MEGATRENDS:
RECREATION
Land Open to Recreation
Bayfield
467,727
Douglas
323,648
Federal Resource Lands
State Resource Lands
Ashland
272,807
Burnett Washburn
178,748 156,213
County Forests
Iron
257,451
Private Forests Open to Recreation
Vilas
251,600
Florence
135,677
Sawyer
84,484
Oneida
202,292
Price
273,993
Polk
43,668
St. Croix
19,165
Pierce
4,429
Barron
23,230
Dunn
16,412
5,199
Pepin
Rusk
109,861
Chippewa
44,330
Eau Claire
58,511
Trempealeau
Buffalo
11,241
23,429
Taylor
150,848
Clark
134,460
Lincoln
115,865
Marathon
61,110
Wood
78,015
Portage
33,533
Forest
378,921
Langlade
180,897
Marinette
265,514
Menominee Oconto
0
193,732
Shawano
260,372
Door
17,797
Kewaunee
Waupaca Outagamie Brown 3,217
10,735
11,209
13,377
Jackson
Map 1:
200,285
Wisconsin
Manitowoc
Waushara Winnebago
Recreational
11,881
14,212 Calumet
20,390
14,996
Lands
Monroe
13,275
La
Adams
This map displays
Marquette
Crosse
28,256
public and private lands
13,085 Green Fond
24,665
Juneau
Sheboygan
Lake
in Wisconsin open to public
du Lac
106,649
19,201
29,252 22,379
recreation. Map layers are
Vernon
from various WIDNR data
14,069
Dodge
Columbia
sources. Acreage statistics
Ozaukee
Sauk
46,565
are from the 2005-2010
5,542
24,948
Richland
Washington
29,925
Crawford 8,087
Statewide Comprehensive
15,081
Outdoor Recreation Plan
28,929
(SCORP), Appendix D and
Waukesha
Dane
Milwaukee
are not derived from map
Jefferson 33,453
Iowa
18,181
20,075
35,021
layers. SCORP statistics do
20,026
Grant
not include private forests
Racine
25,895
open to recreation under the
Walworth
10,734
Green
Rock
Lafayette
Managed Forest Law Program
15,756
Kenosha
5,799
6,066
14,269
because public access to these
11,689
lands may change over time.
MEGATRENDS:
USE
WISCONSIN LAND USE
WISCONSIN LAND
RECREATION
1
2
In 1961, then-Governor Nelson began the Wisconsin
Outdoor Recreation Action Program (ORAP), funded by
a one-cent-per-pack cigarette tax. The tax yielded over
$400,000 each month, 90% of which was directed to land
acquisition.
The goal of this brochure is to illustrate state-wide land
use trends related to recreation. The first two sections
of the report discuss many of the historic, demographic,
and geographic forces that have shaped Wisconsin’s
recreational landscape. Trends related to three types
of recreational resources are highlighted in subsequent
sections: nature-based land recreation, water-based
recreation, and developed land recreation. This brochure
is intended to help local communities, government
officials, planning professionals and individual landowners
think about ways to plan for and better manage local and
regional recreational resources.
In 1969, Governor Knowles signed into law ORAP 200,
the successor to Nelson’s recreation plan, heralding
what would become Wisconsin’s environmental
decade. Governor Thompson’s Stewardship Program
followed in 1989, authorizing $250 million for public land
acquisition over ten years. The legislature reauthorized
the Knowles-Nelson Stewardship Fund in 2000 to cover
acquisitions through 2010 with $60 million per year.
Presently, Governor Doyle is proposing that the program
be reauthorized before 2010 to permit state bonding at a
level of $105 million per year.
Public Recreation Lands:
History and Trends
In a way, Wisconsin is a victim of its own success in
promoting outdoor recreation. Early efforts to provide
recreation to Wisconsinites instilled a widespread
appreciation of the outdoors, which in turn, has fostered
high demand to “own a slice of heaven.” Increasing
rural land values are making it harder and harder for the
state to expand upon its holdings. The growing role of
easements and similar “partial” ownership of recreation
land is likely to increase as concerns over access to
recreation land grows and agencies look to get the most
public access for each dollar.
Wisconsin’s current landscape of scattered recreation
sites was not how early settlers originally envisioned
the state’s future. In the mid-1800s, large areas suited
to farming or forest harvesting encouraged settlement
throughout the state. Land that could not be put to
immediate economic use was of little value.
In 1900, the first Wisconsin state park was established at
the Dalles of the St. Croix River. In 1909, famed planner
John Nolen completed a plan for future parks in the
state, including sites at Devil’s Lake, Door County, Grant
County, and the Wisconsin Dells. In 1907, Frederick
Weyerhauser deeded the lands that would become the
Brule River State Forest, an
area prized for its recreation
Figure 1: Acquisition of State-Owned Land1
assets.
1,600,000
0.3
1,400,000
0.25
1,200,000
0.2
1,000,000
800,000
0.15
600,000
0.1
400,000
0.05
200,000
Year
2005
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
1950
1945
1940
1935
1930
1925
1920
1915
1910
0
1905
0
1900
In 1939, the State Planning
Board produced a
significant update to Nolen’s
plan, proposing numerous
new parks and parkways.
Growth and prosperity
following World War II
generated unprecedented
demand for recreation land.
Acres per Capita
As farms in northern
Wisconsin began to fail in
the 1920s and 1930s, an
increasing amount of land
was abandoned by settlers
and industrial forest owners.
These lands provided the
basis for today’s county
forest system. The federal
and state government also
increased their holdings at
this time, acquiring lands
near lakes and rivers.
Total Acres
PUBLIC RECREATION LANDS
Introduction
3
Demographic Trends
Table 1: Participation in select outdoor recreation
activities (age 16+)3
Activity
The state’s long legacy of natural resource protection
and public land acquisition ensures that there is an
ample supply of public land available for recreation in
Wisconsin. However, there is a growing divide between
the location of public lands and population. Whereas
the greatest concentrations of public land are located in
northern Wisconsin, the majority of the state’s residents
are located in the southern and eastern parts of the state,
with recent growth near Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota.
As illustrated in Map 2, these urbanized areas contain
relatively less land open to public recreation per capita.
More rural parts of the state are also experiencing
change. Areas rich in natural resources, ever popular
as tourist destinations, are experiencing steady levels of
development as well as conversion of seasonal homes
to year-round living. “Privatization” and parcelization
of shorelands, forests and other natural resource areas
serves to reduce the amount of land available for
recreation, and also limits access.
Percent
Participating
1,000s of
Participants
Walking for pleasure
86%
3,567
Viewing/photographing nature
68%
2,806
Gardening/landscaping
65%
2715
Bicycling
49%
2,049
Swimming
46%
1,904
Fishing
41%
1,692
Day hiking
35%
1,455
Camping
32%
1,343
Running or jogging
29%
1,222
Canoeing
21%
852
Hunting
19%
798
multiple generations, making them some of the most
popular recreational activities in the state.
Barriers to Participation
According to a nationwide study conducted by the
Outdoor Industry Foundation, 60% of Americans feel
they don’t have enough time to participate in outdoor
activities. An additional 39% of Americans feel the cost
to participate in outdoor activities is a barrier.4 As time
becomes more pressed between work, school, home life
and other responsibilities, recreational activities that are
located close to home and that do not require scheduling
are expected to increase in popularity.
Participation Trends
The demographic structure of a region affects demand for
recreation. Among older generations, quiet, low-impact
activities such as bird-watching, gardening, walking and
driving for pleasure are popular. Older generations,
particularly members of the baby boom generation (born
between 1946 and 1964), are expected to participate in a
broader range of recreational activities later in life due
to improved levels of health and fitness
ness and higher
levels of disposable income. Among
ng
Map 2: Public Recreational Land Per C
Capita
children, participation in outdoor
Bayfield
This
map
displays
acres
of
public
land
open to
activities has declined dramatically.
Douglas
recreation
per
capita
by
county.
county
Map
In a typical week, only six percent of
Iron
developed
using
Table
D1
from the
Ashland
children, ages nine to thirteen play
Vilas
2005
–
2010
SCORP
SC
Report,
outside on their own. Studies
Burnett Washburn
Florence
Sawyer
compiled
in
2004,
and
2004
have found that getting kids
Oneida
Price
population
estimates
e
from
Forest
outdoors more—and especially
Polk
tthe Wisconsin
Marinette
Rusk
Barron
experiencing nature directly—
D
Department of
Lincoln
Langlade
provides many benefits.
Taylor
A
Administration.
Specifically, outdoor activity
Chippewa
St. Croix
Menominee Oconto
Ag
geographical
Dunn
reduces childhood obesity and
Marathon
Shawano
inte
interval
was applied
Door
Pierce
Clark
Eau Claire
increases motivation to learn,
to
ob
obtain
an equal
self-esteem, problem solving,
Pepin
Kewaunee
Portage Waupaca
Trempealeau
numb
number
of
counties
Outagamie Brown
Wood
2
Buffalo
and attention spans.
Jackson
in each category,
Manitowoc
Waushara Winnebago
excludin
excluding Menominee
Calumet
According to a report by the Wisconsin
nsin
Monroe
La
County,
an autonomous
Adams
Marquette
Department of Natural Resources, a much
Crosse
Juneau
nation.
Green Fond
Sheboygan
du Lac
higher proportion of Wisconsinites participate
Lake
in outdoor recreation activities than the average
ation rates
American.3 Table 1 shows participation
for selected outdoor recreational activities
ctivities in
Wisconsin. Many popular outdoor activities such
as driving for pleasure, picnicking, sightseeing, and
attending outdoor sporting events are not shown
on this table. These activities are accessible to
Vernon
Sauk
Crawford
Dodge
Columbia
Richland
Ozaukee
Washington
Acres of Public Land
Open to Recreation
No Data
Iowa
Dane
Waukesha
Jefferson
Milwaukee
0.28 - 1.57
Grant
Lafayette
0.01 - 0.27
Green
Rock
Walworth
Racine
Kenosha
1.58 - 7.76
7.77 - 37.16
DEMOGRAPHICS TRENDS
Geographic Distribution
4
Nature-Based Land Recreation
Participation Trends
Table 2 provides participation rates for common naturebased land activities in Wisconsin. Visiting wilderness
areas is the most popular nature-based land activity.
Geocaching is a relatively new but rapidly growing sport
that holds great appeal for those that want to combine
the latest in technology with an outdoor activity. Other
growing activities, not shown on this table, are wildlife
viewing and bird watching, which often take place in
natural settings.
Table 2: Participation in nature-based land activities
(age 16+)3
Percent
Participating
1,000s of
Participants
Visit wilderness area
38%
1,592
Day hiking
35%
1,455
Camping, developed
32%
1,343
Activity
Off-road ATV use
23%
973
Mountain biking
20%
848
Hunting
19%
790
Camping
Statewide, an estimated 1,177 public and private
campgrounds contain over 74,000 campsites.3
Occupancy rates for Wisconsin campgrounds have
been increasing along with the number of campgrounds
and campsites. State campgrounds are concentrated
in the southern half of the state serving areas of higher
population. Federal lands are located in the northern half
of the state and provide more wilderness-type settings.
Public campgrounds offer most of the tent camping
opportunities while private campgrounds tend to focus
on sites with increased amenities such as water and
electrical hookups.
While the total number of campgrounds is highest in
the northern half of the state, the largest campgrounds
and greatest number of campsites are found in the
southwestern and central parts of the state (see figure 2).
sou
These larger campgrounds have more of the amenities
The
that RV campers are looking for. Currently, non-primitive
camping is the preferred camping type (see figure 3).
cam
However, baby boomers have indicated a preference for
How
RV camping.3 This may lead to increased demand for
these sites throughout the state as the population ages.
thes
Figure 2: Campgrounds and Campsites3
300
16000
Campgrounds
Snowmobiling
18%
761
Camping, primitive
16%
665
Skiing, cross country
11%
474
Horseback riding, trails
8%
337
Snowshoeing
8%
333
Backpacking
7%
287
Rock climbing
6%
245
Geocaching
2%
83
14000
Number of
Camping Sites
250
12000
Campgrounds
NATURE-BASED
LAND
Nature-based land recreation takes place throughout
Wisconsin and has a significant impact on local
economies. Key to this type of activity is the desire of
participants to visit natural or undeveloped settings.
200
10000
150
8000
6000
100
4000
50
2000
0
A big change in recreation participation from 1994 to 2004
has been the increase of snow and ice-based activities
as a result of advancements in equipment technology.
Reduced winter snow cover and an aging population
could moderate this trend.
0
Northwoods
Great
Northwest
Upper Lake Western Sands
Lake
Michigan
Winnebago
Coastal
Waters
Southern
Gateways
Wisconsin SCORP Region
Figure 3: Wisconsin Camper Type7
Popup Camper
17%
Hunting
In Wisconsin, hunting occurs more often on non-industrial
private land than on publicly-owned land.5 Even though
the number of Wisconsinites participating in hunting
has remained steady, the overall participation rate has
not kept pace with population growth. The average age
of participants is increasing due to the fact that so few
young people are taking up the sport.3 Additional reasons
for decline include: difficulty accessing lands open for
hunting; urbanization and loss of habitat; increasing
costs to participate; decreasing leisure time; and lack
of mentors, a key component to hunting participation.6
Mississippi
River Corridor
Tent
32%
Truck Camper
2%
RV/Trailer
49%
Lower Lake
Michigan
Coastal
Wisconsin state parks, forests, trails, wildlife areas, and
other Department of Natural Resources lands provide
more than 3,060 miles of recreational trails. They have
a variety of surfaces suited for multiple activities such
as walking, running, hiking, bicycling, in-line skating,
horseback riding, all-terrain vehicles, snowmobiling,
cross-country skiing, and snowshoeing. In addition,
counties and municipalities have many miles of
recreational trails. Trail networks are being established
linking local and regional sites thereby increasing access
to these facilities.
Statewide participation trends from 1994 to 2004 show
a 50% or greater increase in activities that take place on
trails or natural corridors such as kayaking, canoeing,
horseback riding, snowmobiling, day hiking, and running
or jogging. The popularity of these activities, combined
with the increasing pressure on leisure time, is expected
to increase demand for trails closer to population centers.
Maintaining snowmobile trails may become a challenge
in the future due to development of rural areas and
incompatibility of the sport with an urban setting.
Trail usage and the demand for more trails in urban areas
should increase as a result of local and national obesity
reduction efforts. Federal, state and private funding are
being used to promote and build facilities for activities
such as walking and biking that can be integrated into
daily living habits. Walking for pleasure is already
the most popular recreation activity and the easiest to
participate in.
Trail Length Normalized by County Size
Least Trails
385
15
52
237
42
59
334
21
35
262
32 32
236
43
55
304
28
38
294
30
39
771
1
13
511
8
26
273
31
50
393
14
27
Trail Statistics
351
540
17 540
5
41
7
468
10
29
303 29 48
Most Trails
635
3
8
518
7
21
328
22
31
668
2
19
Black Numbers = Number of trail miles
Red Numbers = County rank by total
trail miles
Green Numbers = County rank by total
trail miles/county size
194
346 53 25
18
42
335
536
6
9
20
62
327
0 72 23
43
72
417
12 15
211
48
17
345
324 24
19
184 54 53
11 60 10
54
122
208
260
256
129 230 66
146
35
50
37
260 227
63
44
33
46
45
34 45 410 13 23
57
18
64
28 49
128 135 204
305 27
62
51
64
250
14
175
40
37
165
63
248 39 147 105
56
p 3: Wisconsin Trails
Map
58
40 30 59 69
66
This map displays trails and
52 475
36
47
9
44 56 202 61
trail length statistics by county
2
m the WIDNR Wisconsin
from
221 47
226
356
Trailss Database, 1998. Trails
58 116
307 99
124 65
46
16
ude those used for various
include
70
26 70
67
175
60
24
poses and at various
purposes
65
6 20
55
ning and acquisition
planning
556
51
239
453 172
es. Statistics include total
stages.
140
4
11 57
41
208
miless of trails by county, county
61
16
3
5
22
67
rankk by total trail miles, and
49
nty rank by total trail miles
county
310 251 38 4
68
25
109 68 89 71 257 36
malized by county size.
normalized
34
69
12 261 33 1
71
NATURE-BASED
Trails
LAND
5
6
WATER
Water-Based Recreation
Wisconsinites have a rich tradition of enjoying their time
on and near the water. With more than 43,000 miles of
rivers and 15,000 inland lakes, there should be plenty of
room for everyone. However, the population of Wisconsin
is increasing while nature isn’t making any more lakes or
streams. As a result, the growth in recreational use of our
waters has increased to the point that we have started to
feel “the squeeze.”8 Wisconsin’s waters are becoming
more crowded leading to increasing user conflicts.
Demand for Water-Based Recreation
Compared to the nation as a whole, a greater percentage
of Wisconsinites participate in water-based activities.9
The most popular activities on Wisconsin’s waters include
boating, visiting a beach, swimming in a lake or stream,
and fishing. Nearly half of all Wisconsinites participated
in each of these activities over the last year. Despite
already high levels of participation, the popularity of many
water-based activities continues to rise.3
Quantity and Quality of Water Resources
Map 4 shows the distribution of lakes in Wisconsin by
county.3 While the majority of lake acres are found across
northern Wisconsin, the majority of Wisconsin’s residents
live in the southern part of the state, with recent growth
concentrated near the Twin Cities region. Northwest
Wisconsin is where we find the greatest overlap between
high numbers of lakes and people. Not
surprisingly, residents from this part
Effects of
E
Excessive
E
Phosphorus
P
One pound of
O
phosphorus can
p
rresult in up to
5
500 pounds of
a
algae growth.12
of the state participate most frequently in water based
activities.3
Clear, clean water is important to swimmers, boaters
and others who enjoy being on and near the water. The
quality of water in lakes and streams is directly affected
by the land surrounding it. Map 4 also shows Secchi
disc depth—a measure of clarity—for lakes around
Wisconsin.10 Lakes in the northern part of the state where
the watersheds are mainly forested are much clearer
than those located in the southern part of the state where
development and agriculture are more prevalent.
Land Use Affects Water Recreation
If the amount of nutrients entering a lake from agriculture
or development is excessive it can convert a clear lake
into one with high concentrations of algae, thereby
reducing the value and quality of lake
l
water for all users.
Over the last thirty years, point so
sources of water pollution
which typically come from factories
factorie or wastewater
treatment
plants
have
been
identified and largely
identi
22,629
Acres of Lakes, Ponds, Flowages
wages
14,113
controlled. County shoreland zoning
zon
ordinances have
98 - 2,838
po po 29,368
been adopted across the
th state and updated in
o
p
2,839 - 11,174
5,936
many counties in an attempt to reduce
po 93,889
11,175 - 31,265
31,258 31,265 11,004
o
p
the negative effects
e
of waterfront
7,259
31,266 - 93,889
o
p
developmen
development.
In
2002,
Wisconsin
o
p
o
p
68,447
po
po 15,129
93,890 - 169,755
a
adopted
new
runoff
o
p
22,531
7,854
20,900 17,748
po 15,741
13,735
rrules for agriculture
Secchi Depth (in feet)
po 6,183
po po
po
a
and development that
po 2 - 5
po 9,122
20,027
o
p
bo
bode well for the quality
2,111
o
p
po 6 - 7
4,044
3,963
19,762
of lakes and streams but
po
po 8 - 9
po
po
po 11,053
po 2,838 1,076
56,183
larg
largely depend on future
po 10 - 11
6,016
po
o
p
3,254
po
po
state funding. Our gains
po po
po 12 - 30
o
p
251
12,203 7,169 213 170
278
? No Data
in con
controlling point sources
6,245
o
p
196 409
po po po po
5,004
are
offs
offset
to some degree by
o
p
o
p
po
?
4,623 169,755 98 1,492
continu
continued inputs of excessive
2,309
po po ? po
Map 4
M
4: A
Acres off L
Lakes
k s and
d
8,568 3,437
fertilizer
fertilizers, manure, and runoff
o
p
Water Clarity by County
nty
po 1,655 8,912 from new impervious surfaces,
po po 45,950 po 5,73617,120
This map displays acreages
eages
po
po po
such as roads,
ro
driveways and
256 p
o
3,095 13,246
of lakes, ponds, and flowages
rooftops
th
that
are
associated with
709
251 3,667
po
o
p
by county using data from
rom the
11
6,243 ?
3,080
o
p
land
develo
A commitment
development.
o
p
po
WIDNR 2005 – 2010 Statewide
to
stewardship
steward
is
critical
if we are
197
?
3,770 15,156
21,520
685
Comprehensive Outdoor
oor Recreation
to
sustain
the
numerous
benefits
po
po po po that our wwaters provide, including
1,569
po
Plan (SCORP). Secchi
hi disc data from
o recreation
? 565 350 11,174 12,798 3,919 p
WIDNR, 2004.
recreation.
?
po
po
po
3,674
po
7
Developed land for recreation includes a broad range
of activities such as ATV parks, country clubs, dirt bike
tracks, playground facilities, fairgrounds, golf ranges and
resorts, miniature golf, paintball game areas, skateboard
parks, softball diamonds, zoos and seasonal or second
homes. Below we focus on a few areas that have had
and will continue to have a significant impact on land use
in this state.
Housing Growth
Figure 4 shows residential growth over a 65 year
period, divided between growth in non-vacation and
vacation homes. Perhaps surprisingly, the number of
vacation homes remains stable from about 1985 to the
present. However, the number of non-vacation homes
has increased steadily over this period in part due to
conversion of vacation homes to full-time residences.
most of any other state. Minnesota and Michigan,
ranked 2nd and 3rd, follow far behind with 9 and 7
resorts, respectively. The average size of an indoor
waterpark in Wisconsin is 50,000 square feet. Michigan
and Minnesota’s resorts are on average half that size.
The Wisconsin Dells claims the largest concentration of
waterparks in one area. According to that city’s visitor
and convention bureau, there are 18 indoor waterparks
and 3 outdoor waterparks within 18 square miles, with
more than 200 waterslides using 16 million gallons of
water.
Golf
Golf is the second most popular individual outdoor sport
in Wisconsin with 26% of the population hitting the greens
at 489 courses.3 Golf courses in Wisconsin cover 54,000
acres.15
Both
B
the number of
golf
g courses and the
number
n
of golfers
3,000,000
have
h
seen steep
increases
in
in recent
years.
y
In the last
2,500,000
20
2 years, 120 new
golf
g courses have
been
b
built covering
19,000
1
acres. Since
2,000,000
NG
I
2001,
2
the
largest
S
OU
H
concentration
c
of
D
UN
new
n
courses
has
O
R-R
1,500,000
been
b
in southeast
YEA
15
Wisconsin.
W
Along
with
w more courses
have
h
come more
1,000,000
golfers.
g
From 19952004,
2
the number of
golfers
g
in Wisconsin
has
h
increased
more
500,000
than
th 20% to over
1 million people.
SEASONAL HOUSING
People
P
living in urban
0
areas
a
are more likely
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
to golf than those
from
fr
other parts of
the state,3 so the increase in golfers may result in part
from an increasing urban population.
Indoor Waterparks
Another significant trend is the construction of waterparks,
particularly indoor waterparks. Prior to 1983, few indoor
Disc Golf
waterparks existed. In 1983 less than 50,000 square
Disc golf is a rapidly expanding sport in Wisconsin that
feet was dedicated to indoor waterparks; by 2004 almost
is played with an advanced type of frisbee on open or
2 million square feet existed. Hotel rooms associated
wooded courses. Over 8% of residents currently play
with indoor waterpark resorts increased from about 1,000
disc golf and over 75% of players are less than 35 years
rooms in 1983 to over 15,000 in 2004.14 The trend
of age.3 Wisconsin has 99 frisbee golf courses, located
continues with new indoor waterpark resorts planned and
mainly in the central and southeast part of the state.16
Disc golf courses are often incorporated into existing
under construction throughout the United States.
parks and may displace previous park uses.
Wisconsin, with 30 indoor waterpark resorts, has the
Figure 4: Growth in Homes from 1940-200513
DEVELOPED LAND
Developed Land Recreation
8
References
REFERENCES/ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1
Unpublished figures provided by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
Louv, Richard. Leave No Child Inside. Testimony before the Interior and Environmental Subcommittee of the United
States House of Representatives, February 28, 2007. Available online: www.cnaturenet.org/01_news_center/pdfs/
LouvTestimony.pdf
3
Prey, Jeffrey and Kathleen Kiefaber. Wisconsin Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan, 2005–2010.
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Available online: www.dnr.state.wi.us/planning/scorp/index.html
4
Outdoor Industry Foundation. Exploring the Active Lifestyle, 2004. Available online: www.outdoorindustryfoundation.org
5
Marcouiller, Dave and Terry Mace. 2002. Forest and Regional Development. Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources. Available online: http://learningstore.uwex.edu/pdf/G3694.pdf
6
Eisele, Tim. “DNR puts its focus on the future; Plans begin to groom next” The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Oct 3,
2004. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_20041003/ai_n10994932
7
Wisconsin Department of Tourism. 2004 Profile of Wisconsin Campers. Wisconsin Department of Tourism Co-op
Research Program. Available online: http://agency.travelwisconsin.com/Research/MarketResearch_Active/2004_
Campers.pdf
8
Dudiak, Tamara and Robert Korth. How’s the Water? Planning for Recreational Use on Wisconsin Lakes & Rivers.
Wisconsin Lakes Partnership, 2002.
9
Green, Gary T., Matthew Owens, Gary T. Betz, and Ken Cordell. Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Region. Outdoor
Recreation and Wilderness Assessment Group, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, June 2005.
Available online: http://dnr.wi.gov/planning/scorp/reports/Wisconsin_Final_0605.pdf
10
Bode, Jeff. Self-Help Lake Monitoring Data. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 2004.
11
Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. Waters of Wisconsin: The Future of Our Aquatic Ecosystems and
Resources. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 2003. Available online: www.
wisconsinacademy.org/wow/downloadreport.html
12
Henderson, Carrol L. et al. Lakescaping for Wildlife and Water Quality. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
13
US Census Bureau, Housing and household Economic Statistics Division. Historical Census of Housing Tables:
Vacation Homes. Available online: www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/census/historic/vacation.html
14
Sangree, D.J. “Indoor Waterparks and Hotels – Year end 2005 Overview”, Hotel Online. February 2006. Cleveland,
Ohio. Available online: www.hotel-online.com/News/PR2006_1st/Feb06_SangreeWaterparkReport.html
15
Kass, Jim, Research Director, National Golf Foundation. Personal communication. December 6, 2006.
16
Professional Disc Golf Association website. Available online: www.pdga.org/course
2
Acknowledgements
Prepared by Anna Haines, Lynn Markham, Douglas Miskowiak, Eric Olson, Rebecca Roberts and Linda Stoll of the
Center for Land Use Education. Maps 1-4 produced by Douglas Miskowiak. Figures 1-4 created by Eric Olson. Design
and layout by Robert Newby, adapted from UWSP Printing & Design.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions and review of this publication provided by Robert Korth, UWExtension Lakes; Catherine Neiswender, Winnebago County UW-Extension; and Jeffrey Prey, Wisconsin Department of
Natural Resources.
Direct financial assistance for this project was provided by the University of Wisconsin-Extension.
Center for Land Use Education
The Center for Land Use Education is a joint venture of the College
of Natural Resources at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
and the University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension with funding
from the Global Environmental Management Education Center.
Copyright © 2007 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
d/b/a the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.