202 Dalton Hall, Rock Hill, SC 29733 • 803/323-2111 • 803/323-3448 (Fax) • biology@winthrop.edu
Table of Contents
Introduction Statement
Core Program in Biology
Keeping Up With Your Progress
Degree Checklist (Academic Inventory Sheets)
Suggested General Program Plan for Biology Majors
Advanced Placement in Biology
Schedule of Undergraduate Offerings in Biology
Attendance Policy
The S/U Option and Its Use
Catalog Choice
Student Goals and Objectives
Assessment
Biology Course Evaluations
Internships in Biology
Example of Internship Proposal in Biology
Blank Form to Be Used for Internship Proposal in Biology
Suggestions for Effective Study in Biology
Special Facilities
After Hours Admission to Life Sciences Building
Advisement Procedures
Working on Campus to Earn Money
Honor Societies
Honors Degree
Departmental Recognition
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Career Information for Biology Majors
Careers in the Allied Health Sciences
Medical Technology
Physical Therapy
Cytotechnology
Histotechnology
Occupational Therapy
Radiation Therapy Technology
Extracorporeal Circulation Technology
Physician‟s Assistant
Careers in Agriculture, Industry, and Government
Environmental Science and Public Health
Industry
Wildlife Biology and Fisheries
Forestry
Research Institutes
Agriculturally-Related Careers
Biometry
Medical Illustration
Medically-Related Areas, Teaching, and Research
Medicine
Dental Medicine
Nursing
Pharmacy
Optometry
Veterinary Medicine
Genetic Counseling
Secondary School Teaching
Teaching and Research at the College Level
Additional Career Possibilities for Biology Majors
Crime Detection
Prosthetics and Orthotics
A Final Word about Careers
Use of the Career Services Center
Books Every Biologist Should Read
Guidelines for the Preparation of Papers
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Introduction
The purpose of this handbook is to provide biology majors with a handy summary of practical information. Look through
the handbook and become familiar with its contents. Keep it handy and refer to it as needed. It will save you a lot of time
and answer many questions.
Core Program in Biology
This is a summary of all the courses that are specific requirements for the Bachelor of Science degree in Biology:
Courses
Semester
Hours
Required Programs:
BIOL 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 300, 480, 491, and 492
19
Biology Electives, select two courses from each of the following areas:
(must include one laboratory course in each area)
Ecology, Evolution, and Field Biology: 303, 304, 323, 403, 040, 505, 508, 510, 511,
513, 515, 518, 524, 525, 527, and 560
23
Cells, Genes, and Developmental Biology: 307, 308, 310, 315, 317/318, 321, 322, 507,
517, 519, 521, 522, 530, and 555
Select additional courses to total 42 hours in BIOL from areas and/or the following:
(must select at least one 500-level BIOL course)
BIOL 440, 450h, 461, 463, 471, 472, and 540
Chemistry:
CHEM 105, 106, 107, and 108
8
Mathematics:
CTQR 150 or MATH 105 or 201 or any MATH course with 201 as a prerequisite
6
Mathematics, CTQR 150, and Science Electives:
MATH – except 291 & 292 and any course used to satisfy the Quantitative Reasoning
Area
11
CHEM -- except 101, 340A, B, C, 461, 462, or 463
PHYS except 101, 102
GEOL and QMTH 205, 206 (if MATH 141 not selected).
Sub-Total:
67
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Keeping Up With Your Progress
The Degree Checklist Sheets are for the specific requirements for a B.S. degree in Biology, Biomedical concentration, and
Certifications in Medical Technology and Secondary School Teacher, and the General Education Requirements
(coursework required of all students before they receive a bachelor‟s degree). To keep up with your progress, check off
the courses for whichever sheet applies to you, as you complete them.
Academic Inventory Sheets
Printable forms are available by Arts and Sciences website:
http://www.winthrop.edu/cas/studentservices/default.aspx?id=14549
The programs of some students will also include other specific courses, depending upon individual career goals. Your
advisor will work this out with you. If there are any additional courses that you should take, add them to the checklist.
Refer to the section of this handbook on CAREER INFORMATION FOR BIOLOGY MAJORS to determine additional
courses needed, if any.
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Suggested General Program Plan for Biology Majors
Courses to be taken in each semester:
ST
1
Semester
15 hours
Biology 202
Chemistry 105-107
Biology 203-204
Mathematics
WRIT 101
ACAD 101
ST
1
Semester
st
16-17 hours
16-17 hours
Biology course, Area A or B
Area course
Biology course, Area A or B
Area course
Elective in any subject
Biology 491
st
1 Semester
17 hours
Chemistry 106-108
Either Biology 205 or 206 (both are required)
Mathematics
GNED 102
Area course
Either Biology 205 or 206 or 300
CRTW 201
Political Science 201
CHEM, GEOL, PHYS, or MATH elective
Elective in any subject
1 Semester
FRESHMAN YEAR
nd
2 Semester
SOPHOMORE YEAR
nd
2 Semester
16-17 hours
Biology 300
Area course
Area course
CHEM, GEOL, PHYS, or MATH elective
Area course
JUNIOR YEAR
nd
2 Semester
16-17 hours
Biology course, Area A or B
Area course
Biology course, Area A or B
Area course
Elective in any subject
Biology 492
14-17 hours
Area course
CHEM, GEOL, PHYS, or MATH elective
Biology 480
Elective
Elective
SENIOR YEAR
nd
2 Semester
Electives: A sufficient number of electives to reach a total
of 124 credit hours and to fulfill special program
requirements must be taken. At least 39 credit hours in
Biology, 40 credit hours of coursework numbered above
299; and at least one 500 level course in BIOL must be
included. A minimum of 11 credit hours from among
specified physical sciences and/or mathematics is required.
This plan should also be followed by pre-medical, pre-dental, pre-veterinary and pre-pharmacy students majoring in
Biology.
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Advanced Placement in Biology
Students who achieve a score of 4 or better, after completing a year of advanced placement biology, any choose to not
take BIOL 203 and 204, and proceed directly to BIOL 205 or 206
Schedule of Undergraduate Offerings in Biology
The schedule given below may be altered when necessary, for example when courses are dropped and new ones are
added. BIOL 520 Entomology, 526 Applied Microbiology, and 540 Special Topics may be offered on an irregular basis.
Courses that do not count toward the biology major are indicated by an asterisk (*).
100 Level Courses
101
106
150
151
Even
Summer
Even
Fall
Odd
Spring
Odd
Summer
Odd
Fall
Even
Spring
Even
Summer
Even
Fall
Odd
Spring
Odd
Summer
Odd
Fall
Even
Spring
Even
Summer
Even
Fall
Odd
Spring
Odd
Summer
Freshman Symposium in Biology
Principles of Biology Laboratory
Principles of Biology Laboratory Honors
Principles of Biology
Principles of Biology Honors
Botany
Botany Honors
Zoology
Zoology Honors
300 Level Courses
300
303
304
307
308
310
310
315
317
318
321
322
323
340
Even
Spring
*Human Biology
*Environment and Man
*Elements of Living Systems
*Investigations into Living Systems
200 Level Courses
202
203
203
204
204
205
205
206
206
Odd
Fall
Scientific Process in Biology
Field Botany
Insect Field Studies
Human Anatomy
Human Physiology
Microbiology
Microbiology Honors
Cell Biology
Genetics
Experimental Genetics
Microscopic Anatomy
Developmental Biology
Tropical Watershed & Coastal Ecology
A, B, C Cooperative Education Experience
No longer offered – December 2009
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400 Level Courses
Odd
Fall
Even
Spring
Even
Summer
Even
Fall
Odd
Spring
Odd
Summer
Odd
Fall
Even
Spring
Even
Summer
Even
Fall
Odd
Spring
Odd
Summer
403 Ecology
404 Animal-Plant Interactions
407x Advanced Skeletal Anatomy
440 Readings in Biology
450 Thesis Honors
461 & 463 Academic Internships in Biology
471 Undergraduate Research in Biology
472 Undergraduate Research in Biology
480 Integration of Biological Principles
480 Integration of Biological Principles Honors
491 & 492 Seminar
495 *Standardized Test Review
500 Level Courses
505 Primate Biology
507 Neuroanatomy
508 Invertebrate Biology
510 Vertebrate Natural History
511 Ornithology
513 Organic Evolution
515 Environmental Biology
517 Human Genetics
518 Animal Behavior
519 Mechanisms of Disease
520 Entomology
521 Cytogenetics
522 Immunology
524 Advanced Botany
525 Mycology
526 Applied Microbiology
527 Population Biology
530 Methods in Electron Microscopy
540 Special Topics in Biology
555 Molecular Biology
557x Genetic Engineering
560 Bioinformatics
is offered on demand
is offered on demand
is offered on demand
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600 Level Courses
Odd
Fall
Even
Spring
Even
Summer
Even
Fall
Odd
Spring
Odd
Summer
601 Theory and Method in Biology
605 Bioethics
610 Recent Advances in Molecular
and Cellular Biology
611 Recent Advances in Organismic
and Developmental Biology
612 Recent Advances in Environmental
and Evolutionary Biology
620 Supervised Laboratory Instruction
629 Advanced Topics in Cellular
and Molecular Biology
630 Advanced Cellular & Molecular Biology Lab
631 Advanced Topics in Organismal
and Developmental Biology
632 Advanced Topics in Ecology
and Evolutionary Biology
633 Advanced Topics in Physiology
and Integrative Biology
640 Readings in Biology
671 Graduate Research in Biology
695 & 696 Thesis
697 Presentation of Biological Research
Attendance Policy
THIS IS THE OFFICIAL ATTENDANCE POLICY OF WINTHROP UNIVERSITY FOR UNDERGRADUATES:
“Students are expected to attend classes and should understand that they are responsible for the academic
consequences of absence. The student is responsible for all requirements of the course regardless of absences.
Instructors are not obligated to provide make-up opportunities for students who are absent. The instructor will be
responsible for judging the adequacy of cause for absence and will decide if a make-up opportunity will be provided.
The instructor may establish the attendance requirements for the course. The following policy will be in effect unless the
instructor specifies otherwise: If a student‟s absences in a course total 25 percent or more of the class meetings for the
course, the student will receive a grade of N, F, or U, whichever is appropriate. If the student‟s enrollment in the course
continues after the date for withdrawal with an automatic N and if the student‟s level of achievement is equivalent to D or
better (or S for a course taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis), the grade of N will be assigned; otherwise, the
student will receive the grade of F (or U).”
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The S/U Option and Its Use
THIS IS THE BULLETIN STATEMENT ON THE S/U OPTION:
“Undergraduate students may elect to receive a satisfactory/unsatisfactory (S/U) grade on a total of four courses
throughout their entire undergraduate curriculum and are limited to electing no more than one S/U course per semester.
Each of these courses will count for credit, as does any other course; however, a satisfactory/unsatisfactory grade,
recorded as S or U will not be counted in computing the student‟s grade-point average (GPA). The purpose of this option
is to allow the student an opportunity to explore areas of interest outside the major and outside-required courses, without
jeopardizing the grade-point average. Students are discouraged from choosing the S/U option for required courses or for
courses in the major. Students who are unclear about the appropriate application of the S/U option should consult their
advisor.
The four-course limit regarding the S/U option does not include those courses which are offered only on an S/U basis.
A student must elect to utilize the S/U option within the first two weeks of a semester.
A FEW WORDS OF ADVICE ON THE USE OF THE S/U OPTION:
We strongly advise you to not take a course required specifically for the Biology major on the S/U basis (except courses
for which no letter grade is ever given). Why? Because when you apply for a postgraduate program or for a biologically
related job, your evaluators are going to want to know exactly how you did in these courses.
The S/U option should be used sparingly for elective courses. It is intended to allow students to take some courses
entirely outside their main study areas, to broaden their education, without risking a lowered grade-point ratio (GPR). If
you do not know what the grade-point ratio is, look it up in the University Bulletin and become familiar with the concept.
Catalog Choice
Undergraduate students sometimes make the mistake of looking in any available issue of the University Catalog, to check
on requirements. This is a big mistake! The catalog changes EVERY year. Students usually follow the catalog under
which they entered the University or sometimes a later issue. You cannot choose different requirements from different
catalogs – you must go by the requirements in one particular issue.
Here is the 2005 – 2006 Statement on Choice of Catalog
“A regular undergraduate student may obtain a degree in accordance with the requirements set forth in the catalog in
force at the time of the student‟s initial enrollment as a regular undergraduate student at Winthrop University, provided
that the student has not been absent from active enrollment for a continuous period of twelve months or more. The
student may elect to obtain a degree in accordance with the requirements of any catalog issued after the initial enrollment,
provided the student was enrolled as a regular undergraduate student at Winthrop University at the time the catalog was
issued and has not subsequently been absent from active enrollment for a continuous period of twelve months or more.
When a student has been absent for a period of twelve months or more, he/she must fulfill the requirements of the catalog
in force at the time of his/her re-enrollment or a subsequent bulletin in force during enrollments. In all cases a student is
restricted in choice to the requirements of a specific catalog and must graduate within a period of eight years from the
date the catalog was issued to claim the rights of that catalog.”
“If any course required in the bulletin specified is not offered after the student specifying the catalog has accumulated 87
semester hours, the University reserves the right to substitute another course. In all cases, if a course has been officially
dropped from the course offerings, the University provides a substitute course.”
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Student Goals and Objectives
B.S. IN BIOLOGY AND B.S. IN BIOLOGY WITH TEACHER CERTIFICATION
Student Goal I: The student will have a working knowledge of the laboratory skills used in Biology.
Students will be able to:
1.1 Generate hypothesis from data and/or
observations
1.2 Properly design a biological experiment
1.3 Properly employ the following basic
laboratory & field practices
1.3.A.a. Standard microscopy, use low and
high dry objectives
1.3.A.b. Stereomicroscopy
1.3.B. Preparation of temporary slides
1.3.C. Spectrophotometry using
Spec20/Spec21 spectrophotometers
1.3.D. Use pipettes and pipetting devices
1.3.E. Use a variety of balances to determine
the weight/mass of items
1.3.F. Gross animal dissection techniques
1.3.G. Micro dissection techniques
1.3.H. Measurement of physio-chemical
factors such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and
photo-synthetically active radiation
1.3.I. Taxonomic keys
1.3.J. Characterization and sight recognition of
taxa
1.3.K. Use basic reference sources such as
the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics and
the Standard Methods of Water and
Wastewater Analysis
Core Biology courses
where skill first
introduced
Elective Biology courses with
advanced usage and emphasis
203, 204, 205, 300
300
310, 318, 403, 508, 510, 515, 522
310, 508, 515
203, 205, 206
206
203, 205, 206
307, 308, 310, 315, 318, 321, 322, 324,
508, 520, 522, 525, 526, 530
318, 508, 520, 522, 525
310, 315, 318, 321, 508, 522, 525, 526
203
203
310, 315, 515, 522, 526
310, 315, 515, 522, 526, 530, 556
203, 300
206
206
315, 403, 515, 530
508, 510, 520
318, 321, 508, 510, 520
300
203, 206
315, 515, 530
303, 310, 508, 520, 525, 526
205, 206
303, 310, 508, 510, 520, 525, 526
300
310, 315, 508, 510, 515, 526, 530
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Students will be able to:
Elective Biology courses with
advanced usage and emphasis
1.4 Depending on the courses selected from each area {Ecology, Evolution, and Field Biology}, and {Cells, Genes,
and Developmental Biology} and/or from the list of additional biology courses, students shall develop additional, more
advanced laboratory and field practices from among:
1.4.A. Advanced microscopy techniques such as: oil immersion microscopy
fluorescence microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy,
photomicrography, and the use of the microscope micrometers to measure
310, 315, 318, 321, 322, 508, 521,
specimens
522, 525, 526, 530
1.4.B. Specimen preparation (fixation, embedding, and sectioning) for viewing
with light and electron microscopes
321, 530
1.4.C. Field identification of animals, plants, and fungi
303, 508, 510, 520, 525
1.4.D. Cultivation of microorganisms including aseptic techniques, media
preparation, and experimental techniques using microbes
310, 522, 525, 526
1.4.E. Preparation of organisms (plants, animals, and microbes) for permanent
or long-term storage in museum, herbarium, and culture collections
303, 508, 510, 520, 526
1.4.F. Ecological analyses, sampling, and observations using human senses
and instrumentation
403, 515
1.4.G. Cell separation and analytical techniques such as electrophoresis and
HPLC
315, 522, 556
1.4.H. Analytical genetic techniques such as crosses, recombinant DNA, and
cytogenetics
315, 318, 521, 556
1.4.I. Determinations of the immune response and analyses of effectiveness in
controlling disease
310, 522
1.4.J. Physiological analyses and observations using physiographic recording
instruments
307, 308, 508
Student Goal II: The student shall be able to employ standard methods in data analysis and scientific communication.
Students will be able to:
2.1 Appropriately respond to editorial criticism
of reports and essays
2.2 Write scientific reports
2.3 Prepare and interpret tables and graphs
2.4 Apply elementary statistical procedures to
quantitative data
2.5 use computerized instructional and
statistical programs
2.6 Use appropriate techniques to search the
literature for the preparation of a written paper
2.7 Use intermediate calculator functions
2.8 Sue proper reference styles when writing
scientific papers and monographs
2.9 Reach correct conclusions following
analysis of data
Core Biology courses
where skill first
introduced
Elective Biology courses with
advanced usage and emphasis
204, 300
310, 403, 505, 508, 510, 513, 518, 522,
524, 526
310, 315, 403, 508, 510, 515, 526
307, 308, 310, 315, 403, 508, 510, 515,
522, 526
300
318, 508, 510
300
310, 315, 403, 508
310, 315, 505, 508, 510, 513, 515, 518,
526
307, 308, 508, 510
310, 315, 403, 505, 508, 510, 513, 515,
518, 524, 526
307, 308, 310, 315, 403, 508, 510, 515,
526
300, 480
300
300, 480
300
300
203, 204, 300
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Student Goal III: The student will exhibit comprehension of the basic principles of biology.
Students will demonstrate factual and
conceptual comprehension of:
Core Biology courses
where skill first
introduced
3.1 Biochemical unity of life
3.2 Hierarchical relationships in biology
203, 204, 205, 206, 480
203, 204, 205, 206, 480
3.3 Correlation of structure and function
3.4 Functioning of integrated biological
systems (cells, organisms, ecosystems)
3.5 Genetic continuity
3.6 Cellular reproduction and differentiation
3.7 Feedback and homeostatic control
systems in biology
3.8 Physiological and behavioral cycles
3.9 Nutrient cycling in the biosphere
3.10 Energy conversion, exchange, release,
and utilization in biological systems
3.11 natural selection and genetic processes
of organic evolution
203, 204, 205, 206, 480
Elective Biology courses with
advanced usage and emphasis
203, 204, 205, 206, 480
203, 204, 205, 206, 480
203, 204, 205, 206, 480
310, 315, 513
310, 508, 510, 520
307, 308, 315, 321, 508, 510, 513, 518,
520, 522, 524, 525, 530
307, 308, 315, 322, 403, 505, 508, 510,
515, 518, 520, 522, 524, 526
310, 315, 317, 318, 513, 521
310, 315, 322, 521, 522
203, 204, 205, 206, 480
203, 204, 205, 206, 480
203, 204, 480
307, 308, 315, 403, 510, 513, 518
307, 308, 322, 403, 518, 524
403, 515, 526
203, 204, 480
307, 308, 310, 315, 403, 510, 515
203, 204, 205, 206, 480
317, 505, 510, 513, 518, 524
Student Goal IV: For those students seeking secondary science teacher certification.
4. The student will be an effective decision maker in directing the education of students.
NOTE: These objectives are met through coursework from throughout the required courses in the program and include
General Education coursework, Biology major required coursework, and Professional Education coursework.
The student will demonstrate:
4.1 Knowledge and skills related to factual, laboratory, and investigative experiences in each of the major subdivisions of
Biology and of all levels of organismic organization.
4.2 A knowledge of a sufficient number of Biology courses so that the biological background will be broadened and
enriched.
4.3 Knowledge and skills related to factual and laboratory experiences in the Physical Sciences.
4.4 Analytical, mathematical, and statistical skills at levels necessary to apply these skills to biological applications.
4.5 Appropriate skills in science teaching methods, classroom observation, and classroom teaching.
4.6 The skills and knowledge necessary to score at levels exceeding the minimum acceptable scores on the State of
South Carolina‟s mandated Assessment of Teaching program and the Praxis National Teachers Examination in the
content area.
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Assessment
In courses required for the biology majors, assessments are frequently given. These may relate to your ability to perform
required techniques, or may test your knowledge of biological principles.
All students must take assessments that are part of a required biology course. Satisfactory performance on all
assessments is required before a course grade is assigned. Students who have completed all requirements for a course,
except one or more assessments, will receive a grade of „IN‟. The assessment must be satisfactorily performed before a
regular course grade is assigned. If assessments are not satisfactorily performed within one year of the end of the
course, the student will not receive course credit, regardless of performance in other aspects of the course.
Biology Course Evaluations
In all biology courses taken by majors, the students are given the opportunity of evaluation. The evaluation consists of a
set of questions to which written response is required. There is opportunity for additional comments on the evaluation.
Multiple choice evaluations are given in biology courses, not included in the major Biology 101, 106, 150, and 151.
The office administrator of the biology department compiles the results of the evaluations after the semester ends. The
instructor of the course receives a composite of the responses, and actual comments are quoted anonymously. A copy of
each summary evaluation is attached to the annual reports of the faculty members, and is seen by the Dean of the
College of Arts and Sciences. The chair of the biology department considers course evaluations when he evaluates the
teaching effectiveness of the faculty members at the end of each academic year.
Please realize that student opinions differ. It is not unusual to find that the vast majority of the class has one opinion on
an evaluation item, and one or two have a different opinion. Whenever problems (questions, disagreements) arise
between students and instructors, there should be direct discussion between the parties to resolve the problem. If the
instructor is unreceptive to discussion, and/or the matter is not satisfactorily resolved, the student may discuss the matter
with the chair of the biology department.
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Internships in Biology
The biology department offers two internship courses, Biology 461 for one semester-hour credit, and Biology 463 for three
semester-hours credit. Biology majors may take either (but not both) of these courses and count them toward the major.
A GPA of 2.0 overall and 2.0 in the biology major is required.
What is an Internship? It is an opportunity to get some practical off-campus experience, and receive some college credit
for it.
Why take an internship course? An internship may help you make up your mind about the selection of a particular kind
of career. It may give you the practical experience needed to get into a postgraduate career program. It could even help
you get a job after you graduate.
How is an internship arranged? If you want to register for an internship, you must take the initiative in arranging it. You
must contact the person or persons who will supervise you and explain the internship to him/her.
With which outside agencies may internships be arranged? This list will give you some idea of the possibilities, but
does not exhaust them:
◙ Veterinarians and veterinary hospitals
◙ Hospital laboratories in which clinical tests are performed
◙ Physical therapy departments of hospitals and clinics
◙ Hospital pharmacies
◙ Industrial laboratories in which biologically related tests and procedures are performed
◙ Physicians and dentists whose practices and interest permit student observation and collaboration
◙ Laboratories operated by city, county, and state governments, especially those in which environmental and/or
health-related tests or crime-detection tests and procedures are performed
◙ Pathology departments of hospitals in which tissues are prepared and examined for diagnostic purposes,
and/or in which postmortem examinations are made
◙ County agents, environmental officers, and other professionals whose work deals with practical applications of
biology in agricultural and natural settings
◙ Museum of York County, Discovery Place (Museum of Science & Technology), and other public educational
institutions
EACH INTERNSHIP MUST BE APPROVED BY
THE CHAIR OF THE BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT,
AND BY THE DEAN OF THE COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES.
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To secure approval, the student should first see the biology chair and indicate the kind of internship activities desired.
The chair may suggest possible supervisors, if suggestions are needed. The student should then contact one or more
prospective supervisors and secure approval from one of them for internship work. Working with the prospective
supervisor, the student should draw up a summary of the internship activities, following the model document on the next
page. Of course, the activities for each internship will differ from one another. One hundred and fifty (150) clock hours of
work are required for the three semester-hours internship (Biology 463), and fifty (50) clock hours for the one semesterhour course (Biology 461). Internship work plans should not include routine non-biological chores such as dishwashing,
errand running, or typing, except when they are involved as part of a procedure, test, or other approved activity. The
student must keep a log of daily activities, which is to be submitted to the chair of the biology department at the end of the
internship.
Some additional comments on internships: Students must register for internship courses, just as they do for regular
on-campus courses, and pay tuition charges.
The supervisor of the internship must send a signed letter to the chair of biology department at the end of the internship,
indicating whether or not the student has fully and satisfactorily performed the activities described in the approved
summary. Student interns have an important responsibility to communicate effectively with their supervisors; to be certain
that they are at all times fulfilling their responsibilities.
A grade of S (satisfactory) or U (unsatisfactory) is assigned when a student completes an internship. The grade is based
upon: the letter from the supervisor and the log of internship activities submitted by the student. Students may receive
payment for their services when working in an internship. However, payment is not ordinarily involved.
Internships may be done either during regular academic terms (semesters, summer unties) or in interims or other periods
when the student is not on campus.
IMPORTANT
BEFORE BEGINNING AN INTERNSHIP,
THE STUDENT MUST PRESENT AN INTERNSHIP PROPOSAL TO THE BIOLOGY CHAIR.
THE BIOLOGY CHAIR AS W ELL AS THE DEAN, COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES,
MUST APPROVE THE PROPOSAL.
INTERNSHIPS THAT ARE BEGUN BEFORE APPROVAL IS GIVEN WILL NOT RECEIVE COURSE CREDIT.
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Example of Internship Proposal in Biology
Proposal for Internship:
Biology 463
Student:
(Name of Student)
Participating Outside Agency:
Pathology Department
Piedmont Medical Center
Rock Hill, SC 29730
Period of Internship:
January 2, 1999 to April 29, 1999
Faculty Direction:
Dr. Dwight Dimaculangan
Interim Chair, Department of Biology
Winthrop University
Rock Hill, SC 29733
803/323-2111 ext. 6424
Supervisor of Internship:
(Name of Supervisor)
Description of Work:
Observe and assist in the gross examination and histological preparation of tissues
received from surgery and autopsies.
Observation of autopsies
Apply fundamentals of histology by examining slides with
(Student’s Name) at designated times.
Outside readings in pathology texts will supplement these consultations.
Requirements:
for the keeping of
A minimum of one hundred and fifty (150) hours internship experience, plus time required
log and outside reading.
Evaluation:
(Student’s Name) will keep a daily log of the internship experiences, and this will be
submitted to (Dr. Dwight Dimaculangan) upon completion of the internship. The
supervisor will provide (Dr. Dimaculangan) with a recommendation for the course
grade of S or U and/or a general appraisal of his/her performance. Having examined the
log and the supervisor‟s comments, and discussed the internship with (Student’s
Name),
(Dr. Dimaculangan) will then assign the course grade.
Approvals: (signatures)
(Dr. Dwight Dimaculangan), Professor and Interim Chair, Department of Biology
(Dr. Peter Judge), Dean, College of Arts and Sciences
(Name of Supervisor), (Title of Supervisor)
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Blank Form to Be Used For Internship Proposal in Biology
Student, Supervisor, and Director are each to receive a copy, with signatures of approval.
Winthrop University: Biology 461, 463
Name of Student:
Participating Outside Agency:
Faculty Director:
Dr. Dwight Dimaculangan
Professor and Interim Chair, Department of Biology
Winthrop University
Rock Hill, SC 29733
803/323-2111 ext. 6424
Supervisor of Internship:
(Include Title, Address, Phone)
Description of Work:
Requirements:
A minimum of 50 hours internship experience for Biology 461 or 150 hours internship
experience for Biology 463. A written log describing all internship activities including
assigned readings, to be submitted to faculty director.
will keep a daily log of his/her internship experience,
which will be submitted to the faculty director upon completion of the internship. The
supervisor will provide the faculty director with a recommendation for the course grade,
S or U, and/or a general appraisal of the student‟s performance. Having examined the
log and the supervisor‟s comments, and discussed the internship with the student, the
faculty director will assign the course grade.
Contract:
Signature of Student
Student‟s Address
Signature of Supervisor
Signature of Faculty Director
Signature, Dean, College of Arts & Sciences
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Suggestions for Effective Study in Biology (and other subjects)
◙ Keep up with your work in each course. Don‟t put off assignment. Failure to keep up will cause you to get less
knowledge from your courses than you otherwise would. Students usually make better grades when they keep up.
◙ Remember that the main purposes of lectures are to:
◙ Emphasize the essential course material, both principals and key facts.
◙ Explain difficult concepts and provide examples.
◙ Bring out relationships between different facts and principles related to the subject matter of the course.
◙ Considering the purposes of lecture, it just makes good sense to each and everyone to take good notes. How can
good notes best be taken?
◙ Don‟t‟ try to write down everything that the professor says. The professor may write summarizing statements
on the chalkboard/whiteboard, which you should take down on paper. An outline may be provided, but this does
not substitute for not taking.
◙ The key to good note taking is to listen carefully to what the professor says about a particular subject and then
write down a summary in your own words. Think before you write. Don‟t passively put down the actual words
spoken; that require a lot of scribbling but no real thought.
◙ Ask questions of your professors, both in class and outside. Most questions will probably fall into these categories:
◙ Requests for clarification of points not understood. You may be sure that others will be in the same boat with
you if there are points that you fail to understand.
◙ Inquiries about related matters not mentioned by the professor. Questions of this sort will help you to make
connections in your own mind between previously learned facts and principles and new material.
◙ Questions about the degree of mastery and detail expected by the professor for a principal or set of facts.
◙ Before asking a questions, THINK! What do you want to say? Put the question in the most precise words that
you can find. But, even if you can‟t think just how to express the questions, go ahead and ask it.
◙ Textbooks usually contain much more detail and/or examples than class lectures. They are a second source of
information on course material. Learn how to use your textbook (or other assigned readings) properly. Compare what
your textbook says to what your professor said about the same subject. If it seems like the textbook conflicts with what
the professor said, try to resolve the conflict by doing some careful reading and thinking. After this, if you still can‟t resolve
the conflict, ask your professor for clarification or consult other references. If there is a glossary in the textbook, make
good use of it.
◙ Some people prefer to read the textbook before hearing what the professor has to say about a subject, and others
prefer to read the textbook afterwards. Either way, make frequent comparisons between the two sources of information.
Lectures and readings should supplement each other; comparison makes you think and should help you understand the
subject. Compare, and pull things together from different sources.
◙ Sure, there are some kinds of material that will have to be memorized, such as formulas and sets of key facts and
principles. But don‟t try to memorize everything; instead, try to understand everything that you read and hear. By
understand, we mean, „to grasp the significance‟ of a fact or principle. Memorizing won‟t help you do that. Understanding
requires that you see the relationships between the facts and principles of a subject. This means that you are going to
have to constantly relate „new‟ material to „old‟ (previously studied) material.
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◙ Use your laboratory course time to the fullest advantage. Laboratories are informal, but they shouldn‟t be
undisciplined. Come to laboratory each time with a clear idea of what you are going to be doing. Be prepared to stay the
full time, and to work efficiently. If you spend your time gossiping, or otherwise wasting time, you certainly won‟t get all
the value from the lab that you could, and you may have to unnecessarily spend time doing your laboratory class work
outside of class time.
◙ Listen carefully to class instructions and follow them. For each course, keep a copy of the syllabus handy and keep in
mind deadlines, exam dates, etc. Be prepared for each deadline well ahead of time.
◙ In studying for an exam, concentrate on understanding the subject. Don‟t waste time trying to guess what the professor
is going to ask. Study thoroughly, following any guidelines provided by the professor.
◙ Finally, read examinations carefully and be sure that you understand them. Careless reading, resulting in answers that
are not pertinent to the questions asked, causes many missed exam questions.
Special Facilities
Computer and Review Center: LSB 345 is a place where students may go to review laboratory materials, view slide
tape programs, etc. Personal computers, which may be used for word-processing and statistical analysis, are also
located in LSB 345.
Greenhouses: One greenhouse is attached to the west side of the Life Sciences building, and is entered by a door
opening from LSB 107. A second greenhouse is located adjacent to the University Lake.
Plant-Growing Ground: A fenced plot of ground, for use of biology faculty and students, is located adjacent to the golf
course (about a mile and a half from main campus).
Wetland Research Area: A 1.1 acre wetlands and bird island was built in the summer of 2004. These may be used for
class work and research with permission.
Winthrop Woods: A large tract of wooded land, located near the coliseum, has been set aside for the use of the biology
department. It may be used for environmental class work and research.
Darkroom: A photographic darkroom, equipped with enlarger, is available on the second floor of the Life Sciences
building.
Research Microscopes, Electron Microscopes: Almost all of the facilities possessed by the biology department are
available for student use (under proper faculty supervision), either in regular class work or research projects.
Student Lounge: A lounge for biology majors is located on the first and second floor of the Life Sciences building.
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After Hours Admission to Life Sciences Building
There may be times when you will need to get into the science building at night, after it is locked, or on weekends. These
occasions are usually related to research projects, or laboratory work involving experiments or observations of living
organisms. Your professors can arrange entry to the science building, and to specific rooms. Once these arrangements
have been made, this is the procedure to follow:
◙ Instructor/Professor notifies the biology department‟s office with a list of students for access to designated lab
courses and the specific classroom. (Student must take and pass all of the Safety Procedure Modules before
card access is given.)
◙ Students must come to the biology department‟s office, LSB 202, to have their student ID activated to allow
entrance into the building via an outside door and entrance to the specific lab room.
◙ When you leave, be sure to shut off water and gas (if they have been in use). Turn off the lights and close the
door behind you.
Advisement Procedures
You have been assigned an advisor who is a biology professor. You must meet with your advisor each time before you
register for courses, in the fall and spring semesters. The purpose of these meetings are to:
◙ Select your courses for the next semester.
◙ Print out a Biology 300 Check List Sheet and bring it with you, when you go to see your advisor.
◙ Complete the Advisement and Registration Form and have it signed by your advisor. You must have this
signed form with you when you go to register. Your advisor will authorize you to register on Wingspan.
Your advisor is the first person to whom you should go for advice and aid. Your advisor can help you make your career
choice, and to reach your goals after the choice has been made. Sometimes, advisors have a duty to make students
realize that their original goals are unrealistic, and that changes must be made. Your advisor can help you solve those
little (or occasionally big) academic problems that come up now and then.
Most professors advise several or many students before each registration period. A procedure outlined below is followed
regularly, before each registration period, to make sure that each student sees his/hers advisor.
◙ A reminder is sent to each student to sign up for an appointment.
◙ An appointment sheet for your advisor is placed outside their office door in the Life Sciences building as
specified in reminder.
◙ Each student stops by and selects a convenient appointment time from among those provided, and writes
his/her name in the space next to this time.
Here are some common sense tips for advisement:
◙ If you find that you will be unable to get to your appointment, cross your name off and sign up for another time.
◙ Sign up for your appointment well ahead of time.
◙ If unforeseen circumstance make it necessary to see your advisor quickly, call him/her or stop by in person.
Don‟t limit yourself to seeing your advisor once per semester. In fact, your advisor should be the faculty member that
knows you best. Your advisor is the person who should be able to write letters of recommendation for you when you seek
employment or admission to a specialized program of study.
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Working on Campus to Earn Money
Working as an Assistant in Biology or Chemistry
Opportunities are available to students who major in biology to work part-time work as laboratory assistants. Here are
some of the ways in which students are employed as assistants.
◙ Preparing and setting up laboratory exercises and experiments.
◙ General laboratory cleanup.
◙ Grading multiple-choice tests and quizzes, or other tests in which the answers are brief and factual.
◙ Care of greenhouse plants.
◙ Assisting professors in their research.
◙ Working with students in laboratory during class time.
◙ Computer lab attendants.
◙ Office help, including telephone answering and typing.
◙ Setting up displays, showing visitors through the biology department, etc.
How do you become an assistant? You may apply for part-time employment at the department of biology lab manager‟s
office LSB 131. A professor may ask if you are interested in doing part-time work in the biology department. Of course,
the department can use only a certain number of assistants at a time, and the most qualified applicants will be chosen.
Your hours of work must not conflict with your classes.
Students are paid the minimum wage on an hourly basis. The Lab Manager (LSB 131) will instruct you on how to record
your time, get paid, etc. The Lab Manager often oversees the work of student assistants, places departmental orders and
has various other duties.
Work Study
You may be eligible for the Work Study Program. This is a federal program and you must meet the guidelines to be
employed. To apply, you will need to go to the Student Employment Office and file a Financial Aid Form and a Winthrop
Financial Aid Application. If you qualify for work-study, you may request work in either of the science departments, or may
be assigned to duties elsewhere on campus.
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Honor Societies
Beta Beta Beta
BBB Biological Honor Society is a national society for students with an interest and aptitude in the biological sciences.
The objectives of BBB are threefold: to stimulate scholarship, to promote biological research, and to disseminate
scientific knowledge. Undergraduate student members are encouraged to conduct scientific research and to report their
results at BBB meetings and in the journal of the society, BIOS.
The PSI Chapter at Winthrop University has been active since 1929 and encourages membership at two levels, regular
and associate. Requirements for regular membership include a 2.5 overall GPA and completion of 12 hours of biology
courses at Winthrop with a 3.0 average. Associate membership is open to any student with an interest in biology,
irrespective of grade point average or number of biology courses completed. Past activities of the chapter include
environmental volunteer work, student-faculty social activities, seminars, zoological outings, and participation in regional
and national society meetings.
Book and Key
This local liberal arts honor society is organized and run under the same framework as the national PHI Beta Kappa
Society. Membership is limited to seniors with at least 90 hours, a GPA of 3.5 or better and majoring in one of the degree
programs offered in the College of Arts and Sciences. Applicants must also meet a math and foreign language
requirement. The Book and Key club has two inductions per year and invite all qualified senior biology majors to apply for
membership.
Phi Kappa Phi
Phi Kappa Phi is the only national honor society on the Winthrop campus that recognizes and encourages superior
scholarship in all academic disciplines. Seniors who are in the upper 10% of their class and juniors who have reached the
final semester of their junior year and are scholastically in the upper 5% of their class are eligible for consideration.
Graduate students with the highest academic standings may also be considered for membership.
Why join Phi Kappa Phi? First of all, it is a distinct honor since this is an honor society, not an honorary society or
fraternity. Membership is earned by meeting the Society‟s criteria of scholastic excellence, which in turn means
distinction. Phi Kappa Phi members, because of their outstanding records, are good candidates for grants, scholarships,
and fellowships. When they seek employment, Phi Kappa Phi members find their membership widely accepted as an
indication of academic ability and motivation. Phi Kappa Phi provides for an association of kindred spirits who believe
strongly in their motto: “Let the love of learning rule mankind”.
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Honors Degree
Students may be invited to enter the Honors Program when they first enroll at Winthrop University. Afterwards, any
student may apply to enter the program. A grade point ratio of at lease 3.0 is required. To apply, contact the Honors
Program Office.
Honors Degree for Biology Majors
The Honors Program and Honors courses are open to students with a GPA of 3.0 or better. One may choose to take
some honors courses without completing the requirements for a degree with honors. Full details are given in the
university‟s undergraduate catalog.
Requirements
To receive an Honors degree, the student must complete 23 hours of course work in honors while maintaining an overall
GPA of 3.0 in his/her course work. Honors courses must be completed with a B or better to be accepted for honors credit.
The following requirements must be adhered to:
◙ Major Component: Twelve hours of Honors courses must be in the student‟s major.
The following biology courses are taught with special honors sections, and ALL biology majors with a GPA of 3.0 or better
are STRONGLY ENCOURAGED to take each of them:
◙ BIOL 203, 204
Principles of Biology Lab and Lecture
◙ BIOL 205
General Botany
◙ BIOL 206
General Zoology
◙ BIOL 310
Microbiology
◙ BIOL 480
Integration of Biological Principles
◙ Interdisciplinary Component: Either a Freshman Honors cluster or a three-hour interdisciplinary seminar must be
completed.
◙ Independent Study Component: A senior thesis/project must be completed. For a biology student, this means taking
biology 450 (Honors: Selected Topics in Biology) as an IDS (Individually Directed Study). Arrangements should be made
with the professor with whom the course is to be taken.
◙ Cultural Component: Two one-hour symposia must be completed.
◙ Construction of Course Plan: The student‟s course plan should be designed with the help of his/her advisor and filed
with the Honors Office at the beginning of the junior year. For graduation with an honors degree, the plan must receive
the approval of the Honors Director and the Honors Committee.
Courses must be taken both in the major and outside of it.
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Sample Timetables for Biology Major Who Intends To Graduate With Honors
Timetable One
Timetable Two
Sophomore:
One Freshman Honors cluster including BIOL
203h, 204h, or a Freshman Honors cluster plus
either or both BIOL 205h or 206h
One one-hour symposium, two general education
honors courses, and either BIOL 205h or 206h (if
not already taken)
Junior:
BIOL 310h; one contracted course; one one-hour
symposium
BIOL 310h; one general education honors course;
one one-hour symposium
One contracted honors course must be in biology
(unless 204h, 205h, or 206h has been taken); one
three-hour interdisciplinary seminar
Senior:
BIOL 450h
BIOL 450h; one one-hour symposium
Freshman
None, or either BIOL 205h or 206h
Refer to the undergraduate catalog for other sample timetables.
Departmental Recognition
Certificates of Achievement
Students exhibiting top academic scores in each of the department‟s undergraduate biology offerings shall receive
departmental recognition in the form of an official “Certificate of Achievement” at the end of each semester. Normally only
one is awarded per class and is signed by the professor. The names of certificate recipients are displayed in the Life
Sciences building and on the department‟s web page.
Sigma XI Research Award
Annually, in April, the Charlotte Chapter of Sigma XI, The Scientific Research Society, recognizes designated
undergraduates in the Charlotte area for their research accomplishments. Designees are selected by science
departments. Annually, one or more biology majors at Winthrop University will receive this honor.
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Career Information for Biology Majors
This is a brief guide to career opportunities open to students who graduate from Winthrop University with a major in
biology. Also included is information about programs in biologically related areas into which Winthrop students may
transfer. The biology faculty believes that the B.S. degree at Winthrop provides the opportunity to get an excellent
background and preparation for entry into a wide range of interesting and fulfilling careers. But we do not wish to mislead
you. Most of the fields described below are competitive. Students who intend to enter one of them must be prepared for
serious study in the sciences, for hard work and application, and may need to be persistent and flexible after graduation.
For convenience, we have divided up the careers that biology majors usually enter into major categories. Glance through
these categories, and then read about the kinds of careers that might interest you.
Careers in the Allied Health Sciences
Medical Technology – Dr. Lee Anne Cope,
Medical technologists are skilled laboratory professionals who are trained to collect facts and data on samples of patient‟s
body fluids and tissues to assist the physician in diagnosis and treatment. Tests and procedures performed or supervised
by medical technologists center on these major areas:
◙ Clinical Chemistry: biochemical analysis of proteins, carbohydrates and ions in body fluids.
◙ Hematology: microscopic and chemical analysis of cells in the blood and body fluids.
◙ Microbiology: identification of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens and reactions to antibiotic
treatments.
◙ Immunology: analysis of the immune mechanisms and patient reactions to specific antigens.
◙ Blood Bank: identification of blood types, matching of donor and recipient for blood transfusions.
Most medical technologists are employed in hospital laboratories. Some specialize in one of these areas while others
generalize and work in two or more of these areas at the hospital. Other career choices may be found in medical clinics,
public health laboratories, educational institutions, reference laboratories, blood banks, city, state, and federal health
agencies, industrial medical facilities, pharmaceutical houses, public and private research programs, police/crime
laboratories, and as faculty members of medical technology programs.
At Winthrop University you may major either in biology or chemistry. After graduation, you will enter the 12 month “clinical
year” at an approved School of Medical Technology. Upon completion of the education and experience requirements, you
will become a certified Medical Technologist.
Acceptance into the program at Winthrop does not automatically guarantee acceptance into the clinical hospital program.
You must earn it by competing with other students on the basis of your grades, letters of recommendations, test scores
and a personal interview.
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Physical Therapy
This is a highly competitive field. “Physical Therapy is a profession which develops, coordinates, and utilizes, selected
knowledge and skill in planning, organizing, and directing programs for the care of individuals whose ability to function is
impaired or threatened by disease or injury.” Physical therapists work especially with people who have suffered injuries or
diseases of the bones, nerves, and muscles, or are recovering from severe operations, diseases, or injuries that affected
the heart, lungs, and other vital organs. Pre-requisites that must be completed are a BS or BA degree that includes: two
semesters of general chemistry; Principles of Biology; Human Anatomy and Human Physiology; two semesters of
physics; two semesters of psychology; Child Development; Medical Terminology. You will also need to take WRIT 101
and GNED 102, a course in mathematics, nine hours of humanities, and nine hours of electives. Students may apply after
completing a baccalaureate degree. Also, it is very important to have some practical experience related to physical
therapy, such as contact with, and observation of, patients in physical therapy, as can be obtained through an Internship
in Biology.
Another way to enter a physical therapy career is to graduate from Winthrop with good preparation in the sciences and
then be accepted at a university that has a certificate program or gives a master‟s degree in physical therapy. The
University of Florida is an example of a university with a certificate program and Emory University is an example of an
university with a master‟s program. To get into physical therapy by this route, you must have an outstanding
undergraduate record. The competition is really tough, but you may be accepted if you are a very good student.
Cytotechnology
The cytotechnologist performs laboratory and microscopic services which aid the pathologist in the detection of cancer
and related abnormalities. The cytotechnologist works in a hospital or clinic and has to be well-trained in human anatomy,
human physiology, cell structure, and microtechnique.
It is possible to become a cytotechnologist by taking three years work at Winthrop, and then being accepted into a training
program such as the one at the Medical University of South Carolina. In your Winthrop work, you would have to complete
two semesters of general chemistry and four or more semesters of biology. A minimum of 90 hours, including 20 hours of
biology, general chemistry, and biochemistry is needed.
Most often, Winthrop students that go into cytotechnology have graduated from Winthrop with a biology major, and then
been accepted into a certificate program such as at M.U.S.C. This requires 12 months of training to complete.
Histotechnology
The histologic technician is responsible for the preparation of tissues for microscopic examination by the pathologist.
Histological technicians have an aptitude for science, good manual dexterity and eye sight, and attention to detail.
Histotechnologists mostly are employed in hospital laboratories, but sometimes also in biological and industrial research
laboratories. Students may enter the histotechnology program at MUSC with 52 semester hours of college credit
including a year each of biology and chemistry.
Occupational Therapy
Occupational Therapy is a rehabilitative health profession that tends to look at the entire individual recognizing both the
normal as well as the abnormal. The Occupational Therapist assesses physical and/or mental limitations (dysfunctions)
of patients and plans an individualized treatment program. The program may involve special activities to build assurance
and muscular coordination.
Winthrop students who wish to enter training in Occupational Therapy will complete 60 semester hours of suitable
coursework here. The Winthrop coursework would include a year each of chemistry, biology, and mathematics, and a
semester of physic. The Medical University of South Carolina offers training in Occupational Therapy.
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Radiation Therapy Technology
The Radiologic therapy technologist is a health related professional who utilizes various forms of ionizing radiation in the
localization and treatment of disease. The responsibilities of the “Radiographer” include the operation of sophisticated
radiation-producing equipment and imaging systems that are computer-assisted, electronic, ultrasonic, or thermionic in
nature; the physical manipulation of patients to produce optimally diagnostic radiographs; the chemical processing of
radiographic film, and active participation in intricate radiographic examinations.
Winthrop students who wish to enter training in Radiologic Technology will complete 60 semester hours of suitable
coursework here, including two courses each in physics, biology, chemistry, and mathematics. The Medical University of
South Carolina offers training in Radiologic Technology.
Extracorporeal Circulation Technology
The extracorporeal circulation technologist is responsible for providing the operational expertise in those instances in
which the patient‟s cardiovascular system is placed in to direct continuity with devices that either monitor or support
circulatory integrity. These instances include operation of the heart-lung machine during open-heart surgery and
preservation and dialysis of kidneys.
Winthrop students who wish to enter ECT will complete 60 semester hours of suitable coursework, including one year of
biology, three semesters of chemistry, and one semester of physics. The Medial University of South Carolina offers
training in ECT.
Physician’s Assistant
The physician‟s assistant is a health professional qualified by specialized academic, and clinical education to perform
medical tasks, traditionally undertaken by physicians, while practicing under the supervision and responsibility of a
licensed physician. They provide essential diagnostic, therapeutic, preventive, and health maintenance services in both
primary and specialty care settings.
The Medical University of South Carolina offers a physician‟s assistant program. Applicants must have a BS or BA
degree that includes the following: six hours of English (and/or writing), three hours of mathematics, eight hours of
general chemistry including lab, four hours each of biology, physiology, human anatomy and microbiology (all including
lab), nine hours of social sciences (including general psychology), nine hours of humanities, nine hours of electives
(communication, computer science, developmental psychology, epidemiology, organic chemistry and sociology
recommended).
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Careers in Agriculture, Industry, and Government
Environmental Science and Public Health
A person who earns a bachelor‟s degree in biology, and has a good undergraduate record, may prepare for a career in
environmental science or public health by earning a master‟s degree and/or doctor‟s degree in a graduate program. Here
are some examples of universities in our area with graduate programs in environmental sciences.
◙ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Master‟s degrees are offered in the following areas: water
resources engineering; environmental management and protection; environmental chemistry and biology; air and
industrial hygiene; and radiological hygiene.
◙ Virginia Polytechnic Institute. The Master of Science and Ph.D. of Philosophy degrees are offered in
Environmental Science and Engineering. These programs are designed for qualified students with undergraduate
degrees in one of the natural sciences.
◙ University of Virginia. The Master of Science and Ph.D. degrees are offered. Graduate students are
expected to have a basic background in physical and biological sciences and mathematics. Each graduate
student is expected to specialize in at least one of the subfields in which the department excels: fluid systems;
surface processes and materials; ecology; and resource analysis.
◙ Clemson University. The Master of Science and Ph.D. degrees are offered in Environmental Systems
Engineering. Students with a baccalaureate degree in any branch of engineering, as well as chemistry, physics,
and biology majors with a strong mathematical background, may be admitted to the program. A program in Water
Resources Engineering is also available.
◙ University of Florida. The Master of Science and Ph.D. degrees are offered in Environmental Engineering.
Areas in which the student may specialize include air resources, water supply and water pollution control,
environmental resources management, environmental biology, water chemistry, radiological health, solid wastes,
and systems ecology. Direct admission into the Master of Science program requires a bachelor‟s degree in
engineering or in a basic science such as chemistry, biology, physics, or mathematics.
Job opportunities are also available in environmental science for persons who have the Bachelor of Science degree in
biology, and no graduate work. Applications should be made to the following: federal government (through civil service);
electric power companies; state, city, and county governments; companies that perform environmental analyses as a
service to other companies and agencies (e.g. Catawba Laboratories in Rock Hill); paper products industries; and others.
Industry
◙ Laboratory and Analytical: Industries often operate analytical laboratories involving measurements of
concentrations of environmental pollutants, analysis of the content of wastes, and other important services.
Students who have majored in biology, and have had a couple of years of college chemistry, often fill these
positions.
◙ Sales: Biology majors frequently find employment as sales representatives, especially for the drug industry
and other industries whose products have a strongly biological impact.
◙ Development and Testing: Biology majors, especially those with a course background in microbiology and
immunology, may find employment in companies that develop and test biologically related products (e.g. drugs).
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Wildlife Biology and Fisheries
Persons with no work beyond the bachelor‟s degree in biology may apply through civil service for federal employment, for
instance with the National Park Service or federal research laboratories. There is strong competition for these jobs.
Application may also be made to states, for employment in state parks, research laboratories, and other facilities.
The chances for employment with industry or government in wildlife biology are greatly improved by completion of a
master‟s degree. Some examples of wildlife biology graduate programs in our area are:
◙ Clemson University. Students desiring to pursue graduate work in wildlife biology should have sound
undergraduate training in the biological or related sciences. Clemson offers the Master of Science degree in
wildlife biology.
◙ Virginia Polytechnic Institute. V.P.I. offers the Master of Science and Ph.D. degree in Fisheries and Wildlife
Science.
Forestry
Some universities (e.g. Clemson University) offer undergraduate training in forestry. Admission to graduate programs in
forestry at these universities usually requires an undergraduate degree in that specialty. Persons with an undergraduate
major in biology are qualified to apply for graduate work in forestry at some other colleges and universities. Here are two
examples:
◙ Duke University. Duke offers master‟s degree and the Ph.D. in forestry and environmental studies. Work for
these degrees may be pursued in the biological science areas of tree anatomy, forest ecology, tree physiology,
biochemistry, forest entomology, and forest pathology; in the environmental science areas of forest soils,
meteorology, and hydrology; in resource economics; and in forest mensuration, biometry, and operations
research. Students will be restricted to the particular fields of specialization for which their academic training
qualifies them.
◙ University of Georgia. In the School of Forest Resources, graduate training (is available) in forest ecology,
silvicultural systems, forest tree physiology, forest genetics, forest soils, forest protection, forest entomology,
forest pathology, etc. Students with baccalaureate degrees in related fields may be accepted if otherwise
qualified.
Research Institutes
A person who is willing to search hard and go where the job is, may turn up a good position in biological research at a
research institute.
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Agriculturally-Related Careers
Good jobs in industry, government, and teaching may be obtained by persons who have earned a master‟s degree, and/or
done work beyond the master‟s, in agriculturally-related areas. Persons who have majored in biology in undergraduate
careers may be well-qualified for graduate work in some of these areas. Graduate work in the following subjects is
available at Clemson University.
◙ Agronomy: This is the theory and practice of field-crop production and soil management. Applicants with
baccalaureate degrees in biology may pursue graduate work in agronomy. Programs include courses in soil
chemistry, soil physics, soil genesis, soil fertility, cytogenetics, plant breeding, and genetics.
◙ Animal Physiology: Students enrolling in animal physiology should have a strong background in the
biological sciences and at least one course in organic chemistry.
◙ Entomology: This is the study of insects, particularly as they affect agriculture and other human activities. If
you choose to go into graduate study in Entomology, be sure to include Biology 520 at Winthrop in your
undergraduate course work.
◙ Horticulture: Entry into graduate study of Horticulture can be accomplished by biology majors after
completing several undergraduate courses in horticulture (for instance, at Clemson). This would require about
one semester of study.
◙ Nutrition: Applicants should have sound backgrounds in the biological and physical sciences. Although
included within the College of Agricultural Sciences at Clemson, this field deals mainly with the nutritional needs
of humans.
◙ Plant Pathology: This is the study and treatment of plant diseases. Applicants for graduate work in plant
pathology should have sound undergraduate training in the biological and physical sciences, especially botany
and chemistry.
◙ Genetics: Clemson offers only a minor in this area. North Carolina State University is a nearby university that
offers the master‟s degree in this area, and offers specialized courses in such subjects as Plant Breeding, Poultry
Breeding, Genetics of Animal Improvement, and Human Genetics.
◙ Microbiology: Graduate work in microbiology requires sound undergraduate training in the biological and
physical sciences. Clemson offers the Master of Science and Ph.D. in microbiology, with courses in such
specialized subjects as food microbiology, soil microbiology, dairy microbiology, and pathogenic bacteriology.
Jobs in microbiology sometimes require only the bachelor‟s degree.
Biometry
Biometry is the application of statistical and computing techniques to problems in biomedical research. Excellent job
opportunities are available to persons who complete a master‟s degree and/or Ph.D. in this area. Here is an example of a
program:
◙ North Carolina State University. N.C. State offers a degree in bio-mathematics. In addition to calculus and
biology courses, additional courses in mathematics, such as probability and statistics, would be advisable for
inclusion in your undergraduate studies, for entry into this program.
Medical Illustration
This is an excellent field for persons who combine an interest in biology and art. The Medical College of Georgia, in
Augusta, offers a Master of Science in Medical Illustration Degree Program. The entrance requirements can be found at
http://www.mcg.edu/medart/MI-Application.html.
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Medically-Related Areas, Teaching and Research
Medicine: Advisory Committee: Dr. Janice Chism, Dr. Dwight Dimaculangan, Dr. Jim Johnston, and Dr. Julian Smith, III
The road to becoming a physician is a long one. At least three years of undergraduate college (but nearly always four
years) is required for entry into medical school. This is followed by four years of medical study, after which experience is
gained through internships and residency, before entering private practice. Entry into medical schools is very competitive.
In actual practice, most entering students will have completed a bachelor‟s degree, and gained experience through
summer and part-time work in hospitals and clinics. It is not unusual for persons to gain entry into medical school several
years after graduation and several reapplications. Persistence counts, and when coupled with an earnest effort to gain
practical experience, it often produces success for the applicant. The specific minimum requirements for entry into the
College of Medicine of the Medical University of South Carolina are: three years of college, including two semesters each
of inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, general biology (or one semester each of botany and zoology), mathematics,
physics, and English composition and literature. Other medical colleges have similar requirements.
The great majority of applicants to medical school will earn their bachelor‟s degree before commencing their medical
studies. Biology has long been the most popular major for students interested in medicine. The specific biology courses
that we recommend for persons interested in medicine are: general zoology; general botany; cell biology, microbiology;
genetics; human anatomy; human physiology; environmental biology; and mammalian physiology. In addition, several
excellent electives are available, such as immunology, cytogenetics, and developmental biology. It is extremely important
that you get some practical experience in a medical environment, along with your coursework. This could include many
things: volunteer work in a hospital or clinic; work as an orderly; and so on. Also, before you apply for medical school,
find out about the MCAT (Medical College Admission Test), and start studying for it. A good score on the MCAT is
absolutely necessary if you are to be seriously considered for entry into medical school.
Dental Medicine: Advisory Committee: Dr. Dwight Dimaculangan, Dr. Jim Johnston, and Dr. Julian Smith, III
Most of the statements made in the section on medicine, above, apply equally well to dental medicine. The specific
minimum requirements for entry into the College of Dental Medicine fo the Medical University of South Carolina are the
same as for medicine, in addition to which electives are suggested in biology, psychology, and other areas. Other dental
colleges have similar requirements. Most pre-dental students choose to major in biology. The most suitable courses are
the same as for the medical student.
Before applying to dental school you should arrange to take the DAT (Dental Admission Test). A good score on the DAT
is absolutely necessary if you are to be seriously considered for entry into dental school. Your faculty advisor will be
able to supply you with necessary materials.
Nursing: Advisor: Dr. Jim Johnston
Students may take coursework at Winthrop and then apply to a program in Nursing, such as at MUSC, the University of
South Carolina, and Clemson. Students are advised to consult the bulletin of the university to which they intend to apply
for the courses they should take at Winthrop; however, the following courses should be included: general chemistry,
zoology, anatomy and physiology, microbiology.
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Pharmacy
Students who wish to pursue a career in pharmacy may take a one or two year program of pre-pharmacy courses at
Winthrop, and then transfer to a college of pharmacy (such as at the University of South Carolina or the Medical
University of South Carolina). Students may transfer to the pharmacy program at the University of South Carolina after
either one or two years of pre-pharmacy; two year of pre-pharmacy must be completed before entry to the pharmacy
program at the Medical University. Students must take the PCAT (Pharmacy College Admission Test) before applying for
study of pharmacy.
The requirements of pharmacy schools vary. In general, you should take the following courses in your first pre-pharmacy
year: two semesters of general chemistry; general botany; general zoology; two semesters of pre-calculus mathematics;
two semesters of English composition and literature; one or more semesters of social science courses. If you intend to
take a second pre-pharmacy year, you should plan this with your faculty advisor.
Optometry
There are a dozen college of optometry in the United States. At least two or three years of undergraduate study Is
required of applicants. Colleges of optometry vary in the specific courses required of applicants. The courses most
frequently required are: one year of organic chemistry; one or two courses in psychology; analytic geometry, differential
and integral calculus; two semesters of general biology (or zoology and botany); microbiology; physiology; comparative
anatomy; one year of English and one year of social sciences. Applicants to optometry school must take the OCAT
(Optometry College Admission Test).
Veterinary Medicine: Advisor: Dr. Julian Smith, III
Veterinary medicine is a career that is often highly attractive to biology majors. This is however, a competitive field. If you
are interested in veterinary medicine, you must be prepared to present an excellent academic record when you seek
admission to veterinary college. Not only must applicants present good science training, with excellent grades, but they
are expected to have gained practical experience, for instance in farm work, in working as an assistant to a veterinarian,
or working at pounds or animal shelters, etc. This type of experience can be obtained through an internship in biology.
There are no colleges of veterinary medicine in South Carolina but the state has made arrangements for the admission
each year of applicants from South Carolina to the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, and Tuskegee
Institute School of Veterinary Medicine. Here are the requirements for entry to these two veterinary schools.
◙ University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine. The minimum requirement is two years of college,
but it is more realistic to expect to complete a bachelor‟s degree or three years of college. These courses are
specifically required: organic chemistry; two semesters of physics; pre-calculus mathematics; general biology) or
general botany and zoology); microbiology; biochemistry, and biological electives such as immunology (biology
522) and microscopic anatomy (biology 321).
◙ Tuskegee Institute. The minimum requirements are: English composition or communication, six hours;
physical science including organic chemistry and physics, twenty hours; biological science including six hours of
zoological science, nine hours; animal and poultry science, six hours; electives in social science and humanities,
sixteen hours; and free electives, ten hours. The requirement in animal and poultry science can be replaced by
electives in biology. Genetics and/or animal physiology courses are advised.
Genetic Counseling
The genetic counselor is a specialized health professional who facilitates understanding and use of genetic knowledge.
The University of South Carolina School of Medicine offers a Master of Science degree in Genetic Counseling. Applicants
must have a baccalaureate degree and present courses in introductory biology (botany and zoology), chemistry,
biochemistry, genetics, probability and statistics, and Graduate Record Examination scores.
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Secondary School Teaching: Advisor: Ms. Cassandra Bell
Approximately 5% to 10% of the biology majors at Winthrop prepare themselves to teach at the junior and senior high
school levels. Teacher preparation requires completion of a series of state certification requirements, the nature of which
your faculty advisor can explain. In particular, one entire semester must be devoted to practice teaching and a methods
course in the field of education.
Many biology teachers, especially at the beginning of their careers, may teach other subjects such as earth science,
general science, and chemistry. If you plan to teach, you are required to take courses in chemistry, physics, and geology,
to supplement your biology major, and to permit you to teach other subjects when the need arises.
Teaching and Research at the College Level
If your goal is teaching and research in biology at the college level, you must plan upon graduate study. Ordinarily, a
minimum of a master‟s degree in biology will be needed to teach in junior and community colleges. A career of research
and teaching in a four-year college or university requires achievement of the Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy degree), which
entails several yeas of study beyond the graduate level. Only superior students are encouraged to pursue this type of
career, which involves a lifetime commitment to the field of biology. Graduate study in biology, leading to the Ph.D.,
requires research, and mastery in depth of a biological area. Some of the areas in which a Ph.D. student may specialize,
in graduate school are: botany; zoology, genetics; physiology; anatomy; biochemistry; marine biology; ecology; and other.
Advanced degrees in these specialties are also required for high-level positions in government and industrial research
laboratories, and at private research institutions.
How do graduate students in biology support themselves? It is rare for parents to provide support to graduate students,
as they commonly do for undergraduates. Support usually comes from these sources:
◙ Scholarships, fellowships, and other special grants, information about which is supplied by the university at
which graduate study is done
◙ Assistantships, which allow the student to work his way through graduate school by teaching undergraduates
or working in a research laboratory.
There are many graduate programs in biology. If you decide to pursue graduate study, you will need to discuss the
options with your faculty advisor, who will be happy to help you in the selection process. As an undergraduate, you will
need to select those biology courses that will best prepare you for your specialty, and courses in chemistry, mathematics,
and other fields that will provide a suitable background for advanced study. You are also encouraged to apply to the
U.R.P. (Undergraduate Research Program) of the National Science Foundation, or to the Oak Ridge Associated
Laboratories or Argonne National Laboratory, for summer research. Many Winthrop students who have entered graduate
school have had one or more summers of work in one of these programs. Most graduate programs require the student to
previously take the GRE (Graduate Record Examination).
Additional Career Possibilities for Biology Majors
Careers in Crime Detection
Many large cities, and all states and the federal government, operate crime detection laboratories. Evidence from the
scenes of crimes and suspected crimes are sent to these laboratories for analysis. Using highly sophisticated
instruments, forensic (crime-detecting) scientists are often able to detect the past activities and whereabouts of victims
and suspects. Among the specific tests performed by forensic scientists are: pollen identification; blood typing and
identification; analysis of animal hairs, insect scales, plant parts, and soils, ballistics tests; tests for gunpowder residues;
and many more.
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Should you be interested in a career in crime detection, the best basis is an undergraduate major in biology or chemistry.
Biology majors should consult their advisor for the best electives to take; a year of physics and chemistry 313-314 and
502-503 are particularly advisable.
The Winthrop University biology and chemistry departments urge serious, qualified juniors and seniors to consider the
possibility of taking biology 463 or chemistry 463 (internships courses), and engage in an internship at the Charlotte Crime
Laboratory, Charlotte, NC. Interested students with sufficient background (25 or 30 hours of science courses) should see
Dr. Jim Johnston.
Careers in crime detection require postgraduate training and study. Further information can be provided by the chairmen
of the science departments.
Prosthetics and Orthotics
Prosthetics is the profession concerned with the prescription, design, fabrication, and fitting of artificial limbs, while
orthotics is concerned with the prescription, design, fabrication, and fitting of braces. There is a growing need for persons
trained in these professions. This is a well-paid profession, for which graduate coursework in anatomy, physiology,
biomechanics, as well as extensive training in orthotics and prosthetics, is required. Certificate programs in this
profession are offered by certain medical schools, for instance Medical School of New York.
Persons desiring to enter training programs in prosthetics must have a baccalaureate degree and introductory courses in
biology, mathematics (algebra and trigonometry), physics, psychology, and chemistry. For further details, see your
advisor.
A Final Word about Careers
Your reputation (and your recommendations) is not based solely upon your grades. Many things are taken into account,
such as diligence and application, motivation, variety of experiences, dependability, and general intellectual capacity.
Getting into the desired program often requires perseverance, putting in applications several times, and improving one‟s
background between applications. Applications should always be neat, carefully written, grammatical, and complete.
Personal interviews are often required. In general, the students who succeed in entering the career fields of their choice
are those who work hard, plan ahead, pay attention to detail, search thoroughly for opportunities, and are flexible as to
their geographic location. The members of the biology faculty of Winthrop will be more than pleased to give you further
aid and advice whenever you need it.
Use of the Center for Career Development and Civic Engagement
Visit our website: www.winthrop.edu/careers
Our Mission Statement
The Center for Career Development and Civic Engagement at Winthrop University provides students and alumni with
resources and programs to develop the necessary skills to conduct effective career searches and make informed
decisions. Additionally, we assist employers in recruiting qualified candidates for permanent and cooperative education
positions.
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Books Every Biologist Should Read
Textbooks are heavy reading. There is much more readable biological literature that you may enjoy. A very long list of
enjoyable books relating to various aspects of biology could be assembled. Here are just a few of the readable classics
on the subject.
Author
James D. Watson
Lewis Thomas
Rachel Carson
Stephen J. Gould
Thomas S. Kuhn
Paul de Kruif
Konrad Lorenz
Karl van Frisch
Vincent Dethier
Clifford Grobstein
Douglas Futuyuma
Edward O. Wilson
Evelyn Keller
Richard Dawkins
Charles Darwin
Lewis Thomas
Karl von Frisch
Clifford Dobell
Niko Tinbergen
Henry W. Bates
Loren Eiesely
Simon Conway Morris
Niko Tinbergen
James Lovelock, Gaia
Jonathan Weiner
Henry Collins and Trevor Pinch
Robert Shapiro
James L. Gould
Arthur W. Galston
Fritjof Capra
Lynn Margulis and Darion Sagan
Richard Dawkins
Title
The Double Helix
Lives of a Cell
Silent Spring
Ever Since Darwin
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Microbe Hunters
King Solomon’s Ring
Bees: Their Vision, Chemical Senses and Language
To Know a Fly
The Strategy of Life
Science on Trial: The Case for Evolution
Biophilia
A Feeling for the Organism: the Life and Work of Barbara McClintock
The Selfish Gene (Revised Edition)
Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle
The Medusa and the Snail
Ten Little Housemates
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek and His “Little Animals”
The Herring Gull’s World
The naturalist on the River Amazons
The Immense Journey
Crucible of Creation
Curious Naturalists
A New Look at Life on Earth
The Beak of the Finch
The Golem: What Everyone Should Know About Science
Origins: A Skeptic’s Guide to the Creation of Life on Earth
The Animal Mind
Life Processes of Plants
The Web of Life
Micro-Cosmos
Climbing Mount Improbable
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Guidelines for the Preparation of Papers
The department of biology considers effective written communication an integral part of any course of instruction. As a
consequence, most courses in biology at Winthrop University include written work. In general, the papers you will prepare
for biology courses will be of two major types, library review articles or scientific research reports. These two types of
papers differ primarily in the source of the information reported. Library review articles, frequently called term papers, are
usually based on outside readings of a topic. Scientific research reports are descriptions of laboratory or field studies that
have been conducted by the student or a group of students.
The biology department has adopted the following book as the guide for preparation of papers for courses in biology.
Every biology major should obtain a copy for reference: Victoria E. McMillan, 1988. Writing Papers In The Biological
Sciences, St. Martins‟ Press, New York.
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