The connection between the log cabin builders of western Siskiyou County
and their ethnic backgrounds are examined through comparison of data on
construction variables with those ethnic traits already determined and
presented by the mentioned authors. Sources for described ethnic trait
origins are identified. Data from published materials are used for comparison
of ethnic elements with background of builder for each cabin from western
Siskiyou County. From this comparison an index of ethnic trait compatibility
will be developed. The strength of relationship between the builder's
ethnicity and the cabin construction techniques displayed in this index can
then be assessed.
15
Chapter 3
ENVIRONMENT
The project area is located on the western side of the Klamath National
Forest and Siskiyou County in northwestern California. On the western side,
the National Forest and Siskiyou County boundaries are essentially the same.
They include the middle section of the Klamath River drainage system which
consists of the rugged lands draining into the Klamath River from the mouth of
Shasta River on the east, down to the mouth of Salmon River at Somes Bar. The
study area is located within the dissected mountainous terrain south of the
Oregon-California border and is bounded by the Siskiyous and Salmon Trinity
Alps on the north, west and south and by the Shasta, Scott and Quartz valleys
on the east. This zone falls within the Klamath Mountain geomorphic province
which lies between the Coast and Cascade Mountain ranges.
A general geologic characteristic of the Klamath Mountain province is its
many individual mountain ranges and creek drainages which display no particular orientation or directional patterns. Due to the diversity of rock
structure and composition, the river and creek systems are irregularly shaped
and cut transverse across the Eocene uplifted peneplain (Diller 1902:19).
Typical of these mountain ranges are highly dissected old land surfaces,
averaging 5,000-7,000 feet in elevation, which appear to be running into each
other (Irwin 1966:19). Mountain summits reach 8,000-9,000 feet.
16
The Klamath Mountains vary in age, history of formation processes,
geologic features, elevation and east-west extent (McDonald 1979:5). They are
like the mountains of the Sierra Nevada range, mainly composed of sedimentary
and intrusive igneous rocks (Diller 1902:9). In rock type and age, they were
recognized early as being different from the juxtaposed Coast and Cascade
ranges (Irwin 1966:20).
The development of the present-day topography of the Klamath Mountains
was inferred by Diller as having begun during the Mesozoic geologic era with
the uplift of the Klamath peneplain. Through repeated erosion cycles
a
basically flat land surface was formed. This gently sloped surface was later
displaced and tilted by the processes of faulting and uplifting (Diller
1902:11).
Between periods of uplifting, rivers carved broad alluvial valleys
in areas with softer bedrock.
Diller (1902:14) describes 16 stages of folding, faulting, uplifting and
subsidence to explain the geologic sequence of events which led to the present
topographic features of the province. Through these cycles of uplift,
faulting and erosion the Klamath peneplain formed "...rounded summits of an
approximate accordance in the altitudes of even-crested ridges, giving to
these highlands the aspect of a dissected plateau (Diller 1902:15)."
Several glaciation periods have influenced the topography of the higher
elevations. U-shaped alpine valleys, lateral morraines and erratics point to
major past glacial activities. Hershey (1903:457) pointed to several geologic
features on the South Fork of Salmon River valley which represent considerable
action by glaciers on the higher elevations at various times in the past. He
argues that because of glacial activities the upland areas of the Klamath
Mountains "...rose 2,000-3,000 feet relative to the coastline at about the
17
time of the last great glacial stage, i.e., the Pleistocene, and that this
region is now as high as it has been at any time during the Quarternary era
(Hershey 1903:457)."
Typically, the rivers and tributary creeks cut through 40-400 feet of
bedrock forming long and deep intergorge canyons, V-shaped drainages with
narrow valley bottoms and sideslopes. The slopes between the rivers or creeks
and the adjacent ridgetops average greater than 65% in pitch. The characteristically steep and rugged topography of the Klamath Mountains created
restrictions on permanent centers of human activity. Typically, historic
activities were focused in flat or gently sloped areas along drainages.
Essentially, these consisted of the relatively broader river and creek
terraces.
The geologic and topographic characteristics of western Siskiyou County
had major influences on distribution of the historic influx of people into the
area. The natural features particularly associated with minerals, dictated
the historic settlement pattern in the rural areas from 1850 through the
1930's.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries the area became known to the
outside world because of its vast reservoir of gold. Two forms of gold
deposits were found in the area, lode or hardrock in the higher elevations and
placer gold deposited in the lower lands of river valleys. Many of the lode
deposits are associated with dike-like bodies of porphyry, called "birdseye"
porphyry by the early local miners. "Birdseye" porphyry has a structural
relationship with the quartz diorite and granodiorite igneous rocks of the
Klamath Mountains (Albers 1966:56).
Lode deposits are veins that occur in the following geologic environments
as described by Albers (1966:56):
18
steeply dipping veins in black carbonaceous shale or slate;
steeply dipping veins in greenstone (altered diorites) that
underlie shale or slate in much of the region;
(3) gently dipping veinlike deposits along faulted contacts between
shale and greenstone;
(4) steeply or gently dipping veins in "birdseye" porphyry dikes or
quartz porphyry dikes;
(5) steeply dipping dikes in schists (metamorphic crystalline rock)
and miscellaneous rock types.
(1)
(2)
A necessary condition for the formation of gold-associated porphyry dikes
was the "fracture systems which allowed access of mineralizing fluids from the
plutonic bodies to the parent rock materials (Albers 1966:57)". Fractures
generally parallel the main lode deposits and are partly formed by tension
caused by the upward push of magma through fissures. Hence, the orientation
of fault fractures commonly determine the position or location of porphyry
dikes and quartz veins. The gold-bearing quartz and quartz-calcite veins were
most likely formed from the same magmatic source and basically followed
similar fracture systems as the dikes (Albers 1966:57).
Placer gold abounded in the lower elevations after lode gold had eroded
or broken away, fell and was carried down by creeks and rivers and deposited
in the streambeds and along their banks. Thus, the majority of placer mining
sites are located along secondary and tertiary tributaries of the Klamath
River.
Most of the areas utilized for cattle pastures on government land
included mountain slopes and higher elevation meadows and grasslands such as
those around the Marble Mountains in the center of the Klamath Mountains.
Although elevations vary between 2,000 and 8,300 feet, most of the range
valleys and meadows lie between 4,000 and 6,500 feet. These alpine pastures
are accessible by trails from all directions. Within the past two decades the
Forest Service has constructed a number of logging routes. However, due to
19
the rugged topography it is still difficult and time-consuming to reach many
of these localities.
Prior to the 1920's, access into this region was limited to a few stage
roads and many pack trails. The present transportation systems including
State Highways 96 and 3, Etna to Forks of Salmon County Road and Forest
Highway 93, were developed after the 1920's. Some of the main access roads
were not completed until the 1950's and 1960's.
20
Chapter 4
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
A brief review of the historic social and economic development of the
area in question is necessary for understanding the character of the people
who migrated to California in general and to Siskiyou County in particular.
Why they moved to the west and how they led their lives are crucial to
comprehending the reasons why they settled in a particular location and why
they erected one form of log structure for their dwelling rather than another,
if as hypothesized there is actually a difference in construction pattern.
Social development in Siskiyou County as in most of California, followed
the discovery of rich natural and mineral resources. As the news of the
availability of gold spread to other parts of the country, soldiers of fortune
seeking to become rich overnight lost no time in getting to the newly discovered treasure. However, the first visits by non-Native Americans to the
Klamath Mountains region were made by trapping expeditions of the Hudson's Bay
Company (McDonald 1979:54). Groups directed by Peter Skene Ogden in 1826-27,
Thomas McKay in 1827, Jedediah Strong Smith in 1828 and Alexander McLeod in
1829 explored the previously un-trapped area of the Klamath River (Dillon
1975:23).
Each of these expeditions left the area after a few months of
operation. During the 1830's subsequent parties from Hudson's Bay Company
came seasonally to the area, trapping in the Klamath, Shasta and Scott river
21
valleys (Dillon 1975:43).
The existing historic and archaeological reports held by the Forest
Service, suggest that no semi-permanent or permanent dwellings were con-
structed by the Hudson's Bay Company trappers in the Klamath Mountains and
valleys where they used their traps. Due to the mobile nature of their
activity, trappers did not build durable structures in the mountains. Only
sporadically did some of them put up temporary shelters (McDonald 1979:55).
Nonetheless, fur trapping led to the exploitation of other natural resources
and generated some trade and support services essential for the sustenance of
early settlers.
The event which played a pivotal role in the economic development of the
region was the discovery of gold. Several economically valuable minerals
including chromite and copper, have also been mined in the Klamath Mountains
(Albers 1966:51), but none of these discoveries could match the discovery of
gold which promised instant prosperity. The Euro-Americans who settled in the
Klamath Mountains however, did not start building permanent dwellings immediately.
Even prior to the news of its discovery Europeans were aware of rumors
about gold in California through the early Spanish and English explorers.
"The discovery (in 1848) was to flood the state with adventurers and goldseekers from all over the world, creating a phenomenon called the Gold Rush
(Stumpf 1979:4)." As soon as the news spread to the eastern U.S. thousands of
Euro-Americans began their journey to the West.
Immigrants who arrived in California to search for gold were of mixed and
diverse backgrounds. As Stumpf (1979:5) states: "Europeans, plagued by
desperation, crop failure and political turmoil, embarked by the thousands as
22
the news of the gold discovery swept the world." In addition to Europeans, he
references sources that indicate arrivals of immigrants from the Philippines,
the Marqueasas Islands, Australia, China, Hawaii, Chile, Peru, Colombia and
Mexico.
During 1849 and 1850, several prospectors traveled over the Siskiyou and
Salmon Trinity Mountains to search for gold. By 1850, rich gold deposits had
been discovered along the Klamath, Salmon and Scott rivers. Various mining
parties from Oregon began exploring the eastern slopes of the Klamath Mountains. Since these explorers had little luck they either returned or
continued their venture toward the Sacramento River Valley which promised
richer grounds (Wells 1881:53). However, it was not very long before other
groups began to appear on the scene. When good deposits were found in 1849
along the South Fork of the Salmon River and the lower Klamath River, a group
of miners came to Scott Bar to stake out additional claims (Wells 1881:60).
After the discoveries at these two locations, the news quickly spread to
miners on the nearby Trinity River. This immediately led to the formation of
a party to further work in the Scott Bar deposits (McDonald 1979:57). By late
1850, a group from Scott Bar prospected along the Klamath and Shasta rivers
until they struck extensive deposits in the Yreka area (McDonald 1979:57).
By
1851, Yreka had become the center of camping supplies and services for miners.
According to Albers (1966:54), several million dollars worth of gold was
recovered in the area from 1849 to 1880, and approximately 145 million more
was produced between 1880 and 1966. Consequently, prosperous mining communi-
ties and towns sprang up at Scott Bar, Forks of Salmon and Bestville, i.e.,
along rich placer deposits (Gudde 1975 in McDonald 1979:57). As stated by
23
Stumpf (1979:7), in the 1860's several mining towns were established on the
Klamath, Salmon and Scott rivers in order to furnish supplies to the miners.
These early communities basically resembled most other early mining towns in
California. Their rapid overnight growth was directly related to the size of
income derived from the production of gold.
Based on historical records, four major economic activities can be
defined during the settlement of western Siskiyou County:
PLACER GOLD Placer gold deposits were worked by the miners first
although they had some knowledge that the actual source of the gold was in the
lode deposits lying at higher elevations. The areas which were exploited
were, first, exposed river-beds and creek gravel bars and later, the river
channels and more remote deposits. By 1851 the entire bed of the Scott River,
from Scott Bar to its mouth, was turned over and a substantial amount of gold
had been removed (Gibbs 1972:159).
Most placer deposits and mining sites were located along tributaries of
the Klamath River. However, as mentioned above, the actual source of the
placer gold deposits occurs at higher elevations. As the eroded portions of
lode deposits washed down through erosion, gold with its associated quartz,
gradually settled down in lower elevations as placer deposits. According to
Albers (1966:54), a considerable amount of gold was found in placer gravels
originating from the alpine Pleistocene glaciers. The area of Slide and Fox
creeks south of Callahan had several placer mining sites which were associated
with glacial gravel deposits. Profits from placer deposits were so attractive
that this form of mining continued well into the 20th century.
LODE MINING As the greed for the production of gold increased and the
easily accessible deposits were almost depleted, attention was directed to
24
gold sources located in the remote high elevations of the mountains. The
mining method used for extracting gold directly from rock is called lode
mining. Lode refers to a vein of gold located between definite boundaries of
associated rock.
Between 1849 and the 1880's, placer operations were the main method of
producing gold (Albers 1966:54). However, lode mining which started in 1859,
increased in importance and quickly became the major mining activity. The
peak period of this type of mining was between the 1860's and 1880 (McDonald
1979:62).
The Klamath Mountains became the scene of lode mining operations in the
1870's.
Soon this region became as important in lode mining as it had
previously been in placer mining. From the 1880's until World War I, lode
mining operations produced as much gold as did the placer mines (Albers
1966:54).
Lode mining required more cooperation between individuals and more
capital investment than placer mining. The mining of gold-bearing quartz
veins required a greater variety of tools and equipment. For example, adits
and shafts were constructed to reach the buried gold-bearing quartz and stamp
mills and arrastras were utilized for crushing the ore and separating the
gold.
Group effort and a somewhat refined level of technical skills were
needed to run these kinds of equipment and maintain a steady operation.
On the whole, the gold rush in Siskiyou County as in other gold producing
regions of California, led to rapid economic and social development. The
earliest mining consisted of an individual miner with little capital. He did
not need much financial resources to work the rich surface placer deposits.
However, to extract gold from rock in higher elevations called for the
25
introduction of elaborate equipment, substantial outside capital investment,
the establishment of large companies and the use of low-wage labor. Thus,
with the exception of a few periods of decline (i.e., in the late 1850's,
1860's and 1920's), gold mining was a spectacular source of prosperity in
Siskiyou County and the main incentive to live in the area and build log
cabins and ancillary services.
HOMESTEAD In the beginning, most of the land for farms and ranches was
pre-empted, that is, it was taken without title (McDonald 1979:68). The
Homestead Act, passed in 1862, provided that a settler had the right to own
and use 160 acres of free public domain land if he lived on and made improvements on the land. With the establishment of forest reserves in 1891, public
domain lands were set aside and excluded from homesteading. The Forest
Homestead Act of 1906 "authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to open for
entry forest-reserve lands chiefly valuable for agriculture which were not
needed for public purposes and which in his judgment might be occupied without
injury to the forest (Dana and Krueger 1958:248)." Thus a new incentive for
settling in the area permanently was added.
In the Klamath Mountains, land occupied for farming and ranching
consisted of the flat and broad alluvial valley floors adjacent to the
montainous terrain. Gibbs (1972:52) in his 1851 journals, gives an account of
the homestead trading post complex which developed in 1849-50 on the glacial
valley floor at the headwaters of the South Fork of Salmon River and North
Forks of Trinity River drainage systems. The site was not only accessible to
the miners on either side of the Salmon-Trinity divide, but was also close to
the main travel route of the earliest miners who migrated into the Klamath
Mountains.
26
Agricultural farms, ranches and homestead settlements began as a response
to the needs of the workforce in the mining camps. The earliest homesteads
were located in close proximity to the mines for the obvious reason that the
mine workers needed easy access to the food supply (McDonald 1979:68).
Permanent settlements began as early as 1851 in Scott and Shasta valleys
(Wells 1881:192). Homesteading necessitates the raising of livestock and
farming. Hence, areas suitable for such activities were occupied first.
Lands most suitable for ranching and farming are the river and creek
terraces on open alluvial valley floors and the old dormant geologic landslide
benches situated on mountain slopes. Permanent settlements grew in the
alluvial valley floors which were proper for raising livestock and farm crops
for which there was a good market. Based on Gibbs' 1851 observation
(1972:63), Scott Valley is the second largest fertile alluvial valley in the
middle section of the Klamath River drainage, the first being Shasta Valley.
The natural characteristics of the valley floor and the mountains surrounding
it make the area perfect for cultivation and cattle ranching. Gibbs (ibid.)
writes, "The bunch grass becomes a natural hay without cutting....Animals,
with any reasonable degree of work, will keep fat on it throughout the year."
Gibbs (ibid.) also reports that approximately 20 of a total of 100 square
miles of Scott Valley consisted of arable land, over half of which was located
in the southern portion of the valley.
RANGE In addition to the homestead lands, the federal government allowed
suitable public lands to be used for grazing. Permits for grazing were issued
to ranchers from 1905, when the Forest Service was established. Basically,
grazing allotments were issued for meadow lands situated in the higher
elevations, that is, for areas which were not being mined or utilized for
27
timber production.
Most of the area used for cattle pasture on public lands consisted of
mountain slopes of the alpine glaciated valleys and grassy ridges in and
around the Marble Mountains. These mountains are located in the center of the
Klamath range and their elevation varies from 2,000 to 8,300 feet. Most of
the range valleys and meadows lie between 4,000 and 6,500 feet. Since the
pastures were accessible by trails from several directions they were coveted
by all .stockmen.
Thus, in step with mining, farming and grazing also continued to grow
throughout the late 1800's and into the early 1900's (McDonald 1979:69).
Initially, farms and ranches were close to mining communities in order to
receive their business. By 1853, wheat, barley, oats and other grains, and
vegetables were being produced in the vicinity of the mines wherever some
arable lands could be found (Reichman 1957).
Later however, many of the migrants who moved into the region to search
for gold and did not achieve this goal turned to farming and ranching (Rock
1984:5).
With the construction of the railway and continuing migration of
people into the county, agricultural and timber activities expanded between
the 1890's and the turn of the century (ibid.:7).
After World War I, lumber and logging replaced mining as the major source
of local economy. With the exception of the Depression period, the logging
industry steadily became the mainstay of the local economy of the Siskiyou
area. All these activities entailed the use of requisite manpower and if
these workers were to survive, they needed some form of dwelling which could
provide protection and shelter against a relatively hostile environment.
In summary, the above discussion of the cultural and social settlement of
28
the area suggests four types of cabins based on the economic activities of the
builders:
1)
Placer Mining Cabins
2)
Lode or Hardrock Mining Cabins
3)
Homesteading Cabins
4)
Range or Livestock Grazing Cabins
Log cabins erected on locations where placer gold deposits were mined are
referred to here by the term "placer mining". Those cabins built in the
proximity of lode mining operations are classified under the term "hardrock
mining". "Homestead" refers to cabins constructed by early settlers who
acquired or intended to acquire land under the Homestead Act of 1862 and the
Forest Homestead Act of 1906 (Dana and Krueger 1958:248), while "range" refers
to cabins built on higher elevations of the mountains by holders of grazing
permits. These four types of historic cabins will form the functional
classification to be utilized in testing hypothesis one.
29
Chapter 5
ETHNICITY
Log cabins, while considered a highly significant feature of cultural
heritage, have not commanded the interest of many investigators. Previous
literature regarding historic log cabins is not abundant and past research of
this quickly vanishing cultural resource in the area has not been conducted.
Nonetheless, a small number of writers have delved into this sphere. The
themes on which they concentrate overlap, yet each also calls attention to a
particular aspect of ethnicity or the techniques used in constructing log
cabins. These will be reviewed briefly in chronological order.
The earliest and most detailed description of log cabins yet discovered
is that given by Danckaerts (Shurtleff 1939:166). In his 1679 personal
journal, Danckaerts speaks of a Swedish log house built in the Delaware
region. He remarks that although Swedish log cabins were present in the
Delaware settlements, their English neighbors continued to construct make-
shift and draughty frame houses rather than learn the Swedish craft of log
cabin construction. This Dutch author notes the protruding ends and notching
which are distinctive characteristics of Swedish and American log cabins.
According to Danckaerts, the Swedes used round log construction in their most
primitive dwellings, as well as in their barns and storehouses (Shurtleff
1939:171).
30
Another early writing that describes log cabins is that of Peter Ka lm, a
professor of natural history at the University of Abo (Shurtleff
1939:173).
He visited America in 1749-50 and published an account of his travels three
years later. The description that Kalm gives of Swedish houses in the
Delaware region closely corresponds with that noted by other writers who have
analyzed log cabins. He says:
The houses that the Swedes built when they first came here had been
very poor: a little cabin with a low door so one must stoop when
going therein. Since they did not have glass with them, they made
use of small holes with sliding boards in front to push up and down.
They had no moss here, to chink the walls with...therefore they made
use of clay instead, which they daubed in the cracks both on the
outer and inner side of the house. The fireplace was built there in
the corner, either of gray stone or such stones as they found on
hills (Kalm, in Shurtleff 1939, p.174).
Kalm adds that these houses were quite like Finnish cabins in their windows
and several other features.
Henry C. Mercer (1927:4-31) gives some useful clues regarding the
construction techniques of log cabins put up in the 17th century. In his
article, "Origin of the Log Houses in the United States," he outlines certain
features of the log cabins in the Delaware region. Those he observed were
built of round logs with protruding ends. The cracks between the logs were
filled with clay and the gables were boarded above the plate logs. The
striking elements of these structures were the doors and windows. These
openings were sawed out after the walls were erected and framed with sections
of plank pegged into log ends. The logs were different from those used in the
New England blockhouses which were square rather than round. Log ends were
often hewn or sawed flush to the wall.
Shurtleff's (1939:186) main thesis is that log cabins were never built by
the English or Dutch in their early colonial settlements. The English and
31
Dutch, after a short period during which they used temporary shelters, built
framed houses as their preferred type of accommodation. In his view, the log
cabin technique was introduced in Delaware by the Swedes in 1638 but did not
spread beyond that area until the last quarter of the 17th century at the very
earliest. Shurtleff refutes the position advanced by some American historians
that the early English settlers built log cabins as their type of dwelling.
He considers this assertion a sheer myth and evidence of ignorance of English
domestic architecture in the period preceding colonization. Shurtleff
(1939:187) writes "historians projected late 18th century light into early
17th century darkness." Historians were persistently wrong in this regard
since common topics such as housing were of little account to them. No one
thought it was worthwhile to study English housing background in order to
interpret the colonial sources. When they came across the word "cabin" they
thought of a log cabin, not knowing that the term meant something else to the
English.
As viewed by Shurtleff (1939:211), it was easier for the English settlers
to erect dwellings of the traditional English type than to learn the somewhat
complicated technique of fitting unhewn logs together, a craft for which they
apparently had no preparation. Instead, the English tended to use their
familiar methods of housing construction in the New World. He (ibid. p.20)
believes the English settlers originally built temporary structures which were
called by such names as huts, tents, cabins, booths, cottages or wigwams.
Except for the wigwams, all such structures were common in the mother country.
Shurtleff argues that the log cabin did not appeal to the English
colonists even after they had encountered it. "It is a truism that whenever a
large body of people possessing a relatively high culture of which they are
32
proud moves to another and distant area inhabited by people of a different and
(to the newcomer) lower civilization, the emigrants attempt to preserve in
their new world as much as possible of the manners, customs, folkways,
language, literature, arts, and crafts of their former home. And it is also a
truism that the new-world environment begins to affect these former folkways
as soon .as the emigrants debark (Shurtleff 1939:57)."
Shurtleff, like several other writers, holds that the Scotch-Irish were
the first English speaking people to adopt log cabins as their form of
residence and the earliest date given for their use of this construction
method is 1718. Earlier, the Swedes and Finns built the log houses they were
used to at home since they had the necessary materials, tools and carpentry
skills. Germans began coming to Pennsylvania in large numbers in the early
18th century. Many of them, particularly those from Switzerland, had lived in
log houses at home and were thus instrumental in spreading the log cabin in
the colonies.
According to Shurtleff (1939:175), a typical German-built log cabin of
the 18th century was made of split oak daubed with clay. The Scotch-Irish log
houses on the New Hampshire frontier were built of hewn logs some 20 feet long
with square corner notching. The Scotch-Irish cabin dimensions were 36 feet
long, 20 feet wide and 12 feet in the stud. The space between the clapboards
and the interior side walls were usually filled with clay.
Once the Germans had made a fresh introduction of the log house and the
Scotch-Irish had taken it up, this type of housing became a common form of
dwelling in Delaware Bay. From this region, log housing travelled along the
American frontier. The German and the Scotch-Irish sent their vanguards
across the Potomac and Harpers Ferry, up the Great Valley of Virginia, North
33
Carolina and through the gaps of the Blue Ridge.
Newcomb (1950:47), expounding on adaptation and the spread of log cabins,
put forward views similar to those of Shurtleff (1939). Newcomb's (ibid.)
research shows that the Germans and Scotch-Irish who had come into contact
with the early Swedish settlers, diffused log cabin building through the
colonies. Through their influence, by the time of the Revolutionary War, log
cabins had become the predominant American frontier dwelling.
Kniffen and Glassie (1966:40-66) on the one hand, offer valuable criteria
for determining ethnic origin of log cabins and on the other, make a strong
case for developing proper typology in the study of cultural artifacts. With
regard to the origins of log cabins, their concept is that horizontal log
construction has been used nearly everywhere in the New World. They suggest a
fundamental rule for differentiating the major types of log construction. In
this connection they write:
A basic difference distinguishes two all-inclusive groups--the
utilization or non-utilization of corner posts. To the second group
belongs the method commonly used in American log houses, in which
the timbers are notched at the ends so that they become immovable
when locked to the adjoining wall timbers above and below ( Kniffen
and Glassie 1966:48-49).
The first group utilizes four posts set into the sill logs or ground at each
corner, with the horizontal wall logs being nailed at each end to the corner
posts. With respect to corner notching, these authors name six specific
American types: (1) saddle notching, (2) V notching, (3) diamond notching,
(4)full dovetailing, (5) half dovetailing, and (6) square notching.
Bea ler and Ellis (1978:17) bring forward the role that the French had in
the spread of the log cabin. According to these authors, French emigrants
came to North America in the early part of the 17th century. However, they
arrived on the scene by a route quite different from those of the British and
34
Swedish colonists. The French first settled in Canada and being defeated in
war, chose moving southward instead of returning to France. They expanded
southward from the Great Lakes region along the Mississippi River, then
changed course and went up the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers and to the Appalachian Barrier. Apparently the French did not settle the Atlantic Coast
(ibid.).
Bea ler and Ellis (1978:18) conclude that the French built a good number of
log cabins. However, the French cabins were built differently from those of
the Germans, English and Scotch-Irish and somewhat different from the cabins
built by the Swedes in the mid-17th century. The French cabins including
those built in the 19th century, were constructed very much like Scandinavian
cabins and the cabins of the early Swedish settlers of Delaware, Pennsylvania
and New Jersey.
Bealer and Ellis' (ibid.) position is that log cabins were part of the
cultural heritage of the French. Norsemen settled in Normandy during the 10th
century and brought with them the tradition of the log cabin. This indicates
why this tradition grew more in 10th century France than in England. Based on
the above authors' point of view, the fact that French log cabins were similar
to those of the Swedes provides evidence that the horizontal timber construction originated in Scandinavia in prehistoric times. That early Swiss
settlers were among the originators of the log cabin in America has been
suggested by Bealer and Ellis (1978:19). However, they do not consider the
contribution of the Swiss significant in view of their small numbers.
These authors provide valuable information regarding the architectural
details of log structures. Based on their analysis, most Scotch-Irish cabins
were rectangular and usually about 16 by 20 feet. The main distinguishing
35
feature of the Scotch-Irish cabins was their two-door plan. Each cabin had
one door in front and another directly opposite in the back. They also had
a
window or two and a large hearth of fieldrocks in one of the end walls, often
mortared with clay.
Bea ler and Ellis (1978:23) posit that most of the log cabins built in the
early days were of the turtleback type. This is a kind of structure similar
to a den with a low roof and low walls. The logs were likely unhewn or left
round, the corners uneven, the floors of dirt and the roof made of bark or
hand-rived shakes. Many of these cabins are thought to have small chimneys
built of fieldrocks, with clay-lined logs joining the flue. The way the early
settlers built their chimneys is remarkable. They soaked bundles of straw in
mud, then laid them like logs to form the chimney.
In line with Kniffen and Glassie's (1966) view, Jordon (1978:21-29) in
his study of the origins and diffusion of log folk architecture in Texas,
identifies the background of different log cabin attributes in that state.
Through tracing the processes of diffusion and changes, he develops a regional
construction typology based on the diverse cultural heritage of the builders.
Jordan (ibid:148) considers floor plans more crucial than any other building
element in determining the ethnic origins of a log structure. Moreover, he
gives the Germans credit for the spread of the log cabin tradition and their
influence on other neighboring ethnic groups in the original colonies. Jordan
(ibid:23) further speculates that in addition to Swedes, Russians also served
as a source for the method of log cabin construction in the New World.
Among the log cabin investigators, mention must be made of Jim Rock,
archaeologist and cultural resource specialist for the Klamath National
Forest. Due to the nature of his work, Rock has had a good opportunity to
36
study the log cabins of western Siskiyou County. He attempts to clarify
issues about the ethnicity of log cabins discovered in the area. Rock
(1980:1-17) traces the method of corner construction back to three different
ethnic origins and concludes that there is a relationship between this
construction element employed in western Siskiyou County and the ethnic
background of the builders. However, he also provides evidence that suggests
ethnic traits had to some extent been filtered out of log cabin construction
techniques by the great distance of travel from the source and the needs and
demands of the new environment. Rock (ibid.)observes that pioneers moving
west in the mid-19th century gave in to the demands of the rugged environment
and built dwellings in a style more or less independent of the cabin-building
traditions of the east. In his words, "By the time of settlement in Northern
California
. .
. a melting pot of cultural ideas was present (Rock 1980:15)".
Rock's research suggests that both environmental forces and the ethnic
backgrounds of the settlers influenced the types of the log cabins constructed
in the area.
In review, previous research has variously focused on the aspect of
ethnicity. Based on these studies we would expect that the relationship
between ethnicity and cabin construction methods would be significant in
western Siskiyou County of northern California as on the eastern seaboard.
37
Chapter 6
METHODOLOGY
As stated in the introduction, the objectives of this thesis project were
first, to collect data on all 25 log cabins still extant in western Siskiyou
County, second, to test the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the
external attributes of these log cabins and the occupation of their builders
and third, to study the relationship between construction elements and
background of the builders.
The theoretical foundation which dictated the research design of this
thesis essentially followed Henry Glassie's (1975) approach in his material
culture study, Folk Housing in Middle Virginia. Glassie suggests that in
order to develop a typology of artifacts, one must isolate each artifact and
objectively record its elements. This would assist in the understanding of
the mental concept or design model that a builder conceives before start of
construction.
Glassie (1975:10) proposes that the process of artifact classification
must attempt to reach into the mind of the maker. This logic is similar to
the concept of a mental template which is often implied in anthropological
literature (cf. Deetz 1967, Willey and Sabloff 1980). While most other folk
architectural historians tend to focus on the more general patterns such as,
migration, contact and diffusion (cf. Mercer 1927, Shurtleff 1939, Bucher
38
1966, West lager 1969, Jordan 1978), Glassie (1975:21) suggests a more detailed
approach to building attribute analysis. He offers an outline of "rule sets"
which consists of the steps required to design buildings. The "rule sets"
imply the investigation and determination of how a structure was percieved
rather than how it was built.
For the development of classifications, it is suggested that individual
building attributes be closely observed and recorded.
Rules are the structure that binds distinct elements into a synchronic system (i.e., a building). Complex must be broken into simpler
components and examined before re-assembling (Glassie 1975:20-21).
The hypotheses of this study are tested through deductive reasoning.
That is, although the assumptions are formulated from ethnohistorical data,
the final classification and conclusions are extracted or discovered within
the data. To meet this goal, because of the plethora of raw data collected
during fieldwork, analysis included the use of multivariate statistical
procedures.
This study is concerned with the relationship and influence of each cabin
function as defined by the builder's occupation and the builder's ethnic
background on the construction elements. In order to test the effect of
builder occupation, an initial artifact typology based on the function of the
log cabin structures was formulated. Compatible sources were used to acquire
background historic information and arrive at the independent classification
of cabins.
Through examination of site records of the Forest Service and subsequent
site visitations 20 cabins in a fairly good state of repair were identified
and 5 additional cabins were located on private properties adjacent to the
Forest Service lands, making the total number of cabins available for observa-
39
tion 25. For the purpose of this investigation, the sample included those
structures that were still standing and retained most of the essential
exterior structural elements. Since very little attribute data could be
deciphered from the collapsed and decomposing structures, the standing 25
cases were recorded for analysis.
These 25 log cabins were considered as a non-random sample of several
thousand log cabins that previously existed in the region under study.
Because they were discovered on different landforms and were associated with
four major economic activities, they probably can be generally viewed as
representative of the log structures built by the early settlers in the area.
To collect data needed for the study and establish the controls for
hypotheses testing both oral and literary sources were used. Primary sources
produced such information as the ethnic background of early settlers, their
types of business and the resources available to them. This approach provided
a general knowledge of the origins of the people who settled the region.
Essentially, four sources were utilized to establish the ethnic backgrounds of cabin builders. The ethnicity of the builder's name was utilized
as an indicator of ethnic origin in cases where more specific information was
not obtainable. Initially, informants who are lifetime local residents of the
county, provided 16 names of builders. Because most knowledgeable informants
have passed away and the few still alive are of considerable age, it is
fortunate to have been able to obtain the builders' names for 16 of the 25
studied cabins.
Additionally, three important sources assisted in establishing the ethnic
background of each cabin builder. These were the Great Registers of Siskiyou
County Voters, California Pioneer Biographical Records and the Members
40
Biographical Records (in the Siskiyou County Museum collections). It was
possible to determine the ethnic background for 12 of the 16 known builders.
Oral interview data from the descendants and relatives of the builders were
utilized to specify the origins of the remaining four cabins. It was not
possible to determine the builders' names for 9 of the 25 structures.
A review of the Great Registers of Siskiyou County and the California
Pioneer Biographical Records indicated the highly diverse backgrounds of
people who settled in the county in the late 1800's and early 1900's. The
availability of these historic source volumes offered an invaluable listing
and background record of the local registered voters and early pioneers.
Basically, they provided name, occupation and country of origin among other
character information on each known settler.
The data on background of builders were used to develop a scale or index
of ethnic compatibility. This index was produced to display the retention of
ethnic traits by cabin builders. It also incorporated data collected from
both oral and historic sources to suggest which traits continue to persist and
are revealed in log construction elements. The index of compatibility was
used to quantitatively measure or test the relationship between building
attributes and ethnic background of builders.
The historic records included:
Site record files (Klamath National Forest)
County Museum Library
Cadastral Land Surveys or register of land ownership
(Klamath National Forest)
Status Conveyance files (Klamath National Forest--5490)
Mining and homestead records (Klamath National Forest)
State mineralogist reports (Klamath National Forest)
Records of mining and homestead water rights files
(held in the Siskiyou County Courthouse)
41
Great Registers of Siskiyou County 1868-1940
(County Museum Library)
California Pioneer Biographical Records 1850-1900
(County Museum Library)
Historical Society Members Biographical Records 1945-Present
(County Museum Library)
Forest Service management plans and policies bearing on land use
Cultural Resource Library (Klamath National Forest)
Other primary sources consisted of interviews with a number of knowledge-
able informants residing in the area. The objective of these interviews was
to gather supplementary information regarding site functions as well as
construction techniques and backgrounds of the builders. In this way many
vague points were clarified and fieldwork raw data were expanded.
The data gathered through the process of interviewing did not form the
basis of any conclusion. A piece of information received due attention only
when there was a consensus among the reports of several resource persons.
These data were assembled with the cooperation and sponsorship of the Klamath
National Forest.
To identify the salient features of the log cabins suitable for comparison, every exterior aspect of each structure was taken into account. A
complete detailed list of the outside attributes was compiled prior to
fieldwork to expedite careful observation of each site. This step entailed
taking photographs and notes of floor plans and elements as well as unusual
features. Comparing the photographs proved a highly useful method of double
checking field notes and observations on variables and describing them
accurately. The final variable list was prepared to assist in the systematic
recording procedures and standardization of attributes for the analysis.
The exterior features or attributes which were included in the study
comprised the following items:
42
(1) Floor plan
(2) Sectional form
(3) Wall construction
(4) Window openings
(5) Door. openings
(6) Gable enclosure and eave detail
(7) Roof elements
(8) Foundation and floor systems
(9) Intactness or alterations
(10) Condition or situation
(11) Unusual features or details
Except for the floor plan, the above items are all exterior architectural
elements which can be observed from the outside and which are ordinarily
included in the design of a building. In other words, these items can be
considered the essential constituent elements of log cabins, elements without
which a horizontal log structure cannot take form.
The list of exterior attributes facilitated the classification of the
wide range of variation inherent in construction techniques. The classifica-
tion of log cabins based on the raw variable data allowed the testing of the
proposed functional typology. The main purpose of variable classification and
descriptions as stated by Glassie (1975:20), is to recreate as closely as
possible the original concept of the actual builder of the cabin as he set out
to construct a home for himself. To classify log cabins from the observed
range of variability in construction elements, complete and detailed recording
method was utilized. Typology could be developed through understanding of the
designs and patterns ".
. .
which were once carried in the minds of the
original makers and users of artifacts (Willey and Sabloff 1980:140)."
Exterior details were selected for investigation for two reasons. First,
to keep data processing manageable. Hence, interior cabin attributes con-
sidered by other investigators as cultural elements were excluded from this
study. Second, because interior features have over time been impaired,
altered or disfigured to such an extent that they rarely reflect the original
construction technique. Elements that currently constitute the interior
43
attributes of the log cabins often portray the modifications or tastes of
later tenants. Thus, confining observation to exterior attributes was the
logical course of action. Additionally, in some instances access to the
inside of the log cabin was not possible due either to the refusal of the
present occupants to grant permission or to the high risk involved in entering
structures which might collapse at any moment.
The amount of time available for the study was limited and the topographic setting so rugged and steep that one might say it defies description. To
complete the full documentation of every cabin, it was necessary to drive over
narrow roads and hike into rough terrain. Nevertheless, the measurement of
identified exterior attributes was undertaken with utmost care to ensure that
the data are accurate not only for this project but for future investigators
who may utilize them. To this end a checklist was developed and used consistently. Further, by following an objective quantitative approach, every
precaution was taken to minimize any bias in the study and edit as little as
possible at the stage of observation.
The data collection stage culminated in the compilation of Appendix II.
The architectural record of each site is described in 6-8 pages as a supple-
ment to archaeological site forms. As there are 25 cabins, this appendix adds
up to 178 pages. Since this project was completed with the financial support
of the Klamath National Forest, a copy of this paper with appendices will
remain in the permanent files of that office.
44
Chapter 7
ANALYSIS
The data collected during fieldwork consisted of working measurements
and detailed descriptions of the exterior log cabin attributes. The list of
construction elements included two levels of variables: 1) the attributes that
were recorded through measurements and given numerical values such as length,
width, etc., are hereafter referred to as the parametric variables; 2) the log
cabin attributes that were described by the presence or absence of architectural elements or defined an architectural type (i.e., overhanging log ends or
flush log ends) are indicated as categorical variables.
The collection of data on the parametric variables involved careful
measurements and tabulations of 12 exterior dimensions. A detailed catego-
rization of building attributes included 30 categorical variables which were
used to classify the cabins. It must be mentioned that although 12 parametric
variables and 30 categorical variables were measured, described and recorded
during fieldwork, in actuality a total of 11 parametric and 26 categorical
variables were included in the statistical procedures for analysis. The
nonparametric variables included 25 construction variables and the occupancy
variable (seasonable or permanent). Six variables were excluded from analy-
sis, because data on one parametric variable (eave projection) were missing
for 10 of the 25 total cases, and 5 categorical variables (i.e., plan shape,
45
roof form, roof covering, chimney and cellar) were assigned exactly the same
value for all cases. A complete list of all the variables recorded for
analysis is contained in Appendix I.
In an attempt to develop a typology investigators "...should make every
effort to discover or recapture the types as these once existed in the
vanished culture (Taylor in Willey and Sabloff 1980:140)." Since the folk
tradition of log cabin construction is the main focus of study the analysis of
structural elements is essential. The objective here was to capture, as
closely as possible, the original concept of each builder and avoid biasing
the results through selective perception and description.
In order to examine the proposed functional hypothesis it was necessary
to establish the controls for the initial typology based on site function.
As
already listed in the Methodology section, numerous documentary records and
files, including both primary and secondary sources, were examined to assist
in the independent classification of site functional types or builder occupations.
Utilization of compatible and supplementary sources of data and oral
interviews made it possible to independently classify each of the 25 total
sample of cabins into one of four types of builder occupation: (1) placer
miner (PM); (2) hardrock miner (HM); (3) homesteader (HS); and (4) rancher or
stockman (RA). There were 11, 7, 5 and 2 log cabins of each type, respectively. These four functional cabin types will be utilized to assess for a
correlation with the construction variables.
The collected field data on the parametric and categorical variables were
analyzed through the use of cluster and discriminant methods of multivariate
statistical procedures. Initially cluster analysis offered by the Biomedical
46
Computer Program Manual (1977) was performed in order to produce homogeneous
groups of sites based on the parametric variables only. A discriminant
analysis was then executed on the results of the cluster program to determine
which parametric variables were the most common between the newly generated
cluster groups.
Also, a second discriminant analysis was run on the same variable data
from the previous independently classified builder occupation (site function)
groups. The results of both discriminant analyses were compared with in order
to detect which values (i.e., F-statistics) displayed more significance than
the other. This in turn implied the appropriateness and validity of one
method of classifying cabins over the other.
As mentioned above, the essential rationale for cluster analysis was to
create groups of similar entities in the data sample based on eleven parametric variables or attributes. The Biomedical (BMDP2M) cluster procedure
produced the following four groups of log cabin sites from the 25 total cases
(Table 1):
Cluster Group One consisted of 5 placer mines and one hardrock mine.
Cluster Group Two consisted of 4 hardrock mines, 3 homesteads and 2
placer mines.
Cluster Group Three consisted of one homestead, one hardrock mine and
one placer mine.
Cluster Group Four consisted of 3 placer mines, 2 range sites, one
hardrock mine and one homestead.
The above four cluster groups were formed by the measures of amalgamation
rule inherent in the Biomedical cluster analysis program. The amalgamation
rule is a distance measure of dissimilarity between the cases analyzed. That
is, the amalgamation distance measure values determined the degree of dissimi-
larity between cases and classified the sample of cases into four groups based
on the parametric variables.
47
TABLE 1
Parametric Variable Cluster Analysis Dendrogram
1 1221211
4 93216021
2
357
221 12
5 688 043
HHHHHHHPP
HHP
SMM
RRHPPHP
MMMSSMSMM
PPSPPSPPS
14 44 4 4 15154 4155
00010 1 100000 1 21
485 64 2 18313 64 00
12 08 9 9 69 9815485
PPP
CASE (Read Down)
SITE TYPE
1
2 65 947
PPPPPH
MMMMMM
OCCUP
LABEL
1
PPPPPS
1
54 4
100
94 6
378
AAMMMSM
SSPPPPP
114 4 582
01 1 1 00 1
9332 919
8 082 094
AMALG.
DISTANCE
m
1.415
1.472
1.536
1
1.641
1
1.698
1.843
2.008
S
1
a
r
D
1
S
S
1
m
1
1
a
r
2.315
2.331
2.365
2.414
2.417
2.420
2.557
2.571
2.681
2.752
2.795
2.959
3.075
3.078
3.367
4.046
4.511
XX X X X
XXXXX
XXXXX
X X X -+-x
x
X
x
- + --x x
- +-X X X
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
xxx
x
x
x
--
x
x x
xx
x
x
x
--+-
x
x
x -+-
- - +-x x
+
-+
+-
x x
x
x
PM = Placer Mine
HS = Homestead
HM = Hardrock Mine RA = Range
OCCUP P = Permanent Occupancy
OCCUP S = Seasonal Occupancy
-+
-+
-+
Cluster 1-5 PM, 1 HM
Cluster 2-4 HM, 3 HS, 2 PM
Cluster 3-1 HM, 1 HS, 1 PM
Cluster 4-2 RA, 3PM, 1HS, 1H M
48
The results of cluster analysis and its amalgamation rule indicated that
the cabins in group one were more homogeneous than the cases in the other
three groups. Cluster groups two and three respectively, displayed less
degree of homogeneity in parametric elements than group one and cluster group
four was the most heterogeneous as it formed an outlier group.
The objective of cluster analysis was to determine if the types defined
by function were in fact present in the parametric variables. Essentially,
the classification of sites by the cluster method resulted in a different set
of groupings than the original types classified on site function. Therefore,
the results of parametric variable cluster analysis suggest that although
groups do exist within the data, these groups are not based on the builder's
occupation. This result does not indicate a correlation between site function
and cabin construction variables.
A discriminant function analysis was performed on the parametric variable
data from the four cluster groups that resulted from allowing the clustering
program to include each case within a group (Table 1). A second discriminant
procedure was run on the same data from the four builder occupation groups.
The results of both were compared to determine the significance and validity
of each procedure, and to find out which parametric variables revealed the
most commonality between the groups.
The significance test utilized within the discriminant procedure
consisted of the values of F-statistics based on variable tolerance set at .01
or 99% confidence level, and the classification matrix. The source referred
to for the values of F at the .05 and .01 confidence levels is R. A. Fisher
and F. Yates Statistical Table D, published in Levin (1977:274). The same
standard of significance test, i.e., F-statistics, was applied to both
49
discriminant analysis results.
Discriminant analysis on the cluster groups produced the following cabin
attributes or parametric variables which appeared significant in affecting the
four cluster groups. Based on the F-statistic table of values, WIDTH, TOTAL
HEIGHT, MINIMUM NUMBER OF WALL LOGS, MINIMUM NUMBER OF GABLE
LOGS and MAXIMUM NUMBER OF GABLE LOGS displayed significant valucs.
Hence, these variables seemed to display greater influence on the formation of
the four cluster groups.
TABLE 2
Discriminant Analysis of Cluster Groups
Summary of Classification Functions
GROUP = CLUS 1
CLUS 2
CLUS 3
CLUS 4
2.49866
.16642
1.07540
1.79196
1.23944
.31969
.57944
5.82594
.46324
1.30574
1.87240
.74880
9 MINGABLE 2.57448
10 MAXGABLE
2.17215
7.62184
8.33666
4.11440
6.53321
6.03895
3.24704
23.88501
21.18390
37.80581
25.07432
VARIABLE
2 WIDTH
4 THEIGHT
6 MINLOGS
CONSTANT
On the other hand, a discriminant run performed on the four builder
occupation groups indicated five elements which displayed significant F
values. These were WIDTH, TOTAL HEIGHT, MAXIMUM NUMBER OF WALL
LOGS, MINIMUM NUMBER OF GABLE LOGS AND MAXIMUM NUMBER OF
GABLE LOGS. Of the above, MAXIMUM NUMBER OF WALL LOGS was the
only variable different from the significant set of attributes suggested by
the analysis of cluster groups.
50
TABLE 3
Discriminant Analysis of Site Types
Summary of Classification Functions
GROUP = PLACMINE
HARDMINE
HOMESTD
RANGE
2.06086
.63945
-6.29859
5.40846
-18.49649
VARIABLE
2 WIDTH
4 THEIGHT
7 MAXLOGS
9 MINGABLE
10 MAXGABLE
CONSTANT
2.52108
.38043
.90957
-7.51042
6.56865
-8.50350
7.32599
2.29892
.86433
.75392
-9.75505
8.69313
-24.88633
-26.24513
-26.52015
2.69614
.45023
.78878
.53742
The remaining four variables produced by both analyses were the same.
However, the F values were different for each set of variables offered by the
two discriminant runs. Each of the five parametric elements produced from the
analysis of cluster groups appeared significant and had higher F values than
the attributes of site function group analysis. The parametric variable set
generated from the analysis of builder occupation groups did not fit the
criteria of significance, whereas the set produced by the analysis of cluster
groups appeared significant. This was supported by the classification matrix.
Based on the F values, the attributes resulting from the examination of
builder occupation groups lacked significance and this observation was
reinforced by the poor classification matrix.
51
TABLE 4
Discriminant Analysis of Site Types
Classification Matrix Results
PERCENT
CORRECT
NUMBER OF CASES CLASSIFIED INTO GROUP
GROUP
PLACMINE
HARDMINE
HOMESTD
RANGE
5
2
2
2
1
3
2
1
1
0
2
2
0
0
0
2
7
5
6
7
45.5
HARDMINE 42.9
HOMESTD 40.0
RANGE
100.0
-PLACMINE
TOTAL
48.0
In contrast, the variable set selected by the computation of cluster
groups as being significant, is supported by a stronger classification matrix.
TABLE 5
Discriminant Analysis of Cluster Groups
Classification Matrix Results
PERCENT
CORRECT
NUMBER OF CASES CLASSIFIED INTO GROUP
GROUP
CLUS 1
CLUS 2
CLUS 3
CLUS 4
TOTAL
CLUS1
CLUS2
CLUS3
83.3
88.9
100.0
57.7
5
0
0
1
0
8
0
1
0
0
3
0
2
0
1
4
80.0
7
8
4
6
CLUS4
Classification matrices determine the percentage of time one might
correctly predict cabin builder occupations based on the significant variables. Therefore, the variable set generated from the analysis of cluster
52
groups implicate better chance of correctly classifying cabin sites than the
attribute and classification matrix results of site function analysis.
Discriminant method of multivariate analysis was employed to determine
which of the 11 parametric variables best discriminated between the four
independently derived occupational groups. Discriminant analysis facilitated
the statistical process of distinguishing between the four groups of cases.
This procedure assisted in the selection of significant variables which could
reliably classify cabins into the correct builder occupation groups.
A forward stepwise discriminant function analysis was performed on the
parametric variables utilizing the SAS statistical package program STEPDISC.
None of the 11 variables met the default criteria to enter, an F value whose
probability of occurring by chance was less than .15. The best single
predictor was MAXLOGS with an F (3,21)=1.123, P>.36. The summary table is
presented in Table 6.
TABLE 6
Summary of Forward Stepwise
Discriminant Analysis
VARIABLE
R**2
F
PROB > F
TOLERANCE
WHEIGHT
0.0453
0.0401
0.0382
THEIGHT
VOLUME
0.0264
0.0176
MINLOGS
MAXGABLE
0.0972
0.1382
0.1072
0.0217
0.1194
0.333
0.293
0.278
0.189
0.126
0.754
1.123
0.840
PITCH
0.0822
0.8019
0.8302
0.8405
0.9024
0.9439
0.5324
0.3624
0.4871
0.9250
0.4350
0.6057
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
LENGTH
WIDTH
MAXLOGS
SIZELOGS
MINGABLE
0.156
0.949
0.627
53
To further examine the parametric attributes a backward stepwise
discriminant function analysis was also performed to determine whether there
was some subset of the variables which could reliably discriminate among the
four builder occupation types even if no single variable could. However, no
such set was observed. All variables were excluded, with MAXLOGS being the
last to leave the equation as would be expected. The summary table is
presented in Table 7.
TABLE 7
Summary of Backward Stepwise
Discriminant Analysis
Variable
Deleted
Average
Squared
No. Partial F Sta- Prob Wilks' Prob > Canonical
Prob >
In
R**2 tistic
> F Lamda Lamda Correlation ASCC
Step
0
11
1
MINLOGS
2
SIZELOGS
9
3
MAXGABLE
8
MINGABLE
5 VOLUME
6 LENGTH
7 WHEIGHT
4
8
WIDTH
THEIGHT
10 PITCH
9
11 MAXLOGS
10
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.211
.0865 0.379
.1059 0.513
.0985 0.510
.1127 0.635
.0400 0.222
.1698 1.159
.1572 1.119
.0453 0.301
.0810 0.587
.1382 1.123
.0544
.8866
.7701
.6803
.6818
.6039
.8797
.3542
.3676
.8246
.6304
.31378939
.33185295
.36326745
.40623225
.45068469
.50792787
.52906909
.63729665
.75613461
.79201426
.86178933
.9798
.9535
.9211
.8888
.8431
.8049
.6527
.7047
.7677
.5579
.3624
.31074267
.29736738
.27678347
.24807807
.22516294
.19270291
.18348770
.13102046
.08508017
.07229327
.04607022
.3624
Detailed categorization of cabin attributes entailed the data collected
on the categorical variables. The twenty-six variables which were used to
classify the cabins, were crosstabulated against occupation of builder with
.9663
.9317
.8924
.8639
.8073
.7799
.6162
.6937
.7492
.5381
.3624
54
the use of the SPSS CROSSTABS statistical procedure. Four of them: OCCUPANCY
(seasonal versus permanent occupation), PORCH (yes or no), SHED (yes or no)
and CHINKING (yes or no) displayed chi-squares that were significant at the
.05 level or better. They are presented in Tables 8 through 11.
TABLE
8
Crosstabulation of Site Types by Occupancy
PERMANENT OCCUPANCY
HM
Frequency
Percent
Row Pct
Col Pct
HS
PM
RA
4
5
10
0
16.00
21.05
57.14
20.00
26.32
100.00
40.00
52.63
0.00
0.00
0.00
SEASONAL OCCUPANCY
Frequency
3
Percent
12.00
Row Pct
50.00
Col Pct
42.86
TOTAL
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
7
5
28.00
20.00
90.91
1
2
4.00
8.00
16.67
9.09
33.33
100.00
11
44.00
2
8.00
TOTAL
19
76.00
6
24.00
25
100.00
55
TABLE 9
Crosstabulation of Site Types by Porch
SITE TYPE - HM
Count
Row Pct
Col Pct
Tot Pct
ABSENT
0
.0
.0
.0
PRESENT
6
100.0
42.9
26.1
ROW TOTAL
6
26.1
SITE TYPE - HS
Count
Row Pct
Cot Pct
Tot Pct
4
0
4
100.0
44.4
17.4
.0
.0
.0
17.4
5
6
11
SITE TYPE - PM
Count
Row Pct
Col Pct
Tot Pct
45.5
55.6
21.7
54.5
42.9
26.1
47.8
SITE TYPE - RA
Count
Row Pct
Col Pct
Tot Pct
COLUMN TOTAL
0
2
2
.0
.0
.0
100.0
14.3
8.7
8.7
9
14
23
60.9
100 . 0
39.1
56
TABLE 10
Crosstabulation of Site Types by Chinking
SITE TYPE - HM
Count
Row Pct
Col Pct
Tot Pct
ABSENT
PRESENT
2
5
28.6
28.6
71.4
27.8
20.0
8.0
ROW TOTAL
7
28.0
SITE TYPE - HS
Count
Row Pct
Col Pct
Tot Pct
4
80.0
57.1
16.0
5
1
20.0
5.6
4.0
20.0
10
11
44.0
SITE TYPE - PM
Count
Row Pct
Col Pct
9.1
14.3
Tot Pct
4.0
90.9
55.6
40.0
Count
0
2
Row Pct
Col Pct
Tot Pct
.0
.0
.0
1
SITE TYPE - RA
COLUMN TOTAL
100.0
11.1
2
8.0
8.0
7
18
25
28.0
72.0
100.0
57
TABLE 11
Crosstabulation of Site Types by Shed
SITE TYPE - HM
Count
Row Pct
Col Pct
Tot Pct
ABSENT
PRESENT
ROW TOTAL
4
3
7
57.1
19.0
16.7
42.9
100.0
12.5
29.2
SITE TYPE - HS
Count
Row Pct
Col Pct
Tot Pct
4
100.0
19.0
16.7
0
4
.0
.0
.0
16.7
0
11
.0
.0
.0
45.8
SITE TYPE - PM
Count
Row Pct
Col Pct
Tot Pct
11
100.0
52.4
45.8
SITE TYPE - RA
Count
Row Pet
Col Pct
Tot Pct
COLUMN TOTAL
0
2
100.0
9.5
8.3
.0
.0
8.3
21
3
87.5
12.5
2
24
100.0
Three other categorical variables including UNIQUE FEATURES, CONDITION
and NAILS, had chi-square values in the .05 to .10 significance range. Since
a total of 26 non-parametric variables were being tested, to reduce the risk
of capitalizing on chance, further analysis was restricted to the four
58
variables that met the .05 significance criterion.
One perspective of examining the data is in terms of the patterns of
combination of the four characteristics with significant chi-squares. Since
each variable only takes on two values, no single variable could uniquely
classify a cabin into one of the four possible builder occupation groups.
However, it is possible that some combinations of attributes could do so.
There are sixteen conceivable different combinations of the four cabin
characteristics. Analysis results produced only seven patterns in data. The
most common cabin characteristic pattern (7 cabins) was a permanently
occupied, chinked cabin with a porch but without a shed. The least common
pattern (1 cabin) consisted of a seasonally occupied, but chinked cabin
without a shed or a porch.
A list of all 25 sites, sorted on the four characteristic variables and
divided into the seven observed patterns is presented in Table 12. The entry
labeled "CHOICE" designates occupation most frequently occurring for that
pattern while "ERRORS" indicates other occupations having that cabin pattern.
59
TABLE 12
Cabin Characteristic Patterns
SITE
TYPE PORCH CHINKING OCCUP SHED
CHOICE ERRORS
Pattern 1
4082
PM
N
Y
P
N
PM
4068
PM
N
Y
P
N
PM
5090
PM
N
Y
P
N
PM
1144
HS
N
Y#
P
N
PM
1041
PM
y
Y
P
N
PM
2194
pm
y
Y
P
N
PM
4050
PM
Y
Y
P
N
PM
4122
PM
Y
Y
P
N
PM
4168
PM
Y
Y
P
N
PM
5208
PM
Y
Y
P
N
PM
4047
HM
Y
Y
P
N#
PM
1116
HM
Y
Y
P
Y
HM
4138
HM
Y
Y
P
Y
HM
5018
HS
N
N
P
N
HS
5193
HS
N
N
P
N
HS
8019
HS
N
N
P
N
HS
4031
HS
N
N
P
N
HS
4049
PM
N
Nil
P
N
HS
5105
pm
N
Y
S
N
PM
1093
RA
Y
Y
S
N
RA
1130
RA
Y
Y
S
N
RA
4065
HM
Y
Y#
S
N
RA
1039
HM
Y
N
S
N
HM
4129
HM
Y
N
S
N
HM
5089
HM
?
Y
P
Y
HM
HS
Pattern 2
HM
Pattern 3
Pattern 4
PM
Pattern 5
Pattern 6
Pattern 7
Missing Data
HM
60
If cabins are classified by assigning the most frequently occurring
occupation for that cabin's pattern, 20 of the 24 cabins with complete data
can be correctly classified, i.e., 83.3%. Furthermore, site number 5089 which
did not have a value on PORCH, can none-the-less be correctly classified as a
hardrock mine (HM) site on the basis of the SHED variable since the only other
cabins with sheds, i.e., sites number 1116 and 4138, were HM cabins. Site
number 5089 is also consistent with pattern 3, i.e., an HM pattern, on the
basis of the CHINKING and OCCUPANCY variables.
The four errors or non-conforming sites could be assigned to a correct
pattern by reversing the value of only one of the four variables. The
non-conforming variables are indicated by the "#" symbol. In three of the
four cases, the non-conforming variable was CHINKING. In the fourth, it was
SHED.
Further examination of the patterns reveals that the most consistent
builder occupation group was the homesteader (HS). Four out of five HS sites
were permanently occupied, unchinked cabins without a porch or a shed. Only
one non-HS site, i.e., site 4049 (placer miner or PM), displayed this pattern.
Site 1144 (an HS) had only one (out of four) non-conforming variable
(CHINKING) which segregated it from the HS pattern. Both range (RA) sites
were seasonally occupied chinked cabins with porches but without sheds. One
HM site, i.e., 4065, also exhibited this pattern.
Placer miner (PM) sites also expressed considerable consistency. Of the
11 PMs, 9 built permanently occupied, chinked cabins without a shed. However,
they were almost evenly divided on the presence or absence of a porch (i.e., 6
with and 5 without). The two exceptions were site 4049 which had no chinking,
and site 5105 which was seasonally occupied. Only one site, 1144, an HS,
61
would be falsely classified with the PM group on the basis of CHINKING, an
attribute absent from the other HS sites.
The most inconsistent group was the hardrock miner (HM). There was at
least one HM site in each of four of the seven cabin characteristic types.
One consistent feature was the presence of a PORCH on all six of the HM sites
with complete data. One HM site, 5089, had missing data on PORCH. However,
this attribute was also present on both RA sites and six of the eleven PM
cases.
As a result, while the PORCH variable was a consistent feature of HM
sites, it had little value in distinguishing them from other types.
Therefore, the testing of hypothesis one, the strength of relationship
between site function and building variables, did not show a strong correlation by any of the analytical methods used. However, when the non-parametric
variable occupancy (permanent vs. seasonal) was introduced into the crossta-
bulation analysis it, in combination with three other construction variables
(chinking, porch, shed), displayed a significant value in predicting site
function (Table 12). This important result is considered in greater detail in
the summary chapter.
Problem statement or hypothesis two specifically suggests that there is
a
relationship between the building attributes and the ethnic background of the
cabin builder. It is implied that log cabin construction variables observed
and described in the eastern U.S. can be identified in the sample of cabins
studied in northern California. Ethnic trait variables are anticipated to
persist in western Siskiyou County log cabins. In other words, recorded
building elements should reflect distinct ethnic origins.
Based on past log cabin research it was expected that ethnic traits would
be retained by the cabin builders. Ethnic identity of construction elements
62
was established by searching documents, records and by talking to informants.
Ethnic characteristics were identified from previous log cabin studies and are
displayed in Appendix III, Table A. This table summarizes the literature
sources for the previously identified origins of ethnic trait variables.
Since these traits are categorical variables the analytical method
consisted of direct comparison and, the establishment of an ethnic index which
summarizes each builder's retention of ethnic traits (Appendix III, Table B).
Table A (Appendix III) exhibits only those construction variables for which
ethnic origins could be found in the literature. The nominal values from this
table have been incorporated with the already established builder's background
to demonstrate the ethnic assimilation of construction traits.
The purpose of Table B is to present an index of ethnic variable compatibility which measures the retention of ethnic construction traits by the
known builders. The results of this index (Table 13) suggest the extent of
ethnic trait persistence by the builders as revealed in log cabin construction
elements. Therefore, the produced index based on literature sources, quanti-
tatively indicates the degree of continuity of ethnicity for specific nonparametric building variables.
The highest possible value for the index of ethnic element compatibility
(Table 13) is 17.50. The highest value is derived by adding one point for
each identified variable which matches the known ethnic background of buildcr.
As can be observed from Table A (Appendix III), some construction aspects,
i.e., floor plan, loft, corner construction, etc., have multiple ethnic
designations. In such cases when a builder's ethnicity corresponds to one of
these variables, appropriate fractions (.33 or .50) are added to the ethnic
index value.
63
The index values attained by the cabins in this study range from 0 to
6.66.
Considering that the highest value possible for each case is 17.50, the
results suggest that the ethnic variables do not display a strong relationship
with the ethnic background of the builders. These results are in contrast
with similar ethnic trait studies of log cabins from the eastern and southern
U.S. as reviewed in Chapter 5 (Ethnicity). For example, method of corner
construction is one variable highly emphasized in most previous studies and is
credited with a strong ethnic retention level. The results of data from Table
A (Appendix III) on corner construction show only 25 percent of 16 cases with
known ethnic backgrounds that were compatible in this variable. This result
does not indicate high ethnic retention of corner construction techniques.
Few researchers have focused on the other cabin elements, hence ethnic
data on most aspects of log construction are insufficient as displayed in
Table B (Appendix III). This table generally illustrates the biases of past
investigators in the selection of only certain variables for which to collect
data. Limitations of literature are reflected in the lack of complete and
uniform data collection on variables other than wall and corner construction.
Quantitative testing of this sample of cabins from western Siskiyou
County clearly suggests a mixing and incorporation of ethnic trait variables
that are not characteristic of the ethnic background of the builders. The
results of index of compatibility (Table 13) in addition to lack of any
characteristic variable patterning even in the most conforming cases, suggest
a weak relationship between construction elements and the ethnic background of
builders. From this index it is inferred that various ethnic traits were
assimilated in the construction of cabins by the builders. The result of
analysis does not support the notion of ethnic trait retention in western
64
Siskiyou County as stated by the second hypothesis. Perhaps ethnic traits in
general have low persistence in the West because of the greater integration of
people with different cultural origins.
65
TABLE 13
Case #
Summary of Ethnic Trait Retention
VARIABLE: Builder's Background Index of Ethnic
Trait Compatibility
54-82
Anglo-Saxon
1.33
51-144
Anglo-Saxon
1.50
51-41
Scandinavian
5.66
52-194
Anglo-Saxon
4.33
54-50
Anglo-Saxon
1.83
54-122
German
6.66
54-168
Anglo-Saxon
.33
55-208
French
Anglo-Saxon
Anglo-Saxon
German
Anglo-Saxon
Scandinavian
1.66
51-116
55-18
58-19
54-31
55-89
4.83
1.33
5.66
3.83
5.66
A summary of ethnic construction data analyzed here is displayed in
Table 13. All but four of the cases with known builders achieved values below
28% of total score. The four remaining cabins with the best ethnic trait
retention attained 32 to 38 percent of the highest possible index value of
17.50.
This table, in general, suggests a low persistence of ethnic log cabin
construction attributes in the study area. It is interesting to observe that
the ethnic background of the most trait retaining builders were either German
or Scandinavian. As a group, Anglo-Saxon builders appear to borrow a greater
number of construction elements.
66
TABLE 14
Comparison of Ethnic Trait Retention
ETHNIC VARIABLES
RETENTION
Floor Plan
Loft
Chimney/Stove
12
4
75
4
12
25
3
13
1
15
1
15
9
7
5
11
18.7
.6
.6
56.2
31.2
4
12
25
2
14
2
14
12.5
12.5
4
12
25
3
13
18.7
2
14
5
11
2
14
12.5
31.2
12.5
1
15
.62
1
15
.62
7
9
43.7
Joists
3
13
18.7
Cellar
0
16
3.55
12.45
Porch
Attached Shed
Position of Openings
Treatment of Wall Logs
Corner Construction
Log Ends Overhang
Chinking
Daubing
Gable Enclosure
Roof System
Roof Pitch Angle
Ceiling Joists on Plates
Roof Cover
Foundation
Position of Sills
Connection of Floor
TOTAL
NON-RETENTION
% RETENTION
0
22.0
Table 14 shows which construction variables retained greater ethnic
traits than others. Of the 20 analyzed architectural categories (elements)
with known ethnic characteristic origins only two displayed higher than 50%
retention value. The position-of-openings and floor plan variables attained
75 and 56 percent ethnic retention, respectively, but the remaining 18
67
elements achieved only 0% to 44% values. It must be remembered that both the
position-of-openings and floor plan variables were assigned multiple ethnic
designations which makes it easier for them to fit the builders' ethnic
background. However, the average percentage of ethnic trait retention for all
20 construction attributes is 22%. The low average persistence of trait
retention indicates mixing of ethnic variables during the construction of
cabins considered here. In general, the low percentage of ethnic traits
suggests that perhaps different cultural traditions were assimilated and that
distinct ethnic construction patterns were not retained in the settlements of
the West.
68
Chapter 8
SUMMARY
This study was the outgrowth of three interests: archaeology, architecture and social history. To understand archaeology through historic architec-
ture and cultural geography is a most fruitful approach to comprehending the
cultural patterns of human behavior. Architectural features are an important
guide to past cultures because of what Glassie (1975:14) calls their "universality, tenacity, complexity and fixedness."
With this epistomological orientation the present study was pursued. The
purposes were (1) to collect for future reference and research a detailed
architectural record of the 25 log cabins located in the western Siskiyou
area, (2) to determine whether there is a relationship between the exterior
attributes of these log cabins and the occupation of their builders, and (3)
to examine the relationship between construction variables and ethnic background of builders.
The first goal was fulfilled with as much detail and completeness as time
and human limitations would permit. For systematic recording procedures, a
complete list of the exterior construction elements was developed (Appendix I)
and utilized during fieldwork. This checklist assisted in measurement,
description and analysis of structural characteristics. In addition to floor
plan working drawings, photographs of cabin elevations, construction attri-
butes and unusual details were taken to supplement the raw data recordation.
The second objective was pursued with recourse to multi-variate statis-
69
tical analysis. It was necessary to use this type of analysis so that some
regularity could be established out of the plethora of data which accumulated
as the study progressed. It was a basic premise of the study that if rigorous
research tools were not utilized for such endeavors, it would be possible to
interpret the data in any fashion inspired by the theoretical orientation of
the researcher.
The third objective was tested by the development of an index of ethnic
construction element compatibility (Appendix III). This index demonstrated
the strength of relationship between building variables and the ethnic
background of builders. Until more quantitative methods can be developed and
tested, this comparative method provides an estimate of the disperse diffusion
of ethnic traits.
To many it may seem a matter of slight moment what sort of houses the
early settlers lived in so long ago and whether there is a relationship
between the type of housing and the occupation of the builders. However, with
the enlarged and now accepted archaeological concept which embraces the study
of all forms of past human behavior, it is of great importance to discover
whether men with different ways of earning a living would produce different
styles of architecture. If this assumption can be substantiated by the vigor
of the scientific method, then most probably the search for a degree of
certainty in archaeological research will fall within the purview of science.
Of the several thousand log cabins that were built in western Siskiyou
County between 1850 and the 1930's, only a total of 25 were known to be
standing when the fieldwork for this study was carried out. Since the 25
surviving log cabins were recorded for analysis they included the total
population sample of cases. Due to the nature of this type of archaeological
70
resource the non-random sampling strategy was employed. In addition to the
non-random method of sample selection, sample size and the nature of this
particular sample provided some limitations to be concerned about during
analysis. In order to test the proposed hypothesis it was necessary to study
the log cabins that retained most of their essential exterior construction
elements. Since only a total of 25 cases were discovered to be still standing
and not in an advanced stage of deterioration, no other option remained but
to
utilize the non-randomly selected total extant population.
Additionally, due to the perishable nature of these structures, the total
population sample studied was all that remained. Because of the large
quantity of field data generated, utilization of the statistical method of
multi-variate analysis was the most viable approach to examine the data.
Therefore, in addition to the use of ethnohistorical data, inferences were
based on the results of the statistical procedures.
Initially, relevant existing written records--documents, historical
files, libraries and photographs, in addition to oral interview data from
informants--provided invaluable knowledge of the background and histories of
the studied structures. The necessary controls for development of the
original cabin typology based on site function were derived from the local
historical files and records. The ethnohistorical controls enabled the
independent classification of builder occupation groups which was required for
testing the assumption related to construction techniques and site function.
Based on the ethnohistorical data each of the 25 cabins was classified
independently into one of four types of builder occupation: (1) placer miner
(PM), (2) hardrock miner (HM), (3) homesteader (HS), and (4) stockman (RA).
A stepwise discriminant function analysis was performed on the eleven
71
parametric attributes with the use of the BMDP statistical package program
(BMDP7M). This resulted in the selection of five of the eleven parametric
elements based on the F-statistic table of values criteria: WIDTH, TOTAL
HEIGHT, MAXIMUM NUMBER OF WALL LOGS, MINIMUM NUMBER OF
GABLE LOGS and MAXIMUM NUMBER OF GABLE LOGS. The other six
variables failed to meet the F-to-enter (0.2) or the tolerance (.01) criteria.
Individually none of the five selected variables was a significant predictor
of builder occupation, nor were they significant taken as a group [Wilks Lamda
(5,3,21) =.532; approximate F(15,47)=.8111
Next, the BMDP cluster analysis (i.e., BMDP2M) was applied to the same
eleven parametric variables in order to determine whether the cabins could be
categorized empirically into homogeneous site groups, without regard to the
occupation of the builder. The last four clusters formed by the clustering
program were chosen for further analysis. Cluster group 1 consisted of 6
cases: 5 placer and 1 hardrock mining cabin. Cluster 2 had 9 cases: 4 hardrock, 3 homestead and 2 placer. Cluster 3 had 1 hardrock, 1 homestead and 1
placer site. Cluster 4 with 7 cases, had 2 range, 3 placer, 1 homestead and I
hardrock site.
These four empirical cluster groups were analyzed using the same stepwise
discriminant function analysis program as was used for the original typology
based on occupation. This resulted in the selection of five of the eleven
parametric variables which met the F-statistic values of significance
criteria: WIDTH, TOTAL HEIGHT, MINIMUM NUMBER OF WALL LOGS, MINIMUM NUMBER OF GABLE LOGS and MAXIMUM NUMBER OF GABLE LOGS.
With the exception of one attribute, i.e. MINIMUM NUMBER OF WALL LOGS
instead of MAXIMUM NUMBER OF WALL LOGS, this was the same set of variables
72
discovered for the original typology. Considered as a group, the five
variables were quite significant [Wilks Lamda (5,3,21)=.081, approximate
F(15,47)=4.69], and all of the five selected variables made a significant
contribution to discriminating amongst or between the empirical cluster
groups, with TOTAL HEIGHT being particularly important [F-to-leave (3,17)
=16.10].
The hypothesis that the site function (occupation of the builder) would
be correlated with the construction technique of the cabin was not supported.
A stepwise discriminant analysis of parametric variables failed to display any
linear combinations of eleven cabin measurements that could reliably classify
the 25 cabins into the four independently derived occupation groups of placer
mining, hardrock mining, homesteading and stock raising.
A cluster analysis performed on the eleven parametric variables suggested
four empirical groupings of the 25 cases. A second discriminant analysis of
the four cabin clusters rather than of the independently formed groups proved
significant. Because the clusters were formed post hoc on the basis of the
same variables used in the discriminant analysis, these statistics and their
associated significance levels should not be given the same emphasis or
importance that they would if they had been formed independently. However,
they imply that patterns of cabin characteristics that are not associated with
the occupation of the builder may be inferred from the field data.
In addition to the use of the BMDP statistical package program, both
forward and backward stepwise discriminant function analyses were also
performed on the eleven parametric variables with the assistance of the SAS
statistical package program STEPDISC. None of the eleven variables met the
criteria to discriminate among the builder occupation types. Nor was there
73
some subset of the variables which could dependably classify the 25 sites into
the occupation groups. Essentially, the examination of the parametric cabin
attributes suggested that no linear combination of the eleven variables
existed that could correctly infer the builder's occupation.
On the other hand, twenty-six categorical variables were cross-tabulated
against the four builder occupation groups. Four of these variables. displayed
significant chi-squares at the .05 level or better. They were: OCCUPANCY
(seasonal versus permanent occupation), PORCH (yes or no), SHED (yes or no)
and CHINKING (yes or no). It was possible to accurately deduce the builder's
occupation for 20 of the 24 cabins with complete data on the four categorical
variables. One cabin (site #55-89) was missing data on the porch variabale
and was not categorized within the 7 characteristic patterns. One possible
predictive model (Figure 1) for classifying cabins on the basis of these four
non-parametric variables is suggested.
74
RANGE
PLACER MINE
HARDROCK MINE
HOMESTEAD
1
PORCH PRESENT
SHED ABSENT
PORCH ABSENT
SHED ABSENT
CHINKING PRESENT
PORCH ABSENT
SHED PRESENT
CHINKING PRESENT
SEASONAL
PORCH ABSENT
SHED ABSENT
CHINKING ABSENT
PERMANENT
OCCUPANCY DURATION
FIGURE 1. 83.3% Accuracy Predictive Model for Classifying Cabins
To utilize this predictive model, one would first evaluate whether the
occupancy was seasonal or permanent. Following the chosen branch downward
considering the presence of chinking and finally the presence of porch or
shed, one arrives at the predicted function of the historic cabin. For
example, a seasonally occupied cabin with chinking and a porch would probably
be a range cabin.
With the exception of range cabins all other types were permanently
occupied. The extent of range activities consisted mainly of caretaking of
horses and looking after cattle during the warm summer months. These activi-
ties necessitated a covered area outside of the cabin room itself. Porch
75
construction may have provided a practical and sufficient covered space for
work on riding and packing equipment to have been carried out. An additional
reason for a porch in a range activity associated environment perhaps was as a
cool shaded sitting area in the open meadow.
Permanent cabins were associated with placer mining, hardrock mining and
homesteading. Of these only homestead cabins lacked chinking. Chinking is
the only attribute which differentiates homestead cabins from all other types.
This is perhaps due to the superior wall construction of homesteads. The hand
hewn wall logs may fit so tightly that no additional weather proofing was
required. In contrast to the hewn wall logs, the round wall logs of range,
placer mining and hardrock mining cabins required chinking to prevent weather
elements penetrating these buildings.
The main variable which distinguishes between placer and hardrock mining
cabins is the presence or absence of shed. Sheds appear to occur only at
hardrock mining cabins. This may be due to the quantity of mining equipment
associated with this type of mining that requires storage. Range, placer mine
and homestead activities lack the quantity of equipment necessary for the
construction of sheds. In hardrock mining operations ore carts, tracks and
stampmills are required and, in order to repair and maintain this machinery,
associated tools and equipment needed to be housed in a dry environment within
close proximity to the mining location. Sheds were not built on homestead
cabins due to the large number of outbuildings generally found on homesteads
(i.e., barns, dairies, spring houses, etc.).
The fact that the four significant categorical variables were determined
after examining the data rather than in advance increases the risk of capitalizing on chance distribution of cabin characteristics in this particular
76
sample. Application of the same rules to a different sample of cabins would
most likely result in a lower success rate.
However, the relatively high success rate (83.3%), and that it was
possible to correctly classify the one cabin (#55-89) with missing data on the
basis of its non-missing values, and the four misclassified cabins had only
one non-conforming attribute out of four, suggest that there is some validity
to a modified hypothesis that builder occupation influences cabin construction
when the seasonal duration of occupancy is also considered. Only through
replication will it be possible to determine how strong this relationship is
and whether the four categorical variables recommended by this study are the
actual general distinctive features of occupation-related cabin construction
or merely the chance result of this specific sample. It is suggested that
subsequent investigators include them in their observations in order to
evaluate the generality of these characteristics.
The ethnic origins of log cabins have been of great interest to many
investigators. An attempt was made to study the log cabins in the area for
the purpose of identifying their origin through the use of statistics. If the
analysis of data had shown distinct and mutually exclusive construction
patterns, such a finding could have been further analyzed to determine whether
there was a correlation between log cabins built in European countries and
those constructed in Siskiyou County. However, since the results did not show
any significant differences, the only conclusion that can be drawn is that
ethnic traits were assimilated as the pioneers pushed the frontier westward.
Kniffen and Glassie (1966:48) who proposed the theory of continuity of
the craft of log construction, also found enough evidence to support the
concept of diffusion. These authors (ibid.:65) suggest that as the pioneers
77
moved west between 1790 and 1850, many of the original features of horizontal
log cabin construction were lost. Hence, during the westward movement, with
the effects of contact and diffusion in addition to the many environmental
factors, it is most likely that the different ethnic traits became assimilated
to form new and perhaps different localized patterns as expressed by their log
cabin construction techniques.
78
Chapter 9
CONCLUSION
The implication of the results of this study from the point of view of
ethnicity is that the ethnic background of the builders had little or no
influence on the architectural design and construction of the log cabins they
built for themselves in the Siskiyou County region. As Kniffen and Glassie
(ibid.) have implied, because the distance between the eastern seaboard and
western Siskiyou County is vast and the forces working for adaption are
overwhelming, there remains little justification for continuing ethnic trait
patterns. This might also indicate that the westbound pioneers were more
adaptive and versatile in their styles of home building than were the traditional settlers in the original colonies and the East.
This study also lends support to the position of Jordan (1978:18) and the
view of Rock (1980:15) that the greater the distance between the log cabins
constructed and their ethnic source, the more variations in building techniques are introduced. Kniffen and Glassie (1966) studied small and fairly
well-defined communities in the East, hence they found substantial evidence
for the concept of ethnic continuity. The diversity evident in western
Siskiyou County was far more striking, probably not only because of the
settlers' movement west but also because of the time span involved. The above
authors concentrated on log cabins which were built at least two generations
before those considered in this study. Based on the detailed observation
undertaken for this study it is safe to conclude that in view of the factors
79
of contact and diffusion, a mixture of ethnic traits and techniques were
employed in western Siskiyou County.
According to analysis of several research studies, log cabins built of
round logs with notched corners and protruding ends are reminiscent of Swedish
log architecture. These features were present in 13 or about half the total
log cabins studied here while different techniques were observed in the
remaining 12 cabins. Because of these characteristics one may suggest that
remnants of Swedish architectural techniques survived or predominated in the
West even after the lapse of several centuries. An explanation of the
apparent persistence of these Swedish traits may well be an interesting topic
for future study. Thus, although there were many elements in the 25 cabins
traceable to a specific ethnic group such as Swedish or German, these archi-
tectural variables were not significant enough to permit any accurate predic-
tion about the ethnic origin of the builder.
Due to the nature of the data, hypothesis one and hypothesis two cannot
be statistically compared. However, it is of general interest to see whether
economic activities or ethnic backgrounds of builders have a greater influence
on historic cabin architecture. The results of this study suggest that the
builder's economic activity has a greater influence on construction technique
than his known ethnic origin.
Concerning the future use of the data gathered for this study, it is
believed the material provides a basis for other investigators who wish to use
the quantitative method to restudy the area or to examine other aspects of the
project. It is hoped this study will generate other fruitful research
projects in fields related to the topics investigated here. Questions which
can be posed and which lend themselves to further research include:
80
Do log cabin construction techniques used in western Siskiyou County
reflect superior craftsmanship when compared with and contrasted to cabins
built in other parts of California or other parts of the United States?
Is there a difference between log cabins built permanently and those
erected seasonally when interior detail, log shape, corner notch, log prepara-
tion or foundation elements are taken into consideration?
Are there differences in size or craftsmanship between seasonally built
log cabins and those built as permanent residences?
Is the observed increase in ethnic trait assimilation over time related
to the temporary nature of some of the cabins? Do these cabins display less
log preparation work or a lack of concern for protecting the structures from
rot or infestation?
Is permanency of occupation associated with the planting of fruit trees
and specific kinds of decorative vegetation? Such a study would analyze the
relationship between log structures and landscapes.
If the structure was built to house a family rather than one or two men,
was there any provision for a loft, a larger interior volume or a porch?
If consistent and sufficient field data on all the construction elements
were to be collected from larger samples, would it be possible to distinguish
or classify cabins based on characteristic ethnic trait attributes?
Did public domain status of the lands affect the intensity of construction activity or quality of workmanship after 1905, when the Forest Service
was established?
It is hoped this study will provide inspiration that will lead to wider
research and to greater prominence being given to log cabins in the study of
archaeology.
81
The log cabin archaeological resources have deteriorated and continue to
deteriorate or decay at a rapid rate. Since this study offers only a tentative model, it is recommended that other samples be examined to further test
the results of analysis here. It is possible that similar studies in adjacent
areas or other regions with larger samples could provide evidence to either
substantiate or negate the conclusions. Perhaps future testing of the
proposed tentative model could further refine the results. In any case, if
the nature of other samples is analogous to western Siskiyou County in terms
of the rapid decay of structures, then it is strongly suggested that such
investigations be carried out as soon as possible. These data bases will
diminish and eventually perish in the near future.
82
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Albers, John P.
1966
Economic deposits of the Klamath Mountains. In Edgar H. Bailey
(Ed.) Geology of northern California. California Division of
Mines and Geology Bulletin 190:51-62.
Aldenderfer, Mark S. and Roger K. Blashfield
1984
Cluster analysis: Quantitative Applications in the Social
Sciences Series. Sage Publications, Inc. Beverly Hills.
Bailey, Edgar H. (Editor)
1966
Geology of northern California. California Division of Mines and
Geology Bulletin 190.
Ball, Lottie
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Abrams....The Siskiyou Pioneer 1(5): 39-47.
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90
APPENDIX
91
APPENDIX
I
ELEMENTS OF LOG CABIN CONSTRUCTION
I.
FLOOR PLANS AND SECTIONAL FORMS:
1. Single-pen plan-square or rectangle
2. Double-pen plan-double pen with one or two end chimneys;
central-hall (dogtrot) with one or two end chimneys and saddlebag
or central chimney plan
3. Hall-and-parlour with two end chimneys
4. The central "I", T- or L-shaped plan with central, end or paired
chimneys
5. Porch floor plan and section
6. Height--single story, one and one-half story, and two story
7. Depth--one room or two room
8. Exterior or interior staircase
9. Location of interior partitions
II.
WALL CONSTRUCTION:
1. Logs--hewn or left round, with the bark, peeled log, pole, hand
sawn, rough sawn, circular sawn, planed, milled, sill log, log
joists, spandrel log, tie beam or ceiling joists, plate log, summer
beam or girder
2. Method of corner notching and construction and log crown-ends
3. Tree species used, grain, dimensions, quality or nature of wood
4. Wall finishes or siding--weather board, clapboard, board and
batten, shingles, shiplap, whitewash, water table and nail types
5. Gable ends--method of gable enclosure, vertical or horizontal
continuous logs or boards
III.
OPENINGS--WINDOWS AND DOORS:
1. Position or placement--centered, off-centered, etc.
2. Window shape and frames
3. Door shape, frame and details--rough sawn vertical board door,
panels, drip board, lintel or head, strap hinges, jambs, and
threshold board
4. Sills and window sash
5. Pins, spikes, dowels, nails, etc.
6. Glass, glazing, blinds, and hardware (latches, knobs, etc.)
7. Louvered openings or shutters
92
IV.
FOUNDATIONS. FOOTINGS, AND FLOORS:
1. Materials--rock vs. stone, hardwood log post or blocks, etc.
2. Sills (floor sills, log sill)
3. Log joists
4. Piers (stone), pillings, or columns
5. Cellar or crawl space and access to it--i.e., from living room or
exterior, etc.
6. Ledger strip
7. Infill header
8. Finished floor and sub-floor
9. Baseboards
V.
FLOOR SYSTEMS:
1. Ground floor (heavier system of joists) vs. second floor system
(lighter system of joists)
2. Floor boards, interior partitions
3. Joists, girders, sleepers, or floor beams, and relationships
4. Plates and ceiling joists
VI.
ROOFS:
1. Roof forms--gable, hip, shed type, lean-to, etc.
2. Roof pitch
3. Gable and cave detail, construction, ridge board, materials
4. Attic
5. Plate logs, tie beams or ceiling joists
6. Ridge beam
7. Purlins
8. Rafters--log or pole, tapered rafter ends or not
9. Trusses
10. Collar tie or beam
11. Diagonal or collar brace
12. Roof covering--boarding (waney-edged boards, etc.), or sheathing
methods (split slabs, shingles, etc.)
13. Materials--tree species used
14. Dormers
15. Valleys, chimneys, and vent pipes
16. Fascia and rake board--tapered or not
17. Watertabling, gutters, downspouts
18. Porch roof--plan and section, and relationship with the whole
house roof
93
VII.
HEARTH AND CHIMNEYS:
1. Position or placement: end-wall, interior, exterior, paired, and
central block chimneys
2. Types: stove chimneys, hung chimneys, and metal chimneys
3. Construction and materials: stone, brick, stick-and-mud, or clay
4. Form of lintels (top of fireplace)--arched or flat
5. Chimney mortar characteristics--datable or not
VIII.
CHINKING AND DAUBING:
1. Method--interior and exterior, blocking, infill, soft fillers, and
daubing reinforcement
2. Materials and mixtures--wood plank; saplings; split poles, wood
strips; mud, clay, or animal dung mixed with animal hair or straw;
clay, lime and sand; clay with salt; lime and sand; lime, sand,
wood ashes and granulated salt; sawdust, lime and sand; floor and
salt; mortar-mix and sand or lime; shredded newspaper and sawdust;
barbed-wire or chicken-wire; bricks; stones
IX.
PORCHES:
1. Floor plans and sections
2. Steps and landings
3. Rail and posts
4. Flooring, ceiling, back wall, and balconies
5. Roofs
X.
DESCRIPTIONS OF EACH ITEM:
1. Species utilized, grain, dimensions, quality
2. Manufacturing process, tools, and procedures
XI.
GENERAL INTACTNESS. ALTERATIONS. OR ADDITIONS:
APPENDIX II
94
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
DAVID RUSSELL CABIN
Site #05-05-54-82
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
E. Elev.(N.-S.) = 13'-5"; N. Elev.(E.-W.) = 17'-31/2";
W. Elev.(N.-S.) = 13'-51/2"; S. Elev.(E.-W.) = 17'-5".
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE):
One story design with no loft
Single-pen rectangular plan.
The woodstove has been removed but its piping
and no chimney.
hole (which has been covered) was located along the center
of the E. wall.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
No evidence of a porch or attached shed was observed.
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - EAST
LENGTH:
13'-5".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
6'-10" (middle of the
wall).
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
2'-61/2" to 5'-11/2" from the S.E. corner.
Door opening:
7'-91/2" to 10'-51/2" from the S.E. corner.
Window opening:
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
The 1st (sill)
Door opening: 2'-7" wide x 6'-4" in height.
log was square notched and the 2nd through 15th sawn off for
the door opening.
The 7th
2'-8" wide x 2'-10" in height.
Window opening:
through 12th logs were sawn off for the opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Window itself has been removed and the opening secured with vertical boards. The two
window jambs measured 1"x7"x2'-8". The window sill and head
The door has been removed.
boards measured 1"x6"x2'-8".
The head
The threshold board measured 2"x6 7/8"x2'-314".
The
two
door
jambs
measured
board measured 1 5/8"x71/4"x2-6".
All
of the
1 5/8"x6 3/4" and 1 3/4"x7" and 6'-2" in length.
boards were circular sawn.
95
2a)
ELEVATION ONE
EAST
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
15 Douglas-fir logs on the N. side of the door.
17 log-butts (2'-0" in length each) on the S. side of the
door.
= 3" to 7" (sill).
RANGE
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
AVERAGE = 51/2".
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; WITH THE BARK.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
Log ends were directly nailed to
and a 11/2"x81/2"x6'-4" vertical corner
a 11/20 3/4"x6'-6"
At
the
S.
end a 6" in diameter vertical corner
boards.
post was nailed to the mentioned vertical corner boards in
order to support the E. ends of the two ceiling plates.
The corner post did not provide any additional support
for the rest of the wall logs. The N.E. vertical corner
post was missing. This method of corner construction is
classed as having even-tiered horizontal logs (Kniffen and
Glassie 1966).
- LOG ENDS:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
- CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2b)
NONE.
None observed.
Clay (unknown source).
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - NORTH
17'-31/2".
- LENGTH:
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Original height unknown
Present height is apdue to the eroded fill from up-slope.
proximately 5'-0" at middle of the wall.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
3'-21/2" to 5'-11" from the N.E. corner.
Window opening:
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
2'-81/2" in width x 2'-101/2" in height.
Window opening:
The 3rd through 9th wall logs (from the top of the wall or
top of the plate) were sawn off and the 10th square notched
The total number of wall logs is unknown,
for the opening.
hence the reason for counting the logs from the top of the
wall.
2b)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2
96
NORTH
The window itself has been removed.
The two window jambs
The window sill measured 2"x6"x2'-4".
measured 2"x5 3/4" and 2" x 6" and 2'-10" in length.
The head board measures 1 1/8" x 11/2" x 2'-8".
All the boards were circular sawn.
11 Douglas-fir logs are visible (incluNUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
ding the ceiling plate) and the lower wall logs are buried
by the eroded soil from up-slope.
- DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 4" to 7".
AVERAGE = 6".
The ceiling
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; WITH THE BARK.
plate was hewn on the interior but left ROUND on the exterior.
The log ends were directly nailed
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
The two
to a 1 3/4"x6" and a 2"x614" vertical corner boards.
The ceiling
N.E. and N.W. vertical corner posts are missing.
plate was square notched 2'-0" from its ends to fit over the
supporting corner posts (currently missing).
LOG ENDS:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
ROUND.
to 3" in diameter and variable length
11/2"
CHINKING METHOD:
Douglas-fir poles.
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2c)
Clay.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 - WEST
13'-51/2".
- LENGTH:
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 7'-0" (middle of the wall).
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
5'-411" to 8'-21/2" from the S.W. corner.
Door opening:
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
2'-10" in width x 6'-3 3/4" in height.
Door opening:
The 2nd through 17th logs were sawn off for the opening.
The 1st (spandrel) log and the 1 gable log had two square
notches each (measuring 21/4" in width x 1" in depth each) for
the two vertical door jambs.
2c)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3
97
WEST
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The door was made of two circular sawn vertical 1"x131/2"
and 1"x16" and 6'-0" in length boards which were braced
A l'-91/4" in width and 2'-41/4"
by two 2"x4"s from behind.
in height opening was made in the center of the door.
There was no evidence of a glass window or a shutter for
The two
the opening. No door threshold was observed.
door jambs measured 1 7/8"x 7", 2"x7" and 6'-6" in length.
The head board measured 11/2"x7"x2'-6".
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
17 Douglas-fir logs in height.
RANGE = 4" to 9" (Spandrel).
MOSTLY = 5".
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; WITH THE BARK.
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
Only the spandrel log was PEELED and square hewn at its
S. end (N. end not visible) where the vertical corner post
was set.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
The logs were directly nailed to a
11/2"x9" and a 11/2"x71/2" vertical corner boards.
A 61/4" round
and 6'-2" in height vertical S.W. corner post was set on
top of the spandrel to support the W. end of the ceiling
The N.W. corner post was missing. The S. end of the
plate.
spandrel log was saddle notched on the bottom to fit over
the S. will.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
LOG ENDS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
- CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
- LENGTH:
NONE.
None observed.
Clay.
SOUTH
17'-5".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 7'-4" (Middle of the wall).
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
6'-0" to 13'-71/2" from the S.W. corner.
Window opening:
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
The 5th
Window opening: 7'-71/2" in width x 3'-1/2" in height.
6th
through
10th
and 11th logs were square notched and the
sawn off for the opening.
2d)
98
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 - SOUTH
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Originally there were three side by side (4 or 6 pane sash
frame types conjectured) windows in the single opening.
However, they have been removed and the opening secured
with boards.
Four square notches (each 3/8" in depth x 11/2"
in width) on 301/2" centers were made on top of the 5th wall
log for the four window jambs. The window jambs measured
11/2" in thickness x 21/2" to 6 7/8" in width x 2'-111/4" in
length.
The head board measured 1 3/8" x 6 3/4" x 7'-4".
No window sill was observed.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
the ceiling plate.
14 Douglas-fir logs in height including
RANGE
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
= 41/2" to 8" (sill log).
AVERAGE = 61/2".
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; WITH THE BARK.
The ceiling plate was hewn on the inside and left round on
the exterior.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: The log ends were directly nailed
to a 2"x6" and a 1 3/4"x6" vertical corner boards (6'-4" in
length each). Two 6" round vertical corner posts were set
on the E. and W. wall spandrels in order to support the
ceiling plate which was square notched 2'-O" from its ends
for the connection.
- LOG ENDS OVERHANGS:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
NONE.
NONE observed.
Little amount of clay still remained.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
8 ROUND and WITH THE BARK HORIZONTAL logs in each gable measuring
The 1st log in each gable was saddle
3" to 41/2" in diameter.
notched at both ends to fit over the ceiling plates of adjoining
Some clay daubing was observed. No chinking was detected.
walls.
However, scrap metal sheets were put over each gable.
- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
There were no gable openings.
3)
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
99
EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
12" to the original roof shakes.
14" to the edge of the later galvanized corrugated metal.
TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND)
Approximately 11'-0".
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
Approximately 25°.
- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
PLATE = 61/2" in diameter.
CEILING JOIST = NONE.
RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = 6" in diameter.
PURLIN = 3 pairs on 16" to 24" (mostly 18")
centers and measuring 41/2" to 6"
(mostly 41/2") in diameter.
RAFTER = NONE.
TRUSSES = NONE.
ROOF COVERING: 3/8" to 1/2"x4" to 6"x3'-0" in length hand-rived
shakes were nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of
the purlins. Variable dimension sheathing boards were
nailed perpendicular to the shakes. Sheets of galvanized
corrugated metal were put on top of the sheathing boards.
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
The (E.-W.) sill and (N.-S.)
SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:
spandrel logs were set on natural field rocks and leveled
ground.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS:
total of 7 joists.
6 square hewn and 1 left round for a
The square hewn
TYPICAL FLOOR JOIST DIMENSIONS (IF VISIBLE):
The S. end of the second joist
S. ends measured 4"x4" to 41/2".
from S.E. corner was 51/2" in diameter. The N. ends of the floor
joists were not visible.
- JOISTS CENTERING:
22" to 30" (mostly 24") centers.
100
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP:
7 square notches (41/2" in width x 4" in depth) were made
The joists themon top of the S. sill to fit the joists.
The N. sill (E.-W.) was not obselves were not notched.
servable.
- CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
NONE observed.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
The cabin exterior is all original with the exception of the
is
It
scrap metal sheets which were put over the two gables.
possible but not certain that the roof sheathing boards (E.-W.)
and the galvanized corrugated metal cover were put on top of
the original shakes at a later date. The E. and S. wall
windows were removed and the openings secured with boards.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
With the exception of the N. side, the cabin foundation and
Considering the logs were left
wall logs are in good shape.
WITH THE BARK on it is very surprising that not much dry rot
was observed. The main problem is lack of drainage on the N.
side where the up-slope eroded soil has buried several of the
The removal of windows and doors will allow
lower wall logs.
The gable logs
moisture to increase the rate of dry-rotting.
and original roof shakes were not visible to be inspected for
their conditions.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS
(IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
The cabin's corner construction method of even-tiered horizontal
logs (Kniffen and Glassie 1966) is unique. Only two other log
cabins on the Forest (i.e., Sites #05-05-54-50 and 05-05-54-106)
are known to display the same technique.
The typical diameter of wall logs (i.e., 5 3/4") is smaller
than the average log size (i.e., 8") of most recorded log
structures on the Forest.
REFERENCE:
Kniffen, Fred and Henry Glassie
A Time-Place
Building in Wood in the Eastern United States:
1966
In the Geographic Review, Vol. 56, No. 1, p. 49.
Perspective.
IT-3 1/2°
if--2'-8 1/21--3'-2 1/2"
I
F
es
_
I
A
C
C
CORNER DETAIL
NO SCALE
NOTES:
A.
A
5 1/2" TO 6 1/2" THICK
LOG WALLS.
B.
6" TO 6 1/4" IN DIAMETER
EXISTING VERTICAL CORNER POSTS
TO SUPPORT S. CELING PLATE ENDS.
C. MISSING VERTICAL POSTS.
D. REMOVED WINDOWS ARE
CONJECTURED TO HAVE BEEN THREE
SIDE BY SIDE 4 OR 6 PANE
SASH FRAMES ORIGINALLY.
E. ESTIMATED LOCATION OF REMOVED
WOOD STOVE AND ITS PIPING.
F. LOWER N. WALL LOGS ARE BURIED
BY THE UP-SLOPE SOL.
/
r%
D
B
.
.
I
6' 0"
(
/
7 1/2"
B
1
SITE 05-05-54-62
DAVID RUSSELL LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE: 1/4"1*-0"
102
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
Site #05-05-54-68
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
S. Elev.(E.-W.) = 18'-8"; W. Elev.(N.-S.) = 16'-2";
N. Elev.(E.-W.) = 18'-0"; E. Elev.(N.-S.) = 15'-11".
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE):
One story design with a full
Single-pen rectangular plan.
Location of the access to the
loft over the entire cabin.
There was no chimney. Wood stove
loft was undetectable.
and its piping were located 21-6" from the center of the
E. wall.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
No evidence of a porch or attached shed was observed.
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - SOUTH
18'-8".
- LENGTH:
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
Because the plate and
S.E. corner were badly decayed, all heights are rough mea6'-0" at the E. end; 7'-4" at the W. end.
surements:
OPENINGS
FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
- LOCATION OF
From
9'-10" to 12'-101/2" from the S.W. corner.
Door opening:
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
3'-1/2" wide x presently 4'-6" in height due
Door opening:
to badly sagging top wall logs; however, the door itself
measured 5'-8" originally. The 1st log (sill) was not visiThe 2nd through 5th logs were sawn off and the 6th
ble.
was square notched for the opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The door is made of 2 circular sawn vertical boards (1"x121/4"x5=8" each) braced by
horizontal boards from behind. The following were carved
"Fred A 10/30/97; L. E. SHORT August
on the door boards:
15, 04; W. P. Taylor 6-8-06; and R. Dobson (no date)." On
2a)
103
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - SOUTH
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOOR (continued):
the east door jamb "D. N. 6/7/04" was carved. The two door
jambs measured 1"x8 3/4" (planed). The head board (also
No evidence of a threshold board
planed) was 7/8"x8 3/4".
was observed.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
the ceiling plate.
8 Douglas-fir logs in height including
- SIZE OF ROUND WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 5" to 16" (sill log) in
diameter.
AVERAGE = 101/2" in diameter.
HAND HEWN PLATE MEASURED: 5 3/4" in width x 10" in height.
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: With the exception of the ceiling
plate which is hewn on four sides, the remaining 7 wall
logs were left ROUND but PEELED.
The notches were both
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: V-NOTCH.
The triangular shaped V-notches,
axe-chopped and hand sawn.
made on the bottom of the log ends, typically measured 8" to
91/2" on the sides, 8" in depth or height and 10" in width (at
the bottom).
Only rough estimations were taken because
LOG END OVERHANGS:
of the dry-rotted log crown ends.
- OVERHANG AVERAGE = 5".
= 21/2" to 14 3/4".
RANGE
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NONE.
Both machine-cut square nails and round wire nails
NAIL TYPES:
were utilized.
- CHINKING METHOD: 1/2"x114" and variable length hand split strips
of Douglas-fir.
Clay and gravel obtained from the local
DAUBING MIXTURES:
silty clay soil.
2b)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2
WEST
16'-2".
- LENGTH:
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Measurements are rough es6=10" at the S. end; 7'-6" at the N. end.
timations:
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 7'-1" to 9'-9" from the S.W. corner.
Window opening:
2b)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2
104
WEST
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Window opening:
2'-8" in width x 3'-1" in height.
The 2nd
and 5th logs were square notched while the 3rd and 4th were
sawn off for the opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The window itself has been removed. The two window jambs
and head boards measured 3/4"x11 7/8". The window sill
All the boards were circular sawn and
measured 7/8"x12".
planed.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
6 Douglas-fir logs in height.
DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 101/2"
AVERAGE = 13".
to 151/2".
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG END OVERHANGS: Only four
measured as the rest of the
OVERHANG AVERAGE =
orated.
=
RANGE
Same as the S. wall.
log end projections could be
log crown ends were badly deteri4".
2" to 6 3/4".
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:. NONE.
NAIL TYPES:
Same as the S. elevation.
- CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2c)
Same as the S. elevation.
Same as the S. elevation.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 - NORTH
- LENGTH:
18'-0".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Present heights (not original): 4'-6" at the E. end; 6'-6" at the W. end.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 9'-6" to 12'-6" from the N.W. corner.
Window opening:
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
3' -O" in width x 2'-9" in height. The 4th
Window opening:
and 5th logs were sawn off for the opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The window itself has been removed. The two window jambs
and head boards measured 1"x8". The exterior frame boards
over the jambs and head board measured 7/8"x3 3/4" x 21-8"
to 3'-0" in length. The window sill measured 1"x101/2"x31-0".
All the boards were circular sawn and planed.
2c)
ELEVATION 3
105
NORTH
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
8 logs in height including the ceiling
plate.
=
RANGE
5" to 141/2".
AVERAGE = 12".
51/2" wide x 8 3/4" in height.
HAND HEWN PLATE MEASURED:
- SIZE OF ROUND WALL LOGS:
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
Ceiling plate was hand hewn on four sides.
logs were left ROUND but PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG END OVERHANGS:
Same as the S. elevation.
OVERHANG AVERAGE =
RANGE
=
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
2 3/4".
1" to 41/2".
NONE.
Same as the S. wall.
- CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
The remaining 7
Same as the S. wall.
Same as the S. wall.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 - EAST
15'-11".
- LENGTH:
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Not original due to the
4'-0" at the N. end; 5'-1"
sagging wall. Rough estimations:
at the S. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Opening with unknown function (probably either a window or a
5'-3" to 10'-11" from the
former fireplace/chimney opening):
N.E. corner.
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Opening = 51 -8" in width x 3'-0" in height (presently). The
1st log (spandrel) is buried and NOT visible. The 2nd and
3rd logs were sawn off and the 4th square notched for the
opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The opening has been secured with vertical boards (of variBased on the large
able dimension) and a flattened washtub.
size and position/location of the opening, it is conjectured
that this opening was the result of removal of a former fireplace and or chimney.
2d)
106
ELEVATION 4 - EAST
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
6 logs in height.
RANGE
=
AVERAGE =
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
11".
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
9" to 13".
Same as the S. wall.
OVERHANG AVERAGE =
RANGE
=
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
21/2" to 12".
NONE.
Same as the S. wall.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
4 3/4".
Same as the S. wall.
Same as the S. wall.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
IC to 1/2" (mostly 1/2") thick x 2" to
Both gables have collapsed.
in width and variable length (2'-6" to 4'-0") horizontal
6"
hand split cedar shakes were nailed to 3" to 4" round vertical
poles which were set on 18" centers on the top E. and W. wall
logs.
- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
No gable openings were observed.
EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): Due to the badly deteriorated roof shakes, eave overhangs were not observable.
- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND): Presently,
However, the 1976 Archaeological Site Surnot observable.
vey Record suggests 13'-8" total height at the W. end.
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
45°.
DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
HEWN PLATE = 5 3/4"x10" S. plate; 51/2" wide x
8 3/4" in height N. plate.
CEILING JOIST = 6 joints (N.-S.) HEWN on four
sides, measuring 4"x4" to 4"x5"
and set on 22" to 34" (mostly 24")
4)
107
ROOF
- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS)(continued):
CEILING JOISTS = centers for a full loft.
RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = Unobservable (possibly NONE used).
PURLIN = NONE.
RAFTER = 7 round pairs (4" to 6" in diameter each) set on 3'-0" centers
and mitered at 45° angles (i.e.,
the roof pitch) on the eave ends
to fit on the hewn plates.
The
ridge ends were not observable.
TRUSSES = NONE.
COLLAR TIES = NONE.
- ROOF COVERING:
E.-W. spaced sheathing boards (of unknown dimension) were nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of
the purlins (on 2'-6" to 3'-0" centers). Hand-rived cedar
shakes were nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of
the sheathing boards. Typical shakes measured 1/4" to 1/2"
(mostly 3/8") x 4" to 6" x 2'-6" to 3'-0".
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: E.-W. running sill logs and the
N.-S. running spandrel logs were set on stacked field rocks
(foundation) and leveled ground.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = NONE visible.
- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP:
Neither sill
log notching nor any other connections were observed.
CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
NONE observed.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
It is conjectured (based on dimensions and location/position)
that the E. wall opening was originally used for fireplace and or
chimney. Later it was secured with boards and a flattened washA wood stove was put in the same location.
tub.
The door and window jambs, sill and head boards, which were planed
to 3/4" and 7/8" thicknesses, were all put in later.
Some of the roof shakes have been replaced during repairs.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
108
The structure is in very poor condition due to the considerable
dry rot in the wall logs and the badly deteriorated log crown
Although the foundation is sound, because of the collapsed
ends.
roof (due to lack of maintenance) which has increased the rate of
dry rot decay, the cabin could completely collapse at any moment
and is dangerous to be around.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS - (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
All the wall logs were left round with the exception of the two
ceiling plates which were hewn with a broad-axe on four sides.
Utilization of hand-rived horizontal shakes nailed to round
vertical poles for the gable enclosure is unique.
High variation in the range of log end overhang (projection)
measurements (2" to 14 3/4", particularly on the E. and S. walls.
If the conjecture that an exterior fireplace and or chimney used
to exist in the current E. wall opening is assumed correct, then
it would imply a feature not found in most log cabins of the
Forest.
NOTES
A.
B.
C.
D.
12" THICK N. LOG WALL.
13" THICK W LOG WALL
II" THICK E LOG WALL.
10 1/2" THICK S. LOG WALL.
E.
V-NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION
F.
WITH ABOUT 4 1/2" IAVE.)
LOG END PROJECTIONS.
ORIGINAL OPENING SECURED WITH
VARIABLE DIMENSION VERTICAL
BOARDS AND A FLATTENED
WASHTUB. BASED ON THE LARGE
OPENING SIZE AND POSITION IT
IS CONJECTURED TO BE THE RESULT
OF A FORMER FIREPLACE OR
CHIMNEY REMOVAL.
G. CAST IRON WOOD STOVE 2'-6" FROM
THE INTERIOR OF E. WALL.
SITE 05-05-54-68
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:I /4 =I' -O"
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD'
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
110
Site #05-05-55-90
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
N. wall(E.-W.) = 16'-6"; W. wall(N.-S.) = 36'-6";
S. wall(E.-W.) = 17'-3"; E. wall(N.-S.) = 37'-2".
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE):
Single-pen rectangular plan.
One story design with a loft in
Two stove
There was no chimney.
the S. half of the cabin.
pipings go through the roof 3' on either side of the ridge
line and 11'-10" from the exterior of S. wall.
Although no
evidence of the stoves was left, it is conjectured that in
addition to a cast iron wood stove there was a cook stove also.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
No evidence of a porch or attached shed was observed.
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE
NORTH
- LENGTH:
16'-6".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
6'-4" at the E. end;
4'-8" at the W. end.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Door opening: From 6'-8" to 9'-81/2" from the N.E. corner
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
3'-1/2" in width x 4'-9" in height.The 1st sill log
Door opening:
and 5th wall log were notched and the rest sawn off for the
opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The door is made of 4 circular sawn vertical boards, each measuring 1"x12", 1"x12", 1"x4" and 1"x6". The vertical boards were
Two 11/2"x21/4"
braced by circular sawn horizontal 11/2"x6" boards.
shims or wedges of wood strips were put next to the door to adjust for differential settling of the N. wall.
2a)
111
ELEVATION ONE - NORTH
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
5 Douglas-fir logs in height.
RANGE
=
AVERAGE =
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
15" to 24" (sill log) in diameter.
171/2"
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
Typical square notch size dimensions on all four walls are 21/2"
to 41/2" in height or depth x 12" to 13" in width.
OVERHANG AVERAGE:
LOG END OVERHANGS:
RANGE:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
121/2".
Most E. log crown
ends have completely deteriorated.
91/2" to 17".
NONE.
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
None observed.
Mud from the local decomposed granite soil.
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
Also, carpet-like upholstery materials and blue jeans were
pushed in between the logs.
2b)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2
- LENGTH:
WEST
36'-6".
HEIGHTS (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Original wall heights are
Present
not known due to structural settling and sinking.
5'-O"
at
the
N.
end.
heights are:
3'-3" at the S. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 8'-2" to 111-2" from the N.W. corner.
N. window:
From 27'-0" to 29'-111/2" from the N.W. corner.
S. window:
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
N. window: 3'-O" in width x 2'-71/2" in height.
S. window: 2'-111/2" wide x 2'-7" in height.
The 2nd and 5th logs were square notched while 3rd and 4th were
sawn off for both openings.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Window head board = 1"x2"x21-91/2".
Two window jambs measure 1"x7"x2'-6", and 1"x111/2"x2'-6".
Window sill = 1"x2"x21-7".
All the above boards are circular sawn.
Window consists of 6 pane sash frame type with 4 sides measuring: 3/4"x11/2"x2'-6"; 11/4"xl1/2"x2'-7"; 11/2"x11/2"x2'-7" and
11/4"x2"x2'-61/2".
112
2b)
ELEVATION 2
WEST
5 Douglas-fir logs in height.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 12" to 161/2".
AVERAGE = 151/4".
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: The 1st four logs have DOUBLE
SQUARE notches while bottom of the plate at the S. end has a
SINGLE SQUARE NOTCH (5" in depthxl6 "x16" surface area).
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 121/2".
LOG END OVERHANGS:
RANGE = 6" to 20".
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
Round.
CHINKING METHOD:
1/4"
Horizontal split cedar shakes mostly measuring
to 1/2"x51/2"x2'-6".
DAUBING MEXTURES:
2c)
NONE.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3
LENGTH:
Mud.
SOUTH
17'-3".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
3'-1" at the W. end.
Presently:
3'-11/2" at the E. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
3'-8" to 6'-7" from S.W. corner.
Window:
9'-5" to 12'-8" from S.W. corner.
Back Door:
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
2'-11" wide x 2'-6" in height.
Window:
3'-3" in width x 4'-10" in height.
Back Door:
The 3rd and 5th logs were notched and the 4th cut for the
window opening. The 1st & 5th logs were notched and the rest
sawn off for the door opening.
CONTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The back door is made of 3 vertical circular sawn tongue and
groove 1"x12"s and one 1"x3".
The front of the door Z-diagonal bracing consisted of 2
The two door jambs
horizontal 1.4"x6"s and one diagonal 1"x21/2".
No
evidence
of threshold,
8
3/4".
measured 1 3/4" x ai" to
The
two
window
jambs
sill nor head boards was observed.
measured 11-"x11 3/4" and 1 3/4"x8 3/4".
113
2c)
ELEVATION 3 - SOUTH
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
5 Douglas-fir logs in height.
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE
= 10" to 18" (sill log).
AVERAGE = 141/2" in diameter.
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 141/2".
RANGE = 81/2" to 22".
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
Round.
CHINKING METHOD:
1/4"
Horizontal split cedar shakes measuring
to 1/2" x 4" to 4 3/4" x 21'-1/2" to 3'-4".
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
NONE.
Same as the N. elevation.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 - EAST
LENGTH:
37-2".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
due to 2nd logs being pushed out.
Original heights are unknown
Rough estimations:
4'75" at the S. end.
8'-0" at the N. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 5'-10" to unknown (because the 2nd and 3rd
S. window:
logs are not in place).
From 11'-3" to unknown.
N. window:
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Because the 2nd and 3rd logs are pushed out, the dimension of
the openings is unknown.
The middle sections of the 2nd and 3rd logs measure 12'-6". It
is conjectured that the E. wall window openings have the same
dimensions as those of the W. wall openings.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Windows have been removed.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
ceiling plate.
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
4 Douglas-fir logs in height including the
RANGE
= 12" to 18".
AVERAGE = 14".
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
2d)
114
ELEVATION 4 - EAST
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
Same typical notch size as that of the N. elevation.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 10" at the N. end.
RANGE = 9" to 11" at the N. end.
The S. crown ends are too badly deteriorated for measurements.
LOG END OVERHANGS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
Round.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
NONE.
Same as the S. elevation.
Same as the N. elevation.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL:
There are 9 round and peeled HORIZONTAL LOGS (6" to 12" in diameter
range, mostly 8" round) in each gable. Similar split cedar chinking and mud daubing to the N. and E. elevations were utilized.
- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
The S. half loft has no openings, and there is no N. gable
opening.
EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
20" eave overhang on the E. wall.
4" eave overhang on the W. wall.
TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
12'-1" at the N. End, and 12'-4" at the S. end.
Presently:
Original heights are unknown due to differential settlement
of the wall logs.
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
45°.
- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
PLATE - E. plate = 13" and W. plate = 161/2" in
diameter.
CEILING JOIST = 6 round ceiling joists, 4" to 5" in diameter
and set on 4L9" centers for the S. half loft.
2"x4" cedar floor boards are nailed perpendicular to the ceiling joists.
115
4)
ROOF
- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
1"x8" (variable length)
RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = 8" in diameter.
boards were nailed on both sides of the
ridge to fasten the top layer of shakes.
PURLIN = 3 pairs of purlins, 7" to 11" in diameter
range, averaging 9" in diameter, set on
20" to 25" centers - mostly on 24" centers.
RAFTER = NONE.
TRUSSES = NONE.
ROOF COVERING: Hand rived cedar shakes measuring 1/4" to 1"
(mostly 3/8") in thickness x 51/2" to 81/2" (mostly 6") in width x
mostly 3'-4" in length.
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:
Granite field rocks were used to level the terrace
MATERIALS:
beneath the cabin and to support the E.-W. running sills and
Additionally, two 10" round
the N.-S. running spandrel logs.
blocks,
used
as
piers
or footings, were observed
Douglas-fir
under the E. spandrel log.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = Although floor joists existed, due to the
large amount of structural debris on the interior floor, it was
not possible to count the number of joists nor to take their
dimensions.
- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP:
The floor joists run parallel to the E.-W. running sills;
however, their connection with the spandrel logs was not
visible (obstructed by the interior debris).
- CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
Not observable.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
The cabin exterior is entirely original with the exception of some
of the roof shakes which were replaced during maintenance or repairs.
The cabin interior was not carefully examined to detect any alterations or modifications.
116
7)
'CONDITION OR SITUATION
The cabin is in poor shape. The lower wall logs, i.e., the sills
and spandrels display a great deal of dry rot and are badly deIn addition to the decayed sills and spandrels, the
composed.
2nd and 3rd E. wall logs, the 3rd and 4th N. wall logs, the 2nd,
3rd and 4th S. wall logs have badly deteriorated and are pushed
out by the weight of the structure. Thus, considerable differential settling of the four walls has occurred to the point of
The interior partitions and loft are colits imminent collapse.
lapsing and obscuring the visibility for observations.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS
(IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
The average diameter of the wall logs and the E. and W. wall log
lengths (i.e., 36'-6" to 37'-2") are much greater than those of
other log cabins so far recorded in the Klamath National Forest.
Two 10" round wooden blocks of Douglas-fir
used as piers under the E. wall spandrel, are the only examples
observed in the recorded log structures.
117
SITE v05-05-55-90
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:3/16"a1' -0"
NOTES:
t
a
A.
B.
C.
D.
17 1/2" THICK N. LOG WALL.
15 1/2" THICK W. LOG WALL.
14 1/2" THICK S. LOG WALL.
14" THICK E. LOG WALL.
E. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH ABOUT 13 3/8" (AVE.] LOG
END OVERHANG PROJECTIONS.
F. BADLY DETERIORATED S. WALL LOG END OVERHANGS AT THE E. END.
G. HIGHLY DECAYED PORTION OF THE E. LOG WALL ADJACENT TO THE S. END
WINDOW (WIDTH UNMEASURABLEL
H. APPROXIILATE LOCATION OE TWO W090 31900FS. Mill PIPING REMQ\LE/11.
37'-2"
11 '-3"
3'-0"
5' 10"
12*-6"
I
'F
L__
11' 10"
H
I
iEi
Co:
O
H0
3' -O"
8.-2"
6' 6"
36' -6"
SITE 05-05-55-90
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:3/16"z1*-0-
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
118
D. WILMINGTON LOG CABIN
Site #05-05-51-144
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
S. wall (E.-W.) = 11'-8"; W. wall (N.-S.) = 11'-6".
N. wall (E.-W.) = 11'-10"; E. wall (N.-S.) = 11"-8".
PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE):
One story design with no loft nor
Single-pen square plan.
chimney. Wood stove piping goes through the roof in the
S.W. corner. The wood stove itself has been removed.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
There is no evidence of a porch or an attached shed.
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE
SOUTH
11'-8".
- LENGTH:
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
5'-2" at the W. end.
5'-7" at the E. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Door opening: From 4'-4" to 6'-10" from the S.W. corner.
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
The first
2'-6" in width x 6'-1/2" in height.
Door opening:
wall log was square notched and the rest, through the second
gable log, were sawn off for the opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Variable size hand split boards were used for the door jambs
(11/2" x 61/4" and 2" x 71/2") and the head board (3/4" x 51/4 ")
.
There was no threshold board.
The door is made of 14 horizontal 1" x 6" tongue and groove
milled boards which are braced by two vertical 2" x 4"s on
the outside.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
6 pine logs in height.
RANGE
= 7 3/4" to 141/2".
AVERAGE = 91/2".
119
2a)
SOUTH
ELEVATION ONE
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED.
OVERHANG AVERAGE =
RANGE
= 1 5/8" to 5 7/8".
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
ROUND.
Wedges of hand split Douglas-fir strips of
CHINKING METHOD:
variable size and some round poles.
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2b)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2
LENGTH:
White clay, most likely acquired locally.
WEST
111-6".
4'-2" at the N. end.
5'-8" at the S. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 4' -S" to 6'-101/2" from the N.W. corner.
Window opening:
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
The 4th and
2'-51/2" wide x 2'-1/2" in height.
Window opening:
7th wall logs were notched and 5th and 6th logs sawn off
for the opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
removed.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
Original window has been
7 logs in height (including the ceiling
plate).
DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 7" to 13".
AVERAGE = 81/2".
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG END OVERHANGS:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED.
OVERHANG MOSTLY = 4".
= 21/2" to 4".
RANGE
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
ROUND.
Variable size wedges of hand split Douglas- CHINKING METHOD:
fir strips and some round poles.
2b)
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2c)
120
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - WEST
White clay, probably acquired locally.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3
NORTH
117-10".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
LENGTH:
3'-10" at the W. end.
4'-6" at the E. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
There are no wall openings.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
6 logs in height.
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 71/2" to 101/2".
AVERAGE = 8 3/4".
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 4 3/4".
= 11/2" to 8 3/4".
RANGE
LOG END OVERHANGS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
- CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
LENGTH:
NONE.
Same as the W. elevation.
Same as the W. elevation.
EAST
111-8".
4'-10" at the N. end.
6'-1" at the S. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 4'-5" to 6'-111/2" from the S.E. corner.
Window opening:
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
The
2'-61/2" in width x 2'-3/8" in height.
Window opening:
4th and 7th wall logs were square notched and the 5th and
6th logs sawn off for the opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Original window has been removed.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
plate).
7 logs in height (including the ceiling
2d)
ELEVATION 4 - EAST
121
= 6 3/4" to 16" (sill log).
RANGE
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
AVERAGE = 91/4".
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED.
Typical notch size dimensions: 81/4" to 91/4" wide x 3" to
4" in depth or height.
OVERHANG AVERAGE =
RANGE = 1" to 5 3/8".
LOG END OVERHANGS:
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
- CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
NONE.
Same as the W. elevation.
Same as the W. elevation.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
4 logs in N. gable.
6 logs in S. gable.
Similar chinking
6" to 8" round logs used for the gables.
and daubing methods as the walls were used in the gables.
- HORIZONTAL LOGS:
- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
There are no gable openings.
EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
71/2" eave overhang on the W. wall.
9" eave overhang on the E. wall.
- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
8'-81/2" at the N. end.
9'-8" at the S. end.
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
Approximately 35°.
ROOF
122
DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
PLATE = 7 3/4".
CEILING JOIST = NONE.
RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = 7" at the S. end.
81/2" at the N. end.
PURLIN = 4 pairs of purlins on either side of
the ridge-log. The purlins are set
on 10" to 16" centers with typical
centering of 14".
Range from 5" to 8".
Ave. = 6".
RAFTERS = NONE.
TRUSSES = NONE.
- ROOF COVERING: SHAKES (hand rived) nailed perpendicular to
and directly on top of the purlins.
DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE:
le to 1/2" x 51/2" to 8" (mostly 6") x 2'-6" in length.
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:
FIELD ROCKS are used under the spandrel log
MATERIALS:
(1st S. wall log), but the rest of the foundation is not
visible due to the thick duff cover.
7/8" thick x 5" to 61/2" wide
- NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS: NONE.
floor boards are laid directly on the ground.
CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
7)
NONE.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS: All the structural elements
of the cabin are original as there is no evidence of modifications or additions.
The cabin is essentially in good condiCONDITION OR SITUATION:
Only the 4th, 5th and 6th E. wall logs have dry-rotted
tion.
and deteriorated at their N. ends. Because the site has not
been maintained and the structure stands in a thicket of young
trees, shade, moisture and thick duff cover will increase its
rate of deterioration.
rn
NOTES:
A. 9 1/4" THICK E. LOG WALL.
8. 9 1/2" THICK S. LOG WALL.
C. 8 1/2" THICK W. LOG WALL.
D. 8 3/4" THICK N. LOG WALL.
E. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION
WITH ABOUT 3 3/4" lAVE.I LOG END OVERHANGS.
F. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF THE REMOVED
WOOD STOVE AND ITS PIPING.
ALL WALL THICKNESSES ARE AVERAGED.
4'-4"
2'
6'-4
II' 8"
SITE 05-05-51-144
DANIEL B. WILMINGTON LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:1/4"=1"-0"
124
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
F. STEPHANSON LOG CABIN
Site #05-05-51-41
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
S. Wall (E.-W. ) = 13'-4"; W. Wall (N.-S.) = 14'-7";
N. Wall (E. -W.) = 13'-2"; E. Wall (N.-S.) = 14'-9".
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT,
CHIMNEY/STOVE):
Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with no
loft nor chimney. Wood stove and its piping is located
just off-center along the S. (front) wall, 5'-0" from the
exterior of E. wall and 3'-6" from the S. wall exterior.
- PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
S. end covered porch which is 12'-6" (E.-W.) wide, extends
4'-2" beyond the S. wall. The porch is made by leaving the
S. ends of the 12th E. wall log and 13th W. wall log (i.e.,
both ceiling plates) 3'-10" and 3'-6" respectively, longer
than the rest of the E. and W. wall logs.
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - SOUTH
LPNGTH:
13'-4".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
7'-1" at the E. end.
7'-2" at the W. end.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
2'-8" to 5'-10" from the S.E. corner.
Window opening:
7'-7" to 10'-11" from the S.E. corner.
Door opening:
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
3'-2" in width x 3'-0" in height. The
Window opening:
6th and 12th logs are square notched while the 7th thru.
11th logs sawn off for the window opening.
Door opening: 3'-4" in width x 6'-0" in height. The 1st
wall log is square notched and the 2nd thru. 11th sawn
off for the door opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOW AND DOOR: Window has been removed.
The door is made of five circular sawn vertical boards
measuring 7/8"x10", 3 3/4", 114", and 12". Diagonal Zshaped bracing with circular sawn boards measuring
2a)
125
ELEVATION ONE - SOUTH
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOW AND DOOR (CONTINUED):
3/4" to 1", mostly 7/8"x51" to 6", are used in front of the
vertical boards. None of the window and door jambs, sill,
threshold and head boards were measured.
12 logs in height. The 3rd and 6th logs
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
are Douglas-fir while the rest of the wall logs are Alder.
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE = 4" to 9" in diameter.
AVERAGE = 6.15" in diameter.
-TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
WITH THE BARK.
ROUND;
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: The 9th, 124Tad W. ends of the
1st wall log are SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED while the rest of the
logs are DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCHED.
11
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
RANGE = 3" to 7".
MOSTLY = 5".
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
Round wire nails.
NONE used on the exterior. Hand split 2" to
- CHINKING METHO
4" wide wedges of Douglas-fir and Alder strips were utilized
on the interior of walls.
:
- DAUBING MIXTURES: Originally mud and gravel from the local
site soil (i.e., alluvial sandy silt and gravels). Later,
during repairs/maintenance, cement daubing has been put on
top of the original mud mixture.
2b)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION TWO - WEST
- LENGTH:
14'-7".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
8'-2" at both N. & S. ends.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
5'-10" to 8'-10" from the S.W. corner.
Window opening:
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (LOGS NOTCHED FOR OPENING):
3'-0" wide x 2'-7" in height. The 7th
Window opening:
None
thru. 11th logs are sawn off for the opening.
were notched.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOW:
Window has been removed.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 13 Douglas-fir and Alder logs in height
including the ceiling plate. The 1st (sill), 3rd, 5th, 6th,
8th, 11th and 13th wall logs are Douglas-fir while the rest
are Alder.
2b)
126
ELEVATION TWO - WEST
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
42" to 8 3/8" (sill log) in dia. range.
AVERAGE = 61".
- TREATMENT OF LOGS:
ROUND;
WITH THE BARK.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG END PROJECTIONS:
DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCH.
RANGE = 3" to 5" overhang.
MOSTLY =
4".
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
ROUND.
- CHINKING METHOD: No exterior chinking.
Douglas-fir wedges on the interior.
Alder and
- DAUBING MIXTURES: Originally mud and gravel.
Later on cement.
2c)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION THREE
- LENGTH:
NORTH
13' -2 ".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
7'-14." at the E. end.
7'-6" at the W. end.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
4'-41" to 6'-2" from the N.W. corner.
Window opening:
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (LOGS NOTCHED FOR OPENING):
Window opening: 1'-91" in width x 2'-10" in height.
The 6th wall log was planed on top (by the opening),
and the 7th thru. 11th were sawn off for opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOW: Window has been removed. The
jambs, sill and head boards were not measured.
12 logs in height. The 4th, 6th and
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
9th logs are Douglas-fir while the rest are Alder.
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
TREATMENT OF LOGS:
RANGE = 4" to 8" in diameter.
AVERAGE = 6".
ROUND;
WITH THE BARK.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: The 1st, 7th and 9th logs are
SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED while the rest are DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCHED.
- LOG END PROJECTIONS:
RANGE = 3" to 7".
MOSTLY = 5".
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NONE.
2c)
- NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
Same as the S. elevation.
CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
127
ELEVATION THREE - NORTH
Same as the S. elevation.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION FOUR - EAST
LENGTH:
14'-9".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
7'-5" at the S. end.
7'-8" at the N. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
There are no east wall openings.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS: 12 logs in height including the ceiling
plate. The 1st three logs are Douglas-fir and the rest of
the wall consists of Alder logs.
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE = 4" to 8 5/8" in diameter.
AVERAGE = 6.375" in diameter.
- TREATMENT OF LOGS:
ROUND;
WITH THE BARK.
All but the ceiling plate are DOUBLE
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION:
SADDLE NOTCHED. The plate is SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED.
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
RANGE = 2" to 6".
MOSTLY = 4" to 5".
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
3)
NONE.
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
Same as the S. elevation.
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
Same as the S. elevation.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
In each gable there are 8 unpeeled HORIZONTAL LOGS and two
short log-butts saddle notched for the ridgepole. Mud and
gravel daubing is used in between the gable logs, but NO
exterior chinking is observed. 1" to 3" wide and random length
wedges of Douglas-fir and Alder chinking are utilized inside.
There are no gable openings.
- EAVE PROJECTIONS (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
17" to 18" (mostly 17") overhang on the E. wall.
14" to 15" (mostly 141") overhang on the W. wall.
3)
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL (CONTINUED)
128
- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND)
12'-0" at the S. end.
12'-1" at the N. end.
4
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
Approximately 35.
- DIMENSIONS FOR AVERAGE (DIAMETERS):
CEILING PLATE = 5" E. plate and 6" W. plate.
CEILING JOISTS = 5 unpeeled Alder poles set on 3'-0" to
3,-1" centers measure 3 3/4" to 4t" in
diameters. The joists are nailed directly
on top of ceiling plates without any
notching.
SINGLE PEELED RIDGEPOLE = 10" at the S. end and
81" at the N. end in diameter.
PURLINS = NONE.
RAFTERS = 7 pairs of rafters are used for the interior and
2 pairs for the porch roof. The E.-W. running
rafters are 3' to 4" in diameter and set on 22"
to 30" (mostly 24") centers.
TRUSSES, COLLAR TTES AND BRACES = NONE.
- ROOF COVERING: 7 pairs of N.-S. running circular sawn spaced
sheathing boards are nailed perpendicular to and directly on
top of the rafters. The spaced sheathing boards which are
set on 8" to 10" centers, measure 7/8"x5 5/8" to 5 3/4" in
width. Two 1"X11 3/4" (N.-S.) sheathing boards are nailed
on top of the ridgepole on either sides of ridge line.
Two layers of E.-W. running hand-rived cedar shakes are
nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the spaced
sheathing boards. The split shakes measure *" to 2"
(mostly 3/8") in thickness, 4" to 9" (mostly 6") in width
and 2'-.54" to 2'-7" (mostly 2'-6") in length.
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
Original foundation is set on
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:
leveled terrace ground which naturally slopes down towards
the W., consists of river cobbles with mud and gravel daubing
reinforcement. More recent cement is observed on top of the
original mud daubing as the result of maintenance work.
The 1st wall logs are set on top of the river cobble
foundation. Although the 1st W. wall log supports the W.
ends of the 1st N. and S. wall logs, due to natural ground
slope, the E. ends of the 1st N. and S. wall logs are saddle
notched on top to support the 1st E. wall log.
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS (CONTINUED)
129
There is one 8"x5" ventilation hole in the foundation rocks
under the 1st N. wall log 5'-6" from the N.E. corner.
Another 14"x6" vent hole covered with metal screen exists
under the 1st W. wall log the same distance from the
S.W. corner. The E. and S. wall foundations are not
observable.
- NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = The 6 E.-W. running floor joists
which are only visible at their W. ends, are set on 2'-6"
to 2'-7" centers. The W. sill log is saddle notched at
2'-6" intervals to receive the W. ends of the 6 joists.
The E. ends of the floor joists are not visible.
The round joists measure 4 3/4" to 6" (mostly 52 ") in
diameter. All but two of the joists are left with the
bark on as the rest are peeled. Two additional joists
are used under the porch floor boards.
CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
NONE.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
The essential exterior structural elements are original. The
following alterations are observed. During maintenance work
cement has been used in between the wall logs on top of the
original mud and gravel daubing and as mortar reinforcement for
the foundation rocks. Some of the original shakes (particularly
in the S.E. corner) have been replaced by sheets of corrugated
metal during roof repairs.
Electrical hookup system has been added.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
Due to a solid foundation and adequate ventilation capability
beneath the floor joists the structure is in good shape.
A disadvantage in construction preparation with the bark left
on the wall and gable logs, some termite infestation is observed.
Some of the roof shakes have decayed from dry rot causing leaks.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS - (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
Utilization of Alder logs is not known in any other log structure
in western Siskiyou County. Superior craftsmanship is displayed
in the perfectly fitted double saddle corner notches and in the
hand split wedges of Alder and Douglas-fir strips which are very
tightly fitted in between (on the interior only) the wall and
gable logs.
Construction of ventilation holes in the foundation rocks
under the N. and W. walls is unique.
14' 7"
5' 10"
3' 0"---t
B
A
H
0
NOTES:
A.
B.
C.
D.
6 1/8" THICK S. LOG WALL.
6 1/2" THICK W. LOG WALL.
6" THICK N. LOG WALL.
6 3/8" THICK E. LOG WALL.
E. DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCHED CORNER
CONSTRUCTION WITH ABOUT 4 3/4" (AVE.)
LOG END PROJECTIONS.
F. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF WOOD STOVE.
G. COVERED PORCH FLOOR BOARDS UNDER
THE EXTENDED ROOF ELEMENTS.
H. SINGLE BOARD STEP.
LH
14' 9"
--r--(=.SITE *05-05-51-41
STEPHANSON LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:1/4"=1.-0"
131
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
JOHN ATTEBERRY LOG CABIN
Site #05-05-52-194
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
North Wall (E.-W.)= 25'-3"; East Wall (N.-S.)= 17'-5";
South Wall (E.-W.)= 25'4"; West Wall (N.-S.)= 17"-6".
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT,
CHIMNEY/
STOVE):
Stove and stove
Single-pen rectangular plan with loft.
piping along the middle of the south wall near the west
No chimney.
end window.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
East open Porch is a lean-to extending 6'-10" beyond the
wall, from below the east gable.
West open Porch extends 12'-0" beyond the west wall and
10'-2" from the S.W. corner and has an open gable roof.
Both the front and back porches may not be original.
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - WEST
LENGTH:
17'-6".
8'-l" at the N. end.
7'-6" at the S. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 2'-6" to 5'-7" from S.W. corner.
Window:
From 7'-4" to 10'-5" from S.W. corner.
Front Door:
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
-
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH
OPENING):
3'-1" in width and 2'-10" in height.
Window:
6th and 11th wall logs have been notched for the
window opening.
3'-1" in width and 6'-6" in height.
Front Door:
1st and 12th wall logs have been notched for
the door opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
3 muntin sash window with 6 panes or lights.
132
2a)
ELEVATION ONE
WEST
14 logs in height.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
= 51/2" to 81/2" in diameter.
AVERAGE = 71/2".
ROUND; PEELED.
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
Typical
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
square corner notch at the log ends in all four corners
measures 2" to 21/2" in height or depth and 12" in length.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 4".
= 3" to 5".
RANGE
LOG END OVERHANGS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
Round.
- CHINKING METHOD:
None observed.
DAUBING MIXTURES: Originally mud (from the local soil),
Later on, cement and nails
gravel and newspaper mixed.
were put on top of the original daubing.
2b)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - SOUTH
25'-6".
- LENGTH:
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
8'-6" at the W. end.
8'-3" at the E. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 3'-6" to 9'-71/2" from S.E. corner.
East end window:
From
17'-1" to 20'-3" from S.E. corner.
West end window:
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
6'-11/2" in width x 2'-81/2" in height.
East end Window:
The 6th wall log has been notched and
7th through 10th cut for the opening.
in height.
3'-2" in width x
West end Window:
6th and 11th wall logs are notched for
the opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Window openings are
covered with corrugated metal, thus they are not observable.
However, it can be conjectured that they would be the same
type as the north and east wall windows.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
plate).
14 logs in height (including the ceiling
133
2b)
ELEVATION 2 - SOUTH
- DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
=
AVERAGE =
8 ".
ROUND; PEELED.
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 4".
= 2" to 5".
RANGE
LOG END OVERHANGS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
5" to 9".
NONE.
Round.
CHINKING METHOD:
board.
3/8" x 11/4" and varying length strips of
Originally mud (from local soil) and gravel
DAUBING MIXTURES:
mixture. More recently, fiberglass insulation has been
used.
2c)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 - EAST
LENGTH:
17'-5".
8'-2" at the N. End.
8'-4" at the S. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 2'-3" to 5'-5" from N.E. corner.
Window:
From 7'-4" to 10'-4" from N.E. corner.
Back Door:
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
3'-2" in width x 2'-2" in height. 6th and 11th
Window:
wall logs have been notched for the opening.
1st and 12th
3'-0" in width x 6'-6" in height.
Back Door:
wall logs are notched for the door opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
3 muntin sash window with 6 panes or lights.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
14 logs in height.
= 6" to 10" in diameter.
RANGE
AVERAGE = 8".
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG END OVERHANGS:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 4".
= 31/2" to 5".
RANGE
134
2c)
ELEVATION 3
EAST
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
Round.
CHINKING METHOD:
None.
DAUBING MIXTURES: Originally mud.
been utilized more recently.
2d)
NONE.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
Fiberglass insulation has
NORTH
- LENGTH:
25'-3".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
of the wall.
8'-8" measured at middle
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 3'-6" to 9'-8" from N.W. corner.
West end Window:
From 15'-6" to 21'-8" from N.W. corner.
East end Window:
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR
6'-21-1" in width x 2'-10" in
West end window:
6'-21/2" in width x 2'-10" in
East end window:
The 7th and 12th wall logs have been notched,
through 11th cut for both window openings.
EACH OPENING):
height.
height.
and 8th
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Both windows are made out of 2 side by side 6 pane sash
frames.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
15 logs in height (including the ceiling
plate).
RANGE
=
AVERAGE =
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
51/2"
8".
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 4".
= 2" to 4".
RANGE
LOG END OVERHANGS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
to 10".
NONE.
Round.
CHINKING METHOD:
of board.
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
3/8" x 1 3/8"-11/2" and varying length strips
Same as the South Elevation.
135
3)
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
There are 19 HORIZONTAL logs in the East gable and 20 logs in the
West gable.
- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
LOFT OPENING:
East gable opening 3' in width and 6'-6" in
height; i.e., similar dimensions as the E. wall door.
The
1st through 13th East gable logs were cut for the opening.
West Gable opening is conjectured to have the same dimensions as the W. wall window, i.e., 3'-1" wide x 2'-10" in
height.
7th and 13th gable logs have been notched for the
opening.
- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
beyond both the N. and S. walls.
10" eave overhang
- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
Unable to
measure due to the west elevation porch which has a much
lower roof line than the ridge line of the cabin. 16'-10"
at the E. end.
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
Approximately 35° to 400.
- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
PLATE = 7" in diameter.
CEILING JOIST = 9 ceiling joists.
Range:
Typical:
3" to 5".
5".
JOISTS CENTERING = On 3' centers.
RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = 411" at the W. end; 6" at the E. end.
PURLIN = 4 pairs of purlins on 22"-26" centers.
8".
4" to 8".
Typical:
Range:
RAFTER = None.
TRUSSES = None.
Sheets of CORRUGATED IRON (Not original) laid
- ROOF COVERING:
directly on top of the purlins.
136
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
MATERIALS:
FIELD ROCKS.
Sills
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:
which run East to West are reinforced with rocks in the
corners.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS:
11
TYPICAL FLOOR JOIST DIMENSIONS (IF VISIBLE):
5" to 51/2" squared
ends to fit the square notches in the N. sill log. The rest
of the joists were not observable.
- JOISTS CENTERING:
2' centers.
- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP:
In the north
log sill, there are 11 square notches for the floor joists
which are set on 2' centers.
In the north sill, the visible
floor joist ends are 5" to 51/2". The ends of floor joists are
not visible in the south log sill.
CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
None.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
With the exception of the following items, the exterior of the
Cement and
cabin appears to be in its original shape and form.
nails along with fiberglass insulation have been used more recently
The
for daubing on top of the original mud and gravel mixture.
The door in the
corrugated iron roof cover may not be original.
East gable may have been put in at a later date; however, it is
difficult to determine its purpose since no evidence of a balcony
Both the front and back open porches may not be
was detected.
original.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
The rock supports
The cabin appears to be in very good condition.
under the sills or the lower wall logs have helped the drainage
and ventilation beneath the cabin.
6' 5"
25'-3"
3' 6" t
6'-2"
It
5' 10"
6' 2"
c
I
sco
D
a
G
N.
i(--3*-2"
12'-0"
7' 5 1/2"
6' 1 1/2"
I
. 3' 6"
6' 10"
25.-6"
NOTES:
A.
8" THICK /1., E. AND S. LOG WALLS.
B. 7 1/2" THICK W. LOG WALL.
C. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH ABOUT
4" ION THE AVERAGE) LOG END OVERHANGS.
D. W. OPEN GABLE COVERED PORCH WITH VERTICAL POST SUPPORTS.
E. E. LEAN-TO OPEN PORCH WITH CORRUGATED METAL ROOF SUPPORTED BY VERTICAL POSTS.
F. WINDOWS COVERED WITH CORRUGATED METAL
G. ESTIMATED LOCATION OF THE WOOD STOVE AND ITS PPING.
SITE 05-05-52-194
JOHN F. ATTEBERRY LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:3/16"I'-0"
138
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
HALL BROS.
LOG CABIN
Site /105- 05 -54 -50
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
E. Elev.(N.-S.) = 15'-6"; S. Elev. of original cabin
(E.-W.) = 16'-0"; with the later W. end addition = 261-0";
the W. Elev.(N.-S.) was not measured nor observed because
of the eroded terrace which has undercut the W. end room
addition, leaving an overhang supported on stilts. The
N.Elev.(E.-W.) was not measured due to inconvenience of
the occupants.
PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/
STOVE):
Single-pen rectangular plan with a W. end later add-on
The loft construction and
(not original) room and loft.
its location were not observed. There was no chimney.
The wood stove and its piping were along and just S. of
the center of E. wall.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
Enclosed porch, which was originally open, extends 7'-O"
(E.-W. width) beyond the E. wall and is 15'-0" in length
There was no attached shed.
(N.-S.).
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - SOUTH
16'-0"
- LENGTH:
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): At the E. end = 6'-8".
The W. end height was not measured.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 6?-0" to 9'-O" from the S.W. corner
Window opening:
of original cabin.
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
3'-O" wide x 2'-8" in height. The 4th and
Window opening:
8th wall logs were square notched and the rest sawn off for
the opening.
139
2a)
SOUTH
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The window was not observed.
11 Douglas-fir logs in height (includNUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
ing ceiling plate).
= 6" to 10".
RANGE
AVERAGE = 8".
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Log ends are directly nailed to
a 1" x 10" and a 2" x 6" vertical corner boards. There was
no evidence of use of a vertical corner post.
LOG ENDS:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
Round.
Hand split cedar strips of varying dimenCHINKING METHOD:
Round poles on the inside.
sions on the exterior.
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2b)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2
A mixture of moss and mud.
EAST
15'-6"
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
LENGTH:
6'-8" at the S. end.
7'-10" at the N. end.
Not measured
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
because of inconveniencing the current occupants.
Estimated 2'-0" from S.E. corner.
Window:
Estimated 2' -O" from N.E. corner.
Door opening:
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
The openings were not measured nor closely observed in order
to not disturb the occupants.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
10 Douglas-fir logs in height.
DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
= 7" to 10"
RANGE
AVERAGE = 8".
ROUND; PEELED.
Log ends are directly nailed to
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
There was
6"
vertical
corner boards.
a 1" x 10" and a 2" x
vertical
corner
post.
no evidence of use of a
140
2b)
ELEVATION 2 - EAST
LOG ENDS:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
NONE.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
Round.
Not observed.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
south wall.
2c)
Presumably similar to the
Not observed.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 - NORTH
16'-0" (estimated).
7'-10" taken at the east
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
W. end height was not measured.
end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 6'-0" to 9'-0" from N.W. corner
Window Opening:
LENGTH:
(estimated).
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
3'-0" wide and 2'-8" in height. 4th and 8th wall
Window:
logs were square notched for the window opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Not closely observed.
11 Douglas-fir logs in height (including
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
the ceiling plate).
= 6" to 10".
RANGE
AVERAGE = 8".
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG ENDS:
Same as the S. and E. walls.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
Round.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
None.
Moss and mud mixture.
141
2d)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
WEST
The W. Elev. was not observed at all due to lack of any access
from the exterior. The creek terrace is being eroded away
from under the W. end of the cabin, thus making it inaccessible
and unobservable from the outside.
3)
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
6 logs (Average log size 12" in diameter
HORIZONTAL LOGS:
The W. gable was not observable.
each) in the E. gable.
GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
There is no E. gable opening.
The W. gable was not observed.
EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS)
12" eave overhang beyond the N. and S. walls.
- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
12'-10" at the E. end.
W. end height not taken.
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
Approximately 45°.
- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
SOUTH CEILING PLATE = 6" at the E. end, 8" at the W. end.
CEILING JOIST = NONE.
RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = 61/2".
PURLIN = 4 pairs of purlins: 5" to 6" at
the E. end; 8" at the W. end.
RAFTER = NONE.
Hand rived cedar shakes nailed perpendicular
- ROOF COVERING:
to and directly on top of the purlins. A layer of sheathing
boards is laid perpendicular to and on top of the shakes.
Another (2nd) layer of split shakes is nailed perpendicular
to and on top of the sheathing boards.
- DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE:
3/8" to 1/2" thick by varying widths and lengths.
Shakes:
The sheathing boards were not measured.
142
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:
FIELD ROCKS are used under only the N. wall
MATERIALS:
The S., E. and W. 1st wall logs are
sill log (E.-W.).
all set directly on the ground without any foundation
support.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS:
7 floor joists are set on 2'-0" centers.
TYPICAL FLOOR JOIST DIMENSIONS (IF VISIBLE):
4" squared ends.
- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP:
N.-S. running floor joists are set on 4"x4" square notches
cut in the E.-W. running sills every 2'-0".
CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
NONE.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
The east side coverThe cabin exterior is essentially original.
ed porch was originally open on its 3 sides (from 1976 site
photos), and more recently (since 1976) it was enclosed with
shake siding. A log room was added later on to the W. end of the
cabin.
It was not possible to determine whether the windows, door and
roof elements were original or not.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
The W. end log room (later add-on) overhangs the creek because of
the eroded terrace which is undercutting the cabin. The exterior
of the original cabin is in good shape.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS - (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
This cabin's method of corner construction is rare for log structures in the Klamath National Forest. The log ends of each wall
are nailed to a 1" x 10" and a 2" x 6" vertical corner boards with
no evidence of vertical corner posts. Thus, the method of corner
construction is classed as having even-tiered horizontal logs
(Kniffen and Glassie 1966).
The average size of the E. gable logs (12" average) is larger
than the typical size of wall logs (i.e., 8" average) which is
usual for most log structures on the Forest.
143
REFERENCE:
Kniffen, Fred and Henry Glassie
A Time-Place
Building in Wood in the Eastern United States:
1966
In The Geographic Review, Vol. 56, No. 1, p. 49.
Perspective.
A
C
ENCLOSED
PORCH
0
A
jet -0'
6' 0"
10*-0"
16'-0"
7' 0"
NOTES:
A. 8" THICK N.. E. AND S. LOG WALLS.
B. WALL LOGS ARE NAILED TO A 1-40" AND A 2%6" AT EACH END
WITHOUT ANY CORNER POSTS OR CORNER NOTCHES.
INACCESSIBLE. UNOBSERVABLE OR UNKNOWN CONSTRUCTION PORTIONS OF THE STRUCTURE
BEING UNDERCUT BY THE ERODED CREEK TERRACE.
D. APPROXIMATE ESTIMATED DIMENSIONS AND POSITIONS OF OPENINGS
AND WOOD STOVE PIPING (INACCESSIBLE AND UNOBSERVABLE).
C.
SITE 05-05-54-50
HALL BROS. LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:I/4-84'4r
145
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
THOMAS HENSHER LOG CABIN
Site #05-05-54-122
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1),
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL FLP,VATIONS LENGTHS):
N.E. Elev.(N.W.-S.E.)= 14 ° -5 "; S.E. Elev.(N.E.-S.W.)=21°-3";
S.W. Elev.(N.W.-S.E.)= 15'-0"; N.W. Elev.(N.E.-S.W.)=21'-1".
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT,
CHIMNEY/STOVE):
Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with a
former full loft which has been removed. Loft access is
unobservable. The wood stove has been removed, but
its piping goes through the roof about the middle and
approx. 2°-0" from the S.E. wall.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
The N.E. front gable end covered porch is made by the 11'-0"
extension of the ceiling plates, purlins and ridgepole
which are supported at their N.E. ends by 3 vertical 4f"(ave.)
round posts set on stacked rock terrace foundation with a
pact dirt floor. No traces of an attached shed were observed.
2a)
N.E.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE
14' -5 ".
- LENGTH:
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
7'-7" at the N.W. end.
7'-6" at the S.E. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
With the slanted E. corner, 2°-2" to 4'-3"
Door opening:
from the E. corner.
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Door opening: Originally, 2'-10f" in width x 6'-2" in height.
The 1st (spandrel) log is square notched and the 2nd thru.
13th logs were sawn off for the opening.
The door is made of 4 circular
- CONSTRUCTION OF THE DOOR:
sawn vertical boards of 1"x6" to 12" in dimension with
diagonal Z-shaped bracing of 1"x4" to 12" in measure. One
existing door jamb is circular sawn and measures 7/8"
x 5 7/8"x6°-1". The head board measures 7/8"x5 7 8"x2'-10".
The threshold board is 1 3/8" to 21"x7"x2'-10e.
146
2a)
ELEVATION ONE - N.E.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
16 logs in height.
RANGE = 3i" to 8" in diameter.
AVERAGE = 5 3/4".
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
SINGLE SADDLE NOTCH ON TOP ONLY.
RANGE = 4" to 8".
AVERAGE = 5 3/4".
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
- CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2b)
NONE.
3/4" to 12" round and random length
peeled poles.
Clay and moss infill mixture.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION TWO - S.E.
- LENGTH:
21'-3".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
8'-1" at the S.W. end.
8'-4" at the N.E. end.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
N.E. end window opening: 4'-8" to 9'-5" from the E. corner.
S.W. end window opening: 3'-0" to 8'-6" from the S. corner.
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
4'-9" in width x 2'-8" in height.
N.E. end opening:
5'-6" in width x 2'-8" in height.
S.W. end opening:
The 8th through 13th wall logs are sawn for both openings.
1980 photos of the structure depict
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS:
two side by side 6 pane sash frames were utilized for both
windows which have since been removed. The S.W. end
window's existing vertical jamb measures 1 5/8"x3 5/8"
x 2'-61". Window sill and head boards have been removed.
Only the N.E. end window sill which measures 7/8"x4i" to
5 "x4' -9 3/4", remains.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
16 logs in height including the
ceiling plate.
RANGE = 34" to 7 3/4" in diameter.
AVERAGE = 5 3/4".
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
147
2b)
ELEVATION TWO - S.E.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
SINGLE SADDLE NOTCH ON TOP ONLY.
RANGE = 31" to 71".
AVERAGE = 6".
LOG END OVERHANGS:
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
- CHINKING METHOD:
Same as the N.E. elevation.
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2c)
NONE.
Clay and moss mixture.
EXTERIOR RTRNATION THREE - S.W.
LENGTH:
15'-0".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
6' -9" at the N.W. end.
7'-3" at the S.E. end.
- LOCATION OF OTENING3FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
N.W. end window opening: 2'-11" to 5'-6" from W. corner.
S.E. end window opening: 3'-0" to 5'-6" from S. corner.
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
2'-7" in width x V-2t" in height.
N.W. end opening:
2'-6" in width x 2'-2T" in height.
S.E. end opening:
The 8th through 12th wall logs were sawn off for both openings.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS:
Both windows have been removed. From observation of other
structures constructed in the 1930's it is conjectured that
Both window
6 pane sash frames were used for both windows.
sills measure 7/8"x4"x21-5". A 2nd ex1 5/8"x2'-2" board
has been nailed on top of the sills. The two jambs and
head board for each opening measure 7/8"x4"x2'-1".
The inside trim (to hold up the sash frame) for the S.E.
end window measures 5/8 "x ". No N.W. end window trim was
observed. All recorded boards were circular sawn.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION:
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
16 logs in height.
RANGE = 3 3/4" to 71" in diameter.
AVERAGE =
Same as the N.E. elevation.
RANGE = 3" to 71".
AVERAGE = 51".
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NONE.
148
2c)
ELEVATION THREE - S.W.
- NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
Same as the N.E. elevation.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
Same as the N.E. elevation.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION FOUR - N.W.
LENGTH:
21'-1".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
7'-5" at the S.W. end.
8'-6" at the N.E. end.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Window opening: 4'-6" to 9'-4" from N. corner.
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Window opening: 4'-10" in width x 2'-41" in height.
The 8th thru. 12th wall logs were sawn off for the opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF THE WINDOW:
The window has been removed, however, the 1980 photos of
the structure depict two side by side 6 pane sash frames
were used.
The head board measures 7/8"x5"x4'-10". The two jambs
measure 718 "x5 7/8"x2'-21". The window sill measures
7/8"x5 7/8"x4'-10".
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
16 logs including the ceiling plate.
RANGE = 3-1" to 8" in diameter.
AVERAGE = 5 3/4".
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION:
ROUND; PEELED.
Same as the N.E. elevation.
RANGE = 4" to 9".
AVERAGE = 7".
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
NONE.
Same as the N.E. elevation.
Same as the N.E. elevation.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
The N.E. gable enclosure is made with 16 vertical boards and
battens and no windows or openings. The vertical boards measure
7/8"x6" to 12" (mostly 12" wide) and varying heights.
3)
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVES:
149
The battens are *"xl 7/8" to 2" and different heights.
The S.W. gable consists of 13 vertical boards and battens with
similar dimensions as the N.E. gable. There is a loft window
(2' wide by 4'-6" in height) just to the right of the ridgepole
in the S.W. gable. All boards were circular sawn.
1'-4" to 1'-71"
- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
(mostly 1'-4") eave overhang on both N.W. and S.E. walls.
TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
12'-6" at the S.W. end. At the N.E. side 12'-10" to the
top of the raised rock terrace foundation.
14'-4" to top of the natural ground at the N.E. end.
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
3e.
DIMENSIONS FOR AVERAGE (DIAMETERS):
CEILING PLATE = 44" average diameter.
CEILING JOISTS = The 10 ceiling joists for the full loft
range from 2 3/4" to 54" and average 41".
JOISTS CENTERING = 2'-0" to 3'-2", mostly 2'-0" centers.
RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = 52" in diameter.
PURLIN = NONE.
RAFTER = 10 pairs of interior rafters and 5 pairs of exterior
rafters for the porch measure 34" to 4" and
3 3/4" average diameter.
TRUSSES = 8 (N.W.-S.E. running) round trusses (over 15'-0"
in length each) are nailed to the rafters at the
eave ends and vary from 4" to 7" in diameter.
COLLAR TIES = NONE.
COLLAR BRACES = NONE.
- ROOF COVERING: N.E.-S.W. running sheathing boards (7/8"x42"
to mostly 12" and varying lengths) are nailed directly on
top of and perpendicular to the N.W.-S.E. running rafters.
Recent composition roofing material.is placed on top of the
sheathing boards. The original roof cover is undetermined.
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: Field rocks were used under the
1st N.E., S.E. and S.W. wall logs. The N.W. wall sill is
set directly on the ground without any foundation.
- NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS: No floor joists nor floor boards or
any trace of them were observed.
NONE.
- CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
150
6)
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
With the exception of the recent composition roofing all the
remaining exterior construction elements appear to be original.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
The primary disNo floor joists nor boards were observed.
advantage of this log cabin in terms of its preservation is
that the bottom wall logs rest on natural field rocks and the
The sill to
N.W. wall sill is set directly on the ground.
ground connection has greatly deteriorated the lower wall logs.
Lack of any drainage capability below the structure has caused
the dry-rotting of sills.
The present condition of the cabin is very poor and dangerous
to be near. Due to lack of sufficient drainage the lower wall
The N.W., S.W. and
logs display considerable dry rot damage.
S.E. wall sills have completely decayed and are all but gone.
The rotting lower logs are sagging and settling under the weight.
Additionally, vandals have recently removed portions of N.E.
wall logs 7th through 13th and S.E. wall logs 8th through 14th.
Thus, there is no support in the E. corner of the building.
Since there are a number of lower wall logs that are in
irreparable shape the collapse of the entire structure is
Because the walls are slanting out towards the
imminent.
N.W., it may collapse at any moment and is very dangerous
to be around.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS
(IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
Stacked rock terrace foundation for the N.E. side front
extended roof elements covered porch is unique amongst
the sample of cabins recorded in the Klamath National Forest.
151
SITE 4005-05-54-122
THOMAS HENSHER LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:1/4":1'..0"
SHEET 2 OF 2
NOTES:
A.
B.
C.
D.
5 3/4" THICK N.E. AND S.E. LOG WALLS.
5 1/4" THICK S.W. LOG WALL.
5 3/4" THICK N.W. LOG WALL.
SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED ION TOPI CORNER CONSTRUCTION
WITH ABOUT 6" (AVE.) LOG END OVERHANG PROJECTIONS.
AND
N.E.
OPEN GABLE COVERED PORCH WITH EXTENDED ROOF ELEMENTS
E.
AND DIRT FLOOR.
3 VERTICAL POST SUPPORTS ON A RAISED ROCK TERRACE FOUNDATION
WINDOW
ELEMENTS.
OPENINGS
WITH
REMOVED
DOOR
AND
F.
AS DEPICTED BY THE
G. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF REMOVED WOOD STOVE AND ITS PPM
THE 1980 PHOTOGRAPHS OF STRUCTURE.
E. CORNER LOGS REMOVED BY VANDALS IN 1983.
H.
152
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
BOSTON LOG CABIN
Site #05-05-54-168
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
East Elevation (N.-S.) = 16'-2"; N. Elev.(E.-W.) = 23'-11".
West Elev. (N.-S.) = 16'-3";.S. Elev. (E.-W.) = 24'-1/4".
PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE):
Originally, single-pen rectangular with a wood stove in the
N.W. corner. More recent additions include an east room
made from manufactured pre-fabricated tongue and groove halflog imitation siding and a covered porch. No loft nor chimney were observed.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
A more recently added rectangular covered porch at the east
end of the cabin measures 8'-0" beyond the east wall and
16'-2" wide.
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - NORTH
- LENGTH:
23'-11".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 5'-2" (Middle of the wall).
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
l'-61/2" to 5'-6" from the N.E. corner of the original
Window:
log cabin and NOT from the N.E. corner of the later addition.
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
4th and 7th
3'-111/2" in width and 231/2" in height.
Window:
logs have been notched for the window opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
2 side by side 4 pane sash frame.
Window:
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
8 logs including the ceiling plate.
= 51/2" to 9".
RANGE
TYPICAL = 7".
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
2a)
ELEVATION ONE
153
NORTH
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
LOG END OVERHANGS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
3/8" to 1/2" x 1
CHINKING METHOD:
hand rived shakes.
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2b)
NONE.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2
1/2"
to 4" and variable length
Mud from the local clayey silty soil.
WEST
- LENGTH:
16'-3".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): At the S. end 5'-3" to
6'-4" to the ground.
top of the porch floor boards.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
6'-2" to 9'-2" from the N. W. corner.
Door:
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
3'-0" in width and 6'-3/4" in height.
Door:
1st and 10th (2nd west gable log) wall logs have been square
notched for the door.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
However, the
Door is made of 4 rough-sawn vertical boards.
frame boards, i.e., jambs, threshold, etc., are relatively
recent replacements due to repairs or maintenance.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
8 logs in height.
DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 6" to 12" (sill log).
TYPICAL = 71/2".
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
LOG END OVERHANGS:
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
Similar to the North Elevation.
Mud from the local soil.
2c)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3
154
SOUTH
LENGTH:
24v-1/4".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
6v-4" (Middle of the wall).
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Window:
5v-10" to 10v-4" from the S. W. corner.
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Window:
4v-6" in width and 2' -6" in height. 4th and 7th
logs have been notched for window opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Same as the North wall window.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
9 logs in height -including the ceiling
plate.
RANGE
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
= 51/2" to 12".
TYPICAL= 71/2".
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
1st through 6th wall logs are
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
SINGLE SQUARE NOTCHED (on the bottom of the logs, except the
1st log is notched on its top), but the 7th through 9th logs
are DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED on both tops and bottoms.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
LOG END OVERHANGS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
NONE.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
Same as the North and West Elevations.
Same as the North Elevation.
EAST
East wall is covered up by a later room (non-log construction) and
porch additions (See Section 1 under FLOOR PLAN SHAPE).
LENGTH:
16' -2 ".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
5' -2" at N. end.
6' -4" at the S. end.
Original log wall
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
openings unobservable.
Openings for the more recent room addition:
19" to 51" from the S.E. corner.
Door:
Window: 7'-3" to 111-3" from the S.E. corner.
2d)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
155
EAST
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Door (more recent): 2'-8" in width and 6'-5" in height.
Window:
4'-0" in width and l'-11" in height.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Door:
5 paneled door.
Window:
2 side by side 4 pane sash frame.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
8 logs in height.
RANGE
= 7" to 10".
TYPICAL = 8".
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: Not visible, currently
covered up by a more recent room addition.
It can be conjectured that there is no siding.
NAIL TYPES:
Not visible.
CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
Not visible.
Not visible.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
HORIZONTAL LOGS = 7 logs in W. gable.
- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
E. gable was not observable.
There are no gable openings.
EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
6" from wall to the roof boards and NOT to the edge of the
more recent corrugated tin.
- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
ll'-0" at the East end.
10'-0" at the West end.
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
30°.
4)
156
ROOF
DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
PLATE
CEILING JOIST
RIDGEPOLE(BEAM)
PURLIN
=
=
=
=
6" north plate, 71/2" south plate.
NONE.
5° round.
2.5" to 6".
Range:
Ave.:
4.5".
RAFTER = NONE in the log building.
TRUSSES = NONE.
ROOF COVERING:
CORRUGATED TIN on. top of the 1" x 13" boards
which are laid (N.-S.) perpendicular to and directly nailed
on top of the purlins.
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:
MATERIALS: FIELD ROCKS with cement and mud mixtures used as
The 1st North wall log is set directly on the
mortar.
ground.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = None visible from the exterior.
LOWER WALL LOGS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP:
1st south wall log (E.-W.) supports the 1st (N.-S. running)
The 1st
west and east wall logs (at their south ends).
west and east wall logs support the 1st north wall log.
CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
NONE.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
Most of the original log cabin is intact with the exception of
However, a room and
some of its roof, door and window elements.
a covered porch have been added to the east end of the original
This east room addition is made from manufactured
log cabin.
pre-fabricated tongue and groove half-log imitation siding.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
The log cabin is in good shape due to its well built foundation.
Since it has been lived in, general maintenance and repairs have
kept it in good condition.
15 7
SITE 05-05-54-168
BOSTON LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE1/4":1'-0"
SHEET 2 OF 2
NOTES:
A. 7" THICK N. LOG WALL.
B. 7 1/2" THICK W. AND S. LOG WALLS.
C. 8" THICK E. LOG WALL.
LATER ADDITION 4" TO 5" THICK MANUFACTURED PRE-FABRICATED
TONGUE AND GROOVE HALF-LOG IMITATION WALLS.
E. LATER ADDITION VERTICAL BOARD AND BATTEN BOX CONSTRUCTION
WALL WITH A 2" FINISHED THICKNESS.
F. LATER ADDITION E. ENO OPEN -SCE COVERED PORCH WITH
VERTICAL POST SUPPORTS AND FLOOR BOARDS IUNMEASUREDI.
G. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION
WITH FLUSH OR BOXED CORNERS.
H. APPROXIMATE IUNMEAURED1 LOCATION OF THE W000 STOVE AND ITS PIPING.
D.
I.
UNMEASURED AND UNOBSERVABLE INTERIOR LOG WALL AND DOOR OPENING.
8' 2"
18'-0"
7' 9"
I' 6 1/2"
1/2"
H
I
"a
5' 10"
4' 6"--4'
F
8' 0"
8'-I/4"
SITE 05-05-54-168
BOSTON LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:1/4"111.-0"
SHEET I OF 2
158
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
LOUIE LATTIMORE LOG CABIN
Site #05-05-55-208
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
CABIN NOT ON ORIGINAL SITE.
E. wall(N.-S.) = 15'-0"; S. wall(E.-W.) = 12'-11/4";
W. wall(N.-S.) = 15'-0"; N. Elev.(E.-W.) = 12'-0".
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/
STOVE):
One story design with no
Single-pen rectangular plan.
Due to relocation of the cabin
loft and no chimney.
and complete roof replacement, the wood stove location
was not observable.
- PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
The two ceiling plates, purlins and ridgepole of the
log room were left extended 10'-81/2" (on the E. side)
to 10'-91/2" (on the W. side) beyond the N. wall in
order to form the N. side attached shed. The attached
shed was completely reconstructed when the log cabin
was relocated from its original site on Wildcat Creek.
The shed's W. wall was made of 5/8" to 1" (mostly 3/4")
x 12" x mostly 5'-0" in length circular sawn HORIZONTAL
BOARDS nailed to three vertical posts (4" to 61/2" in
diameter each) spaced on 4'-911" to 5'-51/4" centers.
The
shed's N. wall consisted of 1"x14" and variable length
(3'-9 3/4" to 111-10" in length) circular sawn HORIZONTAL BOARDS nailed to seven 31/2" to 51/2" round vertical
posts, set on 201/2" to 241/2" centers, in order to support the N. ends of the purlins, ridgepole and ceiling
plates.
The shed's E. side was left open.
The horizontal boards for the shed were brought to the
Siskiyou County Museum from the original site (Michael
Hendryx 1985). However, it is not known whether they
None
were part of the original attached shed or not.
of the vertical posts were original.
No evidence of an original porch was observed.
159
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE
EAST
- LENGTH:
15'-0".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO TOP OF CEMENT): Not original.
Presently, 6'-2" at middle of the wall.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Door opening: 3'-6" to 6'-0" from the S.E. corner..
Window opening: From 8'-41/2" to 10'-103" from the S.E.
corner.
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH
OPENING):
2'-6" wide x 5'-6".in height. The 1st
Door opening:
(sill) and 7th (ceiling plate) logs were square notched
for the door opening.
2'5 3/4" in width x 2'-9 3/4" in
Window opening:
height. The 3rd and 6th logs were square notched while
the 5th log was sawn off for the opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Window has been removed.
The two window jambs measured 11/4"x51/4" to 51/2"x2'-9 3/4".
No window sill nor head boards were observed. The door
was made of two circular sawn vertical boards (3/4" x
81/4" and 7/8" x 19") supported by Z-diagonal bracing
from the inside. The diagonal bracing measured 1" x
3 3/4" x 5'-0". The top and bottom horizontal brace
boards measured 1" x 3 3/4" x 2'-21/2". Two strap-hinges
and two butt-hinges were used on the door.
The two door jambs were 1 1/8" x 51/2" x 5'-5 3/4".
No threshold nor head boards were observed.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
ceiling plate.
7 logs in height including the
- SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 4 3/4" to 51/4" in width x
8" to 111/2" in height (ex-
cluding the recent ceiling plate and sill logs.
AVERAGE = 5" wide x 10 3/4" in
height.
Some logs were HEWN (with a broad- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
axe) on the sides and left ROUND on their tops and bottoms-while others were HEWN on four sides.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: All but the sill and plate
logs were DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED. The sill log was SINGLE
SQUARE NOTCHED on top while the ceiling plate was SINGLE
The sill and plate logs
SQUARE NOTCHED on the bottom.
160
2a)
ELEVATION ONE - EAST
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD (continued)
Size range of
are recent replacements and not original.
corner notches measured 2" to 31/2" (mostly 21/2") in vertical depth or height and 31/2" to 7" (mostly 6") in horizontal width.
LOG ENDS:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NONE.
NAIL TYPES: Machine-made square nails were used to fasten
the notches of the adjoining log ends.
- CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2b)
NONE observed.
NONE.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - SOUTH
LENGTH:
12'-11/4".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Presently, 6'-0" at
middle of the wall.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
5'-4 3/8" to 6'-6" from the S.E.
Gun port opening:
corner.
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH
OPENING):
l'-1 5/8" in width x 21/4" in height.
Gunport opening:
Middle of the 5th log was square notched on the bottom.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
6 logs in height.
- SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 414" to 51/2" wide x 911'-
14" (Spandrel log) in
height.
AVERAGE = 5" in width x 11" in
height.
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: Some logs were HEWN on the sides
and left ROUND on their tops and bottoms, while others
The Spandrel log is a recent
were hewn on four sides.
replacement.
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
Similar size range as the E. wall.
2h)
161
ELEVATION 2 - SOUTH
- LOG ENDS:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
NONE.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
Same as the E. wall.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2c)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3
None.
None.
WEST
15'-0".
- LENGTH:
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Presently, 5'-10" at
middle of the wall.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 6'-3" to 8'-81/2" from the S.W.
Window opening:
corner.
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH
OPENING):
2'-6" in width x 2'-9 3/4" in height.
Window opening:
The 3rd and 6th logs were square notched and the 4th
and 5th sawn off for the opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Window has been removed.
The two window jambs measured 11/4" x 51/4" x 2'-9 3/4".
No sill nor head boards were observed. A drip board
on top of the window opening measured 1" x 11/2" x 2'8 3/8". All the boards were circular sawn.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
and sill logs.
7 logs in height, the ceiling plate
- SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 41/2" to 51/2" in
width x
91/2" to 11" in height.
= 5" in width x 101/4"
height.
The sill
Same as the E. wall.
AVERAGE
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
is a replacement log.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG ENDS:
Same as the E. wall.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NONE.
in
162
2E)
ELEVATION 3 - WEST
- NAIL TYPES:
Same as the E. wall.
- CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
None.
None.
NORTH
12'-0".
LENGTH:
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Presently, 5'-9" at
middle of the wall.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
There are no N. wall openings.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
6 logs in height.
- SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 41/4" to 5 3/4" wide x 9"
to 14 3/4" in height.
AVERAGE = 5" in width x 111/4" in
height.
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: Same as the E. and S. elevations.
The 1st and 2nd logs are recent replacements.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG ENDS:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
Same as the E. wall.
- CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
NONE.
None.
None.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
Four HEWN (on four sides) and one 4" ROUND HORIZONTAL LOGS
in each gable. The average size of hewn logs measured 5"
No chinking nor daubing were observed.
wide x 9" in height.
- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
There are no gable openings.
Originally un- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
Presently,
7"
to
9"
overhang
on
the
E. side.
known.
10" overhang on the W. side.
163
3)
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
10'-4" at the S. end.
Originally unknown. Presently:
101-6" at the N. end.
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
Original unknown.
Presently, 35°.
- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
HEWN PLATE (NOT ORIGINAL) = 4 3/4" wide x 7" in height
W. plate.
5" wide x 61/2" in height
E. plate.
CEILING JOIST = NONE.
RIDGEPOLE (BEAM)(NOT ORIGINAL) = 61/2" in diameter.
PURLIN(NOT ORIGINAL) = 2 pairs averaging 6" in
diameter.
RAFTER = NONE.
TRUSSES = NONE.
E.-W. running circular
- ROOF COVERING (NOT ORIGINAL):
14"
in width x variable
sawn boards (1" x 7 7/8" to
length) were nailed perpendicular to and directly on
top of the purlins. Recently made E.-W. running split
shakes measuring 1/4" to 11/4" (Mostly 3/4") x 3" to WI"
(mostly 4" to 6") x variable length were nailed on top
of the roof boards.
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: Originally unknown. Presently,
the sill (N.-S.) and spandrel (E.-W.) logs are set on a
It is conjectured that the original floor
cement base.
was packed dirt.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS:
- CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
NONE.
Originally unknown.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
The structure was relocated (in 1976) from its original site
on Wildcat Creek to the Siskiyou County Museum. After relocation, several elements were completely replaced. The
following wall logs were replaced (Michael Hendryx 1985):
164
6)
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS (continued)
The E. sill and plate, the S. spandrel, the 1st and 2nd
The
N. wall logs, the W. sill, and both ceiling plates.
purlins, ridgepole, roof boards (E.-W.) and shakes were
The 5/8" x 51/2" rake boards were also
recent replacements.
The attached shed's horizontal boards came from the
recent.
original site, but it is unknown if they were the original
attached shed siding. The vertical posts were recently made.
The wood stove has been removed and its location is unknown.
Since there are NO photos of the cabin from prior to removal,
it was not possible to describe the elements (mentioned
above) which were recently replaced.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
It is conjectured that the original lower wall logs, roof
and attached shed were badly deteriorated to necessitate
The present cabin situation is
their complete replacement.
good, even though the windows have been removed.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS - (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
Some of the log walls were hewn on four sides which is a
unique feature of the cabin. The S.. wall gun port opening
made by the square notch on the bottom of the 5th wall log
is the only example known on the Forest.
REFERENCES:
Hendryx, Michael
Personal communication with Ali Abusaidi regarding the
1985
Louie Lattimore Cabin.
165
SITE # 05-05-55-208
CORRECTION ADDENDUM TO ARCHITECIURAL DATA
ITEM # 5)
FOUNDATION AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
During the field
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:
investigation of the original site (on 4/17/1985),
the rock foundation and floor boards of the Lattimore
cabin were observed. The original cabin and attached
shed foundation consisted of both natural field and
river rocks. The overall dimensions of the cabin
floor boards which were still connected together,
measured 11'-3" x 14'-3".
The floor boards were relocated on-site, to 3m
north of the original cabin location. The circular
sawn floor boards measured mostly 1 1/8"x12"x8'-6".
Instead, circular
NO floor joists were observed.
sawn 1"x6"s and 1"x8"s of variable length were
nailed perpendicular to and underneath of the
floor boards to fasten than together. During
the displacement of the Lattimore cabin, the
floor boards were left on the original site and
not moved to the Siskiyou County Museum with the
log cabin itself.
15.-0"
3/4/2'-4 1/44t2'-6 i /4"' 3' 6"
C
B
a
1/24
10.-9 1/2"
6' 3"
15.-0"
NOTES:
5" THICK HEWN LOG WALLS.
B. RECENT ADDITION I" THICK HORIZONTAL BOARD ATTACHED
SHED WALLS SUPPORTED WITH VERTICAL POSTS.
C. 1'.-1 5/8" IN WIDTH AND 2 I/4- IN HEIGHT GUN PORT OPENING
SQUARE NOTCHED ON THE BOTTOM OF THE 5TH WALL LOG.
A.
D.
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH FLUSH OR BOXED CORNERS.
ORIGINAL LOCATION OF REMOVED WOOD STOVE IS UNKNOWN AFTER CABIN RELOCATION.
SITE *05-05-55-208
LOUIE LATTIMORE LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE-41/4"=r-0"
167
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
Site #05-05-54-47
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
E. Elev.(N.-S.) = 14'-1"; N. wall (E.-W.) = 18'-1/2";
W. Elev.(N.-S.) = 14'-3/4"; S. wall (E.-W.) = 18'-1".
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/
STOVE):
One story design with a
Single-pen rectangular plan.
loft in the south half (i.e., 9'-6" from the interior
The access ladder to the half-loft was
of W. wall).
located along the middle of the W. wall. There was no
The metal wood stove was located along the
chimney.
S. wall, about 7' -O" from the inside S.W. corner.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
No evidence of an original attached shed was observed.
The only evidence which implies an E. side original
front porch (removed) consists of the vertical gable
battens which were cut 16" short of the bottom of the
vertical gable boards, and a 21/2"x4"x13'-6" horizontal
board nailed to the gable boards just below the battens.
The portion of the gable boards above the bottom of
the battens displays considerable discoloration and
while just below the
stain due to weather exposure,
bottom of battens the degree of stain is much less.
Although it was not possible to detect the original
porch dimensions and construction, it is conjectured
that the form was a lean-to.
A very recent (since 1976) lean-to open porch made
from Douglas-fir poles was constructed on the front
E. side by the current mining claim occupant.
168
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - EAST
LENGTH:
14'-1".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
8'-3" at the N. end.
8'-0" at the S. end.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 5'-6" to 8'-7" from the S.E. corner.
Door opening:
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH
OPENING):
The
3'-1" in width x 6'-41/2" in height.
Door opening:
1st log (sill) was square notched and mitered towards
the outside and away from the opening while the 2nd
through 5th logs were sawn off and also mitered to the
The logs were sawn on the
outside for the opening.
sides 51/2" from the opening to decrease their widths to
In addition, they were mitered (at 20° to 300
10".
angles) to eliminate sharp edges next to the doorway.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The door was made of four circular sawn vertical boards,
each measuring 7/8" thick x 21/4", 101/2" to 10 3/4" in
width and 5'-9" in length. The vertical hoards were
Two 91/2"
braced by four circular sawn horizontal boards.
in width x 131/2" in height openings were cut into the
front door.
The two
The two door jambs measured 1"x10"x6'-11/4".
wood trims on the jambs measured 5/8"xl 1/8"x5'-81/2" to
5'-91/2".
The threshold board measured 2" to 21/2" thick x 81/2"
The head board measured
width x 2'-10" in length.
1"x10"x3'-1/4".
x2"x2'-101/2".
in
The trim over the head board was 3/8"
All the boards were circular sawn.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
ing the sill.
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
6 Douglas-fir logs in height includ-
RANGE
= 11" to 18" (sill) in diameter.
AVERAGE = 141/2".
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH. The logs
were squared 12" to 151/2" (mostly 13") from their ends and
mitered at about 20° to 30° angles on the average towards
the exterior and away from the squared ends. The squared
ends of the logs (after notching) averaged 111/2" in width
(horizontally)x9" in vertical height. The special mitering cut just before the squared ends (of double square
169
2a)
ELEVATION ONE
EAST (Continued)
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
notches) was most likely done to eliminate the additional sharp corner edges caused by the large size of
wall logs.
LOG ENDS:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
Round machine-made.
1" to 2" wide and variable length
CHINKING METHOD:
wedges of hand-split Douglas-fir.
DAUBING MIXTURES: Mud (from the local soil of HollandSkallan association or soil mapping Unit 144), twigs
and moss mixture.
2b)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2
NORTH
18'-1/2".
LENGTH:
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
8'-6" at the E. end.
6'-4" at the W. end.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 6'-91/2" to 11'-5 3/4" from the N.E.
Window opening:
corner.
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
The
4'-81/4" wide x 2'-41/2" in height.
Window opening:
4th and 6th logs were square notched (WITHOUT any special
mitering or notching as in the door opening) and the 5th
The notch depths varied
log sawn off for the opening.
from 4" to 7".
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Window opening is presently partially secured with
Originally, two side by
boards and the window removed.
The two
side 6 pane sash frame windows were utilized.
The head
window jambs measured 1 "x8 2 "x2' -4" to 2'-41/2".
board measured 1"x81/2"x4'-6".
Four 1"x81/2"x4'-6" boards
were nailed on top of one another instead of a single
window sill.
7 Douglas-fir logs in height includNUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
ing the ceiling plate.
2b)
ELEVATION 2
170
NORTH
DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 101/2"(plate) to 15".
AVERAGE = 12".
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
The squared ends of the logs (after the corner notches)
averaged 111/4" in horizontal width x 71/4" by vertical
height.
Only the 2nd, 3rd and 4th logs (at their E.
ends only) had the special mitered (at about 15° to 25°
angles) cut just before the double square notches in
The E.
order to decrease the otherwise sharp edges.
end of the 1st log was butted up against the N. end of
the E. sill log. The W. half of the 1st log is buried
and completely deteriorated.
LOG ENDS:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
Round machine-made.
CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2c)
NONE.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3
Same as the E. wall.
Same as the E. wall.
WEST
LENGTH:
14'-3/4".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Due to sinking of sill
and soil deposition behind the wall, the heights are not
5'-2" at the N. end.
original.
5'-6" at the S. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
There were no W. wall openings.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
6 Douglas-fir logs in height..
= 91/2" to 141/2" in diameter.
RANGE
AVERAGE = 12" in diameter.
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
The squared ends of the logs averaged 111/4" in horizontal
The N. ends of the 2nd through
width x 7" in height.
5th logs and the S. end of the 4th log had the special
The typical
mitered cut before the double square notches.
2c)
171
ELEVATION 3 - WEST (Continued)
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
mitered cuts were made 12" to 13" from the log ends
and measured 31/2" in depth.
- LOG ENDS:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
Round machine-made.
CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
NONE.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
Same as the E. wall.
Same as the E. wall.
SOUTH
18'-1".
- LENGTH:
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
8'-8" at the E. end.
6'-5" at the W. end.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Window opening: From 9'-8" to 14'-4" from the S.W. corner.
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
The 4th
Window opening: 4'-8" wide x 2'-O" in height.
and 6th logs were square notched (21/2" to 6" in depth)
and the 5th sawn off for the opening. Only the 4th and
5th logs (at the E. end of opening) had the special mitered notch cut as in the E. door opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Originally, two side by side
Window has been taken off.
6 pane (or 3-muntin) sash frames were used. The
No window sill was
head board measured 1"xl1/4"x4'-5".
Two window jambs measured
yklgg;,c25,,due to its removal.
7 Douglas-fir logs in height includNUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
ing the ceiling plate.
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 11" to 14" in diameter.
AVERAGE = 121/2".
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
2d)
172
ELEVATION 4 - SOUTH
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD (Continued):
The squared ends averaged 10 3/4" in width x 7 3/4" in
height.
The E. ends of the 2nd through 4th logs and
the W. end of the 4th log had the special mitered cut
or notch before the double square notches.
The E. end of the 1st log was butted up against the
The
S. end of the E. sill log without any notching.
W. half of the 1st log was completely buried (badly deteriorated) and not visible.
LOG ENDS:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
Round machine-made.
- CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
NONE.
Same as the E. wall.
Same as the E. wall.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
14 circular sawn vertical boards (1"x11"to12", mostly 111/2"
wide) and 13 battens (1/4"to1/2", mostly 3/8"x2" to 41/2", mostly
31/2") were utilized for the W. gable.
16 circular sawn vertical boards (1"x6"to12", averaging 101/2"
wide) and 15 vertical battens (with the same dimensions as
the W. gable battens) were used for the W. gable. Vertical
boards of both gables were square notched (notches measured
11/2" to 2", mostly 12" in depth x 4" to 6" in width) to receive and support the ends of the E.-W. running purlin boards.
Top of the E. gable opening was 3'-0" below the ridge line.
The E. gable opening measured 3'-6" in width x 2'-0" in
The E. gable openIts two jamb boards were 1"x21/2".
height.
ing sill measured 1"x4"x3'-10", the head board was 1"x21/2"x
3'-6".
The top of W. gable opening was 2'-6" below the ridge line.
Including the top and bottom exterior trims, the opening
It was not possimeasured 141/2" in height x 2'-0" in width.
ble to closely examine and measure the W. gable opening's exterior trims, jambs, sill and head boards.
3)
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS)
12" overhang on both the N. and S. walls.
TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND)
E. elevation total height = 16'-0".
W. elevation total height = 13'-3".
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
GABLE.
PITCH ANGLE:
45°.
DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
PLATE = 011" N. plate; 11" S. plate.
CEILING JOIST = 5 joists set on 2'-6" to 3'-1"
(mostly 3'-0") centers were squared
at their ends on the bottom to fit
the five square notches (6" to 7"
wide each) made on top of each ceiling plate.
Instead,
RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = No ridgepole was utilized.
two E.-W. running circular sawn
11/2"x5" and 11/2"x6" ridge boards were
nailed on either side of the ridgeline and directly on top of the
rafters.
PURLIN = 4 pairs of circular sawn purlin
boards (E.-W. running) measuring
11/2" mostly to 2"x41/2" to 7" (averaging
51/4") were nailed perpendicular to and
directly on top of the rafters and
set on 2'-0" centers.
RAFTER = 7 pairs of round (4" to 6" in diameter) rafters were square notched
at their ends to fit over the ceiling
The rafters were set on
plates.
2'-6" to 3'-1" (mostly 3'-0 ") centers.
TRUSSES = NONE.
- ROOF COVERING: Hand-rived cedar shakes (1/4" to 1/2", mostly
3/8"x4" to 8", mostly 6"x2'-6" to 3'-0") were nailed
perpendicular to and directly on top of the purlin boards.
173
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
The two ends of the E. wall
SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:
sill log were set on FIELD ROCKS while the rest was left
The W. wall sill and the two
on the leveled ground.
N. and S. spandrel logs were set directly on the ground.
Because the floor boards (which
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS:
measured mostly lutol4 "x8"to91-i") were set well off the
ground, it is conjectured that floor joists were utiliHowever, they were not visible.
zed.
- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP:
Not visible.
CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
NONE.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
With the exception of following elements, the entire cabin
exterior is original. As implied by the discoloration of
the bottom of vertical gable boards and battens, the length
of battens and a 21/2"x4"x13'-6" horizontal board which was
nailed to the bottom of the gable boards, an original front
E. porch is inferred. However, this porch (of unknown construction) was removed at an unknown date, and sometime
after 1976 a horizontal Douglas-fir pole crib-wall constructRecently, the N. and S. wall
ion E. side porch was built.
window openings (original windows removed) have been partially secured with boards and cardboard. Some of the roof
shakes have been replaced during maintenance work. The
cabin interior was not examined for modifications.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
Essentially, the cabin exterior is in good shape. The W.
wall sill and the N. and S. wall spandrel logs display considerable dry-rotting and wood decay. Due to settling and
sinking of the structure, the above-mentioned lower wall
logs are almost completely buried by the up-slope soil
erosion. This has caused lack of drainage and ventilation
The reunder the cabin and increased the rate of decay.
condition.
maining wall logs and crown-ends are in good
Removal of the windows is allowing moisture to cause drySome of the roof shakes need
rotting of interior elements.
Continued use of the site will increase
to be replaced.
the potential for further damage.
174
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS
(IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
The wall logs at the N.E., S.E. and N.W. corners were
squared 12" to 151/2" from their ends and then mitered (at 20°
to 30° angles) towards the outside and away from the Double
Square notches.
This was also done at the door opening in
order to eliminate the additional sharp edges which otherwise would have been caused by squaring the ends of large
diameter logs. This type of special detail mitered cut before the squared ends has not been observed in any other log
cabin in the Forest.
The square notches made at the eave ends of the rafters for
connection with the ceiling plates are rare in other structures.
175
I8'-1/2"
6'-9 1/2"
4'-8 1/4"
NOTES:
A.
B.
C.
12" THICK N. AND W. LOG WALLS.
12 1/2" THICK S. LOG WALL.
14 1/2" THICK E. LOG WALL.
D. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER
CONSTRUCTION WITH FLUSH OR
BOXED CORNERS. THE CORNERS
9'-6"
ARE SQUARED 12" TO 15 1/2" FROM
THE LOG ENDS AND THEN MITERED
AT 20' TO 30' ANGLES ION THE
AVERAGES TOWARDS THE OUT$1DE
AND AWAY FROM THE DOUBLE
SQUARE NOTCHES. THE SPECIAL
MITERED CUTS BEFORE THE
CORNER NOTCHES ARE
G
TYPICALLY 3 1/2" 14 DEPTH
- AND 13" FROM THE LOG ENDS.
E. THE 4TH S. WALL LOG SQUARE
NOTCH FOR THE WINDOW OPENING
WITH SPECIAL MITERED CUTS GAT
ABOUT 30' ANGLE) IN THE 4TH
AND 5TH LOGS ON THE E. SIDE OF
THE OPENING WITH REMOVED SLL.
F. THE 1ST E. WALL LOG ISLL)
SQUARE NOTCH FOR THE
DOOR OPENING WITH SPECIAL
20' TO 30' ANGLE MITERED CUTS.
6. 6*-0" IN HEIGHT VERTICAL WOODEN
LADDER SET 14 26"x34' LOFT
ACCESS OPENING CUT THROUGH
LOFT FLOOR BOARDS.
H. DOUBLE BARREL METAL STOVE
WITH 23"14 DIAMETER BOTTOM
BARREL AND 14" IN DIAMETER TOP
BARREL AND A 5 1/2" ROUND PPING.
E. EXTENT OF W. HALF CELING LOFT.
1.
J.
1"10 3/8" ION THE AVERAGE)
LOFT FLOOR BOARDS.
4' 8"
9'-8"
18' I"
SITE *05-05-54-47
GUNBARREL MINE LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE: 1/4"mr-0"
177
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
FLORENCE KENDRICK COOPER LOG CABIN
K.C. MINE LOG CABIN
Site #05-05-51-116
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
W. Elev.(N.-S.) = 18'-4"; S. wall (E.-W.) = 21'-10";
E. Elev.(N.-S.) = 18'-2"; N. Elev.(E.-W.) = 22'-2".
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE):
Single-pen rectangular plan with three interior partition
walls, made with horizontal boards nailed to vertical studs.
However, from the
The ceiling and roof have been removed.
existing ceiling joists it can be conjectured that originThere is no evidence of a chimney
ally there was a loft.
nor of a stove and piping.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
Outline of an enclosed covered porch (presently removed)
with shake exterior siding extends 6'-6" beyond the W. wall.
Wood floor for another porch or deck (removed) extends 7'-6"
An east room addition with the same
beyond the S. wall.
width as the cabin (i.e., 18'-4") extends 16'-2" beyond the
Box construction system with vertical boards
E. wall.
nailed to pole braces was used for the addition. A pole and
shake work shed was constructed on the E. side of the addition.
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE
LENGTH:
WEST
18'-4".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Wall heights were not
measured because of the fallen boards and building debris
in and around the cabin.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 3'-10" to 7' -O" from the S.W. corner.
Door opening:
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Door opening: 3'-2" in width x 6'-6" in height. The 1st
through 8th wall logs have been sawn off for the door opening.
178
2a)
WEST
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Door has been removed.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
9 logs in height.
RANGE
= 9" to 121/2".
TYPICAL = 91/2"
The logs were left round with the exTREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ception of the 4th and 8th logs which were hewn with a
broadaxe on the inside only to align with the rest of the
The logs were WITH THE BARK on the outside but
wall logs.
peeled on the interior.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG ENDS:
V-NOTCH.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NONE.
Large square
- NAIL TYPES: Round nails in the wall logs.
spikes were observed on top of the ceiling joists only.
Variable size split
None on the exterior.
- CHINKING METHOD:
boards were used on the interior of walls.
DAUBING MIXTURES: Originally mud, moss and newspaper. More
recently cement has been put on the original mud and moss
daubing.
2b)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2
- LENGTH:
SOUTH
21'-10".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Wall height was not
measurable because of the debris pile surrounding the cabin.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Presently there is a single S. wall opening from 4=91/2" to
Originally there were two
19'-11" from the S.W. corner.
window openings (as depicted by a 1981 photo) and recently
the 4th through 7th wall logs in between the two openings
have been removed, thus making it impossible to determine
their provenience and precise widths. Both openings were
3'-6" in height.
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Present single opening after dismantling of the 4th through
The 4th
3'-6" in height and 15'-11/2" in length.
7th logs:
through 7th logs were sawn off for both of the openings.
179
2b)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2
SOUTH
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Windows have been removed.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
10 logs in height including the ceiling
plate.
- DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 8" to 12".
TYPICAL = 91/2".
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: All the logs with the exception of
the plate were PEELED and left ROUND. The ceiling plate was
hand hewn to an 8" x 8" square beam.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG ENDS:
V-NOTCH.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
Same as the W. elevation.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2c)
NONE.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3
Same as the W. elevation.
Same as the W. wall.
EAST
18'-2".
- LENGTH:
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Not measurable.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Door opening: From 3'-2" in width and 6'-6" in height.
The 1st and 8th logs were square notched and the 2nd through
Opening located 3'-2" to 6' -4"
7th sawn off for the opening.
from the S.E. corner.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Door has been removed.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
9 logs in height.
RANGE = 7" to 10".
MOSTLY = 9".
All the wall logs were peeled and
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
left round with the exception of the 6th and 9th logs which
were hewn with a broadaxe on the inside only to align with
the rest of the wall logs.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
V-NOTCH.
180
2c)
ELEVATION 3
LOG
EAST
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
END OVERHANGS:
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
Same as the W. elevation.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
LENGTH:
NONE.
Originally mud, moss and newspaper.
NORTH
22'-2".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Not measurable.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 4'-6" to 7'-10" from the N.E.
East window opening:
corner.
West window opening:
From 4'-7" to 7'-9" from the N.W.
corner.
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH
3'-4" in width and 2'-6" in
East window opening:
3'-2" in width and 2'-4" in
West window opening:
4th wall log was square notched and 5th and 6th
off for both openings.
OPENING):
height.
height.
logs sawn
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Both windows have been removed.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
9 logs in height including the ceiling
plate.
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE = 8" to 13" in diameter.
MOSTLY = 10".
All the logs with the exception of
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
The ceiling
the ceiling plate were PEELED and left ROUND.
plate was hand hewn to an 8" x 8" square beam.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG END OVERHANGS:
V-NOTCH.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NONE.
Large square
NAIL TYPES: Round nails used in the wall logs.
spikes were observed on top of the ceiling joists only.
181
2d)
ELEVATION 4
NORTH
- CHINKING METHOD:
Variable size split boards were used on
both the exterior and interior. Most of the chinking
consists of variable length 1" x 4"s and 1" x 8"s.
DAUBING MIXTURES: Original mixture consisted of mud, moss
and newspaper. Cement has been used during repairs and
maintenance.
3)
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
The roof and both gables have been dismantled by the owners in
order to remove the cabin.
- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
Not observable.
EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
Not observable.
- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
measurable.
4)
Not
ROOF
The entire GABLE roof has been romoved.
- PITCH ANGLE:
Approximately 30° (estimated from a 1981 photo).
DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
PLATE = 8"x8" hand hewn square beams.
CEILING JOIST = 5" to 7" (MOSTLY 6") round logs.
JOISTS CENTERING = 7 ceiling joists on 36" to 42" (MOSTLY 36")
centers.
RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) =.Not observable due to roof removal.
PURLIN = Not observable.
The
RAFTER = All but the porch rafters are gone.
4 collapsed porch rafters measure 2 3/4"
to 41/2" in diameter and are set on 20"
centers.
TRUSSES = Not observable.
-
ROOF COVERING: A 1981 photo of the cabin, before the removal
of the roof, depicts the use of hand-rived shakes for the
main cabin roof and sheets of corrugated iron for the porch
However, during the field investigation no evidence
roof.
of the roof shakes was observed for measurements.
182
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
Because the cabin was being dismantled a large pile of logs,
poles, boards and other building materials surrounded the base
of all four walls and prevented any views of the floors, the
lower wall logs, the sill logs and the foundation.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS:
Not observable.
- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP:
servable.
CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
Not ob-
Not observable.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
The cabin exterior is essentially original except for the repair
and maintenance modifications done on the W. and E. wall logs.
Small half-round log butts were wedged in under the 7th and 8th
E. wall logs and the N. end of the 7th W. wall log in order to
replace the deteriorated portions of those logs. The cement
daubing on all 4 walls has been put on top of the original
daubing mixture more recently. Due to the removal of the roof,
both porches, windows and doors, it was not possible to look for
any alterations in those elements.
It appeared that the interior partitions were not original,
rather later modifications, although it was not possible to
verify this. The interior walls consisted of variable dimension
horizontal circular sawn boards nailed to 31/2" to 6" round vertical
More recent wall paper was put on
poles which were used as studs.
the horizontal boards.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
Prior to the recent dismantlement of the cabin, the structure apThe only evidence of deterioration was
peared in good condition.
However,
currently (at the time of this
at the log crown ends.
field investigation, i.e., 11-11-1983) the cabin is being dismantled for removal, thus it is in very poor shape.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS
(IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
All the wall logs were left round with the exception of the N.
The two ceiling plates were hand hewn to
and S. ceiling plates.
The
use or mixing of both round and hewn
8"x8" square beams.
logs in the same structure is rare for the known log cabins in
the Klamath National Forest.
183
SITE 05-05-51-116
FLORENCE (KENDRICK) COOPER LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:3/16"x1.-0"
NOTES:
A. 9 1/2" THICK W. AND S. LOG WALLS.
B. 9" THICK E. LOG WALL.
10" THICK N. LOG WALL.
D. V-NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH FLUSH OR BOXED CORNERS.
SILL AND SPANDREL ORIENTATIONS ARE UNOBSERVABLE.
E. REMOVED N. WALL WINDOWS. EARLY STRUCTURE PHOTOS DEPICT 6 PANE
SASH FRAMES CONJECTURED TO HAVE BEEN ORIGINAL.
F. REMOVED SECTION OF S. WALL LOGS AND WINDOW OPENINGS. EARLY PHOTOS
DEPICT ORIGINAL 6 PANE AND 12 PANE SASH FRAMES FOR THE 2 OPENINGS.
DIMENSIONS ARE CONJECTURED FROM PHOTOS.
VERTICAL STUD
G. 1%12" CIRCULAR SAWN HORIZONTAL BOARDS NAILED TO 2"x4POSTS FOR AN INTERIOR PARTITION.
H. I":12" HORIZONTAL BOARDS NAILED TO 3 1/2" TO 4" ROUND VERTICAL POSTS
FOR INSIDE PARTITIONS IONE REMOVED).
I. REMOVED DOORS. OPENING NOTCHED OR SAWN UNDETERMINED.
J. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF WOOD STOVE AND ITS PIPING.
K. ENTIRELY COLLAPSED AND REMOVED ENCLOSED COVERED PORCH. EARLY PHOTOS
DEPICT AN ORIGINAL PORCH MADE OF VERTICAL STUD POSTS AND SPLIT SHAKE
SIDING CONSTRUCTION WITH THREE WINDOW AND ONE DOOR OPENINGS.
UNRECORDED ATTACHED KITCHEN (16.-2"x18"-2") AND WOOD SHED ON THE E. SIDE
WERE BEING REMOVED DURING THIS FIELDWORK.
C.
22' 2"
6' 6"
I
H
K
lk
10..
A
4' 6"
le---3.-4"
3' 2"-i'
4'-7"
-1
a
(T1
7' 6"
8' 0..
JO
F
4' 8"--k
21'-10"
SITE 05-05-51-116
FLORENCE (KENDRICK) COOPER LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE.3/16".41.-0"
184
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
MESDAMES ELIZABETH GRAHAM AND MIMS LOG CABIN
Site #05-05-54-138
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
N.E. Wall (S.E. -N.W. =16' -4i "; N.W. Wall (N.E.-S.W.)=9'-7";
S.W. Wall (S.E.-N.W. =16'-6"; S.E. Wall (N.E.- S.W.)= 9' -6 ".
PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT,
CHIMNEY/STOVE):
Single-pen rectangular plan. 1/3 partial loft at the S.E.
The wood stove
end with access ladder in the E. corner.
and its piping are located about the middle of the S.W.
No chimney was constructed.
wall.
- PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
N.W. side extended roof elements covered porch measures
6'-O" (S.E.-N.W.) x 9'-9" (N.E.-S.W.).
S.W. side attached lean-to shed measures 7'-O" (N.E.-S.W.)
x 13'-2" (N.W.-S.E.).
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE
LENGTH:
N.W.
9'-7".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
6'-3t" at the N.E. end.
6'-4T" at the S.W. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Door opening: 2'-41" to 5'-2" from W. corner.
1'-6" to 3'-8" from N. corner.
Window opening:
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Door opening: 2'-9-1" in width x 5'-102" in height.
The 1st and 15th wall logs are square notched and the
2nd thru. 14th sawn off for door opening.
2'-2" in width x 2'-0" in height. The
Window opening:
8th thru. 12th wall logs are sawn off for window opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The window consists of a
2 muntin sash frame with 4 panes or lights.
The door is made of 3 circular sawn vertical boards of
1"x5", 8" and 15"x5'-10" in dimension with diagonal Z-shaped
bracing of 14 "x4"x2'-4", 12 "x41"x2'-4" and 11"x2ex41-6".
One existing circular sawn door jamb measures 2"x41"x51-10".
Three threshold boards (4" to 3/4" in thickness) are used.
their widths are not measurable due to the locked door.
2a)
ELEVATION ONE
185
N.W.
15 logs in height.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE = 3e to 7" in diameter.
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
AVERAGE = 51".
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCH.
RANGE = 3" to 7".
AVERAGE = 4 3/4".
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
- CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2b)
7/8" to 12" round poles nailed in
between wall logs.
Infill mixture behind the chinking
consists of silty clay and moss.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION TWO
- LENGTH:
NONE.
N.E.
16'-41".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
6'-10" at the N.W. end.
7'-21" at the S.E. end.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
S.E. end window opening: 1'-6" to 6'-6" from E. corner.
N.W. end window opening: 1'-4" to 6'-4" from N. corner.
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
5'-3/4" in width x 2'-6" in height.
S.E. end opening:
5'4" in width x 2'-51" in height.
N.W. end opening:
The 8th and 14th wall logs are square notched while logs
9th thru. 13th are sawn off for both window openings.
Two side by side 3 muntin sash
frames with 6 panes (one removed)
are used in the S.E. end opening.
The N.W. end window is entirely gone.
The two circular sawn S.E. end window jambs measure 1*"
x5"x2'-51". The sill measures 12 "x6".
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS:
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
TREATMENT OF LOGS:
15 logs in height including the
ceiling plate.
RANGE = 4" to 6" in diameter.
AVERAGE = 5".
PEELED.
ROUND;
186
2b)
FLEVATION TWO - N.E.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
Same as the N.W. elevation.
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
- EXTERIOR FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2c)
DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCH.
I" to 14-;" round poles nailed between logs.
Silty clay and moss mixture.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION THREE - S.E.
LENGTH:
9' -6 ".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
7'-4" at the N.E. end.
7'-1" at the S.W. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
There are no S.E. wall openings.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
15 logs in height.
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE = 31" to 61" in diameter.
AVERAGE = 5".
- TREATMENT OF LOGS:
ROUND;
PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION:
Same as the N.W. elevation.
LOG END PROJECTIONS:
Same as the N.W. elevation.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
NONE.
5/8" to 2" (with majority being 1") round
peeled poles nailed in between wall logs.
Not visible, but conjectured to be
similar to other elevations.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION FOUR - S.W.
- LENGTH:
16'-6".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
7'-2" at the N.W. end.
7'-1" at the S.E. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
There are no S.W. wall openings.
2d)
ELEVATION FOUR
S.W.
187
- HUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
15 logs including the ceiling plate.
RANGE = 4" to 7" in diameter.
AVERAGE = 5".
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND;
- TREATMENT OF LOGS:
PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION:
Same as the N.W. elevation.
LOG END OVERHANGS:
Same as the N.W. elevation.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
- CHINKING METHOD:
5/8" to 1 3/4" round poles nailed in
between only the 13th and 14th wall logs.
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
NONE.
Not visible, but conjectured to be
similar to other walls.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
The S.E. and N.W. gables are made of 21 and 23 vertical poles
respectively, with the center vertical pole of each gable
supporting the double ridgepoles.
The peeled poles of the gables measure 3.1" to 5" with the
majority being 44" in diameter.
There are no gable openings.
- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
Overhang varies from 71" to 81".
TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
10'-61" at the N.W. end.
at the S.E. end.
10'-8"
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
30°.
- DIMENSIONS FOR AVERAGE DIAMETERS:
CEILING PLATES = 42" average diameter.
CEILING JOISTS = NONE.
RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = Double ridgepoles: Bottom one = 5" round.
Top one = 31" in diameter.
PURLINS = 3 pairs: 3 3/4" to 5", mostly 4" in diameter.
RAFTERS = 3 pairs: 3" to 4" range, set on 8'-0" centers.
TRUSSES, COLLAR TIES and COLLAR BRACES = NONE.
4)
188
ROOF
ROOF COVERING: N.E. to S.W. running hand-rived shakes
measuring Ai" to 1" (mostly 3/8") in thickness, 5k" to 7"
(mostly 61") in width and mostly 2'-6" in length, were
nailed directly on top of and perpendicular to the
N.W.-S.E. running purlins.
Several 1"x12" circular sawn boards observed and conjectured to be replacement parts from during repairs
of roof shakes. No sheathing boards were observed.
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: Natural field rocks with mud
mortar are set under all 1st wall logs.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = 10 N.E.-S.W. running joists.
Dimensions and measurements were not taken.
FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP:
There are 8 square notches in each of the two S.E.-N.W.
running sills to receive the 10 N.E.-S.W. running floor
joists which are nailed together.
The floor joists are set on 2'-4" centers (on the average).
- CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
NONE.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
The cabin appears to be almost completely in its original
Very little or no alterations are observed
shape and form.
on the exterior. Only the windows and the lean-to shed may
have later elements, but this is not certain.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
The structure is generally in very good condition. Apparently
the well-drained ground and the ventilation beneath the cabin
due to the rocks on which the sills are set, have greatly
decreased deterioration rate. The N.W. wall's 1st log displays
dry rot, cracks and expansion at its ends. This appears to be
the only structural element in poor shape and may need replacing
in the near future. The removal of two windows allow moisture
to the interior of cabin.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
Double ridgepole (one on top of the other) supported by both
center vertical gable logs which are set into the central
notches of the 15th or top N.W. and S.E. wall logs. The center
vertical S.E. gable log is 42" in diameter and 3'-0" in height.
12' 8"
NOTES:
A.
B.
5 1/2" THICK N.W. LOG WALL.
5" THICK NI.. S.E. AND S.W. LOG WALLS.
C. DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCHED CORNER
CONSTRUCTION WITH ABOUT
/-2'- 0 "
42'-01'
4 3/4" (AVE.) LOG END OVERHANGS.
D. TWO SIDE BY SIDE 6 PANE SASH
J
RI
FRAMES IN ONE WINDOW OPENING.
E. 4 PANE SASH FRAME WINDOW.
F. S.E. HALF CEL1NG LOFT WITH
E. CORNER LADDER. ESTIMATED
1"s10 1/2" (AVE.) LOFT
A
B
FLOOR BOARDS.
G. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF WOOD
STOVE (UNOBSERVABLE) AND
-t"
ITS PIPING.
N.W. END OPEN OPEN WALL
COVERED PORCH WITH 2 VERTICAL
POST SUPPORTS SET ON PORCH
FLOOR BOARDS (MOSTLY 1-8"1.
LEAN-TO OPEN SHED WITH FOUR
VERTICAL POST SUPPORTS
14 1/2" IN AVE. DIAMETER).
ONLY N.W. WALL ENCLOSED.
J. HORIZONTAL TOP PLATE LOG
H.
SUPPORTING CORRUGATED
METAL ROOF.
0.
a>
q).
6' 6"
F
D
B
5'-0"
D
;
5' 0"
l'-4"
6' 0"
I6'-4 (/2"
SITE 05-05-54-138
ELIZABETH GRAHAM AND Mrs. MIMS LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:I/4-0'4r
190
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
ALEXANDER PARKER HOMESTEAD LOG CABIN
Site #05-05-55-18
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
N.W. wall (N.E.-S.W.) = 15'-1";
S.W. wall (N.W.-S.E.) = 16'-10".
The N.E. and S.E. wall lengths were not measured due to a
large hornet's nest in the E. corner of the cabin.
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE):
One story design with no
Single-pen rectangular plan.
Original
wood stove has been reoriginal loft nor chimney.
The wood stove piping goes through the roof just S.W.
moved.
of the center (ridge line) of the cabin.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
There is no attached shed nor porch.
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - N.W.
- LENGTH:
15'-1"
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
At the N.E. end = 6'-2".
At the S.W. end =
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 3'-11" to 6'-9" from the W. corner.
Door opening:
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
2'-10" wide x 6'-6" in height. The 1st wall
Door opening:
log (sill log) and the 1st gable log were square notched for the
door opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The cabin door has been removed.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
5 Douglas fir logs in height.
TYPICAL HEWN LOGS = 7" in width or thickSIZE OF WALL LOGS:
ness and 12" to 15" in height.
2a)
ELEVATION ONE
N.W.
191
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
The logs were hand hewn with a chopping axe and broadaxe on the sides but left round on their
tops and bottoms.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG ENDS:
HALF DOVETAIL NOTCH.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NONE.
NAIL TYPES:
Hand wrought square nails in the wall logs.
wire nails in the chinking.
Round
CHINKING METHOD:
Circular sawn 1" x 7" to 9" (mostly 8" wide)
and variable length boards.
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2b)
Mud from the local grayish silty sand.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - S.W.
LENGTH:
16'-10"
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
At the N.W. end = 7'-2".
At the S.E. end = 7'-6".
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Window opening:
From 6'-81/2" to 9'-1" from the W. corner.
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Window opening:
2'-41/2" wide x 2'-0" in height.
The 3rd
wall log was square notched and the 4th log sawn off for
the opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Window (Not original):
4 pane sash frame type.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
the ceiling plate).
5 Douglas-fir logs in height (including
- SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 7" to 71/2" in width x 12" to
17" in height.
MOSTLY = 7" wide x 14" in height.
The logs were hewn on either side but
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
left round on tops and bottoms.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG ENDS:
HALF DOVETAIL NOTCH.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NONE.
2b)
ELEVATION 2
S.W.
192
NAIL TYPES:
Hand wrought square nails in the wall logs.
Round wire nails in the chinking.
CHINKING METHOD:
2 circular sawn 1" x 8"s and 2" x 4"s
(variable lengths) between the 3rd, 4th and 5th logs
presently remain.
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2c)
Mud from the local grayish silty sand.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 - S.E.
Not measured because of a large hornet's nest.
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): N.E. end not measured
due to a hornet's nest.
At the S.W. end = 6'-10".
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Window opening: From 5'-4" to 7'-10" from the S. corner.
LENGTH:
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Window opening:
2'-6" wide x 2'-6" in height.
The 2nd and
4th wall logs were square notched and the 3rd log sawn off
for the opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Window has been removed.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
5 Douglas-fir logs in height.
The wall logs were not
measured, however, they
appeared to have similar dimensions as those of the N.E.
wall logs, i.e., 7" to 8" in width and 14" in height.
SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS:
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
The wall logs were hewn on two sides and left round on tops
and bottoms.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG ENDS:
HALF DOVETAIL NOTCH.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
Same as the N.W. elevation.
- CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
Same as the N.W. elevation.
Same as the N.W. elevation.
2d)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
N.E.
193
Not measured because of a large hornet's nest.
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): At the N.W. end = 6'-8".
Not measured at the S.E. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
There are no wall openings.
LENGTH:
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
5 Douglas-fir logs in height.
SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS:
RANGE
MOSTLY
= 7" to 8" in width x 14" to
15" (plate log) in height.
= 8" in width x 14" in height.
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
The logs were hand hewn on two sides
and left round on tops and bottoms.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG ENDS:
HALF DOVETAIL NOTCH.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NONE.
NAIL TYPES:
Square nails (hand wrought) in the wall logs.
Round wire nails in the chinking.
- CHINKING METHOD:
Circular sawn 1/2" to 3/4" (mostly 3/4") thick
x 8" to 11" (mostly 8") in width and variable length boards.
DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
Mud from local grayish silty sand.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
HORIZONTAL LOGS: 4 hand hewn logs in each gable.
method is similar to that of the N.W. wall.
- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
Gable chinking
There are no gable openings.
EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
10" overhang to the sheathing boards.
12" overhang to the roof shakes.
TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
Due to a hornet's nest no height
ll' -O" at the N.W. end.
measurement was taken at the S.E. end.
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
Approximately 25°.
4)
ROOF
194
DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
PLATE = Hand hewn N.E. plate is 8" wide x 15" in height.
Hewn S.W. plate is 71/2" wide x 14" in height.
CEILING JOIST = NONE.
RIDGEPOLE = 5" at the N.W. end.
PURLIN = 3 pairs of purlins measuring 31/2" to 41/2" at N.W.
end and 4" to 6" at the S.E. end set on 20" to
24" centers (mostly 20").
RAFTER = 10 pairs of rafters consisting of circular sawn
1" x 5"s to 8"s set on 24" centers. Sheathing
boards (circular sawn 1" x 10"s to 12"s) are
nailed perpendicular to and on top of the rafters.
TRUSSES = NONE.
- ROOF COVERING:
Hand-rived Sugar pine shakes nailed perpendicular and directly on top of the sheathing boards.
DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE:
3/8" x 6" x 2'-0" to 2'-6" in length.
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:
MATERIALS:
Field rocks were used under all but the N.W.
wall.
The N.W. sill log is set directly on the ground.
This could be due to the separate and detached floor joist
system from the lower wall logs.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS:
9 floor joists are set on 2" x 10"
wooden blocks and field rocks without any connections to the
wall logs.
- TYPICAL FLOOR JOIST DIMENSIONS (IF VISIBLE):
JOISTS CENTERING:
4" x 6" joists.
Floor joists are set on 24" centers.
- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP:
The floor joists are set parallel to the N.E. to S.W. running
There are no connections between the S.W.-N.E.
sill logs.
running joists and the 1st N.E. and S.W. wall logs (i.e., the
Thus, the floor system is independent of the
spandrel logs).
walls.
CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
NONE observed.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS: Since the floor system is separate and not connected to the wall logs, one could conjecture that
it is not the original floor.
Circular sawn boards were used for the roof rafters and sheathing,
for the door and window jamb and head boards, and for the chinking.
6)
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
195
In addition, only round wire nails were observed in these elements whereas hand wrought square nails were used in the rest
of the original cabin parts. These are later modifications
from during repairs and maintenance. Also, the loft and the
electrical hookup system are recent.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
Considering the relatively early construction date, the cabin
wall logs are in good shape.
The S.W. wall logs and the N.E.
Due to uneven sloping ground beceiling plate have dry-rotted.
neath the cabin (especially towards the S.E. end), differential
settlement of the wall logs and floor joists is taking place.
This will be getting worse because of the eroding soil under the
S.E. half of the structure.
The N.W. sill log is set directly
on the ground and is slowly deteriorating. The cabin interior
has not been taken care of and is in poor condition.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
Hand-carved squared wooden dowels were used (as pegs) in the
ends of the ceiling plates to fasten the corner notches of the
adjoining wall logs.
C
B
NOTES:
7" THICK N.W. AND S.W. HEWN LOG WALLS.
7 1/2" THICK S.E. HEWN LOG WALL.
C. 8" THICK N.E. HEWN LOG WALL.
D. HALF DOVETAIL NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION
WITH FLUSH OR BOXED CORNERS.
E. FOUR PANE SASH FRAME WINDOW.
F.. REMOVED S.E. WALL WINDOW.
G. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF 8" ROUND
WOOD STOVE PIPING. ORIGINAL
WOOD STOVE HAS BEEN REMOVED.
A.
B.
u
:
A
7
F
©
THE N.E. AND S.E. WALLS WERE NOT
MEASURED DUE TO LARGE HORNET'S NEST
IN THE E. CORNER.
A
E
I
6' 8 1/2"
I
2.-4 1/24--16'-I0"
SITE 05-05-55-18
ALEXANDER PARKER HOMESTEAD LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:1/4"ar-O"
197
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
RICHARD HAYDEN LOG CABIN
Site #05-05-55-193
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
S.E. wall (N.E.-S.W.) = 11'-0"; S.W. wall (S.E.-N.W.) =
16'-31/2";
N.W. wall (N.E.-S.W.) = 111-4"; N.E. wall (S.E.-N.W.) =
16'-4".
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/
STOVE):
Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with no
loft and no chimney. The wood stove has been removed,
but some evidence of its remains suggests that it was
located 18" away from the S.W. wall and 4'-0" from the
S.E. wall.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
No evidence of a porch or attached shed was observed.
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - S.E.
LENGTH:
11'-0".
7'-6" at middle of
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
the wall.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Door opening: From 4'-0" to 6'-7" from the S. corner.
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH
OPENING):
The
3'-7" in width x 6'-6" in height.
Door opening:
1st (sill log) and 9th logs were square notched while
the 2nd through 8th were sawn off for the opening.
198
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE
S.E.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Door was made of 5 circular sawn vertical boards measuring: 7/8"x2 3/4"x2'-101/2"; 7/8"x111/2"x2'-101/2"; 1"x
11 5/8"x2'-101/2"; 11/4"x2 7/8"x6'-3" (two end boards).
The vertical boards are braced from behind by two
horizontal 7/8"x3 3/4" and 7/8"x61/4" and 2'-10" in
The two door jambs measured 7/8"x71/2" and
length.
1 1/8"x71/4".
Two strips on the jambs were 1 1/8"x
2 1/8" and 1"x4". Two boards on either side of the
door opening measured 3/4"x91/4" and 7/8"x11 3/4" and
6'-0" in length.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
9 Douglas-fir logs in height.
SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 61/2" to 7.3/4" in width
and 8i" to 10t"
in height.\
AVERAGE = 71/2" in width x 9 3/4"
in height.
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
The logs were hewn on two sides and left rJund on
their tops and bottoms.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
All but the sill and the 9th logs were DOUBLE SQUARE
The sill and the top (or 9th) logs were
NOTCHED.
Size range of notches
SINGLE SQUARE NOTCHED on top.
measured 21/4" to 5" in vertical depth or height and 61/2"
to 8" in horizontal width.
LOG ENDS:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NONE.
- NAIL TYPES: Hand-wrought square nails utilized for
fastening the notches of the adjoining log ends.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2b)
NONE.
NONE.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - S.W.
16'-31/2".
- LENGTH:
7'-4" at middle of
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
the wall.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 7'-4" to 9'-41/2" from the W. corner.
Window opening:
199
2b)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - S.W.
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH
OPENING):
Window opening:
2'- 1/2" wide x l'-7" in height.
The
5th and 8th logs were square notched (only 1/2" deep
notch) and the 7th log sawn off for the opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The window opening shutter (not original) was made of
two circular sawn horizontal 3/4" x 7" and 111/4"
boards, and two vertical 3/4" x 31/2" boards. Two straphinges (used vertically) attach the shutter onto the
8th wall log.
Only round nails were observed in the
shutter.
The jambs, head and sill boards were covered
up and not observable (not accessible.)
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
9 Douglas-fir logs in height including the ceiling plate.
SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 61/2" to 7 3/4" in width
x 9" to 10 3/4" in height.
AVERAGE = 71/2" in width x 10" in
height.
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
The logs were hewn with a broadaxe on the sides and left round on their tops and
bottoms.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
All but the ceiling plate
(log) were DOUBLE SQUARE notched.
The ceiling plate log
was SINGLE SQUARE notched on its bottom.
Three wooden
pegs (dowels) at the N.W. end and two at the S.E. end
of the plate were used to fasten the top N.W. and S.E.
wall logs. The peg holes were 1" in diameter each.
LOG ENDS:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NONE.
- NAIL TYPES: Same as the S.E. wall.
Also, ROUND nails
were observed in the window opening shutter.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
NONE.
NONE.
200
2c)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3
N.W.
- LENGTH:
11'-4".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
7'-8" at middle of
the wall.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
There are no N.W. wall openings.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
9 Douglas-fir logs in height.
- SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 6" to 7 3/4" in width x
8 3/4" to 101/2" in height.
AVERAGE = 71/4" wide x 91/2" in height.
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
Same as the S.E. wall. Additionally, the two ends of the 9th log were mitered at 450 angle
to match the roof pitch.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
Same as the S.E. wall.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
- LOG ENDS OVERHANGS:
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
Same as the S.E. wall.
- CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
NONE.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
NONE.
NONE.
N.E.
- LENGTH:
16'-4".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 8'-3 3/4" at middle
of the wall.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
There are no N.E. wall openings.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
ceiling plate.
9 Douglas-fir logs including the
SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 61/2" to 7 3/4" in width x
81/2" to 101/2" in height.
AVERAGE = 71/2" wide x 9 3/4" in
height.
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: Same as the S.W. wall. Additionally, the 8th and 9th (ceiling plate) logs were hewn on four
sides to almost a square beam.
201
2d)
ELEVATION 4
N.E.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: Same as the S.W. wall. Additionally, a 1" in diameter peg hole was made at each
end of the ceiling plate.
LOG ENDS:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
Same as the S.E. wall.
- CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
NONE.
NONE.
NONE.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
1"x12" circular sawn HORIZONTAL BOARDS laid on the N.W. side
of the cabin as both gables and roof have collapsed and
some elements (i.e., S.E. gable boards, ridgepole) removed.
The ends of the N.W. gable boards and the 9th N.W. wall log
were mitered at 45° angles to match the roof pitch.
- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
Unobservable.
- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
Not observable due to the collapsed roof.
TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
Unobservable.
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
boards).
GABLE.
45° (from mitered ends of collapsed gable
- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
HEWN PLATE = 7" wide x 9 3/4" in height,
N.E. plate.
71/4" wide x 9" in height,
CEILING JOIST
RIDGEPOLE (BEAM)
PURLIN
RAFTER
=
=
=
=
TRUSSES =
S.W. plate.
NONE.
Unobservable.
NONE.
3" to 4" round rafters.
numbers.
NONE.
Unknown
202
4)
ROOF
- ROOF COVERING:
7/8"x8" to 12" (mostly 10") wide and
variable length circular sawn N.W. to S.E. running
sheathing boards (not spaced) were nailed perpendicular
to and directly on top of the N.E.-S.W. running
rafters.
No roof shakes were observed. Tar paper comprised the final roof cover finish.
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:
Natural field rocks were utilized only under the ends of the two N.W. and S.E. wall
sills, while middle of the sill and spandrel logs were
set directly on the ground or left suspended.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS: Not all joists were visible.
Their number and centering were unobservable.
- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP:
N.E. to S.W. running joists were not attached to the
N.W. to S.E. running spandrel logs. Most likely they
were set directly on the ground.
- CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
None observed.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
The cabin door, window shutter, jamb, sill and head boards,
roof sheathing boards and tar paper finish are not original.
The
It is not known when the original roof was replaced.
interior was not closely observed due to the great amount of
collapsed roof and gable parts.
The four walls were original.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
The roof and gables have collapsed allowing moisture to increase dry-rotting and wood decay as evidenced by the badly
The ends
deteriorated floor boards, sill and spandrel logs.
of the first three S.E. and S.W. wall logs have been pushed
out of the S. corner notches, thus increasing weight presThe sills
sure on the other three corners and lower logs.
Both
and spandrels display the most signs of dry-rotting.
Alceiling plates and the 8th N.E. wall logs have fallen.
though field rocks were put under the four corners, no additional support was provided for the rest of the sill and
203
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
spandrel log lengths.
Structural sinking has caused ground
to 1st log contact hence decreasing cabin's chances of
survival.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS
(IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
Utilization of logs which were hewn on the sides first and
then numbered (with ROMAN NUMERALS 1 through 36) to track
the order of arrangement for during assembly.
Wooden pegs were used at the ends of the ceiling plates and
the top S.E. and N.W. wall logs in order to fasten the adjoining notches.
I6'-4"
B
A
-7.
NOTES:
A.
.k.
7 1/2" THICK HEWN LOG WALLS.
B. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION
WITH FLUSH OR BOXED CORNERS.
C. WINDOW SHUTTER MADE OF TWO
a
HORIZONTAL 3/4"x7" AND II 1/4"
CIRCULAR SAWN BOARDS WITH VERTICAL
METAL STRAP-HINGES USED IN THE OPENING.
D. LOCATION OF 6" ROUND STOVE PIPING.
WOOD STOVE HAS BEEN REMOVED.
I
-71N.
--i
::.
0
4.
0
C
/
I
7' 4"
/
I
)( 2'-1/24
16' -3 1/2"
SITE *05-05-55-193
RICHARD HAYDEN LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:1/4".sr-0"
t\.)
o
N
205
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
EUGENE R. STROUSS LOG CABIN
Site #05-05-58-19
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
N. Elev. = 19'-8";
E. Elev. = 25'-10".
S. Elev. = 20"-0"; W. Elev. = 25'-6".
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE):
Single-pen rectangular with loft located in the north half of
the cabin.
One wood stove piping hole through the loft in
the N.W. corner and the other in the center of the north wall
of cabin.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE
None observed.
NORTH
LENGTH:
19'-8".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
At the W. end = 9'-2".
At the E. end = 10'-3".
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
No wall openings.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
14 logs in height.
RANGE
= 61/2"
to 10".
AVERAGE = 71/2".
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
V-NOTCH.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 18".
RANGE
= 17"-18".
LOG END OVERHANGS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
None observed.
NONE.
2a)
ELEVATION ONE - NORTH
206
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2b)
"Papier mache"
newspaper and mud mix.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - SOUTH
LENGTH:
20'-0".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
At S.E. end = 9'-2".
At S.W. end = 9'-9".
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Window from S.W. corner: 4'-8" to 1F-1".
Door from S.E. corner:
20" to 4'-10".
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
6th and 11th logs were notched for a 3' high and 6'-5" wide
window opening.
1st and 10th logs were notched for 3'-2" wide and 5'-9"
(conjectured) in height door opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Windows and doors have been removed.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
14 logs in height.
- DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG
END OVERHANGS:
RANGE
= 6"-91/2".
AVERAGE = 8".
V-NOTCH.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 18".
RANGE
= 18"-19".
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2c)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3
LENGTH:
NONE.
None observed.
"Papier mache."
EAST
25'-10".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
S. end = 9'-8".
N. end = 10'-0".
Opening for window from S.E. corner: 3'-6" to 7'-4".
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
6th wall log square notched and 7th-8th sawn off for a
2=0" in height and 3'-10" wide window opening.
2c)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3
EAST
207
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Window has been removed.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
15 logs in height including the ceiling
plate.
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 61/2"-91/2".
AVERAGE = 7".
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
V-NOTCH.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 18".
RANGE
= 17"-18".
LOG END OVERHANGS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
NONE.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
NONE OBSERVED.
"Papier mache"
newspaper and mud.
WEST
25'-6".
LENGTH:
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
N. end = 9'-4".
S. end = 9T-8".
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
N. window from N.W. corner:
2'-10" to 9'-1".
Front door from N.W. corner:
11' -2" to 14'-4".
S. window from S.W. corner:2=8" to 9'-0".
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
6th-9th wall logs sawn for the two window openings, both of
The 1st log
which are 3'-0" in height and 6'-4" in width.
beneath the door opening is missing, but the 10th log was
square notched for the 6'-2" high door.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Windows and door have been removed.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
15 logs in height including ceiling plate.
= 6"-9".
RANGE
AVERAGE = 8".
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
V-NOTCH.
2d)
ELEVATION 4
WEST
208
LOG END OVERHANGS:
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 18".
RANGE
= 17"-181/2".
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
None observed.
DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
NONE.
"Papier mache"
newspaper and mud mix.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
HORIZONTAL LOGS:
6" to 91/2"
15 logs in each gable.
Gable logs measure
(mostly 8") .
GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
6'-10" wide x 3'-0" high loft window opening centered in the
north gable, and 4'-4" below the ridge line.
South gable opening is also centered and measures 6'-6" in
width and 4'-4" in height.
EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
At the north end:
20"-22".
At the south end:
20"-22"; 24" conjectured for the original
eave overhang.
TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
19'-6" measured at the north wall elevation.
4)
ROOF:
- ROOF FORM:
GABLE.
Approximately 45°.
- PITCH ANGLE:
DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
PLATE = 8" in diameter.
CEILING JOIST = 2nd joist from the south end notched
every 1611-18" for full-sized 2" x 4"s j_
to the joists for the loft floor boards.
RIDGEPOLE = 61/2" in diameter.
PURLIN = 6 pairs of purlins; 51/2"-7" range,
6" average
RAFTER = None.
TRUSSES = None
- ROOF COVERING:
on 18" centers.
SHAKES (Hand-rived) are in poor condition.
4)
ROOF
209
DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE = 3/8" x 6"-7" wide x 2'-6" to
3' long, with the majority being 2'-6" long.
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:
The sills are set directly on the
ground without any footing or support.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS:
None.
Originally dirt floor.
- FLOOR JOISTS TOSILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP:
Originally dirt floor, later NrS.running 1 3/4" x 5" boards
set on 14" centers inside on the ground with ErW.running
31/2" x 3/4" tongue and groove floor boards.
CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
NONE.
6)
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS,
Most of the cabin elements are original with the exception of the
N.-S. running floor supports and the floor boards which were
later added to what was originally a dirt floor.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
Generally, the cabin is in very poor condition and may collapse
Since the sills were set directly on the ground
at any time.
they have completely rotted and allowed for no ventilation beneath the structure. All of the lower wall logs are in poor
shape and the whole building is leaning out towards the west.
This along with the partial collapse of the lower south wall
The roof cover is in bad
increases the chances of falling.
shape and leaks water.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
The number of gable logs (i.e., 15) is greater than the wall logs
(i.e., 14), thus giving the roof a steeper pitch angle (i.e.,
about 45°) than most log cabins.
9)
OTHER
Considerable vandalism has also caused a great amount of damage
The doors, windows, some of the
to the interior of the cabin.
floor boards, and the staircase have been removed.
25' 6"
6' 4"
2"
2'
6'-4"
2' 1"
A
E
E
NOTES:
A.
GO
8" THICK (AVE.) W. AND S. LOG
WALLS.
8.
C.
7 1/2" THICK (AVE.) N. LOG WALL.
7" THICK (AVE.) E. LOG WALL
O. V-NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION
WITH 18" (AVE.) LOG END OVERHANGS.
E. REMOVED DOORS AND WINDOWS.
F. REMOVED STAIRCASE.
6. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF WOOD
STOVES AND THEIR PIPINGS
(BOTH REMOVED).
H. APPROXIMATE S. END OF N. HALF
CEILING LOFT.
GO
0
0
t--3 -1"
F
F
C
3'-6"
25*-10"
SITE 005-05-58-19
EUGENE STROUSS LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:3/16"=r-0"
211
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
ABRAMS TRADING POST LOG CABIN
Site #05-05-54-31
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
N. wall (E.-W.) = 12'-4"; W. wall (N.-S.) = 21'-2";
S. wall (E.-W.) = 12'-1"; E. wall (N.-S.) = 21'-4".
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE):
Single-pen rectangular.
One story design with no original
loft nor chimney.
1917 photo of cabin shows a wood stove
piping in the S.W. corner of cabin.
According to Jim
McNeill (1964), a large stone fireplace was built in the
mid-1890's in the S. end of the cabin (no evidence of it
remains presently) after H. D. McNeill took over the
trading post.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
Presently, there is no evidence of a porch or attached shed.
However, a 1917 photo of the cabin (from the Siskiyou Pioneer:
Vol. 3, No. 7. 1964, page 58.) depicts a lean-to (with its 3
sides open) at the S. end and a pole and shake constructed
room, with its gable roof about 3' to 4' higher than the
cabin's ridge line, added to the N. side.
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE
NORTH
LENGTH:
12'-4".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
4'-7" at the W. end.
4'-10" at the E. end.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 4'-6" to 7'-611" from the N.E.
Front door opening:
corner.
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
3= 1/2" wide x 5'-81/2" in height.
Front door opening:
The 1st through 7th wall logs were sawn off for the opening.
212
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - NORTH
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The door is made of 6 circular sawn vertical boards,
each measuring 1"x5 3/4".
Behind the boards, on the inside, there are 5 vertical battens, four of which measured
1/2"x3 3/4" and the other 1/2"x51/2".
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
7 hand hewn logs in height.
It was
not possible to determine the type of logs used.
However,
Jim McNeill (1964) mentioned that pine logs were used for
the walls.
- SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS:
RANGE = 51/2" to 6" in width or thickness and 71/2" to 9" in height.
TYPICAL = 6" in width and 8" in height.
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
The logs were hand hewn on two sides and on their tops and
bottoms.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG ENDS:
HALF DOVETAIL NOTCH.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
Hand split vertical cedar
shakes measuring le to 1/2" in thickness x 4" to 6" (mostly
51/2") in width and 14" to 36" (mostly 14" to 16") in length.
NAIL TYPES: Hand wrought square nails in the wall logs.
Round wire nails used in the vertical shake siding.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2b)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2
None observed.
None observed.
WEST
- LENGTH:
21'-2".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
4'-4" at the N. end.
4/ -9" at the S. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
There are no W. wall openings.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
plate).
7 logs in height (including the ceiling
- SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS:
RANGE = 51/2" to 6" in width or
thickness and 71/2" to 81/2"
(mostly 8") in height.
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: The logs were hand hewn on two sides
and on their tops and bottoms.
213
2b)
ELEVATION 2 - WEST
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG ENDS:
HALF DOVETAIL NOTCH.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
Hand split vertical cedar
shakes measuring 1/4" to 1" (mostly 1/4") in thickness x 6" to
10" (mostly 6") in width x 2' to 3' (mostly 2'-6") in
length.
NAIL TYPES:
Hand wrought square nails in the wall logs.
Round wire nails observed in the vertical shake siding.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2c)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3
None observed.
None observed.
SOUTH
12'-1".
LENGTH:
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM
W. end opening (unknown
Middle opening (unknown
E. end opening (unknown
4'-2" at the E. end.
4'-6" at the W. end.
A SPECIFIC CORNER:
function):
2'-7" to 4'-6" from
S.W. corner.
possibly a former door):
function
4'-6" to 7'-4" from
S.W. corner.
function): 7'-4" to 9'-81-1" from
S.W. corner.
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
W. end opening: 1'-11" wide x 4'-1" in height. The 3rd
through 8th (or the 1st gable log) wall logs were cut for
the opening.
The 1st
2'-10" wide x 5'-71/2" in height.
Middle opening:
through 10th (including the 1st through 3rd gable logs)
were cut for the opening.
The 3rd
2'-41/2" wide x 3'-10" in height.
E. end opening:
through 8th (or 1st gable log) wall logs were cut for the
opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: All three S. wall openings
have been secured with vertical circular sawn boards of
1"x12" and variable length.
The 1st wall log
7 logs in height.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
The 2nd and 3rd wall logs
(sill log) has badly deteriorated.
have each been replaced by 2 circular sawn 4"x6" x 4'-6"
(in length) planks.
214
2c)
ELEVATION 3 - SOUTH
- TYPICAL SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS:
6" in width or thickness and
71/2"
to 81/2" (mostly 8") in
height.
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
The original wall logs were hand
hewn on two sides and on their tops and bottoms. The 2nd
and 3rd original wall logs were each replaced by 2 circular sawn 4"x6"x4'-6" planks.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG ENDS:
HALF DOVETAIL NOTCH.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: Hand split vertical
shakes measuring 1/8" to 1/2" (mostly 3/8")x 6" in width
x 3'-O" (2'-0" gable siding) in length.
NAIL TYPES:
Same as the N. and W. elevations.
CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
None observed.
None observed.
EAST
LENGTH:
21'-4".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
4'-4" at the N. end.
4'-6" at the S. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
There are no E. wall openings.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
plate).
6 logs in height (including the ceiling
6" in width or thickness and 71/2" to
SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS:
9" (mostly 8") in height.
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
Same as the N. and W. elevations.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG ENDS:
HALF DOVETAIL NOTCH.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS: Hand split vertical
shakes measuring 1/8" to 3/8" (mostly 3/8") in thickness x
5" to 6" (mostly 51/21in width x 2'-6" to 3'-O" (mostly
2'-6") in length.
NAIL TYPES:
Same as the N. and W. elevations.
215
2d)
ELEVATION 4 - EAST
CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
None observed.
None observed.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL: 6 HORIZONTAL hand hewn logs
in the N. gable with mitered ends (to the roof pitch angle).
8 HORIZONTAL hewn logs in the S. gable with mitered ends.
Typical gable logs measured 6" in width and 8" in height.
Dimensions of the gable shake siding are similar to those of
the N. wall siding.
- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
There are no gable openings.
- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
4" to 6" overhang on the W. wall (to the more recent
corrugated iron roof cover).
8" eave overhang on the E. wall (to the corrugated iron
roof cover which is NOT original).
- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
9'-11" in height at the N. end.
9'-10" in height at the S. end.
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
Approximately 45°.
DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
HAND HEWN PLATE = 6" in width or thickness x 8" in height.
CEILING JOIST = NONE.
RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = 61/2".
PURLIN = 2 purlins on the E. side of the ridge
on 18" to 24" centers.
3 purlins on the W. side of the ridge
on 24" centers.
SIZE RANGE = 6" to 71/2" round.
TYPICAL
= 61/2".
RAFTER = NONE.
TRUSSES = NONE.
SHEETS OF CORRUGATED IRON nailed directly on
- ROOF COVERING:
top of the purlins.
216
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: MATERIALS:
Local FIELD ROCKS
(i.e., glacial erratics) are used under all four walls.
However, the foundation rocks and the 1st wall logs are
hidden by the shake siding on the walls.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = NONE.
The present floor boards
(circular sawn 1" x 11 3/4"s and 1" x 12"s) are laid directly on the ground without any floor joists.
This
floor system was put in at a later time than the original
construction date.
Because no evidence of the sill or
spandrel logs being notched or modified to receive or
connect with any floor joist system was observed, it is
conjectured the floor consisted of packed dirt.
CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
None observed.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
Several indications imply that some structural alterations
have occurred through time. Jim McNeill (1964) suggests that
"in 1912 the cabin was torn down and completely rebuilt by
R. Gordon Abrams, John Maxwell, Charles Roff, H. D. McNeill
(Jim McNeill's father) and Bill McClay...." while Jim McNeill
himself was present as a little boy.
Vertical shake siding with round nails has been put on the
exterior of wall logs sometime after the 1890's.
Original
However,
wall logs display the use of square nails only.
the exterior siding prevents detail observation of most of
the wall logs for evidence which may imply reconstruction or
re-assembly of the cabin and support Jim McNeill's statement.
The three S. wall openings are later modifications as displayed by the round nails and the circular sawn boards used
for the framing. Jim McNeill (1964) points out that in "the
mid-1890's...a large stone fireplace was built in the S.
end...."
It is inferred that the 3 S. wall openings were made because of
the stone fireplace construction.
The 2nd and 3rd original S. wall logs have each been replaced
The roof cover of
by 2 circular sawn 4"x6"x4'-6" planks.
corrugated iron sheets with 2 skylight openings is not original.
All of the cabin's interior elements, including the floorboards,
interior siding, partitions and the shelves are later modifications and NOT original.
217
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
The lower wall logs, i.e., the sills and spandrels, have considerable dry rot due to structural settling and sinking below
the ground surface.
The S.W. and N.E. corner notches have deteriorated.
However, the wall sidings obstructed any observation of the logs for their condition.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS - (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
The asymetrical arrangement of the uneven number of purlins
(i.e., 5 purlins total) is highly unusual. However, this
feature may or may not be original (see Section on GENERAL INTACKNESS).
Based on the arrangements or relationships of construction
parts it is conjectured that the walls were not reconstructed
as has been suggested by McNeil (1964).
REFERENCE:
McNeill, James
In The Siskiyou Pioneer, Vol. 3, No. 7, p. 58.
1964 "That Old House."
The Siskiyou County Historical Society.
Yreka, California:
21'-4"
NOTES:
A. 6" THICK HEWN LOG WALLS.
B. HALF DOVETAIL NOTCHED CORNER
CONSTRUCTION WITH FLUSH OR
C.
D
BOXED CORNERS.
ORIGINAL EXTERIOR FIREPLACE
OPENING COVERED UP WITH
CIRCULAR SAWN 1"2" VERTICAL
D.
E.
F.
BOARDS AS THE FIREPLACE WAS
REMOVED IN THE 1890'S.
1"at12" CIRCULAR SAWN VERTICAL
BOARD INTERIOR S. AND E. WALLS
FINISH (NOT ORIGINALL
1"1111 1/2" CIRCULAR SAWN
VERTICAL BOARD INTERIOR WALL
CONJECTURED TO NOT BE ORIGINAL.
e
I/2-4 1/2" TO 6" ROUGHSAWN
HORIZONTAL BOARD INTERIOR WALL.
G. 4"4" CIRCULAR SAWN VERTICAL
POST RIDGEPOLE SUPPORT.
H. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF
REMOVED WOOD STOVE AND ITS
PPING INOT ORIGINALL
13' 0"
2I'-2"
1
SITE *05-05-54-31
ABRAMS HOMESTEAD TRADE POST LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:1/4"1' -0"
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
LEO KINSMAN
219
LOG CABIN
Site #05-05-54-49
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
N. wall(E.-W.) = 17'-6"; E. wall(N.-S.) = 22'-0";
S. wall(E.-W.) = 17'-6"; W. wall(N.-S.) is not observable
nor measurable due to the recently (1960's) built enclosed porch which is used for storage and covers up the
wall.
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/
STOVE):
2a)
Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with a
loft in the S. half. The ladder to the loft is located
along the S. wall, 7'-0" from the S.W. corner. There
is a rock stone chimney at the S. end of the recently
added covered porch.
Wood stove piping goes through
the roof in the N.E. corner; however, the wood stove
itself has been removed.
No evidence of original chimney
observed. No original porch or attached shed was observed.
The Enclosed covered porch (W. side) was built in the mid-1960's
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - NORTH
Albien (1984).
17'-6".
- LENGTH:
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
6'-8" at the E. end.
7'-10" at the W. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 4'-8" to 11'-8" from the N.W. corner.
Window opening:
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
7'-0" in width x 3'-1" in height. The
Window opening:
4th and 8th logs were square notched and the 5th through
7th logs sawn off for the opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Present window is not original because of the makeshift
sill, jamb and head boards which have been put in more
recently to fit the existing three side-by-side 4 pane
The original winsash frames into the original opening.
dow has been removed.
2a)
ELEVATION ONE
220
NORTH
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
logs) in height.
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
10 logs (9 Douglas-fir and one cedar
RANGE
= 7" to 12" in diameter.
TYPICAL = 8".
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; WITH THE BARK.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
of logs only).
SINGLE SADDLE NOTCH (on top
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 12".
RANGE = 10" to 14".
LOG END OVERHANGS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
None.
Originally mud and moss mixture was utiliDAUBING MIXTURES:
More recently, cement has been put on top of the
zed.
original daubing.
2b)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - EAST
22'-0".
LENGTH:
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
7'-0" at the N. end.
7'-4" at the S. end.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
5'-9" to 11'-10" from the N.E. corner.
Window opening:
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
6'-1" in width x 2'-6" in height. The
Window opening:
4th, 5th and 6th logs were sawn off for the opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The window has been removed.
10 Douglas-fir logs in height incluNUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
ding the ceiling plate.
DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 5" to 11".
AVERAGE = 81/2".
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; WITH THE BARK.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
logs only).
SINGLE SADDLE NOTCH (on top of
2b)
ELEVATION 2
221
EAST
LOG END OVERHANGS:
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 12".
RANGE = 10" to 14".
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
Round.
CHINKING METHOD: None originally.
More recently variable
dimension circular sawn boards have been nailed in between
the 1st (spandrel) and 2nd wall logs.
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2c)
Same as the N. elevation.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3
SOUTH
- LENGTH:
17'-6".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
6'-8" at the E. end.
8'-4" at the W. end.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Window opening:
2'-6" to 8'-10" from S.E. corner.
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Window opening:
6'-4" in width x 3'-3" in height. The
4th and 8th logs were square notched and the 5th through
7th were sawn off for the opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The window has been removed.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
10 Douglas-fir logs in height.
RANGE
= 8" to 12" in diameter.
AVERAGE = 10".
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; WITH THE BARK.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
logs only).
SINGLE SADDLE NOTCH (on top of
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 12".
RANGE = 10" to 14".
LOG END OVERHANGS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
Round.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
None.
Same as the N. and E. elevations.
222
2d)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
WEST
The entire W. elevation is covered by a more recently (1960's)
built enclosed porch add-on which prevented measurements and
observations of the wall.
However, a 3'-0" wide door opening
located 2'-6" from the N.W. corner was observed. Also, the 10
wall logs (8 Douglas-firs and 2 cedars) were of similar range
and average diameters to those of the E. wall logs.
Corner
construction method was the same as the other corners.
3)
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
8 UNPEELED HORIZONTAL LOGS (6" to 8" in diameter) in each
Similar daubing mixture to the N. and E. elevations
was utilized. No chinking was observed.
gable.
GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
The 4th, 5th and 6th N. gable logs were cut for a 2'-6" x
2'-6" gable opening with a 4 pane sash frame window.
EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
14" overhang beyond the E. wall.
W. wall was not observable.
- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
S. elevation height was not
12'-4" at the N. elevation.
measured.
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
30°.
DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
PLATE = 7" W. plate, 8" E. plate.
CEILING JOIST = 61/2" in diameter.
JOISTS CENTERING = 2'-6" centers.
RIDGEPOLE (WITH THE BARK)= 6" in diameter.
PURLIN (WITH THE BARK)= 4 pairs; 4"-7" (mostly 6");
on 20" centers.
RAFTER = NONE.
TRUSSES = NONE.
3/4" x 6" to 12" wide and variable length
- ROOF COVERING:
circular sawn sheathing boards were nailed perpendicular
to and directly on top of the purlins. More recent tar
paper has been put on top of the sheathing boards as the
final roof cover.
223
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
The E.-W. running sills and
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:
the N.-S. running spandrel logs were set directly on the
leveled ground without any field rocks or other type of
foundation.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = Unknown number (unobservable).
TYPICAL FLOOR JOIST DIMENSIONS (IF VISIBLE) = Variable size
(unmeasurable).
JOISTS CENTERING = Unobservable.
FLOOR JOISTS TO SPANDREL CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP:
The E.-W. running joists are set directly on the ground
with no connections to the N.-S. running spandrel logs
Floor boards (unknown dimensions) are
(Albien 1984).
nailed perpendicular to the floor joists.
CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
NONE.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
With the exception of the following the cabin exterior is
original:
The W. side enclosed covered porch add-on with the rock
chimney were built in the 1960's (Albien 1984).
The N. wall window along with the roof sheathing boards and
tar paper covering are more recent alterations.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
The cabin is in very poor condition. This is mainly because
every wall log was left with its bark unpeeled, thus causing
wood decay and insect infestation. Due to the type of corner
construction method (i.e., SINGLE SADDLE NOTCH ON TOP) which
collects moisture, and lack of any kind of foundation, both
the log crown ends and the lower wall logs (i.e., sills and
Imminent collapse
spandrels) display considerable dry rot.
could occur at any moment.
224
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS - (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
All three window openings are much wider (i.e., 6'-1" to
7'-O" in width) than the average width of openings in the
recorded log cabins.
PRIMARY REFERENCE:
Albien, John (Local resident)
Personal communication regarding the history of the
1984
Reed Brothers log cabin.
George, Katherine
Memorandum letter to the Klamath National Forest.
1979
Yreka, California.
225
SITE *03-03-34-49
LEO KINSMAN LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:I/4'*-W
SHEET 2 OF 2
NOTES:
A.
B.
C.
8" THICK IAVEJ N. AND W. LOG WALLS.
8 I/2" THICK (AVE.) E. LOG WALL.
10" THICK (AVE./ S. LOG WALL.
D. SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED ON TOP ONLY CORNER CONSTRUCTION
WITH 18" (AVE.) LOG END OVERHANG PROJECTIONS.
E. REMOVED WINDOWS.
F. VERTICAL WOODEN LADDER SET IN A 24").34" (ESTIMATED/
OPENING THROUGH CUT LOFT FLOOR BOARDS.
G. APPROXPAATE EXTENT OF S. HALF CELING LOFT.
H. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF REMOVED WOOD STOVE AND ITS PIPING.
3.-0"
2' 6"-7'
A
/
C
244
I
2"
.-61--;
6' I"
22'-0"
5' 9"
SITE *05-05-54-49
LEO KINSMAN LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE.I/ 4"a 1.-0"
SHEET I OF 2
226
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
Site # 05-05-55-105
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
S. wall(E.-W.) = 11'-0": W. wall(N.-S.) = 12'-4";
N. wall(E.-w.) = 111-0"; E. wall(N.-S.) = 12'-6".
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/
STOVE):
One story design with no loft
Single-pen rectangular plan.
nor chimney. Wood stove (presently removed) piping goes
through the roof in the S.E. corner.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
No evidence of a porch or attached shed was observed.
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE
LENGTH:
SOUTH
11'-0 ".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): None of the original
heights could be measured due to significant differential
settling and sagging of all four walls. Present height is
4'-4" (middle of the wall).
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Door opening: From 3'-0" to 5'-6" from the S.W. corner.
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
2'-6" in width x 5'-10" in height. The 1st
Door opening:
(sill) through 5th logs were sawn off for the opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The door is made of 5 vertical circular sawn tongue and
It measured 2'-4" wide and 5'-8"
groove 1"x51/4" boards.
No threshold, jamb or head boards were observed.
in height.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
6 Douglas-fir logs in height.
2a)
227
ELEVATION ONE - SOUTH
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 81/2" to 12" in diameter.
MOSTLY = 81/2" in diameter.
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
TYPICAL size of sawn notches in all four walls measured
3" in depth or height, 9" in length (from the log ends)
and 8" in width.
- LOG ENDS:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
Round.
- CHINKING METHOD:
2" to 5" (mostly
No exterior chinking.
3" to 31/2") wide and variable length wedges of hand split
cedar were nailed on the interior only.
Mud made from the local soil which con- DAUBING MIXTURES:
sisted of gravelly sandy silty loam.
2b)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2
WEST
LENGTH:
12'-4".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Present height (badly
sagging) is 4'-10" (at middle of wall).
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 4'-9" to 8'-0" from the S.W. corner.
Window opening:
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Window opening:
3'-3" in width x 2'-6" in height. The
3rd, 4th and 5th logs were sawn off for the opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The window sill, jambs and head
Window has been removed.
However, their dimensions were
boards were hand split.
not measured.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
the ceiling plate.
6 Douglas-fir logs in height including
- DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE = 6" to 12".
MOSTLY = 7".
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
228
2b) ELEVATION 2
WEST
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
LOG ENDS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
Round.
CHINKING METHOD:
Same as the S. elevation.
Same as the S. elevation.
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2c) ELEVATION 3 - NORTH
LENGTH:
11'-0".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Present height (sagging)
is 4'-8" at middle of wall.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
There are no N. wall openings.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
6 Douglas-fir logs in height.
RANGE = 51/2" to 12" (sill log).
MOSTLY = 10".
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
Same as the S. elevation.
The 1st three N. wall logs are sawn FLUSH
LOG END OVERHANGS:
with the 1st three E. and W. wall logs. The 4th, 5th and
6th E. and W. wall logs project 6" to mostly 20" beyond the
adjoining N. wall logs.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
Round.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
LENGTH:
NONE.
Same as the S. elevation.
Same as the S. elevation.
EAST
12'-6".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Badly sagging present
height is 5'-0".
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
There are no E. wall openings.
229
2d)
ELEVATION 4
EAST
6 logs in height including the ceiling
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
plate.
RANGE
= 41/2" to 12".
AVERAGE = 7".
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG ENDS:
Same as the S. elevation.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
Round.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
NONE.
Same as the S. elevation.
Same as the S. elevation.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
4 ROUND and PEELED HORIZONTAL LOGS (same size as the rest of
the wall logs) in the S. gable, and 3 (of the same) logs in the
Similar interior chinking and daubing as those of
N. gable.
None was used on the exterior.
the S. elevation were utilized.
GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
There are no gable openings.
EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS): Due to deteriorated roof shakes no eaves were left to be observed.
- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
Original heights are unknown. Present badly sagging wall
heights are 7'-6" at N. end and 7'-8" at the S. end.
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
30°.
- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL
PLATE =
CEILING JOIST =
RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) =
PURLIN =
(DIAMETERS):
8" in diameter.
NONE.
6" in diameter.
2 pairs on 20" centers. Mostly 4" at
end and 6" at the N. end.
the S.
RAFTER = NONE.
TRUSSES = NONE.
230
4)' ROOF
- ROOF COVERING: Hand-rived cedar shakes were nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the purlins.
- DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE = 3/8" to 1/2" x 4" to 6" in
width x 24" to 30" in length.
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:
The E.-W. running sills and the
N.-S. running spandrel logs were set directly on the
leveled ground without any type of foundation material.
- NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS:
NONE.
Floor consisted of packed
dirt.
- CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
NONE.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
Both the exterior and interior of the structure are original as
NO modifications were observed.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
Lack of any
The cabin structure is in very poor condition.
foundation has caused considerable dry rot and differential
settling of the lower wall logs to the point of its imminent
The building is sagging and badly leaning towards
collapse.
The roof shakes have decayed, allowing moisture to reach
the N.
the interior.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS - (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
Considering the high site elevation of 5100' which receives a
great deal of annual snow fall, the cabin's roof had a very
light construction system, i.e., without any rafters, trusses
or sheathing boards.
I2'-6"
NOTES:
A..
B.
C.
8 1/2" THICK S. LOG WALL.
7" THICK E. AND W. LOG WALLS.
10" THICK N. LOG WALL.
D. REMOVED WINDOW.
E. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION
WITH FLUSH OR BOXED CORNERS.
F. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF REMOVED
WOOD STOVE AND ITS PPING.
3' 3"
4.-9"
12'-4"
SITE *05-05-55-105
DOG PATCH MINE LOG CABW
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:1/4"-1*-0"
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
232
Site #05-05-51-93
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN):
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
E. wall (N.-S.) = 10'-8"; N. wall (E.-W.) = 12'-8".
W. wall (N.-S.) = 10'-7"; S. wall (E.-W.) = 12'4".
PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE):
Single-pen rectangular plan.
One story with no loft nor
chimney.
Light tin wood stove and piping in the S.E. corner.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
Open Porch (presently deteriorated and not existing):
N. side = 5'-1" (beyond the E. wall).
S. side = 4'-11" (beyond the E. wall).
No attached sheds.
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE
EAST
LENGTH:
10'-8".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
N. end (presently) = 2'-5".
S. end = 6'-1".
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Door:
From 2'-31/2" to 5"-31/2" from the N.E. corner.
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Door opening: 3' -O" in width and 5'-6" in height.
The 1st through 6th wall logs were cut and the 7th square
notched for the door.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
2 axe split boards were used
on each side of the door for the jambs. On the right side of
the door a 1"x 6" and a 1 3/4"x 3" and on the left side of the
door opening a Px 7 3/4" and a 3/4"x 1 5/8" jamb boards were
nailed to the sawn wall logs.
There are no top (head) nor
bottom (threshold) boards.
The door is made of 5 vertical hand split boards, each measuring 1"x 61/2" to 7" and 5'-6" in length.
There are 4 vertical
shake battens (each 3/8" to 1/2" thick) in front of the boards.
Two hand-carved wooden handles and metal strap hinges were
used.
2a)
ELEVATION ONE
EAST
233
All the cabin logs are white fir.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
7 logs in height.
RANGE
= 61/2" to 7".
AVERAGE = 6 3/4". Mostly 7".
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
Axe-cut V-NOTCH, with typical
notch measuring 71/2" in width and 3" to 4" in height.
LOG END OVERHANGS:
OVERHANG AVERAGE =
RANGE
=
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
61/2" to 101/2".
NONE.
ROUND.
- CHINKING METHOD:
Wedge-shaped hand split cedar logs; typical
piece measured 2" wide, 2" to 3" in height, and varying lengths.
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2b)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2
LENGTH:
Mud from the local decomposed granite soil.
NORTH
12'-8"
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
E. end (presently) = 2'-6".
W. end = 4'-0" to top of the
very thick duff cover.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
No wall openings.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
ceiling plate).
7 white fir logs (including the sill and
DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE m 6" to 91/2".
Mostly 8".
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED. There is evidence of
curing (burning marks) by charring of the wall logs in order
to preserve them from insects and dry rot.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG END OVERHANGS:
V-NOTCH (axe-cut).
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 81/2" to 9" (W. end); E. end
completely deteriorated.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
NONE.
2b)
ELEVATION 2
NORTH
234
CHINKING METHOD:
Hand split cedar logs (burnt or charred for
curing), typically 2" wide, 21/2" to 5" in height and 2'-8" to
4'-7" in length.
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2c)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3
LENGTH:
Mud from the local decomposed granite soil.
WEST
10'-7".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
N. end = 3'-11".
S. end = 4'-6".
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
No wall openings.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
6 logs.
completely deteriorated.
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
Spandrel and 2nd wall logs have
=
71/2" to 9".
AVERAGE = 81/2"
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
V-NOTCH.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 9 3/4
RANGE
= 6 3/4" to 13".
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
Hand split cedar logs measuring 3" to 4" wide,
2" to 41/2" thick and 2'-8" to 4'-7" in length.
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
- LENGTH:
Same as the E. and N. walls.
SOUTH
12'-8".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
W. end = 4'-51/2".
E. end = 4'-101/2".
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Window Shutter opening: From 4'-8" to 6'-8" from the S.E.
corner.
- DIMENSION
Shutter
The 3rd
cut for
OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
2'-0" in width and 2'-3 3/4" in height.
opening:
and 6th wall logs are notched and 4th and 5th logs
the opening.
2d)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 - SOUTH
235
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: Just a window shutter
The wall opening
which opens upwards, and no glass window.
shutter consists of 3 hand split vertical boards, each 1 1/8"
There are 2 vertical
thick x 71/4", 51/2" and 71/2" in width.
The 2 side jambs
battens (each 1/2"x 4") behind the boards.
The
measure 1 1/8" to 1 3/16", 7" wide and 2'-31/2" in length.
window shutter sill is 1/2"x
Another 1"x 11/2" board
41/2"x l'-91/2".
is nailed on top of the sill.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
7 logs (including the ceiling plate).
RANGE
=
AVERAGE =
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
41/2" to 91/2".
ROUND; PEELED. There are burning scars
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
as evidence of curing by charring of the wall logs and the
chinking.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
V-NOTCH.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 9 3/8".
= 7" to 121/2".
RANGE
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
ROUND.
- CHINKING METHOD:
Charred to cure hand split cedar logs measur-
ing 2" to 41/2" in width, 3" to 41/2" in height and 13" to 36"
(mostly 2'-8" to 3'-0 ") in length.
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
Same as the other walls.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL: HORIZONTAL LOGS = 3 round and
peeled logs in each gable with similar chinking methods as the
The gable logs measured 6"-8" in diameter.
E. and W. walls.
- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
No gable openings.
EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
9" on the N. wall.
91/2" on the S. wall.
- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
7' at the W. end.
6'-6" at the E. end (partially collapsed at its N. end).
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
20°.
4)
ROOF
236
DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
PLATE
CEILING JOIST
RIDGEPOLE(BEAM)
PURLIN
=
=
=
=
6 3/4".
NONE.
6 3/4" at the W. end. 41/4" at E. end.
Range:
3" to 41/2" (E. end), Ave. = 3 3/4".
5 3/4" to 7" (W. end), Ave. = 6 5/8".
Purlins Centering:
Range = 18" to 23".
Ave. = 201/2".
RAFTER = NONE.
TRUSSES = NONE.
- ROOF COVERING:
SHAKES (hand rived) nailed perpendicular to and
directly on top of the purlins.
DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE:
14" to 1/2" (mostly 3/8") thick x 41/2"
to 61/2" (mostly 51/2" to 6") in width x 2'-6" to 3'-O" (mostly
2'-6" to 2'-8" in length).
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:
MATERIALS:
FIELD ROCKS under the sill and spandrel logs.
Split log chinking material has been wedged in between the
1st W. wall log (spandrel log) and the ground to provide
additional support and insulation.
- NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = NONE.
There are no
- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP:
floor joists nor boards, as the cabin floor consists of packed
The N. sill is completely deteriorated.
dirt.
- CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
NONE.
6)
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS: The cabin is completely in its
original intactness as no alterations or additions are observed.
7)
Considering the high elevation and the high
CONDITION OR SITUATION:
amount of precipitation that the cabin site receives, the structure
The N. sill and 2nd wall logs have decomis in good condition.
posed, which will decrease the survival chances of the cabin.
Also, the 1st and 3rd W. wall logs, the log ends at the S. W.
corner, and the N. end of the E. wall logs are rapidly deterioraAlthough there is a rock foundation, the decaying lower wall
ting.
logs will greatly increase the deterioration rate of the rest of
the structure.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS
(IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
237
Very light roof construction system and low pitched roof (i.e.,
20° pitch) angle for this site elevation (5760').
Also unusual
is curing of the wall logs and the chinking materials by burning
or charring them in order to preserve from insects and dry rot.
In addition to a rock foundation, this is the other reason for
the cabin to be still standing.
12' 8"
5.-1"
O
1
MOTES:
A.
7" TO 7 I/4" THICK IAVEJ
E. AND S. LOG WALLS.
B. 8" THICK N. LOG WALL.
C. 8 1/2" THICK W. LOG WALL.
D. V-NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION
WITH ABOUT 9" IAVEJ LOG END OVERHANGS.
E. HAND SPLIT VERTICAL BOARD
II 1/8"4 1/2" TO 7 1/2"I AND BATTEN
11/2"4"1 WINDOW SHUTTER.
F. LOCATION OF REMOVED WOOD
STOVE AND ITS PIPING.
G. FOUNDATION OUTLINE OF EXTENDED
ROOF ELEMENTS OPEN COVERED PORCH.
A
E
4' 8"
4' 11"
12.-8"
SITE *05-05-51-93
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:1/4"zr-0"
239
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
CLIFF VALLEY LOG CABIN
Site #05-05-51-130
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
N. wall (E.-W.) = 21'-2"; E. wall (N.-S.) = 15'-2";
S. wall (E.-W.) = 19'-8"; W. wall (N.-S.) =
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE):
Single-pen rectangular plan. One story with no loft nor chimney.
Wood stove in N.E. corner and stove piping hole between the 2nd and 3rd E. gable logs.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
Open Porch: N. side = 4'-10" (beyond the W. wall).
S. side = 5'-4" (beyond the W. wall).
Different measurements due to shifted walls.
May conjecture that original porch extension was
5'-0" beyond the wall.
No attached shed.
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - WEST
- LENGTH:
16'-0" (Rough Estimation due to the shifted logs ).
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Not possible to measure
original heights because of pushed-out wall logs.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Front Door:
From 3'-9" to 6'-9" (rough estimation) from the
S.W. corner.
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Door opening:
3'-0" in width; the height measurement was not
possible to record due to the pushed-out lower
wall logs.
5th wall log was square notched for the door
opening while the 1st through 4th were sawn off.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS: The door is made of 3 1"x12"
vertical boards, 6' in length each. The vertical boards are
held together by using 5 2"x4"s in a double Z-bracing method.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
6 logs in height.
2a)
ELEVATION ONE - WEST
240
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 11" to 18"
AVERAGE = 13 7/8"
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
Double square notch.
No overhang; FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
Round.
CHINKING METHOD:
Split wood with variable sizes.
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2b)
None.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2
- LENGTH:
NONE.
NORTH
21'-2".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
Not possible to take the
original height measurements.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Window:
From 8=61/2" to 11'-81/2" from the N.W. corner.
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Window:
3'-O" in width; height measurement not taken due to
collapsed wall logs.
3rd and 4th wall logs were cross-cut
sawn (with no notching) for the window opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Window has been removed.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
6 logs in height originally - Presently in
collapsed condition.
DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
RANGE
= 111/2" to 16".
AVERAGE = 13 1/8".
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
No overhang.
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
NONE.
ROUND.
- CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
Variable size split wood.
None.
2c)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 - EAST
241
15'-2".
- LENGTH:
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
Not possible to take original height measurements, because the wall is almost on the
ground, as only 3 wall logs remain.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: It was not possible
to measure opening distance from the corners because of the
However, the window opening appears
wall logs being pushed in.
to be centrally located in the wall.
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Window:
3'-O" in width; not possible to take height measurement nor to determine which wall logs were notched for the
opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
wall logs remain.
originally.
Window has been removed.
Due to severe dry rot, presently only 3
It may be conjectured that there were 6 logs
Only possible to measure one wall log.
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
is 11" in diameter.
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
No overhang.
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
NONE.
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
It
Variable size split wood.
None.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 - SOUTH
LENGTH:
19'-8".
Entirely collapsed.
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Not possible to measure location of the opening due to its inaccessibility (under collapsed logs).
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Unknown.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The window has been removed.
Unknown.
2d)
ELEVATION 4 - SOUTH
242
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
Only the plate log (10" in diameter) remains.
The rest of the wall logs are badly deteriorated and
not measurable.
(See above.)
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
No overhang.
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
Variable size split wood.
None.
HORIZONTAL LOGS - 5 round and
-GABLE ENCLOSUREAND EAVE DETAIL:
peeled logs in each gable. Typical gable logs measured 10"-12".
However, the metal
NO LOFT OPENING.
pipe for the wood stove comes out of a 6" round hole between
the 2nd and 3rd E. gable logs.
- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
No eave overhang.
EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
The eaves are flush with the side walls.
Presently,
- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
Due to its collapsing
6'-0" in total height at the E. end.
state, the original cabin height is unknown.
4)
ROOF:
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
Approximately 45°.
- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
PLATE = At W. end of S. Elev. 10".
At W. end of N. Elev. 111/2".
The E. ends of both plates have severely dryrotted.
CEILING JOIST = NONE.
RIDGEPOLE(BEAM) = At W. end of the single ridgepole 91/4".
= 61/4" to 8".
PURLIN = At W. ends, RANGE
AVERAGE = 7".
E. ends have dry-rotted.
RAFTER = NONE.
TRUSSES = NONE.
4)
ROOF:
243
- ROOF COVERING:
SHAKES (hand-rived) nailed perpendicular and
directly on top of the purlins.
DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE:
length and 9" to 11" wide.
5)
14" to 3/8" thick, 23" to 37" in
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS:
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:
MATERIALS:
Unknown.
Since the cabin is partially collapsed
and the meadow soil (sandy loam) is filling in the structure,
none of the foundation is visible. However, because of the
badly deteriorated lower wall logs and the collapsing state
of the cabin, it can be conjectured that there is no foundation and it was set directly on the ground.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS:
NONE.
- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP: There are no
floor joists nor boards.
The floor consists of packed dirt
(i.e., meadow soil).
It was not possible to determine the
sill and spandrel logs and their alignments.
- CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
NONE.
No obvious modifications or addi-
6)
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS:
tions are observed.
7)
The cabin is in very poor shape structurally.
CONDITION OR SITUATION:
Due to its extremely moist site setting (i.e., wet alpine meadow),
with little or no sunlight in the winter months, considerable dryrotting of the wall logs and roof parts is causing the collapse.
Possible lack of any foundation has also increased the deterioraOnly the logs from just below the gable up remain to
tion rate.
soon decompose.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS - (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT):
Considering the location of the cabin which receives high amount
of snowfall each winter, it is surprising that a light roof construction system was used, without rafters, sheathing boards and
trusses.
244
SITE *05-05-51-130
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:1/4".1'-0"
SHEET 2 OF 2
NOTES:
A. ONLY S. WALL LOG LEFT IS A 10" ROUND S. CELING PLATE.
B. ONLY ONE II" ROUND E. WALL LOG LEFT.
C. 13" lAVEJ ROUND N. WALL LOGS.
D. 14" (AVEJ ROUND W. WALL LOGS.
E. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH FLUSH OR BOXED CORNERS.
ORENTAT)ONS OF SLL AND SPANDREL L063 ARE UNOBSERVABLE.
F. REMOVED N. WALL WINDOW.
G. INACCESSIBLE AND UNMEASURABLE L AND S. WALL WINDOW OPENINGS.
CONJECTURED POSITION OF S. WALL OPENING IS BASED ON LOCATION OF N. WALL OPENING.
POSITION OF E. WALL OPENING APPEARS TO BE CENTERED FROM THE OUTSIDE.
H. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF REMOVED W000 STOVE AND ITS PPING WHICH COMES OUT OF
THE BULDING BETWEEN THE 2ND AND 3RD E. GABLE LOGS. 6'-0" FROM N.E. CORNER.
I EXTENDED ROOF ELEMENTS OPEN COVERED PORCH (COLLAPSED).
4' 10"
I
21' 2"
/
01
0
ii
O
1
411
6
40
1
4,
5' 4"
19'41"
SITE 05-05-51-130
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:1/4"1.-0"
SHEET I OF 2
245
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
WINDY GAP MINE LOG CABIN
Site #05-05-54-65
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
E. wall (N.-S.) = 12'-4"; N. wall (E.-W.) = 14'-2";
W. wall (N.-S.) = 12'-31/2"; S. wall (E.-W.) = 14'-0".
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE):
Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with no original loft nor chimney. Metal wood stove was located in the
N.E. corner on top of a 3'43" by 4'-3" rock hearth.
2a)
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
Foundation outline (i.e., packed dirt) of a former E. end
porch is barely visible. However, it was impossible to
There was no attached shed.
measure the exact dimensions.
Purlin ends extend 19" to 21" beyond the E. gable as evidence
of a former porch.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE
EAST
LENGTH:
12'-4".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
of the wall.
4'-8" measured at middle
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 3'-6" to 6'-4" from the S.E. corner.
Door opening:
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
2'-10" in width x 4'-6" in height. The
Door opening:
first wall and gable logs were square notched for the opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The door (with a 2'-51/2" total width) is made of 3 rough-sawn
vertical boards (measuring 1"x81/2", 1"x9" and 1"x111/2" each)
braced by two 1"x10" horizontal boards. The lintel or head
11/4" thick circular sawn
board is a circular sawn 1"x4".
jambs measured 6 3/4" and 81/4" in width at the bottom and were
tapered to 4 5/8" and 51/2" widths at the top of the doorway.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
3 Douglas-fir logs in height.
246
2a)
ELEVATION ONE - EAST
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
=
AVERAGE =
91/2" to 18" in diameter.
14".
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: The logs were left
ROUND WITH THE
BARK on the exterior, but PEELED on the interior.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
Typical square corner notch at the log ends in all four
corners measures 2" to 3" in height or depth and 14" to 15"
in length.
- LOG ENDS:
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
Machine-cut square nails in the chinking.
Variable size (4" to 6" wide) wedges of hand
CHINKING METHOD:
split Douglas-fir strips.
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2b)
None observed.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - NORTH
- LENGTH:
14'-2".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
Presently, 3'-6" at middle
of the wall. Original height is unknown due to differential
settlement and deteriorated logs.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: There are no
N. wall openings.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
ceiling plate.
4 Douglas-fir logs in height including the
DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
= 11" to 17".
RANGE
AVERAGE = 13 3/4".
The logs were left ROUND and WITH THE
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
BARK on the exterior, but PEELED on the interior.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG ENDS:
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
None observed.
No exterior chinking. Variable size (61/2" to
- CHINKING METHOD:
71/2" wide) wedges of hand split Douglas-fir strips.
247
2b)
ELEVATION 2
NORTH
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2c)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3
LENGTH:
None observed.
WEST
12'-31/2".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
Presently 3'-10" at middle
of the wall.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
There are no W. wall openings.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
3 Douglas-fir logs in height.
RANGE
=
AVERAGE =
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
141/2".
Same as the E. and N. walls.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG ENDS:
14" to 16" in diameter.
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NONE.
NAIL TYPES: Machine-cut square nails in the chinking.
other observed.
None
Variable size (5" to 11" wide) wedges of hand
- CHINKING METHOD:
split Douglas-fir strips in between the gable logs only.
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
None observed.
SOUTH
LENGTH:
14'-0".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
the wall.
5'-2" measured at middle of
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 5'-51/2" to 9'-O" from the S.W. corner.
Window opening:
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
3'-61/2" in width and unknown height. Only the
Window opening:
3rd log notch (for the opening) is visible as the 4th or plate
log has completely deteriorated in the middle.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Window has been removed.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
ceiling plate.
4 Douglas-fir logs in height including the
248
2d)
ELEVATION 4
SOUTH
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
=
AVERAGE =
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
Same as the E. and N. walls.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG ENDS:
11" to 15" in diameter.
13 3/4".
DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCH.
FLUSH OR BOXED CORNER.
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
None observed.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
NONE.
Same as the E. Elevation chinking.
None observed.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
There are 3 ROUND and UNPEELED HORIZONTAL LOGS in each gable.
The E. gable logs measure 7", 91/2" and 11" in diameter. The
W. gable logs measure 71/2", 10" and 11" in diameter.
- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
There are no gable openings.
- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
12" eave overhang on the N. wall. The S. eave and plate have
completely deteriorated.
- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND)
E. elevation height = 8'-4" (rough estimation from photos).
W. elevation height = 6'-8" (rough estimation from photos).
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
Approximately 30°.
- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
PLATE
CEILING JOIST
RIDGEPOLE (BEAM)
PURLIN
=
=
=
=
11" in diameter.
None.
Double ridgepoles: 61/2" and .6 3/4" each.
5" to
2 pairs on 20" centers. Range:
Ave.:
7 5/8".Purlin ends extended
91/2".
RAFTER = None.
19" to 21" beyond E. gable
TRUSSES = None.
for a former porch.
Hand-rived shakes were nailed perpendicular to
- ROOF COVERING:
and directly on top of the purlins.
249
4)
ROOF
DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE:
widths and lengths.
5)
3/8" to 1/2" thick with variable
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION:
MATERIALS: NONE.
The E.-W. running sills and the N.-S.
running spandrels were set directly on top of leveled ground
with no rock or other type of foundation under the walls.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = NONE.
There were no floor joists nor
floor boards.
The cabin floor consisted of packed dirt.
CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
6)
NONE detected.
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
No modifications or additions were observed.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
The structure's S. wall and roof have considerable dry rot and
are collapsing.
Due to lack of any type of foundation the sill
and spandrel logs have settled below the ground surface and are
Therefore, complete structural collapse
rapidly deteriorating.
is imminent.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS
(IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
Greater than normal (for known log cabins in the Klamath National
Forest) average wall log size, i.e., 14" in diameter.
61/2" and 6 3/4" double ridgepoles.
The site is located at an elevation of 4350' which receives high
It is functionally unusual that a
amount of snowfall annually.
light roof construction system without rafters, sheathing boards
and trusses, was utilized.
NOTES
A.
B.
C.
13 3/4" THICK N. AND S LOG WALLS.
14" THICK E. LOG WALL.
14 1/2" THICK W. LOG WALL.
G
D. DOUBLE SQUARE NOTCHED CORNER
CONSTRUCTION WITH FLUSH
OR BOXED CORNERS.
E. REMOVED WINDOW.
F. ROCK HEARTH FOR A REMOVED
METAL WOOD STOVE.
G. BARELY VISIBLE FOUNDATION
OUTLPIE OF A FORMER PORCH
CONJECTURED TO HAVE EXTENDED
APPROX. 5%.0. BEYOND THE
E. WALL ORIGINALLY.
ALL WALL THICKNESSES ARE AVERAGED.
SITE P05-05-54-65
WINDY GAP MINE LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:1/4-Nr-0-
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
251
Site #05-05-51-39
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
S.E. wall (S.W.-N.E.) = 13'-8"; N.E. wall (S.E.-N.W.) = 18'-8".
N.W. wall (S.W.-N.E.) = 13'-6"; S.W. wall (S.E.-N.W.) = 18'-11/2".
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE):
Single-pen rectangular plan.
One story design with no loft
nor chimney. Location of the wood stove and its piping was
not determinable.
- PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
Presently, the open porch is collapsed, but originally it extended approximately 9' -O" beyond the S.E. wall.
No attached sheds.
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - S.E.
13'-8"
LENGTH:
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
Original heights are not
measurable due to almost complete collapse of the cabin.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 10'-4" to 13'-4" from the S. corner.
Door opening:
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Door opening:
3'-0" in width x 6'-0" in height. The 6th wall
log was notched and the 1st through 5th logs were sawn off for
the opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The door is made of 2 6'-0" long vertical hand split boards
3/4" x 4" rough-sawn
measuring 11/2" x 10" and 11/2" x 17" wide.
boards were used for the side-way ()*) A-shaped bracing in
Hand carved wooden handle was used.
front of the door.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
6 cedar logs in height.
RANGE
= 91/4" to 161/2" (sill log).
AVERAGE = 11 3/8".
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
OR DOWN-SIDE OF THE LOGS.
SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED ON THE BOTTOM
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE
S.E.
252
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 13 1/8" only the N.E. end.
RANGE
= 9" to 19".
The S.W. end was too dangerous to measure.
LOG END OVERHANGS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
- CHINKING METHOD:
No chinking was used.
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2b)
NONE.
NONE.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - N.E.
LENGTH:
18'-8".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Not possible to measure
original heights.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Window: From 5'-10" to 9'-4" from the E. corner.
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
3'-6" in width x 2'-4" in height. Due to
Window opening:
collapse of the wall it is not possible to determine which
logs were cut or notched for the opening.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOW:
2 hand split blocks (3 3/4" x 91/2" and 3" x 91/2", both 2'-4" in
No window sill nor head
height) were used as window jambs.
The
window
is 6 pane sash
(lintel) boards were observed.
frame type, although the panes and muntins have been broken.
The sash frame measures A" thick x 21/2" wide all the way
around.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
6 logs in height.
DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 71/2" to 121/2".
AVERAGE = 9 5/8".
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
OF THE LOGS.
SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED ON THE BOTTOM
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 16".
= 15"-18".
RANGE
Based on 3 log end measurements. The rest were too deteriorated and unmeasurable.
LOG END OVERHANGS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
NONE.
2b)
ELEVATION 2 - N.E.
- CHINKING METHOD:
253
No chinking was used.
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2c)
NONE.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3 - N.W.
LENGTH:
13'-6".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Not possible to measure
original heights.
There are no wall
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
openings.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
5 logs in height.
RANGE
AVERAGE
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
= 81/2" to 12" (sill).
= 1014".
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
OF THE LOGS.
SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED ON THE BOTTOM
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 16".
= 121/2" to 21".
RANGE
LOG END OVERHANGS:
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
NONE.
NONE USED.
NONE.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 - S.W.
18'-11/2".
LENGTH:
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Not possible to measure
original heights.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
From 8'-10" to 12'-31/2" from the W. corner.
Window opening:
-
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Due to the collapse of the wall logs the opening height and
the logs notched for the opening were not determinable.
Width of the opening =
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
deterioration.
Unknown because of wall
2d)
ELEVATION 4 - S.W.
254
Presently only 3 wall logs remain.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
rest have deteriorated.
= 101/2" to 121/2".
SIZE OF WALL LOGS: RANGE
AVERAGE = 11 3/4".
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
The
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
OF THE LOGS.
SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED ON THE BOTTOM
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 13 3/8".
= 11" to 16".
RANGE
Based on 3 log end measurements.
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
ROUND.
- CHINKING METHOD:
NONE.
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
NONE.
NONE.
SINGLE HORIZONTAL LOG GABLE (S.E.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL:
Elevation) with 4 square notches (of varying depths) for 4 of the
6 purlins. The other 2 purlins are set on top of the 2 saddle
notches of the 6th S.E. wall log. The depths of the gable log
notches increase the farther away they are from the ridge line,
i.e., the closer a notch is to the ridge line the shallower its
In addition to the variable depth notches, a 21/2" thick
depth.
wooden block is nailed on top of the gable log to support the
These two gable characteristics create the roof pitch.
ridge log.
- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
There are no gable openings.
Unable to determine
- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
due to the displacement of the ceiling plates.
- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND): Not possible
to measure the original cabin height. Approximately 7'-8"
height is inferred from 1976 photos of structure.
4)
ROOF:
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
Approximately 10° to 15°.
- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
PLATE = N.E. wall = 8" (S.E. end).
10" (N.W. end).
S.W. wall plate is missing.
4)
ROOF:
255
- DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
CEILING JOIST = NONE.
RIDGEPOLE(BEAM) = 6" at S.E. end.
91/2" at N.W. end.
PURLIN = 81/2" at N.W. end.
51/2" at S.E. end.
RAFTER = NONE.
TRUSSES = NONE.
SHAKES = hand-rived Sugar pine shakes nailed
ROOF COVERING:
perpendicular to and directly on top of the purlins.
DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE =
to 7" x 2'-6".
5)
1/8" to 1/2"
(mostly 3/8") x 61/2"
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS:
SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: The N.E. to S.W. running sills and
the 1st S.E. and N.W. wall logs are set directly on top of
leveled ground with no rock or other type of foundation supports under the walls.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS:
CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
NONE.
NONE.
No modifications or additions
6)
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS:
were observed.
7)
The cabin has greatly deteriorated since it
CONDITION OR SITUATION:
was located about 8 years ago. The roof and most of the wall
logs have collapsed. Although it is partially standing, it is
dangerous to be near due to the instability from lack of foundation.
The up-hill soil is gradually filling in the structure.
8)
(IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT):
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS
Single horizontal gable log notched in 4 places for the purlins
along with a slightly raised (above the purlins) ridge log gives
the structure the lowest roof pitch angle (i.e., 10° to 150) obThis extreme low angle
served on the Klamath National Forest.
and the very light construction system of the roof are very unusual functionally because of the high site altitude (5920') and
the considerable accumulation of snow in the winters.
256
SITE *05-05-51-39
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:1/4"1.-0"
SHEET 2 OF 2
NOTES:
A.
B.
C.
D.
II 3/8" (AVE.) THICK S.E. LOG WALL WITH 13 1/8" LOG END PROJECTIONS.
9 5/8" (AVE.) THICK N.E. LOG WALL WITH 16" (AVE.) LOG ENO PROJECTIONS.
10 1/4" (AVE.) THICK N.W. LOG WALL WITH 16" LOG ENO OVERHANGS.
II 3/4" IAVEJ THICK S.W. LOG WALL WITH 13 3/6" (AVE) LOG END OVERHANGS.
SINGLE SADDLE NOTCHED ON THE BOTTOM ONLY WITH LOG ENO OVERHANG PROJECTIONS.
F. REMOVED WINDOWS.
G. FOUNDATION OUTLINE OF EXTENDED ROOF ELEMENTS OPEN COVERED PORCH ICOLLAPSEDL
E.
WOOD STOVE LOCATION IS NOT DETERMINABLE.
WALL THICKNESSES AND LOG END OVERHANG PROJECTIONS ARE AVERAGED.
9'-0"
18'-8"
C
1,-3'-5 1/2"
18'-1 1/2"
5' 10"
SITE 05-05-51-39
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:I/4"1*-0"
SHEET I OF 2
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
257
KRUEZ LOG CABIN
Site #05-05-54-129
Pyramid Mine Log Cabin:
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS):
N.W. and S.E. Elevations = 23'-0".
N.E. and S.W. Elevations = 19'-1".
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE):
Single-pen rectangular plan with no chimney and no loft nor
wood stove location observable.
PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
Covered porch under roof extension of S.W. wall - presently
No sheds.
collapsed = 10'-4" beyond the S.W. wall.
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE
S.E.
23'-0".
- LENGTH:
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 7'-7" (Taken at middle of
wall).
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Window #1:
5'-8" to 8'-6" from south corner.
Window #2: 14'-7" to 17' -7" from south corner.
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Window #1: 2'-10" wide x 2'-11/2" in height.
Window #2: 3'-0" wide x 2'-6" in height.
3rd and 6th wall logs have been square notched for both windows.
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
Rough-sawn boards were used for the window framing; however,
the windows have been removed.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
7 logs high.
RANGE
AVERAGE
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
= 91/2" to 16".
= 121/2" to 13".
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCH.
2a1
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - S.E.
LOG END OVERHANGS:
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 8".
RANGE
= 5" to 14".
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
ROUND.
- CHINKING METHOD:
None observed.
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2b)
258
Silty sand and mud, i.e., the local soil.
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2 - N.E.
LENGTH:
19'-1".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): 8'-1" (Middle of wall)
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER: No openings.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
7 wall logs + 7 gable logs.
DIAMETER SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
END OVERHANGS:
= 13".
DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCH.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 8" at
ave.=
RANGE
= 7" to
4"-7"
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
= 10" to 19".
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG
RANGE
AVERAGE
the E. corner;
7" at N. corner.
16" at the E. corner;
at N. corner.
NONE.
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
None observed.
Gravelly brownish silty sand, i.e., the local
soil.
2c)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3
N.W.
- LENGTH:
23'-0".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
8' -O" (Middle of wall).
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
14'-41/2" to 16'-101/2" from the N. corner.
Window:
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Window:
2'-6" in width x l'-111/2" in height.
5th and 6th logs sawn off and the 7th log notched for the window.
2c)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3- N.W.
259
- CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOW:
removed.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
Unknown - window has been
7 logs
including the ceiling plate.
RANGE
= 10" to 16".
AVERAGE = 12".
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
LOG END OVERHANGS:
DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCH.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 8".
RANGE
= 6" to 18".
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
ROUND.
CHINKING METHOD:
- DAUBING MIXTURES:
NONE.
Brownish gravelly silty sand, i.e., the local
soil.
2d)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 - S.W.
Collapsed and decomposing.
LENGTH:
19'-1".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND): Not determinable.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Collapsed window: 5'-4" to 7'-10" from W. corner.
Front Door:
39" to 79" from S. corner.
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Window:
30" in width and height not determinable.
Front Door:
40" wide and 74" in height.
Vertical position or provenience of the openings is not determinable.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
earlier photos.
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
7
conjectured, based on the N.E. wall and
RANGE
= About 9" to 16".
AVERAGE = 12".
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
ROUND; PEELED.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
Unknown.
DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCH.
AVERAGE = 8" conjectured at the S. corner.
= 6" - 12" from photos - guessed.
RANGE
2d)
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
ROUND.
None.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
260
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4 - S.W. - Collapsed.
Mud from the local silty sand.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL
- HORIZONTAL LOGS = 7 N.E. gable logs; N.W. gable has collapsed.
GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS:
None.
- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS):
14".
- TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND):
N.E. gable logs #3, 4 and 6
Note:
13'-6" at the N.E. gable.
have been saddle notched and the 2nd gable log cut for support
of purlins' ends.
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
GABLE.
- PITCH ANGLE:
Approximately 30°.
DIMENSIONS FOR TYPICAL (DIAMETERS):
PLATE = 10"
CEILING JOIST = None.
JOISTS CENTERING =s1N/All
RIDGEPOLE (BEAM) = Double ridgepole = 8" each.
PURLIN = 5 pairs on each side of the ridgepoles,
each 6"-7" in diameter, and on 20"-24" centers.
RAFTER = None.
TRUSSES = None.
COLLAR TIES = None.
COLLAR BRACES =a None.
- ROOF COVERING:
SHAKES = Rived Cedar shakes.
DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL PIECE = 1/4" to 3/8" thick, 5" to 8" wide, and
2'-8" to 3'-0" in length.
261
5)
FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION
S.E.-N.W. running sills are set directly on the ground with NO
rock nor hardwood block supports.
- NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS:
None.
- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP:
With no floor joists or boards, the cabin has a dirt floor.
CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
None.
6)
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
It appears that most structural members of the cabin are original
as no additions nor replacements from during repair or maintenance
were observed.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
The roof and the S.W. wall have collapsed and the roof shakes have
deteriorated, thus leaving the cabin very exposed to weather in the
winter months. Lower wall logs and sills are also decomposing due
to direct contact with the ground and lack of any ventilation and
sufficient drainage beneath the structure.
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS (IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
- Double ridgepoles = 8" round each.
- Above normal average wall log size, i.e., 12"-13" round.
262
SITE 005-05-54I29
KRUEZ LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:I/4-31.-0"
SHEET 2 OF 2
NOTES
A.
9.
C.
D.
12" THICK S.W AND N.W LOG WALLS.
12 3/4' THICK S.E. LOG WALL.
13" THICK N.E. LOG WALL.
DOUBLE SADDLE NOTCHED CORNER CONSTRUCTION
WITH el" (AVE.) LOG END PROJECTIONS.
E. REMOVED DOOR AND WINDOWS.
F. COLLAPSED EXTENDED ROOF ELEMENT OPEN COVERED PORCH.
WOOD STOVE LOCATION IS NOT DETERMINABLE.
ALL WALL THICKNESSES ARE AVERAGED.
I4'-4 1/2"
2'-6"
A
D
°):
SITE 05-05-54-129
KRUEZ LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
411
SCALE:1/4"=1"-0"
SHEET I OF 2
E
-1
5' 8"
10' 0"
2' 10"
I
6' I"
23' 0"
3 0"
263
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD
(CONTINUATION SHEET):
OLAN GRAN LOG CABIN
Site #05-05-55-89
SUPPLEMENTARY ARCHITECTURAL DATA:
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
- OVERALL EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS (ALL ELEVATIONS LENGTHS) OF THE
LOG ROOM:
N.E. Elev.(N.W.-S.E.) = 15'-81/2"; S.E. ELEV.(N.E.-S.W.) =
19'-8";
S.W. Elev.(N.- W. -S.E.) = 15'-5"; N.W. Elev.(N.E.-S.W.)
19'-8".
=
- PLAN SHAPE (INCLUDING GENERAL LOCATION OF LOFT, CHIMNEY/STOVE):
Single-pen rectangular plan. One story design with no loft
(in the log room) and no chimney.
The wood stove has been
removed; however, its piping goes through the roof just on
the N.W. side of the ridgepole 3'-0" from the N.E. wall.
- PORCH OR ATTACHED SHED PLAN MEASUREMENTS:
The ceiling plates, purlins and ridgepole of the log room
were left extended 21'-0" beyond its N.E. wall in order to
This N.E. side
form a vertical post and shake kitchen room.
attached kitchen was built with hand hewn vertical posts
(each measuring 81/2"x91/2"x5'-0" in height) which support the
extended ceiling plates, and vertical split shake siding
variable size with same dimensions as the roof shakes.
The Kitchen's N.W. and S.E. walls extend 18'-101/2" and 19' -O"
respectively, beyond the N.E. wall of the log room. The
Kitchen's N.E. wall (i.e., its width) measures 15'-8". It
has the same gable opening and roof construction system as
the log room.
The gable enclosure consisted of two half-round logs (61/2" in
diameter each) nailed and butted up against two 10" in diameter diagonal logs which were saddle notched on the bottom
Split vertical
and set on top of the purlins' N.E. ends.
shake siding (same dimension as roof shakes) was used on the
outside.
For the location and dimension of its three doors and two
windows, refer to the structure's floor plan drawing. The
Kitchen stove (presently removed) piping is located 2'-6"
on the N.E. side of the ridge line and 4'-10" from the N.E.
wall.
264
1)
FLOOR PLAN (MAIN CABIN)
There is a storage loft covering 3/4 length (N.E.-S.W.) of the
Kitchen from its S.W. end. 4" to 6" round ceiling joists were
used for the loft.
An attached wood and tool shed (presently collapsed) extended
21'-0" (its N.W. wall length) and 22'-6" (its S.E. wall length)
beyond the Kitchen's N.E. wall. The tool shed's N.E. wall
Its collapsed remains revealed
(i.e., its width) measured 16' -O ".
the same type of construction system as that of the Kitchen. However, it had a separate roof system from the Kitchen's.
No attached porch was observed.
2a)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION ONE - N.E. (LOG ROOM ONLY)
15'-81/2".
- LENGTH:
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
4'-10" at the N.W. end.
5'-4" at the S.E. end.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
7'-4" to 10'-41/2" from the N. corner.
Door opening:
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
The 1st log
3'-1/2" in width x 4'-7" in height.
Door opening:
(spandrel) was not visible around the door opening. The 2nd
through 5th logs were sawn off, and the 6th was square notched
for the opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
The door is made of three circular sawn vertical boards (3/4"
x 10 3/4"; 3/4" x 11"; 3/4" x 11 3/4") with diagonal Z-shaped
bracing. Two circular sawn 1"x9"s were used for the jambs.
No door threshold or head boards were observed.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
6 Douglas-fir logs in height.
AVERAGE HEWN LOGS = 91/2" in width or thickSIZE OF WALL LOGS:
ness and 121/2" in height or log diameter.
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: 5 logs were hewn on the sides but left
round on their tops and bottoms. The entire 5th wall log was
left round.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD: V-NOTCH. The notches were both
axe-chopped and sawn. Typical notch depth or height, as in
all four corners, measured 6" and 1" in width at its top.
Mud and gravel daubing was utilized in between the notches.
265
2a)
ELEVATION ONE - N.E.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 3'-6" (refer to floor
LOG END OVERHANGS:
plan drawing).
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
Round.
1/2" thick x 3" to 31/2" wide x 3'-0" to 4'-0"
CHINKING METHOD:
in length split cedar.
Mud (from the local decomposed granite soil)
DAUBING MIXTURES:
and gravel mixture.
2b)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 2
S.E. (LOG ROOM ONLY)
LENGTH:
19'-8".
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
5'-0" at the N.E. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Window opening: 6'-10" to 9'-10" from the S. corner.
- DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
3'-0" in width x 2'-61/2" in height.
Window opening:
The 3rd and 6th logs were square notched, while the 4th and
5th were sawn off for the window opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
However, two 6 pane
The window itself has been removed.
sash frame windows were observed nearby on the site.
The window sill = 1" x 7" x 2'-10".
Two circular sawn window jambs = 1" x 11" x 2'-6" each.
No head board was observed; however, a 1/2" thick (tapered to
a point) x 6" wide x 3'-0" in length split board was used as
a shade above where the head board would have been.
- NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
the ceiling plate.
7 Douglas-fir logs in height including
91/2" in width and 121/4" in
- AVERAGE SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS:
height. The round (unhewn) logs varied from 71/2" to 10" and
averaged 81/2" in diameter.
4 logs were hewn on the sides but left
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
round on their tops and bottoms. The 3rd, 5th and 6th logs
were left round but peeled.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
Same as the N.E. elevation.
266
2b)
ELEVATION 2 - S.E.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 5 3/4".
LOG END OVERHANGS:
RANGE = 41/2"
- EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
to 7".
NONE.
Round.
- CHINKING METHOD:
2" x 3" and variable length split cedar and
half-round 3" to 4" wide poles of variable length.
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2c)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 3
Mud and gravel mixture.
S.W.
15'-5".
- LENGTH:
HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
4'-10" at the N.W. end.
6'-3" at the S.E. end.
LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
Window opening:
From 6'-3" to 9'-3" from the W. corner.
DIMENSION OF EACH OPENING (THE LOGS NOTCHED FOR EACH OPENING):
Window opening:
3'-0" in width x 2'-6" in height. The 2nd
and 5th logs were square notched, while the 3rd and 4th were
sawn off for the opening.
CONSTRUCTION OF WINDOWS AND DOORS:
However, a couple of 6 pane
The window has been removed.
sash frame windows were observed nearby on the site.
The window sill and head boards = 3/4" x 7" x 2'-10" each.
Two window jambs = 3/4" x 11" x 2'-5" each.
All the above boards are circular sawn.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
6 Douglas-fir logs in height.
AVERAGE = 9k" in width and 111/2" in
SIZE OF HEWN WALL LOGS:
height. The round (unhewn) logs averaged 91/2" in diameter.
4 logs were hewn on the sides but left
- TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS:
round on their tops and bottoms. The 4th and 6th logs were
left round but peeled.
- CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
Same as the N.E. elevation.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 6".
RANGE = 5" to 7".
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
Round.
NONE.
267
2c)
ELEVATION 3 - S.W.
CHINKING METHOD:
DAUBING MIXTURES:
2d)
EXTERIOR ELEVATION 4
Same as the N.E. Elevation.
Same as the N.E. elevation.
N.W. (LOG ROOM ONLY)
- LENGTH:
19'-8".
- HEIGHT (BOTTOM OF GABLE TO GROUND):
5'-3" at the N.E. end.
5'-3" at the S.W. end.
- LOCATION OF OPENINGS FROM A SPECIFIC CORNER:
There are no N.W. wall openings.
NUMBER OF WALL LOGS:
6 logs in height including the ceiling
plate.
- SIZE OF WALL LOGS:
RANGE
= 81/2" to 13" in diameter.
AVERAGE = 10" in diameter.
The hewn section of the logs (i.e., beyond the N.E. wall
only) averaged 91/2" in width and 101/2" in height.
TREATMENT OF WALL LOGS: The logs were left round except beyond the N. corner notches or the N.E. wall for 3'-6" where
they were hewn on the sides but left round on their tops
and bottoms. The ceiling plate was hewn 5'-0" from the
S.W. wall (only) on its inside.
CORNER CONSTRUCTION METHOD:
- LOG END OVERHANGS:
Same as the N.E. elevation.
OVERHANG AVERAGE = 6".
RANGE = 41/2" to 61/2".
EXTERIOR WALL FINISHES OR SIDINGS:
- NAIL TYPES:
NONE.
Round
2" x 3" and variable length (one piece mea- CHINKING METHOD:
sured 15'-0" in length) split cedar.
DAUBING MIXTURES:
3)
Mud and gravel mixture.
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND SAVE DETAIL (LOG ROOM ONLY)
9 HEWN (except for two) HORIZONTAL LOGS IN THE S.W. gable and
10 HEWN (some left ROUND) HORIZONTAL LOGS in the N.E. gable.
Similar chinking as the N.E. elevation's was utilized in both
gables.
No daubing was observed.
268
3)
GABLE ENCLOSURE AND EAVE DETAIL (LOG ROOM ONLY)
- GABLE OPENING DIMENSIONS: One opening (as vent) measuring 12"
in width and 21" in height was centrally located in each
The 6th and 9th gable logs were square notched,
gable.
while the 7th and 8th sawn for the openings. Inside shutter
doors were used for both openings.
- EAVE PROJECTION (BEYOND THE SIDE WALLS)
9" eave overhang on both the N.W. and S.E. walls.
TOTAL BUILDING HEIGHT (FROM RIDGE LINE TO GROUND)
12'-10" at the N.E. end.
13'-8" at the S.W. end.
4)
ROOF
- ROOF FORM:
- PITCH ANGLE:
GABLE.
45°.
- DIMENSIONS FOR AVERAGE (DIAMETERS):
HEWN PLATE = 10" in width or thickness and 11" in
height. Both plates were carved (or
tapered to oval-shape ends) on their
bottoms to about half the original
diameters of the logs (refer to photos
of structure).
CEILING JOIST = NONE.
Carved to ovalRIDGEPOLE BEAM = 10" in diameter.
shape ends as in the plates at the
S.W. end.
PURLIN = 3 pairs (10" to 12" in diameter) set
on 22" average centers. All were
carved to oval shape at their S.W.
ends (similar to the plates).
RAFTER = NONE.
TRUSSES = NONE.
Three layers of hand split boards and shakes
- ROOF COVERING:
were used. The 1st layer of split boards, nailed perpendicular to and directly on top of the purlins, measured (mostly)
The 2nd and 3rd layers of split cedar
1" x 6" x 3'-6".
A (18" x 24" 6 pane
shakes measured mostly 1/2" x 6" x 3'-6".
sash frame window) skylight was put in the roof on the S.E.
side of the ridgepole and 8'-6" from the S.W. wall.
269
5)
'FOUNDATIONS AND FLOOR SYSTEMS
- SILL TO GROUND CONNECTION: Field rocks were used under the
(S.W. to N.E. running) S.E. sill log. However, the N.W.
wall sill and the two S.E. to N.W. running spandrel logs
were set directly on the ground as no foundations were observed.
NUMBER OF FLOOR JOISTS = Only two 6" in diameter floor joists
(set on 2'-10" centers) were visible from the root cellar.
- FLOOR JOISTS TO SILLS CONNECTION OR RELATIONSHIP: The N.W. S.E. running joists were not connected to the N.E.-S.W.
Instead, they were set directly on the ground
running sills.
1" x 11" circular
and nailed to the sills at their ends.
sawn floor boards (Not tongue and groove) were nailed perpendicular to the joists.
CELLAR OR CRAWL SPACE:
A 61-0" x 8'-0" x approximately 5'-0"
in depth root cellar with a trap door on the cabin floor
was located in the center of the log room. Cellar construcField rocks were
tion consisted of a rock wall crib system.
piled behind vertical posts, horizontal logs (some hewn and
some left round), and split boards which were layered perpendicular to each other in order to provide tension on the
horizontal boards and form the retaining side walls of the
cellar.
6)
GENERAL INTACTNESS OR ALTERATIONS
The cabin structure is entirely original as NO modifications
It is possible but not certain that the collapsed
were observed.
N.E. wood and tool shed may have been a later (but not recent)
add-on.
7)
CONDITION OR SITUATION
The log room and the kitchen are structurally (i.e., the walls)
Due to some dry rot, the log crown'ends display
in sound shape.
slight cracking and splitting across the grain. Lack of any
windows or doors allows moisture inside and may cause further
Several of the roof shakes need to be redry rot to occur.
Some
of
the
chinking is coming apart and trapping moisture.
placed.
Because of lack of foundation under the spandrels and the N.W.
sill log, some deterioration and settling has occurred. The N.W.
wall of the Kitchen shows differential settling. Some of the
Kitchen's shake siding requires replacement.
270
8)
UNUSUAL FEATURES OR DETAILS
(IN ANY OF THE ABOVE IF PRESENT)
The following features of this structure are unique, i.e., the
only examples observed in the Klamath National Forest.
Utilization of both hewn and round (unhewn) logs in all four
walls.
Extremely long roof elements, i.e., the ridgepole, purlins and
ceiling plates, which were left extended 21'-0" beyond the N.E.
wall of the log room in order to form the Kitchen roof.
The ridgepole, plates and purlins projected 22" beyond the S.W.
wall and were carved or tapered to oval-shape ends of about oneThey were carved and taperhalf the logs' original diameters.
ed on their bottoms only with a drawknife,starting 6" beyond the
exterior of S.W. wall, or 16" from the ends of the roof elements.
An interior (log room) root cellar with crib system of retaining
rock walls (see section on FOUNDATION for construction details).
271
SITE 005-05-55-89
OLAN GRAN LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:3/16"x1.-0"
SHEET 2 OF 2
NOTES:
9 1/2" (AVEJ THICK N.E.. S.E. AND S.W. LOG (SOME HEWN AND SOME LEFT ROUND) WALLS.
10" (AVE..) THICK N.W. ROUND (EXCEPT FOR THE HEWN OVERHANG PORTION) WALL LOGS.
C. V-NOTCH CORNER CONSTRUCTION WITH 6" (AVEJ LOG END OVERHANGS
WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE 3.-6" N.E. SIDE PROJECTIONS.
D. 6.-0"x8.-0"31APPROX. 5.-0" IN DEPTH SUB-TERRANEAN ROOT CELLAR
WITH A 2'4' TRAP DOOR CENTERED ON THE LOG ROOM FLOOR.
E. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF LOG ROOM WOOD STOVE (REMOVED) ANO ITS PIPING.
F. N.E.. S.E. AND N.W. WALLS OF ATTACHED KITCHEN BUILT OF HAND HEWN VERTICAL
POSTS MEASURING 8 I/2"x9 1/2"x5.-0" IN HEIGHT WHICH SUPPORT THE EXTENDED
CEILING PLATES. AND HAND SPLIT VERTICAL SHAKE SIDING OF VARIABLE SIZE.
ALL WINDOWS AND DOORS HAVE BEEN REMOVED.
A.
B.
G. HAND HEWN VERTICAL POSTS (8 I/2"x9 1/2"4'.-0" IN HEIGHTI.
H. APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF REMOVED KITCHEN STOVE AND ITS PIPING.
ON THE N.E. SIDE OF THE KITCHEN AN ATTACHED WORK AND TOOL SHED OF SIMILAR CONSTRUCTION
AND WIDTH EXTENDED 21.-0" TO 22.-6" BEYOND THE N.E. KITCHEN WALL BUT HAS COMPLETELY
COLLAPSED.
19' 8"
19'-0"
t 3' -0"
t-2' -41---- 4.-1"
/
6' 10"
1'
4
A
(7t
0
D
0
L
B
J,
11"-4
18' -10 1/2"
SITE 105-05-55-09
OLAN GRAN LOG CABIN
FLOOR PLAN
SCALE:3/16.'1.-0"
SHEET I OF 2
271b
APPENDIX III
272
TABLE A
Sources for Described Ethnic Trait Origins Used as Comparative Data
A=Anglo-Saxon C=Czechoslovakian F=French G=German S=Scandinavian
VARIABLE
1.
2.
3.
4.
Square
Floor Plan
Rectangular
Floor Plan
Loft
Wood Stoves
Exterior Gable
End, Centered
Sidewall Fireplace
6. Back Endwall
Exterior Fireplace
7. Gable End
Extended Roof
Elements (Porch)
8. Lean-to Gable End
Pentporch Roof between lst/2nd Floors
9. End Sheds
10. Attached Lean-to
Sidewall Shed
11. Centered Window &
Off-Centered Door
12. Centered Door
Mercer
(1927)
Glassie
(1963)
Glassie
(1965)
Busher
(1966)
Knif fin (1966)
& Glassie
A
S
5.
G
A
A
A
G,F,S
S
A
Opening
13. Symmetrical Front &
Rear Door Openings
14. Round Wall Logs
15. Hcwn Wall Logs
16. Square Corner Notch
17. V-Notch Corners
18. Saddle Corner Notch
19. Half-Dovetail
Corner Notch
20. Corner Post
21. Log End Overhang
22. Flush/Boxed Corner
G,S
G,S
S
S
G
S
G,S,Cz
G,S
G
G,S,Cz
G,S,F
TABLE A, Page 2
VARIABLE
Mercer
Glassie
Glassie
Busher
(1927)
(1963)
(1965)
(1966)
23. Chinking
24. Daubing
25. Horizontal
Log Gable
26. Vertical
Board Gable
27. Horizontal
Board Gable
28. Ridgepole and
Purlins
No Rafters
29. Ridgepole and
Rafters
No Purlins
30. Mitered Rafters
and Sheathing
No Ridgpole
No Purlins
31. Rafter & Purlins
without Ridgepole
32. Roof Pitch Angle < 35°
33. Roof Pitch Angle > 45'
34. Ceiling Joists
on Ceiling Plates
35. Ceiling Joists 2 or
More Logs below
Ceiling Plates
36. Shake Roof Cover
37. Shingle Roof Cover
38. Low Native
Rock Foundation
39. Round Wood
Pier Footing
40. Sills in Sidewalls
41. Sills in Front
and Rear Walls
42. Floor Joists
Notched onto
S
S
G
S
S
S
A
G
A
Sills
43. Floor Joists Set
Directly on Ground
or Foundation with
No Sill Connection
G
Knif f in (1966)
& Glassic
273
274
TABLE A, Page 3
VARIABLE
Knif fen
(1969)
1.
Square
3.
Floor Plan
Rectangular
Floor Plan
Loft
4.
Wood Stoves
2.
Beater & Brunskill
Ellis (1963) (1978)
A
Exterior Gable
End, Centered
Sidewall Fireplace
6. Back Endwall
Exterior Fireplace
7. Gable End
Extended Roof
Elements (Porch)
8. Lean-to Gable End
Pentporch Roof between 1st/2nd Floors
9. End Sheds
10. Attached Lean-to
Sidewall Shed
11. Centered Window &
Off-Centered Door
12. Centered Door
A
A
A
A
A,G
A
A
A
A
A
S,F
Opening
13. Symmetrical Front &
Rear Door Openings
14. Round Wall Logs
15. Hewn Wall Logs
16. Square Corner Notch
17. V-Notch Corners
18. Saddle Corner Notch
19. Half-Dovetail
Corner Notch
20. Corner Post
21. Log End Overhang
22. Flush/Boxed Corner
Remple Rock
(1980) (1980)
A
A
5.
Jordan
(1978)
G
G,F
A
A
A
G
A
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S,F
G
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G
G,S
G
G,S
A
G,S,Cz
G,S
F
F
G,S,F
F
G,S
G,S,Cz
S
G
G
VARIABLE
275
TABLE A, Page 4
Knif f en Bealer & Brunskill
Jordan Remple Rock
(1978)
(1980) (1980)
(1969)
Ellis (1963) (1978)
23. Chinking
24. Daubing
25. Horizontal
Log Gable
26. Vertical
Board Gable
27. Horizontal
Board Gable
28. Ridgepole and
Purlins
No Rafters
29. Ridgepole and
Rafters
No Purlins
30. Mitered Rafters
and Sheathing
No Ridgpole
No Purlins
31. Rafter & Purlins
without Ridgepole
32. Roof Pitch Angle < 35'
33. Roof Pitch Angle > 45'
34. Ceiling Joists
on Ceiling Plates
35. Ceiling Joists 2 or
More Logs below
Ceiling Plates
36. Shake Roof Cover
37. Shingle Roof Cover
38. Low Native
Rock Foundation
39. Round Wood
Pier Footing
40. Sills in Sidewalls
41. Sills in Front
and Rear Walls
42. Floor Joists
Notched onto Sills
43. Floor Joists Set
Directly on Ground
or Foundation with
No Sill Connection
G,Cz
A
G,S
G
G
A
S
S
A
A
A
G,A
A
A
S
S
A
A,G
A
A
G
G
G
S
G
A
G,S
A
A
G,A
TABLE B
276
Index of Ethnic Trait Compatibility
A=Anglo-Saxon C=Czechoslovakian F=French G=German S=Scandinavian
VARIABLES
CASE #
Builder's
Background
2. Floor Plan
3.
Loft
4. Chimney/Stove
5. Porch
6.
Attached Shed
7. Position of
Openings
8. Treatment
of Wall Logs
9.
Corner
Construction
10. Log Ends Overhang
11. Chinking
12. Daubing
13. Gable Enclosure
14. Roof System
1.
Roof Pitch Angle
16. Ceiling Joists
on Plate
17. Roof Cover
18. Foundation
19. Position of Sills
20. Connection of
Floor Joists
15.
21. Cellar
22. Scale or Index
of Ethnic Trait
Compatibility
54-82
54-68
55-90
51-144
51-41
52-194
54-50
Anglo- Scandi- Anglo- AngloSaxon navian Saxon Saxon
AngloSaxon
A,G,S A,G
A,G,S
A,G,S
A,G,S
0
0
A,G
0
G
G
G
G
G
0
0
0
F
G,F
F
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G,S,F
G,S,F
G,S,F
A
G,S,F
A
G,S,F
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
F,G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
F,G,S
C
S
S
S
S
S
S
A,G,S
A,G.S
0
A,G
A,G
G
A
0
G,Cz
G,Cz
G,Cz
G,Cz
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
A,S
S
S
S
S
S
S
A,G
S
S
A
S
S
S
A,G
A,G
S
S
A,G
A,G
0
A
A
0
A
A
0
C
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G,A
G
G
G
0
G,S
A
A
G,S
G,S
A
G
0
0
A
A
A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G,Cz
G,Cz
G,Cz
G,S
G,S
S
1.33
1.50
5.66
G,S
4.33
G,S
1.83
277
TABLE B, Page 2
A=Anglo-Saxon C=Czechoslovakian
F=French G=German S=Scandinavian
VARIABLES
CASE #
Builder's
Background
2. Floor Plan
3.
Loft
4. Chimney/Stove
5.
Porch
6. Attached Shed
7.
Position of
Openings
8. Treatment
of Wall Logs
9.
Corner
Construction
10. Log Ends Overhang
11. Chinking
12. Daubing
13. Gable Enclosure
14. Roof System
15. Roof Pitch Angle
16. Ceiling Joists
on Plate
17. Roof Cover
18. Foundation
19. Position of Sills
20. Connection of
Floor Joists
1.
21. Cellar
22. Scale or Index
of Ethnic Trait
Compatibility
54-122
German
54-168
Anglo
55-208
54 -47
51-116
54-138
Anglo Shasta
French
Saxon
Saxon
Indian
55-18
AngloSaxon
A,G,S
A,G,S
A,G,S
A,G,S
A,G,S
A,G,S
A,G,S
A,G
0
0
A,G
A,G
A,G
0
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
F
0
F
G
F
F
0
0
0
0
0
A
A,G
0
G,S,F
G,S,A
G,S,F
A
G,S,F
G,S,F
G,S,F
G,S
G,S
F,G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
F,G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S,Cz
S
G
G
G
G
S
G
G,Cz
G,Cz
G,Cz
G,Cz
G,Cz
G,Cz
S
G,S
G,S
0
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G
S
S
G
G
0
S
A
S
S
G,A
A
0
S
S
S
S
G,A
S
S
S
A
0
0
A
A
A
0
0
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
0
0
G
G
G,S
G,S
A
A
A
G,S
A
0
0
0
0
0
A
G
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.66
.33
1.66
o
4.83
9
1.33
278
TABLE B, Page 3
A=Anglo-Saxon C=Czechoslovakian F=French G=German S=Scandinavian
VARIABLES
CASE #
55-193
58-19
54-31
54-49
55-105
51-93
Builder's
Background
Dutch
A,G,S
A,G,S
A,G,S
A,G,S
A,G,S
A,G,S
0
A,G
0
A,G
0
0
4.
Floor Plan
Loft
Chimney/Stove
G
G
A
G
G
G
5.
Porch
0
0
0
0
0
F
6.
Attached Shed
Position of
0
0
0
0
0
0
A
G,S,G
A
G,S,F
G,S,F
G,S,F
F,G,S
G,S
F,G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S,Cz
G,S
G,S
G,S
G
S
G
S
G
S
S
S
S
S
0
G,S
0
A,S
S
G,A
1.
2.
3.
7.
German
Anglo
Saxon
Openings
Treatment
of Wall Logs
9. Corner
Construction
10. Log Ends Overhang
11. Chinking
12. Daubing
13. Gable Enclosure
14. Roof System
15. Roof Pitch Angle
16. Ceiling Joists
on Plate
17. Roof Cover
18. Foundation
19. Position of Sills
20. Connection of
Floor Joists
21. Cellar
22. Scale or Index
8.
of Ethnic Trait
Compatibility
G,Cz
G,Cz
G,S
G,S
G,S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
A,G
A,G
A,G
S
S
S
0
A
0
A
0
0
0
G
G
0
G
G
G
0
G
0
0
G
A
G,S
A
G,S
A
G,S
G
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.66
0
0
0
3.83
279
TABLE B, Page 4
A=Anglo-Saxon C=Czechoslovakian F=French G=German S=Scandinavian
VARIABLES
CASE #
I.
2.
Builder's
Background
Floor Plan
Loft
4. Chimney/Stove
5. Porch
6. Attached Shed
7. Position of
Openings
8. Treatment
of Wall Logs
9. Corner
Construction
10. Log Ends Overhang
11. Chinking
12. Daubing
13. Gable Enclosure
14. Roof System
15. Roof Pitch Angle
16. Ceiling Joists
on Plate
17. Roof Cover
18. Foundation
19. Position of Sills
20. Connection of
Floor Joists
21. Cellar
22. Scale or Index
3.
of Ethnic Trait
Compatibility
51-130
54-65
51-39
54-129
55-89
Latin Scand i
nav ian
A,G,S
A,G,S
A,G,S
A,G,S
A,G,S
0
0
0
0
0
G
G
G
G
G
F
F
F
F
0
0
0
0
0
A
G,S,F
G,S,F
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G,S
G
G
S
S
S
S
S
G,S,F G,S,F
G,S,F
G,Cz
G,Cz
G,Cz
0
0
0
G,S
G,S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
A,G
S
S
S
A,G
0
0
0
0
0
G
G
G
G
G
0
0
0
0
G
0
G,S
A
A
G,S
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
5.66