MEGATRENDS:
RECREATION
Land Open to Recreation
Bayfield
467,727
Douglas
323,648
Federal Resource Lands
State Resource Lands
Ashland
272,807
Burnett Washburn
178,748 156,213
County Forests
Iron
257,451
Privately Managed Forest Open to Recreation
Vilas
251,600
Florence
135,677
Sawyer
84,484
Oneida
202,292
Price
273,993
Polk
43,668
St. Croix
19,165
Pierce
4,429
Barron
23,230
Dunn
16,412
5,199
Pepin
Rusk
109,861
Chippewa
44,330
Eau Claire
58,511
Taylor
150,848
Clark
134,460
Trempealeau
Buffalo
11,241
23,429
Jackson
200,285
Lincoln
115,865
Marathon
61,110
Wood
78,015
Portage
33,533
Forest
378,921
Langlade
180,897
Marinette
265,514
Menominee Oconto
0
193,732
Shawano
260,372
Door
17,797
Kewaunee
Waupaca Outagamie Brown 3,217
10,735
11,209
13,377
Map 1:
Manitowoc
Waushara Winnebago
Wisconsin
11,881
14,212 Calumet
20,390
14,996
Recreational
Monroe
13,275
La
Adams
Lands
Marquette
Crosse
28,256
This map displays
13,085 Green Fond
24,665
Juneau
Sheboygan
Lake
public and private lands
du Lac
106,649
19,201
29,252 22,379
in Wisconsin open to public
Vernon
recreation. Map layers are
14,069
Dodge
Columbia
from various WIDNR data
Ozaukee
Sauk
46,565
sources. Acreage statistics
5,542
24,948
Richland
Washington
29,925
Crawford 8,087
are from the 2005-2010
15,081
Statewide Comprehensive
28,929
Outdoor Recreation Plan
Waukesha
Dane
Milwaukee
(SCORP), Appendix D and
Jefferson 33,453
Iowa
18,181
20,075
35,021
are not derived from map
20,026
Grant
layers. SCORP statistics do
Racine
25,895
not include privately managed
Walworth
10,734
Green
Rock
Lafayette
forested parcels open to
15,756
Kenosha
5,799
6,066
14,269
recreation because public access
11,689
to these lands may change over time.
MEGATRENDS:
USE
WISCONSIN LAND USE
WISCONSIN LAND
RECREATION
1
2
sections: nature-based land recreation, water-based
recreation, and developed land recreation. This brochure
is intended to help local communities, government
officials, planning professionals and individual landowners
think about ways to plan for and better manage local and
regional recreational resources.
Public Recreation Lands: History and Trends
The scattered recreation sites found throughout
Wisconsin were not how early settlers originally
envisioned the state’s future. In the mid-1800s, large
areas suited to farming or forest harvesting encouraged
settlement throughout the state. Land that could not be
put to immediate economic use was of little value. Things
began to change at the turn of the Century.
Figure 1: Public Lands
1,600,000
0.3
1,400,000
0.25
1,200,000
In 1939, the State Planning Board produced a significant
update to Nolen’s plan, proposing numerous new parks
and parkways. Growth and prosperity following World
War II generated unprecedented demand for recreation
land. In 1961, then-Governor Nelson began the
Wisconsin Outdoor Recreation Action Program (ORAP),
funded by a one-cent-per-pack cigarette tax. The tax
yielded over $400,000 each month, 90% of which was
directed to land acquisition.
In 1969, Governor Knowles signed into law ORAP 200,
the successor to Nelson’s recreation plan, heralding
what would become Wisconsin’s environmental decade.
Governor Thompson’s Stewardship Program followed
in 1989, authorizing $250 million over ten years. The
legislature reauthorized the Knowles-Nelson Stewardship
Fund in 2000 to cover acquisitions through 2010 with $60
million per year. Presently, Governor Doyle is proposing
that the program be reauthorized before 2010 to permit
state bonding at a level of $105 million per year.
In a way, Wisconsin is a victim of its own success in
promoting outdoor recreation. Early efforts to provide
recreation to Wisconsinites instilled a widespread
appreciation of the outdoors, which in turn, has fostered
800,000
0.15
600,000
0.1
400,000
0.05
200,000
0
2005
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
1950
1945
1940
1935
1930
1925
1920
1915
1910
1905
0
1900
As farms failed in northern Wisconsin, an increasing
amount of land was abandoned by industrial forest
owners and resigned settlers. These lands provided the
basis for today’s county forest system. The federal and
state government also increased their holdings at this
time, acquiring lands near lakes and rivers.
0.2
1,000,000
Acres per Capita
In 1900, the first state park was established at the Dalles
of the St. Croix River. In 1909, famed planner John Nolen
completed a plan for future parks in the state, including
sites at Devil’s Lake, Door County, Grant County, and
the Wisconsin Dells. In 1907, Frederick Weyerhauser
deeded the lands that would become the Brule River
State Forest, an area prized for its recreation assets.
Total Acres
PUBLIC RECREATION LANDS
Introduction
The goal of this brochure is to illustrate state-wide land
use trends related to recreation. The first two sections
of the report discuss many of the historic, demographic,
and geographic forces that have shaped Wisconsin’s
recreational landscape. Trends related to three types
of recreational resources are highlighted in subsequent
Year
high demand to “own a slice of heaven.” As a result,
increasing rural land values are making it harder and
harder for the state to expand upon its holdings. The
growing role of easements and similar “partial” ownership
of recreation land is likely to increase as concerns over
access to recreation land grows and agencies look to get
the most public access for each dollar.
What does all of this mean for the State of
Wisconsin and their tourist guests?
It means the state will have one of the finest
outdoor recreation systems in the country in the
near future…there will be more wildlife, picnic
areas and campsites, swimming beaches, ski hills,
and hiking trails. Scenic beauty and public waters
will be better preserved, and there will be land to
manage intensively for outdoor recreation by your
children’s children.
L.P. Voigt, Director Wisconsin Conservation
Department, 19621
3
Demographic Trends
Table 1: Participation in select outdoor recreation
activities (age 16+)3
Activity
The state’s long legacy of natural resources protection
and public land acquisition ensures that there is an
ample supply of public land available for recreation in
Wisconsin. However, there is a growing divide between
the location of public lands and population. Whereas
the greatest concentrations of public land are located in
northern Wisconsin, the majority of the state’s residents
are located in the southern and eastern parts of the state,
with recent growth near the Twin Cities. As illustrated in
Map 2, these urbanized areas contain relatively less land
open to public recreation per capita.
Percent
Participating
1,000s of
Participants
Walking for pleasure
86%
3,567
Viewing/photographing nature
68%
2,806
Gardening/landscaping
65%
2715
Bicycling
49%
2,049
Swimming
46%
1,904
Fishing
41%
1,692
Day hiking
35%
1,455
Camping
32%
1,343
Running or jogging
29%
1,222
Canoeing
21%
852
Hunting
19%
798
More rural parts of the state are also experiencing
change. Areas rich in natural resources, ever popular
as tourist destinations, are experiencing steady levels of
development as well as conversion of seasonal homes
to year-round living. “Privatization” and parcelization
of shorelands, forests and other natural resource areas
serves to reduce the amount of land available for
recreation, and also limits access.
outdoor sporting events are not shown on this table.
These activities are accessible to multiple generations,
making them some of the most popular recreational
activities in the state.
Participation Trends
Barriers to Participation
The demographic structure of a region affects demand for
recreation. Among older generations, quiet, low-impact
activities such as bird-watching, gardening, walking and
driving for pleasure are popular. Older generations,
particularly members of the Baby Boom generation (born
between 1946 and 1964), are expected to participate in a
broader range of recreational activities later in life due to
improved levels of health and fitness and higher levels of
disposable income. Among younger generations, led by
Generation Y (born between 1981 and 1995), activities
such as running, disc golf, kayaking, paintball,
and riding ATVs are popular. Among
children, participation in outdoor activities
Bayfield
Douglas
has declined dramatically. In a typical
week, only six percent of children, ages
nine to thirteen, play outside on their
Burnett Washburn
Sawyer
own. Studies have found that getting
kids outdoors more – and especially
Polk
Rusk
Barron
experiencing nature directly
– provides many benefits. Specifically,
Chippewa
St. Croix
outdoor activity reduces childhood
Dunn
obesity and increases motivation to
Pierce
Eau Claire
learn, self-esteem, problem solving,
Pepin
2
Trempealeau
and attention spans.
Buffalo
When asked about barriers to participation in outdoor
recreation, time and money rated most highly. According
to a nationwide study, 60% of participants don’t have
enough time to participate in outdoor activities and
39% feel it is cost-prohibitive. As time becomes more
pressed between work, school, home life and other
responsibilities, activities that are located close to home
and that do not require scheduling are expected to
increase in popularity.
According to a report by the Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources, a much
higher proportion of Wisconsinites participate
in outdoor recreation activities than the national
average. Table 1 shows participation rates for
selected outdoor recreational activities in Wisconsin.
Many popular outdoor activities such as driving for
pleasure, picnicking, sightseeing, and attending
Map 2: Public Recreational Land Per Capita
This map displays acres of public land open to
recreation per capita by county. Map developed
using Table D1 from the 2005 – 2010 SCORP
Iron
Report, compiled in 2004, and 2004
Ashland
Vilas
population estimates from the
Florence
Wisconsin Department of
Oneida
Price
Administration. A
Forest
Marinette
geographical
Lincoln
Langlade
interval was
Taylor
applied
to obtain
Menominee Oconto
Marathon
an
equal
number
Shawano
Door
Clark
of counties in each
Kewaunee
Portage Waupaca
category, excluding
Outagamie Brown
Wood
Jackson
Menominee County,
Manitowoc
Waushara Winnebago
an autonomous nation.
Calumet
La
Crosse
Monroe
Adams
Marquette
Juneau
Green
Lake
Fond
du Lac
Sheboygan
Vernon
Sauk
Crawford
Dodge
Columbia
Richland
Ozaukee
Acres of Public Land Open
to Recreation
Acres of Public Land Open to
0.00
Washington
Acres per Person
0.01 - 0.27
Iowa
Dane
Waukesha
Jefferson
Milwaukee
Grant
Lafayette
Green
Rock
Walworth
Racine
0.28 - 1.57
1.58 - 7.76
7.77 - 37.16
Kenosha
DEMOGRAPHICS TRENDS
Geographic Distribution
4
Nature-Based Land Recreation
Participation Trends
Table 2 provides participation rates for common naturebased land activities in Wisconsin. Visiting wilderness
areas is the most popular nature-based land activity.
Geocaching is a relatively new but rapidly growing sport
that holds great appeal for those that want to combine
the latest in technology with an outdoor activity. Other
growing activities are wildlife viewing and bird watching
which often take place in natural settings.
Table 2: Participation in nature-based land activities
(age 16+)3
Percent
Participating
1,000s of
Participants
Visit wilderness area
38%
1,592
Day hiking
35%
1,455
Camping, developed
32%
1,343
Activity
Off-road ATV use
23%
973
Mountain biking
20%
848
Hunting
19%
790
Snowmobiling
18%
761
Camping
Statewide, an estimated 1,177 public and private
campgrounds contain over 74,000 campsites.
Occupancy rates for Wisconsin campgrounds have
been increasing along with the number of campgrounds
and campsites. State campgrounds are concentrated
in the southern half of the state serving areas of higher
population. Federal lands are located in the northern half
of the state and provide more wilderness-type settings.
Public campgrounds offer most of the tent camping
opportunities while private campgrounds tend to focus
on sites with increased amenities such as water and
electrical hookups.
While the total number of campgrounds is highest in
the northern half of the state, the largest campgrounds
and greatest number of campsites are found in the
southwestern and central parts of the state (see figure 2).
These larger campgrounds have more of the amenities
that RV campers are looking for. Currently, non-primitive
camping is the preferred camping type (see figure 3).
However, baby boomers have indicated a preference for
RV camping.3 This may lead to increased demand for
these sites throughout the state as the population ages.
Figure 2: Campgrounds and Campsites
t
300
Campgrounds
Camping, primitive
16%
665
Skiing, cross country
11%
474
Horseback riding, trails
8%
337
Snowshoeing
8%
333
Backpacking
7%
287
Rock climbing
6%
245
Geocaching
2%
83
t
250
Campgrounds
NATURE-BASED
LAND
Nature-based land recreation takes place throughout
Wisconsin and has a significant impact on local
economies. Key to this type of activity is the desire of
participants to visit “natural” or undeveloped settings.
14000
t
t
t
200
150
Number of
Camping Sites
12000
10000
t t
t
16000
8000
t
100
6000
4000
50
2000
A big change in recreation participation from 1994 to 2004
has been the increase of snow and ice-based activities
as a result of advancements in equipment technology.
Reduced winter snow cover and an aging population
could significantly impact this trend.
0
0
Northwoods
Great
Northwest
Mississippi
River Corridor
Upper Lake Western Sands
Lake
Michigan
Winnebago
Coastal
Waters
Southern
Gateways
Wisconsin SCORP Region
Figure 3: Wisconsin Camper Type
Popup Camper
17%
Hunting
In Wisconsin, hunting occurs more often on non-industrial
private land than publicly-owned land.5 Even though
the number of Wisconsinites participating in hunting
has remained steady, the overall participation rate has
not kept pace with population growth. The average age
of participants is increasing due to the fact that so few
young people are taking up the sport.3 Additional reasons
for decline include: difficulty accessing lands open for
hunting; urbanization and loss of habitat; increasing
costs to participate; decreasing leisure time; and lack
of mentors, a key component to hunting participation.6
Tent
32%
Truck Camper
2%
RV/Trailer
49%
Lower Lake
Michigan
Coastal
Wisconsin state parks, forests, trails, wildlife areas, and
other Department of Natural Resources lands provide
more than 3,060 miles of recreational trails. They have
a variety of surfaces suited for multiple activities such
as walking, running, hiking, bicycling, in-line skating,
horseback riding, all-terrain vehicles, snowmobiling,
cross-country skiing, and snowshoeing. In addition,
counties and municipalities have many miles of
recreational trails. Trail networks are being established
linking local and regional sites thereby increasing access
to these facilities.
Statewide participation trends from 1994 to 2004
show a 50% or greater increase in linear activities
such as kayaking, canoeing, horseback riding,
385
15
52
237
42
59
334
21
35
262
32 32
236
43
55
304
28
38
294
30
39
771
1
13
511
8
26
273
31
50
393
14
27
351
17
41
snowmobiling, day hiking, and running or jogging.3 The
popularity of these activities, combined with increasing
pressure on leisure time, is expected to increase demand
for trails closer to population centers. Maintaining
snowmobile trails may become a challenge in the future
due to development of rural areas and incompatibility of
the sport with an urban setting.
Trail usage and the demand for more trails in urban areas
should increase as a result of local and national obesity
reduction efforts. Federal, state and private funding are
being used to promote and build facilities for activities
such as walking and biking that can be integrated into
daily living habits. Walking for pleasure is already
the most popular recreation activity and the easiest to
participate in.
Map 3: Wisconsin Trails
This map displays trails and trail length statistics by
county from the WIDNR Wisconsin Trails Database,
1998. Trails include those used for various purposes
and at various planning and acquisition stages.
540
540
Statistics include total miles of trails
5
by county, county rank by total
7
635
trail miles, and county
3
rank by total
8
trail miles
194
468
normalized
346 53 25
518
7
by county
10
18
21
size.
42
29
303 29 48
328
22
31
668
2
19
335
20
536
6
62
327
9
0 72 23
43
72
417
12 15
211
48
17
345
324 24
19
184 54 53
11 60 10
54
122
208
260
256
129 230 66
146
35
50
37
260 227
63
44
33
46
45
34 45 410 13 23
57
18
64
28 49
128 135 204
305 27
62
51
64
250
14
175
40
37
165
63
248 39 147 105
56
58
40 30 59 69
66
52 475
36
47
Trail Length Normalized by County Size
9
44 56 202 61
2
Least Trails
221 47
226
356
58 116
307 99
124 65
46
16
70
26 70
67
175
60
24
65
6 20
55
556
51
239
453 172
Most Trails
140
4
11 57
41
208
61
16
3
Trail Statistics
5
22
67
49
Black Numbers = Number of trail miles
310 251 38 4
68
Red Numbers = County rank by total trail miles
25
109 68 89 71 257 36
Green Numbers = County rank by total trail miles/county size
34
69
12 261 33 1
71
NATURE-BASED
Trails
LAND
5
6
WATER
Water-Based Recreation
Photo 1: Effects of Excessive
Phosphorus
One pound of phosphorus can
result in up to 500 pounds of algae
growth.11
participate most
frequently in water
based activities.3
Wisconsinites have a rich tradition of enjoying their time
on and near the water. With more than 43,000 miles of
rivers and 15,000 inland lakes, there should be plenty of
room for everyone. However, the population of Wisconsin
is increasing while nature isn’t making any more lakes or
streams. As a result, the growth in recreational use of our
waters has increased to the point that we have started to
feel “the squeeze.”7
Clear, clean
water is important
to swimmers,
boaters and
others who enjoy
being on and near
the water. The
quality of water
in lakes and
streams is directly
affected by the
land surrounding
it. Map 4 also
shows Secchi
disc depth – a measure of clarity – for lakes around
Wisconsin.9 Lakes in the northern part of the state where
the watersheds are mainly forested are much clearer
than those located in the southern part of the state where
development and agriculture are more prevalent.
Demand for Water-Based Recreation
Compared to the nation as a whole, a greater percentage
of Wisconsinites participate in water-based activities.8
The most popular activities on Wisconsin’s waters include
boating, visiting a beach, swimming in a lake or stream,
and fishing. Nearly half of all Wisconsinites participated
in each of these activities over the last year. Despite
already high levels of participation, the popularity of many
water-based activities continues to rise..
Quantity and Quality of Water Resources
Map 4 shows the distribution of lakes in Wisconsin by
county.3 While the majority of lake acres are found across
northern Wisconsin, the majority of Wisconsin’s residents
live in the southern part of the state, with recent growth
concentrated near the Twin Cities region. Northwest
Wisconsin is where we find the greatest overlap between
high numbers of lakes and people. Not surprisingly,
residents from this part of the state
with abundant clean waters
Land Use Affects Water Recreation
If the amount of nutrients entering a lake from agriculture
or development is excessive it can convert a clear lake
into one with high concentrations of algae, thereby
reducing the value and quality of lake water for all users.
Over the last thirty years, point sources of water pollution
which typically come from factories or wastewater
treatment plants have been identified and largely
22,629
controlled. County shoreland zoning ordinances have
14,113
been adopted across the state and updated in
Acres of Lakes, Ponds, Flowages
po po 29,368
po
many counties in an attempt to reduce
98 - 2,838
5,936
93,889
o
p
2,839 - 11,174
the negative effects of waterfront
31,258 31,265 11,004
po
7,259
11,175 - 31,265
development. In 2002, Wisconsin
po po
31,266 - 93,889
po 15,129 68,447 po po
adopted new runoff
93,890 - 169,755
rules for agriculture
7,854
20,900 17,748
po 15,741 po 22,531 13,735
and development that
Secchi Depth (in feet)
po 6,183
po po
9,122
po
o
p
bode well but largely
po 2 - 5
20,027
po 4,044
2,111
po
depend on future state
po 6 - 7
3,963
19,762
o
p
11,053
8
9
o
p
o
p
po
funding. Our gains in
o
p
po 2,838 1,076
56,183
6,016
po
po 10 - 11
po po 3,254 controlling point sources are
12
30
po
po po
po
o
p
251
offset to some degree by
12,203 7,169 213 170
278
? No Data
6,245
o
p
196 409
continued
inputs of excessive
o 5,004 po po po4,623 po po 98 po1,492
fertilizers and manure and
? p
additional runoff from new
2,309
po 169,755
Map 3: Acres of Lakes and
? p
8,568 3,437
o
o
p
o
p
impervious
surfaces, such as
o
p
Water Clarity by County
po 1,655 8,912
po po 45,950 5,73617,120
roads,
driveways
and rooftops
This map displays acreages
po
po po
that
are
associated
with land
256
o
p
3,095 13,246
of lakes, ponds, and flowages
10
709
251 3,667
A
commitment
development.
o
p
po
by county using data from the
6,243 ?
po 3,080 po to stewardship is critical if we are
po
WIDNR 2005 – 2010 Statewide
?
3,770 15,156 197
21,520
to sustain the numerous benefits
685
Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation
o
p
that our waters provide, including
o
p
o
p
o
p
1,569
o
p
Plan (SCORP). Secchi disc data
3,919 p
recreation.
12,798
11,174
o
350
?
from 2004.
565
po
?
po
po
3,674
po
7
Developed land for recreation includes a broad range
of activities such as ATV parks, country clubs, dirt bike
tracks, playground facilities, fairgrounds, golf ranges and
resorts, miniature golf, paintball game areas, skateboard
parks, softball diamonds, zoos and seasonal or second
homes. Below we focus on a few areas that have had
and will continue to have a significant impact on land use
in this state.
Housing Growth
Figure 4 shows residential growth over a 65 year
period, divided between growth in non-vacation and
vacation homes. Perhaps surprisingly, the number of
vacation homes remains stable from about 1985 to the
present. However, the number of non-vacation homes
has increased steadily over this period in part due to
conversion of vacation homes to full-time residences.
Figure 4: Growth in Homes from 1940-2005
Wisconsin, with 30 indoor waterpark resorts, has the
most of any other state. Minnesota and Michigan,
ranked 2nd and 3rd, follow far behind with 9 and 7
resorts, respectively. The average size of an indoor
waterpark in Wisconsin is 50,000 square feet. Michigan
and Minnesota’s resorts are on average half that size.
The Wisconsin Dells claims the largest concentration of
waterparks in one area. According to that city’s visitor
and convention bureau, there are 18 indoor waterparks
and 3 outdoor waterparks within 18 square miles, with
more than 200 waterslides using 16 million gallons of
water.
Golf
Golf is the second most popular individual outdoor sport
in Wisconsin with 26% of the population hitting the
greens3 at 489 courses.13 Golf courses in Wisconsin cover
54,000 acres. If all of these golf courses were in one
location they would cover an area nine miles long by nine
miles wide.
3,000,000
Both the number of golf courses and the number of
golfers have seen steep increases in recent years. In
the last 20 years, 120 new golf courses have been
built covering 19,000 acres. Since 2001, the largest
concentration of new courses has been in southeast
Wisconsin.13 Along with more courses have come
more golfers. From 1995-2004, the number of golfers in
Wisconsin has increased more than 20% to over 1 million
people. People living in urban areas are more likely to golf
than those from other parts of the state,3 so the increase
in golfers may result in part from an increasing urban
population.
2,500,000
NG
USI
HO
D
N
OU
R-R
YEA
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
SEASONAL HOUSING
0
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Indoor Waterparks
Another significant trend is the construction of waterparks,
particularly indoor waterparks. Prior to 1983, few indoor
waterparks existed. In 1983 less than 50,000 square
feet was dedicated to indoor waterparks; by 2004 almost
2 million square feet existed. Hotel rooms associated
with indoor waterpark resorts increased from about 1,000
rooms in 1983 to over 15,000 in 2004.12 The trend
continues with new indoor waterpark resorts planned and
under construction throughout the United States.
Disc Golf
Disc golf is a rapidly expanding sport in Wisconsin that
is played with an advanced type of frisbee on open or
wooded courses. Over 8% of residents currently play disc
golf and over ¾ of players are less than 35 years of age.3
Wisconsin has 99 frisbee golf courses, located mainly in
the central and southeast part of the state.14 Disc golf
courses are often incorporated into existing parks and
may displace previous park uses.
Conclusion
A variety of land use trends will need to be considered as
communities plan for recreation. Among the more salient
issues are the aging of the Baby Boom population and
changing preferences for recreational activities; conflicts
between users participating in multiple recreational
activities; loss of natural resources to low-density
development; limited access to lakes, streams and private
lands once open to public recreation; and the growing
divide between population centers and public land.
Despite these concerns, there are multiple opportunities
to integrate recreational features into our communities.
Some of these solutions include public-private
partnerships, continued acquisition and management
of public lands for multiple groups, integration of natural
features into new developments, and linkages between
existing facilities through trails.
DEVELOPED LAND
Developed Land Recreation
8
References
REFERENCES/ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1
Voigt, L. P. “ORAP Gets Underway.” Wisconsin Conservation Bulletin, Vol. 27, No. 3, May-June 1962: pp. 3-6.
Louv, Richard. Leave No Child Inside. Testimony before the Interior and Environmental Subcommittee of theUnited
States House of Representatives, February 28, 2007. Available online: www.cnaturenet.org/01_news_center/pdfs/
LouvTestimony.pdf
3
Prey, Jeffrey and Kathleen Kiefaber. Wisconsin Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan, 2005–2010.
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Available online: http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/planning/scorp/index.html
4
Outdoor Industry Foundation. Outdoor Recreation Participation Study, Eighth Edition, Year 2005. June 2006. Available
online: www.outdoorindustryfoundation.org
5
Marcouiller, Dave and Terry Mace. 2002. Forest and Regional Development. Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources. Available online: http://learningstore.uwex.edu/pdf/G3694.pdf
6
Eisele, Tim. “DNR puts its focus on the future; Plans begin to groom next” The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Oct 3,
2004. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_20041003/ai_n10994932
7
Dudiak, Tamara and Robert Korth. How’s the Water? Planning for Recreational Use on Wisconsin Lakes & Rivers.
Wisconsin Lakes Partnership, 2002.
8
Green, Gary T., Matthew Owens, Gary T. Betz, and Ken Cordell. Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Region. Outdoor
Recreation and Wilderness Assessment Group, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, June 2005.
Available online: http://dnr.wi.gov/planning/scorp/reports/Wisconsin_Final_0605.pdf
9
Bode, Jeff. Self-Help Lake Monitoring Data. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 2004.
10
Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. Waters of Wisconsin: The Future of Our Aquatic Ecosystems and
Resources. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 2003. Available online: http://www.
wisconsinacademy.org/wow/downloadreport.html
11
Henderson, Carrol L. et al. Lakescaping for Wildlife and Water Quality. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
12
Sangree, D.J. “Indoor Waterparks and Hotels – Year end 2005 Overview”, Hotel Online. February 2006. Cleveland,
Ohio. Available online: http://www.hotel-online.com/News/PR2006_1st/Feb06_SangreeWaterparkReport.html
13
Kass, Jim, Research Director, National Golf Foundation. Personal communication. December 6, 2006.
14
Professional Disc Golf Association website. Available online: http://www.pdga.org/course
2
Acknowledgements
Prepared by Anna Haines, Lynn Markham, Eric Olson, Rebecca Roberts, Douglas Miskowiak, and Linda Stoll of the
Center for Land Use Education. Maps produced by Douglas Miskowiak. Design and layout by Robert Newby, adapted
from UWSP Printing & Design.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions and review of this publication provided by Bridgit Brown, Dick
Geese, Robert Korth and Tiffany Lyden of the UW Extension Lakes Program, Lisa MacKinnon of 1000 Friends of
Wisconsin, Catherine Neiswander, and Jeff Prey.
Direct financial assistance for this project was provided by University of Wisconsin-Extension.
Center for Land Use Education
The Center for Land Use Education is a joint venture of the College
of Natural Resources at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
and the University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension with funding
from the Global Environmental Management Education Center.
Copyright © 2006 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System,
d/b/a the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.