NEW YORK DAIRY FARM RENTERS 2008
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NOVEMBER 2009 E.B. 2009-21 NEW YORK DAIRY FARM RENTERS 2008 Wayne A. Knoblauch Linda D. Putnam Department of Applied Economics and Management College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7801 It is the Policy of Cornell University actively to support equality of educational and employment opportunity. No person shall be denied admission to any educational program or activity or be denied employment on the basis of any legally prohibited discrimination involving, but not limited to, such factors as race, color, creed, religion, national or ethnic origin, sex, age or handicap. The University is committed to the maintenance of affirmative action programs which will assure the continuation of such equality of opportunity. The Dairy Farm Business Summary and Analysis Project is funded in part by: For additional copies, please contact: Linda Putnam Cornell University Dept of Applied Economics & Management 305 Warren Hall Ithaca, NY 14853-7801 E-mail: ldp2@cornell.edu Fax: 607-255-1589 Voice: 607-255-8429 Or visit: http://aem.cornell.edu/order/pub_order_form.pdf © Copyright 2009 by Cornell University. All rights reserved. 2008 DAIRY FARM BUSINESS SUMMARY NEW YORK DAIRY FARM RENTERS Table of Contents Page INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Use Comparative Profitability Data With Caution ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS .......................................................................................... 3 Business Characteristics and Resources Used ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Income Statement ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Profitability Analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Farm and Family Financial Status ........................................................................................................................ 9 Statement of Owner Equity ................................................................................................................................ 12 Cash Flow Statement.......................................................................................................................................... 13 Repayment Analysis........................................................................................................................................... 15 Cropping Program Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 17 Dairy Program Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Capital and Labor Efficiency Analysis .............................................................................................................. 21 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS .......................................................................................... 22 Progress of the Farm Business ........................................................................................................................... 22 Condensed Summary and Selected Business Factors for Two Herd Size Groups ............................................. 24 Regional Farm Business Chart ........................................................................................................................... 26 Regional Financial Analysis Chart ..................................................................................................................... 27 IDENTIFY AND SET GOALS ........................................................................................................................................ 28 GLOSSARY AND LOCATION OF COMMON TERMS .............................................................................................. 30 INDEX ............................................................................................................................................................................ 33 2008 NEW YORK DAIRY FARM RENTER BUSINESS SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Dairy farmers throughout New York State submit business records for summarization and analysis through Cornell Cooperative Extension's Farm Business Management Program. Averages from a compilation of the individual farm reports are published in six regional summaries and in one statewide summary.1 Accrual procedures have been used to provide the most accurate accounting of farm receipts and farm expenses for measuring farm profits. An explanation of these procedures is found on pages 4-6. Three measures of farm profits are calculated on pages 7 and 8. The balance sheet, statement of owner equity, and cash flow statement are featured on pages 9-16. The dairy program analysis includes data on the costs of producing milk (pages 19 and 20). This New York Dairy Farm Renter Business Summary is an average of 18 businesses that are renting substantially all of the farm real estate. The farm income, financial summary, and business analysis sections of this report include comparisons with average data for 88 owned dairy farms in New York that are similar in size and location to the farms that rent. This report is prepared in workbook form for farm renters to use in the systematic study of their farm business operations. Business records for 18 farms in Delaware, Erie, Livingston, Niagara, Orange, Otsego, Schenectady, Steuben, Sullivan and Washington Counties are summarized in this publication (see Figure 1 on page 2). The 88 owned dairy farms summarized in this publication include farms from these counties and surrounding counties that are similar in size to the renters. Use Comparative Profitability Data With Caution The profitability analysis on page 8 implies that renting a dairy farm provides a greater return to the operator’s labor and management than does owning the farm. Concessionary rental rates set by some land owners is a factor. The farm owners are often father and mother or other landlords who are willing to accept a very low return for their investment. Total real estate costs including land, building and fence repair; taxes; real estate rent and lease; depreciation; and interest on real estate investment averaged $203 per tillable acre on the owned dairy farms compared to $109 per tillable acre on the rented farms. On a per cow basis, these real estate costs averaged $501 per cow on the owned dairy farms compared to $219 on the rented farms. This accounts for a $36,152 difference in real estate costs between owned and rented farms. With this difference in cost structure, the renters averaged higher labor and management incomes per operator. A major factor is the lower interest on equity capital for renters versus farm owners. Opportunity cost of equity for renters was about half that for the owners. 1 Wayne A. Knoblauch, Linda D. Putnam, Jason Karszes, and Jessica Anderson, Dairy Farm Management Business Summary, New York State, 2008, R.B. 2009-01, November 2009. 2 3 SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS Business Characteristics and Resources Used Recognition of important business characteristics and identification of the farm resources used are necessary for evaluating management performance. The combination of resources and management practices is known as farm organization. Important farm business characteristics, the number of farms reporting these characteristics, and a listing of the average labor, land, and dairy cattle resources used are presented in the following table. BUSINESS CHARACTERISTICS AND RESOURCES USED 18 New York Dairy Farm Renters, 2008 Type of Business Single proprietorship Partnership Limited liability corporation Subchapter S or C corporation Number 10 5 3 0 Milking System Dumping station Pipeline Herringbone parlor Other parlor Number 0 12 6 0 Type of Barn Stanchion Freestall Combination Number 10 8 0 Dairy Records Service Testing service On-farm system Other None Number 14 0 0 4 Business Record System Account book Accounting service On-farm computer Other Number 5 2 10 1 bST Usage Used consistently Used inconsistently Started usage in 2008 Stopped usage in 2008 Not used in 2008 Average percent usage, if used Labor Force* Operator 1 Operator 2 Family paid Family unpaid Hired Total Worker equivalent (total ÷ 12) Operator/Manager Equivalent Number 3 0 0 0 10 86% My Farm ____mo. ____mo. ____mo. ____mo. ____mo. ____mo. Average 13.5 5.0 2.2 3.4 19.3 43.5 ______ 3.63 ______ 1.30 Land Use Total acres rented Tillable acres rented My Farm ______ ______ Average 341 260 Number of Cows Beg. year (owned) End year (owned & leased) Average for year (owned & leased) My Farm ______ ______ ______ Average 124 133 130 Breed of Herd My Farm Percent Milking Frequency Number Holstein ______ 88 2 times a day 14 Jersey ______ 3 3 times a day 4 Other ______ 9 Other 0 *Based on hours actually worked by owner/operator, instead of standard 12 months per full-time owner/operator. The standard 12 months is used for operator/manager equivalent when calculating labor and management income per operator. Predominate business characteristics of the 18 rented farms include the single proprietorship, pipeline milking system, stanchion barn, two time a day milking, herd records with a testing service, and an on-farm computer record system. Fifty-six percent of the renters were using on-farm computers compared to 50 percent of the owners. The average size of the labor force on the rented farms was similar to the 3.85 worker equivalent on owned farms. The rented farms averaged 260 tillable acres compared to 318 tillable acres on the 88 owned dairy farms. The owned farms averaged 33 cows per worker, and the rented farms averaged 36 cows per worker. In 2008, the rented farms used labor resources more efficiently than the owned farms when comparing pounds of milk sold per worker. 4 Income Statement The accrual income statement begins with an accounting of all farm business expenses. CASH AND ACCRUAL FARM EXPENSES 18 New York Dairy Farm Renters, 2008 Expense Item Hired Labor Feed Dairy grain & concentrate Dairy roughage Nondairy feed Professional nutritional services Machinery Machinery, hire, rent & lease Machinery repair & farm veh. exp. Fuel, oil & grease Livestock Replacement livestock Breeding Vet & medicine Milk marketing Bedding Milking supplies Cattle lease & rent Custom boarding bST expense Livestock professional fees Other livestock expense Crops Fertilizer & lime Seeds & plants Spray, other crop expense Crop professional fees Real Estate Land, building & fence repair Taxes Rent & lease Other Insurance Utilities (farm share) Interest paid Other professional fees Miscellaneous Total Operating Expansion livestock Extraordinary expense Machinery depreciation Building depreciation TOTAL ACCRUAL EXPENSES Cash Paid $ 47,511 - Change in Inventory or Prepaid Exp. $ 0 + <<* Change in Accounts Payable $ 0 Accrual Expenses = $ Percent of Total 47,511 9 5,822 18,691 0 0 165,884 44,707 0 491 31 8 <1 <1 156,925 48,246 0 491 -3,137 22,231 0 0 5,813 23,589 23,559 0 72 63 << 948 2,022 1,059 6,761 25,539 24,556 1 5 5 30,232 9,170 20,589 25,361 9,716 12,053 0 5,733 7,521 729 4,772 0 -17 346 0 356 60 0 500 -259 0 117 << 0 314 715 166 177 325 0 -189 0 0 559 30,232 9,500 20,958 25,528 9,536 12,319 0 5,044 7,780 729 5,214 6 2 4 5 2 2 0 1 2 <1 1 6,346 5,335 3,893 904 -2,985 -77 -54 0 << 2,418 0 418 0 11,749 5,411 4,365 904 2 1 1 <1 3,388 1,746 17,437 -19 0 0 << << 239 286 2,869 3,647 2,032 20,306 1 <1 4 6,822 19,712 6,875 3,896 2,148 $ 510,511 $ 17,756 0 0 0 0 0 0 $ 17,196 $ 0 0 0 478 0 0 0 $ 37,316 $ 0 0 6,822 20,190 6,875 3,896 2,148 $ 530,631 $ 17,756 0 11,668 1,630 $ 561,686 1 4 1 1 <1 100 << << << << << << << << << << << *A change in prepaid expense is noted by <<. Cash paid is the actual amount of money paid out during the year and does not necessarily represent the cost of goods and services actually used. Change in inventory: An increase in inventory is subtracted in computing accrual expenses because it represents purchased inputs not actually used during the year. A decrease in inventory is added to expenses because it represents the cost of inputs purchased in a prior year and used this year. Changes in prepaid expenses apply to non-inventory categories (noted by << in the tables). Include any expenses that have been paid for in advance of their use, for example, 2008 rent paid in 2008. A positive change is the amount the prepayment account increased from beginning to end year, a negative change indicates a decline in the account. 5 Change in accounts payable: An increase in payables is added and a decrease is subtracted when calculating accrual expenses. Accrual expenses are the costs of inputs actually used in this year's production. Worksheets are provided to enable any dairy farmer to compute his or her accrual farm expenses and compare them with the averages on the previous page. CASH AND ACCRUAL FARM EXPENSES WORKSHEET Expense Item Hired Labor Feed Dairy grain & concentrate Dairy roughage Nondairy feed Professional nutritional services Machinery Machinery, hire, rent & lease Machinery repair & farm veh. exp. Fuel, oil & grease Livestock Replacement livestock Breeding Vet & medicine Milk marketing Bedding Milking supplies Cattle lease & rent Custom boarding bST expense Livestock professional fees Other livestock expense Crops Fertilizer & lime Seeds & plants Spray, other crop expense Crop professional fees Real Estate Land, building & fence repair Taxes Rent & lease Other Insurance Utilities (farm share) Interest paid Other professional fees Miscellaneous Total Operating Expansion livestock Extraordinary expense Machinery depreciation Building depreciation TOTAL ACCRUAL EXPENSES Cash Paid - Change in Inventory or Prepaid Exp. $ ________ $ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ $ ________ $ ________ $ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ $ ________ $ ________ $ ________ *A change in prepaid expense is noted by <<. Change in Accounts Payable + <<* $ Accrual Expenses = _________ $ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ << _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ << _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ << _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ << << _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ << << << << << << << << << << << $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 6 CASH AND ACCRUAL FARM RECEIPTS 18 New York Dairy Farm Renters, 2008 Receipt Item Cash Receipts Milk Sales Dairy cattle Dairy calves Other livestock Crops Government receipts Custom machine work Gas tax refund Other - Nonfarm noncash capital** $ 553,917 20,171 5,219 2,501 2,860 3,437 4,278 43 1,686 _________ Total Accrual Receipts $ 594,113 + Change in Inventory + Change in Accounts Receivable = Accrual Receipts 0 $ -10,693 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -122 _______ $ 543,224 42,653 5,283 3,635 12,460 3,437 4,278 43 1,563 (-) 0 $ 33,280 $ -10,815 $ 616,578 $ 22,482 64 1,133 9,600 0* (-) *Change in advanced government receipts. **Gifts or inheritances of cattle or crops included in inventory. Cash receipts include the gross value of milk checks received during the year plus all other payments received from the sale of farm products, services, and government programs. Nonfarm income is not included in calculating farm profitability. Changes in inventory are calculated by subtracting beginning of year values from end of year values excluding appreciation. Increases in livestock inventory caused by herd growth and/or quality are added and decreases caused by herd reduction and for quality are subtracted. Changes in inventories of crops grown are also calculated. Changes in advanced government receipts are calculated by subtracting the end year balance from the beginning year balance (balances are listed with the current liabilities on the Balance Sheet). Changes in accounts receivable are calculated by subtracting beginning year balances from end year balances. The January milk check for this December's marketings compared with the previous January's check is included as a change in accounts receivable. Accrual receipts represent the value of all farm commodities produced and services actually generated by the farmer during the year. CASH AND ACCRUAL FARM RECEIPT WORKSHEET Receipt Item Cash Receipts Milk Sales Dairy cattle Dairy calves Other livestock Crops Government receipts Custom machine work Gas tax refund Other - Nonfarm noncash capital** $ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ Total Accrual Receipts $ ________ + Change in Inventory $ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ + Change in Accounts Receivable Accrual Receipts $ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ $ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ (-) _________ $ ________ $ _________ (-) ________ $ ________ = 7 Profitability Analysis Farm owners/operators contribute labor, management, and capital to their businesses and the best combination of these resources maximizes income. Farm profitability can be measured as the return to all family resources or as the return to one or more individual resources such as labor and management. Net farm income is the total combined return to the farm operator(s) and other unpaid family members for their labor, management, and equity capital. It is the farm family's net annual return from working, managing, financing, and owning the farm business. This is not a measure of cash available from the year's business operation. Cash flow is evaluated later in this report. Net farm income is computed with and without appreciation. Appreciation represents the change in values caused by annual changes in prices of livestock, machinery, real estate inventory, and stocks and certificates (other than Farm Credit stock). Appreciation is a major factor contributing to changes in farm net worth and must be included for a complete profitability analysis. NET FARM INCOME New York Dairy Farm Renters and Owners, 2008 Item 18 Dairy Farm Renters 88 Dairy Farm Owners My Farm Total accrual receipts $ 616,578 $ 604,943 $ __________ 525 -3,873 __________ Machinery 3,781 5,910 __________ Real Estate 310 8,292 __________ 66 -1,657 __________ $ 621,259 $ 613,615 $ __________ 561,686 547,504 __________ + Appreciation: Livestock Other Stock & Certificates = Total Including Appreciation - Total accrual expenses = Net Farm Income (with appreciation) Per cow Net Farm Income (without appreciation) Per cow $ 59,574 $ 66,111 $ __________ $ 460 $ 513 $ __________ $ 54,892 $ 57,439 $ __________ $ 424 $ 446 $ __________ Labor and management income is the return which farm operators receive for their labor and management used in operating the farm business. Appreciation is not included as part of the return to labor and management because it results from ownership of assets rather than management of the farm business. Labor and management income is calculated by deducting from net farm income excluding appreciation a charge for unpaid family labor and the opportunity cost of using equity capital at a 5 percent interest rate. The interest charge of 5 percent reflects the long-term average rate of return that a farmer might expect to earn in comparable risk investments in a low inflation economy. 8 LABOR AND MANAGEMENT INCOME New York Dairy Farm Renters and Owners, 2008 Item 18 Dairy Farm Renters 88 Dairy Farm Owners Net farm income without appreciation $ 54,892 $ 57,439 $ _________ - Family labor unpaid @ $2,500 per month - 8,556 - 6,910 - _________ - Interest on average equity capital @ 5% real rate - 17,977 - 50,286 - _________ = Labor & Management Income $ 28,360 $ 243 $ _________ Labor & Management Income per Operator/Manager $ 21,815 $ 169 $ _________ My Farm Return to equity capital measures the net return remaining for the farmer's equity or owned capital after a charge has been made for unpaid family labor and the owner-operator's labor and management. The earnings or amount of net farm income allocated to labor and management is the opportunity cost of operators' labor and management estimated by the cooperators. Return to equity capital is calculated with and without appreciation. The rate of return on equity capital is determined by dividing the amount returned by the average farm net worth or equity capital. Return to all capital is calculated by adding interest paid to the return to equity capital and then dividing by average farm assets to calculate the rate of return on average total capital. Net farm income from operations ratio is net farm income (without appreciation) divided by total accrual receipts. RETURN TO EQUITY CAPITAL AND RETURN TO ALL CAPITAL New York Dairy Farm Renters and Owners, 2008 Item 18 Dairy Farm Renters Net farm income with appreciation $ 59,574 $ 66,111 $ __________ - Family labor unpaid @ $2,500 per month $ 8,556 $ 6,910 $ __________ - Value of operators’ labor & management 47,655 __________ 11,546 $ __________ 15,892 __________ = Return to equity capital with appreciation 88 Dairy Farm Owners 43,164 $ + Interest paid 7,854 $ 6,875 My Farm = Return to all capital with appreciation $ 14,729 $ 27,438 $ __________ Return to equity capital without appreciation $ 3,172 $ 2,874 $ __________ Return to all capital without appreciation $ 10,047 $ 18,766 $ __________ Rate of return on average equity capital: with appreciation without appreciation Rate of return on all capital: with appreciation without appreciation Net farm income from operations ratio 2.2% 0.9% 1.2% 0.3% __________ % __________ % 2.7% 1.8% 0.09 2.1% 1.4% 0.09 __________ % __________ % __________ 9 Farm and Family Financial Status The first step in evaluating the financial status of the farm is to construct a balance sheet, which identifies all the assets and liabilities of the business. The second step is to evaluate the relationship between assets, liabilities, and net worth and changes that occurred during the year. 2008 FARM BUSINESS & NONFARM BALANCE SHEET 18 New York Dairy Farm Renters Farm Assets Current Farm cash, checking & savings Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses Feed & supplies Total Current Intermediate Dairy Cows: owned leased Heifers Bulls & other livestock Mach. & equip. owned Mach. & equip. leased Farm Credit stock Other stock & cert. Total Intermediate Long Term Land & buildings: owned leased Total Long Term Jan. 1 $ $ $ $ $ $ 12,672 43,463 0 77,461 133,597 181,395 0 71,467 1,056 112,571 0 200 9,996 376,683 15,178 824 16,002 Dec. 31 $ $ $ $ $ $ 7,490 32,537 500 103,757 144,285 Farm Liabilities & Net Worth Current Accounts payable Operating debt Short term Advanced gov’t. receipt Current portion: Intermediate Long term Total Current Intermediate Structured debt 1-10 years Financial lease (cattle & machinery) Farm Credit stock Total Intermediate 192,421 0 83,428 2,222 123,182 0 308 Long Term 11,726 Structured debt 413,338 > 10 years Financial lease (structures) 15,635 Total Long Term 433 16,067 Total Farm Liabilities Jan. 1 $ 6,546 6,553 4,652 0 Dec. 31 $ 43,862 3,426 5,140 0 $ 22,073 2,226 42,049 $ 26,761 2,111 81,300 $ 107,341 $ 103,504 $ 0 200 107,541 $ 0 308 103,811 $ 20,840 $ 24,102 $ 824 21,664 $ 433 24,535 $ 171,254 $ 209,646 Total Farm Assets $ 526,282 $ 573,689 FARM NET WORTH $ 355,028 $ 364,043 (Average for 5 farms reporting) Nonfarm Liabilities* Nonfarm Assets* Jan.1 Dec. 31 & Net Worth Jan. 1 Dec. 31 Personal cash, checking Nonfarm Liabilities $ 20,008 $ 19,708 & savings $ 12,265 $ 11,400 NONFARM NET WORTH $ 86,214 $ 84,112 Cash value life ins. 4,000 4,000 Nonfarm real estate 73,600 73,600 FARM & NONFARM** Jan. 1 Dec. 21 Auto (personal share) 4,100 2,800 Total Assets $ 632,504 $ 677,509 Stocks & bonds 8,456 8,220 Total Liabilities 191,262 229,354 Household furn. 3,800 3,800 All other 0 0 TOTAL FARM & NONTotal Nonfarm $ 106,222 $ 103,820 FARM NET WORTH $ 441,242 $ 448,155 *Assumes that average nonfarm assets and liabilities for the nonreporting farms were the same as for those reporting. Financial lease obligations are included in the balance sheet. The present value of all future payments is listed as a liability since the farmer is committed to make the payments by signing the lease. The present value is also listed as an asset, representing the future value the item has to the business. 10 Advance government receipts are included as current liabilities. Government payments received in 2008 that are for participation in the 2008 program are the end year balance and payments received in 2007 for participation in the 2008 program are the beginning year balance. Date ________________________________________ 2008 FARM BUSINESS & NONFARM BALANCE SHEET Farm Assets Current Farm cash, checking & savings _________ __________ Farm Liabilities & Net Worth Current Accounts payable Operating debt Accounts receivable _________ __________ Short term Prepaid expenses Feed & supplies Total Current _________ _________ _________ __________ __________ __________ Advanced gov’t. receipt Current portion: Intermediate Long term Total Current Intermediate _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ Jan. 1 Dec. 31 Jan. 1 Dec. 31 ________ ________ ________ _________ _________ _________ ________ ________ _________ _________ ________ ________ ________ _________ _________ _________ ________ ________ _________ _________ ________ ________ ________ _________ _________ _________ ________ ________ _________ _________ Financial lease (structures) Total Long Term ________ ________ _________ _________ Intermediate Dairy Cows: owned leased Heifers Bulls & other livestock Mach. & equip. owned Mach. & equip. leased Farm Credit stock Other stock & cert. Total Intermediate Long Term Land & buildings: owned leased Total Long Term _________ _________ _________ __________ __________ __________ Total Farm Liabilities ________ _________ Total Farm Assets _________ __________ FARM NET WORTH ________ _________ Jan.1 Dec. 31 _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ Jan. 1 ________ ________ ________ ________ Dec. 31 _________ _________ _________ _________ Total Nonfarm Liabilities ________ _________ Nonfarm Net Worth _________ __________ Jan. 1 ________ ________ ________ Dec. 31 _________ _________ _________ Nonfarm Assets Personal cash, checking & savings Cash value life ins. Nonfarm real estate Auto (personal share) Stocks & bonds Household furn. All other Total Nonfarm TOTAL FARM & NONFARM Total Farm and Nonfarm Assets Less Total Farm & Nonfarm Liabilities Farm & Nonfarm Net Worth Financial lease (cattle & machinery) Farm Credit stock Total Intermediate Long Term Nonfarm Liabilities & Net Worth Nonfarm Liabilities 11 Balance sheet analysis involves examination of relative asset and debt levels for the business. Percent equity is calculated by dividing end of year net worth by end of year assets. The debt to asset ratio is compiled by dividing liabilities by assets. Low debt to asset ratios reflect business solvency and the potential capacity to borrow. The leverage ratio is the dollars of debt per dollar of equity, computed by dividing total farm liabilities by farm net worth. Debt levels per productive unit represent old standards that are still useful if used with measures of cash flow and repayment ability. A current ratio of less than 1.5 or that has been falling warrants additional evaluation. The amount of working capital that is adequate must be related to the size of the farm business. BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS New York Dairy Farm Renters and Owners, 2008 18 Dairy Farm Renters Item Financial Ratios - Farm: Percent equity Debt/asset ratio: total long term intermediate & current Leverage ratio Current ratio Working capital $62,984 as % of total expenses Farm Debt Analysis: Accounts payable as % of total debt Long term liabilities as a % of total debt Current & intermediate liabilities as a % of total debt Cost of term debt (weighted average) Farm Debt Levels Per Cow: Total farm debt Long term debt Intermediate & long term debt Intermediate & current debt 88 Dairy Farm Owners 63% 0.37 1.53 0.33 0.58 1.77 11% 75% 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.33 2.16 ($88,910) 16% 21% 12% 88% 9.3% 6% 44% 56% 5.1% $ 1,576 $ 184 $ 965 $ 1,391 $ $ $ $ My Farm ________ % ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ _______ ___% ________ ________ ________ ________ 2,536 1,107 1,953 1,430 % % % % $ ________ $ ________ $ ________ $ ________ Farm inventory balance is an accounting of the value of machinery and equipment used on the balance sheet and the changes that occur from the beginning to end of year. Changes in the livestock inventory are included in the dairy analysis. Net investment indicates whether the capital stock is being expanded (positive) or depleted (negative). FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT INVENTORY BALANCE New York Dairy Farm Renters and Owners, 2008 Item 18 Dairy Farm Renters Value beginning of year Purchases + Nonfarm noncash transfer - Net Sales - Depreciation 88 Dairy Farm Owners $ 112,571 My Farm $ 239,603 $ ________ $ 20,415 $ 40,692 $ _______ 0 0 _______ 1,917 3,083 _______ 11,668 25,044 _______ = Net investment 6,831 12,565 ________ + Appreciation 3,781 5,910 ________ $ 123,182 $ 258,078 $ ________ = Value end of year 12 The Statement of Owner Equity has two purposes. It allows (1) verification that the accrual income statement and market value balance sheet are interrelated and consistent (in accountants' terms, they reconcile) and (2) identification of the causes of change in equity that occurred on the farm during the year. The Statement of Owner Equity allows the farmer to determine to what degree the change in equity was caused by (1) earnings from the business, and nonfarm income, in excess of withdrawals being retained in the business (called retained earnings), (2) outside capital being invested in the business or farm capital being removed from the business (called contributed/withdrawn capital) and (3) increases or decreases in the value (price) of assets owned by the business (called change in valuation equity). The change in farm net worth without appreciation is an excellent indicator of farm generated financial progress. STATEMENT OF OWNER EQUITY (RECONCILIATION) 18 New York Dairy Farm Renters, 2008 Item Average Beginning of year farm net worth My Farm $ 355,028 $ _______ Net farm income without appreciation $ 54,892 $________ + Nonfarm cash income + 4,499 + _______ - 53,534 - ________ - Personal withdrawals & family expenditures excluding nonfarm borrowings RETAINED EARNINGS +$ 5,857 + $ _______ Nonfarm noncash transfers to farm $ 0 $________ + Cash used in business from nonfarm capital + 1,500 + _______ - - 0 - ________ Note/mortgage from farm real estate sold (nonfarm) CONTRIBUTED/WITHDRAWN CAPITAL +$ 1,500 + $ _______ Appreciation $ 4,682 $________ - - 1,646 - ________ Lost capital CHANGE IN VALUATION EQUITY +$ 3,036 + $ _______ IMBALANCE/ERROR - $ 1,377 - $ _______ End of year farm net worth* = $ 364,043 = $ _______ Change in net worth with appreciation. $ 9,016 $ _______ Change in Net Worth Without appreciation $ 4,334 $ _________ With appreciation $ 9,016 $ _________ *May not add due to rounding. 13 Cash Flow Statement Completing an annual cash flow statement is an important step in understanding the sources and uses of funds for the business. Understanding last year's cash flow is the first step toward planning and managing cash flow for the current and future years. The annual cash flow statement is structured to show net cash provided by operating activities, investing activities, financing activities and from reserves. All cash inflows and outflows including beginning and end balances are included. Therefore, the sum of net cash provided from all four activities should be zero. Any imbalance is the error from incorrect accounting of cash inflows/outflows. ANNUAL CASH FLOW STATEMENT 18 New York Dairy Farm Renters, 2008 Item Cash Flow from Operating Activities Cash farm receipts - Cash farm expenses - Extraordinary expense = Net cash farm income Personal withdrawals & family expenses including nonfarm debt payments - Nonfarm income - Net cash withdrawals from the farm = Net Provided by Operating Activities Cash Flow From Investing Activities Sale of assets: Machinery + real estate + other stock & certificates = Total asset sales Capital purchases: expansion livestock + machinery + real estate + other stock & certificates - Total invested in farm assets = Net Provided by Investment Activities Cash Flow From Financing Activities Money borrowed (intermediate & long term) + Money borrowed (short term) + Increase in operating debt + Cash from nonfarm capital used in business + Money borrowed - nonfarm = Cash inflow from financing + + = Principal payments (intermediate & long term) Principal payments (short term) Decrease in operating debt Cash outflow for financing Net Provided by Financing Activities Cash Flow From Reserves Beginning farm cash, checking & savings - Ending farm cash, checking & savings = Net Provided from Reserves Imbalance (error) Average $ 594,113 510,511 0 $ $ 83,602 $ 49,114 53,613 4,499 $ $ 1,917 0 0 $ 17,756 20,415 3,422 1,665 $ 1,917 $ 43,259 34,488 $ -41,342 $ $ 40,581 5,493 0 1,500 79 $ 47,653 $ 44,604 36,472 5,005 3,127 $ $ 3,049 $ 5,182 $ 1,377 12,672 7,490 14 ANNUAL CASH FLOW STATEMENT Item Cash Flow from Operating Activities Cash farm receipts - Cash farm expenses - Extraordinary expense = Net cash farm income Personal withdrawals & family expenses including nonfarm debt payments - Nonfarm income - Net cash withdrawals from the farm My Farm $ _______ _______ _______ $ _______ $ _______ _______ $ _______ = Net Provided by Operating Activities Cash Flow From Investing Activities Sale of assets: Machinery + real estate + other stock & certificates = Total asset sales Capital purchases: expansion livestock + machinery + real estate + other stock & certificates - Total invested in farm assets $ _______ $ _______ _______ _______ $ _______ $ _______ _______ _______ _______ $ _______ = Net Provided by Investment Activities Cash Flow From Financing Activities Money borrowed (intermediate & long term) + Money borrowed (short term) + Increase in operating debt + Cash from nonfarm capital used in business + Money borrowed - nonfarm = Cash inflow from financing Principal payments (intermediate & long term) + Principal payments (short term) + Decrease in operating debt - Cash outflow for financing $ _______ $ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ $ _______ $ _______ _______ _______ $ _______ = Net Provided by Financing Activities Cash Flow From Reserves Beginning farm cash, checking & savings - Ending farm cash, checking & savings = Net Provided from Reserves Imbalance (error) $ _______ $ _______ _______ $ _______ $ _______ 15 Repayment Analysis The second step in cash flow analysis is to compare the debt payments planned for the last year with the amount actually paid. The measures listed below provide a number of different perspectives on the repayment performance of the business. However, the critical question to many farmers and lenders is whether planned payments can be made in 2008. The cash flow projection worksheet on the next page can be used to estimate repayment ability, which can then be compared to planned 2008 debt payments shown below. FARM DEBT PAYMENTS PLANNED Same 12 New York Dairy Farm Renters, 2007 & 2008* Average 2008 Payments Planned Made Debt Payments Long-term Intermediate-term Short-term Operating (net red.) Accounts payable (net reduction) Total Per cow Per cwt. 2008 milk Percent of total 2008 receipts Percent of 2008 milk receipts $ 1,846 36,889 6,833 3,500 $ 1,503 45,717 7,042 4,514 417 $ 49,485 0 $ 58,776 $ $ $ $ 402 1.89 Planned 2009 $ My Farm 2008 Payments Planned Made Planned 2009 2,076 38,091 5,158 0 $ ________ ________ ________ ________ $ ________ ________ ________ ________ $ ________ ________ ________ ________ 0 $ 45,325 ________ $ ________ ________ $ ________ ________ $ ________ $ ________ $ ________ $ ________ $ ________ 477 2.25 9% 10% ________ ________ 10% 12% ________ ________ *Farms that completed Dairy Farm Business Summaries for both 2007 and 2008. The cash flow coverage ratio and debt coverage ratio measure the ability of the farm business to meet its planned debt payment schedule. The ratios show the percentage of planned payments (as of December 31, 2007) that could have been made with the amount available for debt service in 2008. Farmers that did not participate in DFBS last year will find in their report coverage ratios based on planned debt payments for 2009. COVERAGE RATIOS Same 12 New York Dairy Farm Renters, 2007 & 2008 Item Cash Flow Coverage Ratio Cash farm receipts - Cash farm expenses + Interest paid (cash) - Net personal withdrawals from farm* (A) = Amount Available for Debt Service (B) = Debt Payments Planned for 2008 (as of December 31, 2007) (A/B)=Cash Flow Coverage Ratio for 2008 Average $ 556,876 458,784 6,019 50,287 $ 53,825 $ 49,485 1.09 Item Debt Coverage Ratio Net farm income (w/o appreciation) + Depreciation + Interest paid (accrual) - Net personal withdrawals from farm* (A’) = Repayment Capacity (B) = Debt Payments Planned for 2008 (as of December 31, 2007) (A’/B)=Debt Coverage Ratio for 2008 Average $ 56,850 15,621 6,019 50,287 $ 28,203 $ 49,485 0.57 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Same 78 New York Dairy Farm Owners, 2007 & 2008 (A) = Amount Available for Debt Service $ 79,320 (A’) = Repayment Capacity (B) = Debt Payments Planned for 2008 57,151 (B) = Debt Payments Planned for 2008 (A/B)=Cash Flow Coverage Ratio for 2008 1.39 (A’/B)=Debt Coverage Ratio for 2008 $ 70,735 57,151 1.24 *Personal withdrawals and family expenditures less nonfarm income and nonfarm money borrowed. If family withdrawals are excluded, or inaccurately included, the coverage ratios will be incorrect. 16 ANNUAL CASH FLOW WORKSHEET 18 Dairy My Farm Farm Renters Total Per Cow 130 ________ ________ (per cow) $ ________ $ ________ $4,191 ________ ________ 329 ________ ________ 41 ________ ________ 28 ________ ________ 96 72 ________ ________ $4,757 $ ________ $ ________ Expected Item Change Average number of cows Accrual Operating Receipts Milk ________ Dairy cattle ________ Dairy calves ________ Other livestock ________ Crops ________ Miscellaneous receipts ________ Total ________ Accrual Operating Expenses Hired labor $ ________ $ ________ ________ $ 367 Dairy grain & concentrate ________ ________ ________ 1,280 Dairy roughage ________ ________ ________ 345 Nondairy feed ________ ________ ________ 0 Professional nutritional services ________ ________ ________ 4 Machinery hire, rent & lease ________ ________ ________ 52 Machinery repair & vehicle exp. ________ ________ ________ 198 Fuel, oil & grease ________ ________ ________ 189 Replacement livestock ________ ________ ________ 233 Breeding ________ ________ ________ 73 Vet & medicine 162 ________ ________ ________ Milk marketing 197 ________ ________ ________ Bedding 74 ________ ________ ________ Milking supplies 95 ________ ________ ________ Cattle lease 0 ________ ________ ________ Custom boarding 39 ________ ________ ________ bST expense 60 ________ ________ ________ Livestock professional fees 6 ________ ________ ________ Other livestock expense 40 ________ ________ ________ Fertilizer & lime 91 ________ ________ ________ Seeds & plants 42 ________ ________ ________ Spray & other crop expense 34 ________ ________ ________ Crop professional fees 7 ________ ________ ________ Land, building & fence repair 28 ________ ________ ________ Taxes 16 ________ ________ ________ Real estate rent & lease 157 ________ ________ ________ Insurance 53 ________ ________ ________ Utilities 156 ________ ________ ________ Misc. & other professional fees 47 ________ ________ ________ Total Less Interest Paid $4,041 $ ________ $ ________ $ ________ Net Accrual Operating Income (Total) (without interest paid) $ 92,821 $ ____________ - Change in livestock & crop inv. 33,280 ____________ ________ - Change in accounts receivable -10,815 ____________ ________ - Change in feed & supply inv.* 17,196 ____________ ________ + Change in accounts payable** 37,316 ____________ ________ NET CASH FLOW $ 90,477 $ ____________ - Net family withdrawals 49,035 ____________ ________ Available for Farm Debt & Investments $ 41,441 $ ____________ ____________ ________ - Farm debt payments 51,413 Available for Farm Investments $ -9,972 $ ____________ - Capital purchases: cattle, $ ____________ $ ________ machinery & improvements 43,259 Additional Capital Needed $ 53,230 $ ____________ *Includes change in prepaid expenses. **Excludes change in interest account payable. 2009 Projection ________ $ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ $ ________ $ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ $ ________ $ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ $ ________ ________ $ ________ ________ $ ________ $ ________ $ ________ 17 Cropping Program Analysis The cropping program is an important part of the dairy farm business and sometimes it is overlooked and neglected. A complete evaluation of available land resources, how they are being used, how well crops are producing and what it costs to produce them, is required to evaluate alternative cropping and feed purchasing choices. LAND RESOURCES AND CROP PRODUCTION New York Dairy Farm Renters Reporting, 2008 Item Average of Farms Reporting Crop Yields Hay crop Corn silage Other forage Total forage Corn grain Oats Wheat Other crops Tillable pasture Idle Total Tillable Acres Farms 14 11 Acres 211 93 3 14 3 0 0 4 2 0 18 39 293 125 0 0 23 41 0 260 Production/Acre* 2.06 tons DM 17.03 tons 5.61 tons DM 1.27 tons DM 2.92 tons DM 130 bushels 0 bushels 0 bushels My Farm Acres _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ Production/Acre _______ tons DM _______ tons _______ tons DM _______ tons DM _______ tons DM _______ bushels _______ bushels _______ bushels *2008 average yields for 88 Dairy farm owners in New York included: all hay crops, 2.8 tons dry matter per acre; corn silage, 18.4 tons per acre. Average crop acres and yields compiled for the region are for the number of farms reporting each crop. Yields of forage crops have been converted to tons of dry matter using dry matter coefficients reported by the farmers. Grain production has been converted to bushels of dry grain equivalent based on dry matter information provided. The following measures of crop management indicate how efficiently the land resource is being used and how well total forage requirements are being met. CROP MANAGEMENT FACTORS FOR FARMS GROWING FORAGES New York Dairy Farm Renters and Owners, 2008 18 Dairy Farm Renters 88 Dairy Farm Owners My Farm Total tillable acres per cow 3.30 2.52 _____________ Total forage acres per cow 2.90 2.18 _____________ Harvested forage dry matter, tons per cow 8.47 8.72 _____________ Item 18 Average fertilizer and lime, seeds and plants, and spray and other crop expenses have been computed per tillable acre in the first column of the table below for all farms that grew forages. Additional expense items such as fuels, labor, and machinery repairs are not included. There was not a sufficient number of renting farms providing a breakdown in expenses for hay crop and corn. Rotational grazing was used on 1 rented farms and 14 owned farms. CROP RELATED ACCRUAL EXPENSES New York Dairy Farm Renters and Owners, 2008 Total Per Tillable Acre Expense Dairy Farm Renters: Fertilizer & lime Seeds & plants Spray & other crop expense Total $29.42 16.92 16.06 $62.40 Dairy Farm Owners: Fertilizer & lime Seeds & plants Spray & other crop expense Total $42.21 21.12 19.38 $82.71 My Farm: Fertilizer & lime Seeds & plants Spray & other crop expense Total $ _______ _______ _______ $ _______ Hay Crop Per Acre Per Ton DM All Corn Per Acre Corn Silage Per Ton DM Corn Grain Per Dry Shell Bu. -------------NO FARMS REPORTED THIS DATA------------ -------------Average of 7 Farms Reporting Individual Crop Costs-----------$ 43.49 $ 16.43 $ 14.08 $ 12.16 $ 0.08 21.67 7.52 6.45 8.92 0.05 21.01 6.68 5.72 6.49 0.07 $ 86.17 $ 30.63 $ 26.25 $ 27.57 $ 0.20 $ _______ _______ _______ $ _______ $ _______ _______ _______ $ _______ $ _______ _______ _______ $ _______ $ _______ _______ _______ $ _______ $ _______ _______ _______ $ _______ Most machinery costs are associated with crop production and should be analyzed with the crop enterprise. Total machinery expenses include the major fixed costs (interest and depreciation), as well as the accrual operating costs. Although machinery costs have not been allocated to individual crops, they are shown below per total tillable acre. ACCRUAL MACHINERY EXPENSES FOR FARMS GROWING FORAGES New York Dairy Farm Renters and Owners, 2008 Item Fuel, oil & grease Machine repair & farm vehicle expense Machine hire, rent & lease Interest (5%) Depreciation Total Average Per Tillable Acre 18 Dairy 88 Dairy Farm Renters Farm Owners $ 75.48 81.56 10.25 21.79 42.51 $231.59 $ 86.77 91.41 37.46 39.20 78.27 $333.11 Total Expenses My Farm Per Tillable Acre $ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ $ __________ $ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ $ _________ Dairy Program Analysis Analysis of the dairy enterprise can tell a great deal about the strengths and weaknesses of the dairy farm business. Information on the following page should be used in conjunction with DHI and other dairy production information. Changes in dairy herd size and market values that occur during the year are identified in the table below. The change in inventory value without appreciation is attributed to physical changes in herd size and quality. This increase in inventory is included as an accrual farm receipt when calculating profitability without appreciation impacts. 19 DAIRY HERD INVENTORY New York Dairy Farm Renters and Owners, 2008 Dairy Cows Item 18 Dairy Farm Renters: Beginning year (owned) + Change w/o apprec. + Appreciation End year (owned) End including leased Average number 88 Dairy Farm Owners: Beginning year (owned) + Change w/o apprec. + Appreciation End year (owned) End including leased Average number My Farm: Beginning year (owned) + Change w/o apprec. + Appreciation End year (owned) End including leased Average number No. Value 124 $ 181,394 10,182 894 $ 192,471 130 133 130 127 130 131 129 __ __ __ __ $ 187,968 2,139 -1,488 $ 188,620 $ ______ ______ ______ $ ______ Bred No. Value 19 28 $ 28,683 13,389 375 $ 42,447 92 (all age groups) 35 $ 52,232 90 -439 $ 51,884 36 106 (all age groups) ___ ___ $ ______ ______ ______ $ ______ ___ (all age groups) Heifers Open No. Value 25 25 39 42 __ __ Calves No. Value $ 29,286 -1,089 -478 $ 27,519 $ 36,719 2,053 -1,181 $ 37,591 $ ______ ______ ______ $ ______ 22 22 30 31 __ __ $ 13,697 64 -300 $ 13,461 $ 17,158 874 -727 $ 17,304 $ ______ ______ ______ $ ______ Total milk sold and milk sold per cow are extremely valuable measures of productivity on the dairy farm. These measures of milk output are based on pounds of milk marketed during the year. MILK PRODUCTION New York Dairy Farm Renters and Owners, 2008 18 Dairy 88 Dairy Farm Renters Farm Owners Item Total milk sold, pounds Milk sold per cow, pounds Average milk plant test, % butterfat 2,807,974 21,665 2.12% 2,758,963 21,424 2.32% My Farm ______________ ______________ ______________ Monitoring and evaluating culling practices and experiences on an annual basis are important herd management tools. Culling rate can have an affect on both milk per cow and profitability. Item Cows sold for beef Cows sold for dairy Cows died Culling rate** ANIMALS LEAVING THE HERD New York Dairy Farm Renters and Owners, 2008 18 Dairy Farm Renters 88 Dairy Farm Owners Number Percent* Number Percent* 34 26.0 32 25.2 3 2.5 1 0.6 9 6.6 8 6.6 33.0 32.0 *Percent of average number of cows in the herd. ** Cows sold for beef plus cows died. My Farm Number Percent* _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ 20 The cost of producing milk has been compiled using the whole farm method, and is featured in the following table. Accrual receipts from milk sales are compared with the accrual costs of producing milk per hundredweight of milk. Using the whole farm method, operating cost of producing milk is estimated by deducting nonmilk accrual receipts from total accrual operating expenses plus expansion livestock purchased. Purchased input cost of producing milk is the operating cost plus depreciation. Total cost of producing milk includes the operating cost plus depreciation on machinery and buildings, the value of unpaid family labor, the value of operator(s') labor and management, and an interest charge for using equity capital. COST OF PRODUCING MILK AND ACCRUAL RECEIPTS FROM MILK New York Dairy Farm Renters and Owners, 2008 18 Dairy Farm Renters Total Per Cwt. 88 Dairy Farm Owners Total Per Cwt. Operating cost $475,034 $16.92 $439,599 $15.93 $ ______ $ ______ Purchased input cost $488,332 $17.39 $478,256 $17.33 $ ______ $ ______ Total cost $558,029 $19.87 $583,106 $21.13 $ ______ $ ______ Accrual Receipts from Milk $543,224 $19.35 $535,695 $19.42 $ ______ $ ______ Net Milk Receipts $517,697 $18.44 $505,110 $18.31 $ ______ $ ______ Item My Farm Total Per Cwt. Accrual Cost of Producing Milk The accrual operating expenses most commonly associated with the dairy enterprise are listed in the table below. Evaluating these costs per unit of production enables the comparison of different size dairy farms for strengths and areas for improvement. DAIRY RELATED ACCRUAL EXPENSES New York Dairy Farm Renters and Owners, 2008 Item Purchased dairy grain & concentrate Purchased dairy roughage Total Purchased Dairy Feed Purchased grain & concentrate as % of milk receipts Purchased feed & crop expense Purchased feed & crop expense as % of milk receipts Breeding Veterinary & medicine Milk marketing Bedding Milking supplies Cattle lease Custom boarding bST expense Livestock professional fees Other livestock expense Average Per Cwt. Milk 18 Dairy Farm 88 Dairy Farm Renters Owners $5.91 1.59 $7.50 34% $8.30 45% $0.34 0.75 0.91 0.34 0.44 0.00 0.18 0.28 0.03 0.19 $6.17 0.47 $6.65 32% $7.77 40% $0.26 0.61 1.11 0.37 0.38 0.01 0.23 0.16 0.06 0.21 My Farm Per Cwt. $ ________ ________ $ ________ ________ % $ ________ ________ % $ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ 21 Capital and Labor Efficiency Analysis Capital efficiency factors measure how intensively the capital is being used in the farm business. The asset turnover ratio is the ratio of total farm income to total farm assets. It is calculated by dividing total accrual operating receipts plus appreciation by average total farm assets. Measures of labor efficiency are key indicators of management's success in generating products per unit of labor input. CAPITAL EFFICIENCY New York Dairy Farm Renters and Owners, 2008 Item Per Worker 18 Dairy Farm Renters: Farm capital Machinery & equipment Ratios Asset turnover 1.13 $ 151,511 32,473 Operating expense 0.88 88 Dairy Farm Owners: Farm capital Machinery & equipment Ratios Asset turnover 0.46 $ 345,870 64,787 Operating expense 0.82 My Farm: Farm capital Machinery & equipment Ratios Asset turnover ____ $ ________ ________ Operating expense ____ Per Cow $ 4,243 909 Interest expense 0.01 $ 10,340 1,937 Interest expense 0.03 $ _______ _______ Interest expense ____ Per Tillable Acre $ 2,119 454 Depreciation expense 0.02 $ 4,192 785 Depreciation expense 0.06 $ _____ _____ Depreciation expense ____ LABOR FORCE ANALYSIS New York Dairy Farm Renters and Owners, 2008 Efficiency 18 Dairy Farm Renters Per Total Worker 88 Dairy Farm Owners Per Total Worker Cows, average number Milk sold, pounds Tillable acres 130 2,807,974 260 129 2,758,963 318 Labor Costs 18 Dairy Farm Renters Total Per Cow 88 Dairy Farm Owners Total Per Cow $ $ 48,559 6,891 60,245 $ 115,694 $ 107,068 $ 222,763 Value of operator(s) labor* Family unpaid* Hired Total Labor Machinery Cost Total Labor & Machinery Hired labor expense per hired worker equivalent Hired labor expense as % of milk sales *$2,500 per month. 46,300 8,550 47,511 $ 102,361 $ 74,418 $ 176,779 $ 36 774,613 72 $ 357 66 367 $ 790 $ 574 $ 1,364 26,444 $ 30,097 8.8% 11.3% 33 716,149 82 $ 377 54 468 $ 898 $ 831 $ 1,730 My Farm Total _______ _______ _______ Total Per Worker _______ _______ _______ My Farm Per Cow $ _____ _____ _____ $ _____ $ _____ $ _____ $ _____ ______% $ _____ _____ _____ $ _____ $ _____ $ _____ 22 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS Progress of the Farm Business Comparing your business with average data from regional DFBS cooperators that participated in both of the last two years is one part of a business checkup. It is equally important for you to determine the progress your business has made over the past two or three years and to set targets or goals for the future. PROGRESS OF THE FARM BUSINESS Same 12 New York Dairy Farm Renters, 2007 & 2008 2007 Average 2008 2007 My Farm 2008 Goal 110 83 2,239,013 3.53 335 123 90 2,617,666 3.75 333 _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ Rates of Production Milk sold per cow, lbs. Hay DM per acre, tons Corn silage per acre, tons 20,448 2.0 15.6 21,239 2.2 16.9 _______ _______ _______ ______ ______ ______ _______ _______ _______ Labor Efficiency Cows per worker Milk sold per worker, lbs. 31 634,281 33 698,044 _______ _______ ______ ______ _______ _______ _____ % ____ % _____ % Selected Factors Size of Business Average number of cows Average number of heifers Milk sold, lbs. Worker equivalent Total tillable acres Cost Control Grain & concentrate purchased as % of milk sales Dairy feed & crop expense per cwt. milk Labor & machinery costs/cow Operating cost of producing cwt. milk Capital Efficiency* Farm capital per cow Machinery & equipment per cow Asset turnover ratio Profitability Net farm income without appreciation Net farm income with appreciation Labor & management income per operator/manager Rate of return on equity capital with appreciation Rate of return on all capital with appreciation Financial Summary Farm net worth, end year Debt to asset ratio Farm debt per cow *Average for the year. 25% 31% $6.37 $1,437 $7.85 $1,521 $ _______ $ _______ $ ______ $ ______ $ _______ $ _______ $13.68 $16.54 $ _______ $ ______ $ _______ $4,900 $1,144 1.07 $5,034 $1,130 0.95 $ _______ $ _______ _______ $ ______ $ ______ ______ $ _______ $ _______ _______ $140,852 $164,605 $56,850 $64,497 $ _______ $ _______ $ ______ $ ______ $ _______ $ _______ $74,695 $20,765 $ _______ $ ______ $ _______ 30.1% 2.6% _____ % ____ % _____ % 22.8% 2.8% _____ % ____ % _____ % $439,853 0.28 $1,435 $440,886 0.31 $1,543 $ _______ _______ $ _______ $ ______ ______ $ ______ $ _______ _______ $ _______ 23 RECEIPTS AND EXPENSES PER COW AND PER HUNDREDWEIGHT Same 12 New York Dairy Farm Renters, 2007 & 2008 2007 Item Average Number of Cows Cwt. of Milk Sold Per Cow 110 2008 Per Cwt. Per Cow 123 22,390 Per Cwt. 26,177 ACCRUAL OPERATING RECEIPTS Milk Dairy cattle Dairy calves Other livestock Crops Miscellaneous receipts Total Receipts $4,201 244 110 24 311 127 $5,017 $20.55 1.19 0.54 0.12 1.52 0.62 $24.53 $4,100 405 40 6 115 78 $4,745 $19.31 1.91 0.19 0.03 0.54 0.37 $22.34 ACCRUAL OPERATING EXPENSES Hired labor Dairy grain & concentrate Dairy roughage Nondairy feed Professional nutritional services Machine hire/rent/lease Machinery repair & vehicle expense Fuel, oil & grease Replacement livestock Breeding Veterinary & medicine Milk marketing Bedding Milking supplies Cattle lease Custom boarding bST expense Livestock professional fees Other livestock expense Fertilizer & lime Seeds & plants Spray/other crop expense Crop professional fees Land, building, fence repair Taxes Real estate rent/lease Insurance Utilities Interest paid Other professional fees Miscellaneous Total Operating Expenses Expansion Livestock Extraordinary Expense Machinery Depreciation Real Estate Depreciation Total Expenses Net Farm Income Without Appreciation $ 314 1,050 78 0 5 31 233 178 11 63 146 193 42 99 0 41 48 9 65 68 50 51 7 37 16 252 40 150 83 45 12 $3,414 198 0 110 8 $ 3,730 $ 1,286 $ 1.54 5.13 0.38 0.00 0.03 0.15 1.14 0.87 0.05 0.31 0.71 0.94 0.20 0.49 0.00 0.20 0.23 0.04 0.32 0.33 0.24 0.25 0.03 0.18 0.08 1.23 0.20 0.73 0.40 0.22 0.06 $16.70 0.97 0.00 0.54 0.04 $18.25 $ 6.29 $ 395 1,263 155 0 6 59 221 217 52 91 126 216 59 102 0 60 45 8 52 134 61 44 11 39 16 220 35 167 49 40 14 $3,958 200 0 107 20 $4,285 $ 461 $ 1.86 5.94 0.73 0.00 0.03 0.28 1.04 1.02 0.25 0.43 0.59 1.02 0.28 0.48 0.00 0.28 0.21 0.04 0.24 0.63 0.29 0.21 0.05 0.19 0.07 1.04 0.16 0.79 0.23 0.19 0.06 $18.63 0.94 0.00 0.50 0.09 $20.16 $ 2.17 24 Condensed Summary and Selected Business Factors for Two Herd Size Groups CONDENSED FARM BUSINESS SUMMARY FOR TWO RENTER GROUPS BY HERD SIZE 18 New York Dairy Farm Renters, 2008 9 Dairy Farm Renters with < 65 Cows Per Cow Per Cwt. Item ACCRUAL EXPENSES Hired labor $ 109 $ 0.55 Dairy grain & concentrate 1,197 6.03 Dairy roughage 197 0.99 Nondairy feed 0 0.00 Professional nutritional services 0 0.00 Machine hire, rent & lease 32 0.16 Machine repairs & farm vehicle expense 272 1.37 Fuel, oil & grease 227 1.14 Replacement livestock 42 0.21 Breeding 61 0.31 Veterinary & medicine 110 0.55 Milk marketing 223 1.12 Bedding 72 0.36 Milking supplies 109 0.55 Cattle lease & rent 0 0.00 Custom boarding 8 0.04 bST expense 0 0.00 Livestock professional fees 11 0.05 Other livestock expense 83 0.42 Fertilizer & lime 103 0.52 Seeds & plants 42 0.21 Spray & other crop expense 71 0.36 Crop professional fees 0 0.00 Land, building & fence repair 46 0.23 Taxes & rent 200 1.01 Utilities 128 0.65 Interest paid 87 0.44 Other professional fees 16 0.08 Misc. (including insurance) 54 0.28 Total Operating Expenses $3,499 $17.64 Expansion livestock 62 0.31 Extraordinary expense 0 0.00 Machinery depreciation 182 0.92 Building depreciation 11 0.05 Total Accrual Expenses $3,754 $18.93 ACCRUAL RECEIPTS Milk sales $3,637 $18.34 Dairy cattle 265 1.34 Dairy calves 68 0.34 Other livestock 8 0.04 Crops 180 0.91 Miscellaneous receipts 84 0.42 Total Accrual Receipts $4,243 $21.39 PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS (Total) Net farm income (without appreciation) $23,422 Net farm income (with appreciation) $24,663 Labor & management income/operator $2,757 Rates of return on: Equity capital without appreciation -12.9% Equity capital with appreciation -12.1% All capital without appreciation -6.7% All capital with appreciation -6.2% 9 Dairy Farm Renters with > 65 Cows Per Cow Per Cwt. $ 425 1,299 378 0 5 57 180 181 277 76 173 191 74 92 0 46 74 4 31 88 42 25 9 24 166 162 45 33 73 $4,229 154 0 69 13 $4,465 $ 1.92 5.88 1.71 0.00 0.02 0.26 0.82 0.82 1.25 0.34 0.79 0.87 0.33 0.42 0.00 0.21 0.33 0.02 0.14 0.40 0.19 0.11 0.04 0.11 0.75 0.73 0.21 0.15 0.33 $19.15 0.70 0.00 0.31 0.06 $20.22 $4,317 344 35 32 77 69 $4,874 $19.55 1.56 0.16 0.15 0.35 0.31 $22.07 $86,362 $94,485 $38,664 5.0% 6.4% 4.4% 5.4% 25 SELECTED BUSINESS FACTORS FOR TWO RENTER GROUPS BY HERD SIZE 18 New York Dairy Farm Renters, 2008 Item Cropping Program Analysis Total acres rented Tillable acres rented Hay crop acres* Corn silage acres* Hay crop, tons DM/acre* Corn silage, tons/acre* Forage DM per cow, tons* Tillable acres/cow* Fertilizer & lime expense/tillable acre* Machinery cost/tillable acre* Dairy Analysis Number of cows Number of heifers Milk sold, pounds Milk sold/cow, pounds Operating cost of producing milk/cwt. Total cost of producing milk/cwt. Price/cwt. milk sold Purchased dairy feed/cow Purchased dairy feed/cwt. milk Purchased grain & concentrate as % of milk receipts Purchased feed & crop expense/cwt. milk Capital Efficiency Farm capital/worker Farm capital/cow Real estate/cow Machinery investment/cow Asset turnover ratio Labor Efficiency Worker equivalent Operator/manager equivalent Milk sold/worker, lbs. Cows/worker Labor cost/cow Financial Measures Percent equity Debt/asset ratio - long term Debt/asset ratio - intermediate & current Change in net worth with appreciation Total farm debt per cow Debt payments made per cow Debt payments as % of milk sales Amount available for debt service Debt coverage ratio for 2008 * Average of farms growing forages. 9 Dairy Farm Renters with < 65 Cows 9 Dairy Farm Renters with > 65 Cows 222 150 132 48 1.8 15.5 8.8 3.8 $22.32 $225 461 369 290 148 2.2 17.6 8.4 3.1 $36.51 $234 48 29 949,912 19,835 $14.90 $21.43 $18.34 $1,394 $7.03 33% $8.12 211 155 4,666,035 22,079 $17.33 $19.56 $19.55 $1,677 $7.60 36% $8.34 $128,412 $5,309 $241 $1,821 0.80 $160,477 $4,002 $97 $703 1.23 1.99 1.22 478,545 24 $1,216 5.27 1.38 885,816 40 $693 65% 1.30 0.31 $9,063 $1,852 $626 17% $21,385 0.44 63% 1.65 0.34 $8,969 $1,511 $436 10% $86,264 0.62 26 Regional Farm Business Chart The Farm Business Chart is a tool which can be used in analyzing your business. Compare your business by drawing a line through or near the figure in each column which represents your current level of performance. The five figures in each column represent the average of each 20 percent or quintile of farms included in the regional summary. FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR FARM MANAGEMENT COOPERATORS 18 New York Dairy Farm Renters, 2008 Worker Equivalent Size of Business No. Pounds of Milk Cows Sold (14)* 8.9 4.5 2.7 2.1 1.5 (12) 383 178 70 60 32 Pounds Milk Sold Per Cow Rates of Production Tons Tons Corn Hay Crop Silage DM/Acre Per Acre Labor Efficiency Cows Pounds Per Milk Sold Worker Per Worker (12) (12) (11) (11) (14) (14) 9,524,329 3,359,067 1,407,079 991,041 575,214 26,006 23,627 20,002 17,921 13,188 3.4 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.1 24 20 18 14 11 49 39 33 27 16 1,263,833 811,595 563,436 460,136 274,006 Cost Control Grain Bought Per Cow % Grain is of Milk Receipts Machinery Costs Per Cow Labor & Machinery Costs Per Cow Feed & Crop Expenses Per Cow Feed & Crop Expenses Per Cwt. Milk (12) (12) (14) (14) (12) (12) $1,045 1,592 1,789 1,965 2,183 $6.50 7.54 9.10 9.87 11.15 Net Farm Income With Appreciation Profitability Net Farm Income Without Appreciation Labor & Management Income Per Operator (4) (4) (4) $1,480 1,417 1,274 1,185 932 Milk Receipts Per Cow (12) $4,952 4,310 3,837 3,480 2,560 26% 30 34 37 49 $307 560 714 963 1,170 Value and Cost of Production Operating Cost Total Cost Producing Milk Producing Milk Per Cwt. Per Cwt. (12) $12.21 16.00 17.29 18.52 20.21 $974 1,470 1,690 2,163 3,577 (12) $15.99 21.00 22.53 23.71 33.78 *Page number of the participant's DFBS where the factor is located. $235,580 56,971 31,787 16,912 -30 $225,581 50,044 26,574 14,510 -788 $199,689 26,082 1,772 -12,697 -32,281 27 Regional Financial Analysis Chart The farm financial analysis chart is designed just like the Farm Business Chart and may be used to assess the financial health of the farm business. Most of the financial measures used in the chart are defined on pages 7, 8, 11, and 15 of this publication. References to DFBS output page numbers for participating dairy farmers are provided in the table headings. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS CHART 18 New York Dairy Farm Renters, 2008 Liquidity (repayment) Planned Debt Payments Per Cow (10)* Available for Debt Service Per Cow (16) Cash Flow Coverage Ratio (10) Debt Payments as Percent of Milk Sales (10) Debt Per Cow (7) $984 695 361 78 -204 2.81 1.57 1.07 0.32 -0.56 2% 7 13 21 56 $320 830 2,045 3,017 4,590 $ 14 134 409 681 952 Solvency Leverage Ratio** (7) 0.06 0.34 0.92 1.96 12.74 Percent Equity (7) Profitability Percent Rate of Return with appreciation on: Equity Investment*** (4) (4) Debt/Asset Ratio Current & Intermediate (7) 96% 84 67 42 17 0.03 0.16 0.33 0.60 0.80 88% 3 -5 -30 -81 Asset Turnover Ratio (14) Efficiency (Capital) Machinery Investment Per Cow (14) Total Farm Assets Per Cow (14) 2.22 1.22 0.99 0.68 0.50 $84 956 1,411 2,149 3,061 $7,844 6,537 5,170 4,381 2,443 *Page number of the participant's DFBS where the factor is located. **Dollars of debt per dollar of equity, computed by dividing total liabilities by total equity. ***Return on all farm capital (no deduction for interest paid) divided by total farm assets. 30% 3 -3 -6 -43 Change in Net Worth With Appreciation (8) $159,983 13,741 -2,869 -19,725 -67,129 28 IDENTIFY AND SET GOALS If businesses are to be successful, they must have direction. Written goals help provide businesses with an identifiable direction over both the long and the short term. Goal setting is as important on a dairy farm as it is in other businesses. Written goals are a tool which farm operators can use to ensure that the business continues to move in the proper direction. Goals should be SMART: 1. Goals should be Specific. 2. Goals should be Measurable. 3. Goals should be Achievable but challenging. 4. Goals should be Rewarding. 5. You should designate a Time when each goal will be achieved. Goal setting on a dairy farm does not have to be a complex process. In many cases it provides a process for writing down and agreeing on goals that you have already given some thought to. It is also important to remember that once you write out your goals they are not cast in concrete. If a change takes place which has a major impact on the farm business, the goals should be reworked to accommodate that change. Refer to your goals as often as necessary to keep the farm business progressing. It is important to identify both objectives (long-range) and goals (short-range) when looking at the future of your farm business. A suggested format for writing out your goals is as follows: a. Begin with a mission statement which describes why the business exists based on the preferences and values of the owners. b. Identify 4-6 objectives. c. Identify SMART goals. Worksheet for Setting Goals I. Mission and Objectives ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 29 Worksheet for Setting Goals (continued) II. Goals What How When Who is Responsible _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ _____________________ ____________________ ______________________ _____________________ Summarize Your Business Performance The Farm Business and Financial Analysis Charts on pages 26 and 27 can be used to help identify strengths and weaknesses of your farm business. Identify three major strengths and three areas of your farm business that need improvement. Strengths: ____________________________________ Need Improvements: _____________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________ 30 GLOSSARY AND LOCATION OF COMMON TERMS Accounts Payable - Open accounts or bills owed to feed and supply firms, cattle dealers, veterinarians and other providers of farm services and supplies. Accounts Receivable - Outstanding receipts from items sold or sales proceeds not yet received such as the payment for December milk sales received in January. Accrual Expenses - (defined on page 5) Accrual Receipts - (defined on page 6) Annual Cash Flow Statement - (defined on page 13) Appreciation - (defined on page 7) Asset Turnover Ratio - (defined on page 21) Balance Sheet - A "snapshot" of the business financial position at a given point in time, usually December 31. The balance sheet equates the value of assets to liabilities plus net worth. bST Usage - An estimate of percentage of herd that was injected with bovine somatotropin during the year. Capital Efficiency - The amount of capital invested per production unit. Relatively high investments per worker with low to moderate investments per cow imply efficient use of capital. Cash From Nonfarm Capital Used in the Business - Transfers of money from nonfarm savings or investments to the farm business where it is used to pay operating expenses, make debt payments and/or capital purchases. Cash Flow Coverage Ratio - (defined on page 15) Cash Paid - (defined on page 4) Cash Receipts - (defined on page 6) Change in Accounts Payable - (defined on page 5) Change in Accounts Receivable - (defined on page 6) Change in Inventory - (defined on page 4) Cost of Term Debt - A weighted average of the cost of borrowed capital to the farm. Calculate by multiplying end of year principal of each loan that is borrowed by the interest rate for each loan at that time. Add up each amount that is calculated for each loan and then divide by total amount of borrowed funds. Do not include accounts payable, operating debt or advanced government receipts. This information is found on pages 10 and 11 of the data entry form. Culling Rate - (defined on page 19) Current Portion - Principal due in the next year for intermediate and long term debt. Current Ratio - Measures the extent to which current farm assets, if liquidated, would cover current farm liabilities. Calculated as current farm assets at end year divided by current farm liabilities at end year. Dairy (farm) - A farm business where dairy farming is the primary enterprise, operating and managing this farm is a fulltime occupation for one or more people and cropland is owned. Dairy Cash-Crop (farm) - Operating and managing this farm is the full-time occupation of one or more people, cropland is owned but crop sales exceed 10 percent of accrual milk receipts. Debt Per Cow - Total end-of-year debt divided by end-of-year number of cows. Debt to Asset Ratios - (defined on page 11) 31 Depreciation Expense Ratio - Machinery and building depreciation divided by total accrual receipts. Dry Matter - The amount or proportion of dry material that remains after all water is removed. Commonly used to measure dry matter percent and tons of dry matter in feed. Equity Capital - The farm operator/manager's owned capital or farm net worth. Expansion Livestock - Purchased dairy cattle and other livestock that cause an increase in herd size from the beginning to the end of the year. Farm Debt Payments as Percent of Milk Sales - Amount of milk income committed to debt repayment, calculated by dividing planned debt payments by total milk receipts. A reliable measure of repayment ability, see page 15. Farm Debt Payments Per Cow - Planned or scheduled debt payments per cow represent the repayment plan scheduled at the beginning of the year divided by the average number of cows for the year. This measure of repayment ability is used in the Financial Analysis Chart. Financial Lease - A long-term non-cancelable contract giving the lessee use of an asset in exchange for a series of lease payments. The term of a financial lease usually covers a major portion of the economic life of the asset. The lease is a substitute for purchase. The lessor retains ownership of the asset. Hired Labor Expense per Hired Worker Equivalent - The total cost to the farm per hired worker equivalent. Divide accrual hired labor expense by number of hired plus family paid worker equivalent. Hired Labor Expense as % of Milk Sales - The percentage of the gross milk receipts that is used for labor expense. Divide accrual hired labor expense by accrual milk sales. Income Statement - A complete and accurate account of farm business receipts and expenses used to measure profitability over a period of time such as one year or one month. Interest Expense Ratio - Accrual interest expense divided by total accrual receipts. Labor and Management Income - (defined on page 8) Labor and Management Income Per Operator - The return to the owner/manager's labor and management per full-time operator. Labor Efficiency - Production capacity and output per worker. Leverage Ratio - (defined on page 11) Liquidity - Ability of business to generate cash to make debt payments or to convert assets to cash. Net Farm Income - (defined on page 7) Net Farm Income from Operations Ratio - (defined on page 8) Net Worth - The value of assets less liabilities equal net worth. It is the equity the owner has in owned assets. Operating Costs of Producing Milk - (defined on page 20) Operating Expense Ratio - Total accrual expenses less interest and machinery and building depreciation divided by total accrual receipts. Opportunity Cost - The cost or charge made for using a resource based on its value in its most likely alternative use. The opportunity cost of a farmer's labor and management is the value he/she would receive if employed in his/her most qualified alternative position. Other Livestock Expenses - All other dairy herd and livestock expenses not included in more specific categories. Other livestock expenses include; bedding, DHIC, milk house and parlor supplies, livestock board, registration fees and transfers. 32 Part-Time Cash-Crop Dairy (farm) - Operating and managing this farm is not a full-time occupation, crop sales exceed 10 percent of accrual milk receipts and cropland is owned. Part-Time Dairy (farm) - Dairy farming is the primary enterprise, cropland is owned but operating and managing this farm is not a full-time occupation for one or more people. Personal Withdrawals and Family Expenditures Including Nonfarm Debt Payments - All the money removed from the farm business for personal or nonfarm use including family living expenses, health and life insurance, income taxes, nonfarm debt payments, and investments. Profitability - The return or net income the owner/manager receives for using one or more of his or her resources in the farm business. True "economic profit" is what remains after deducting all costs including the opportunity costs of the owner/manager's labor, management, and equity capital. Purchased Inputs Cost of Producing Milk - (defined on page 20) Repayment Analysis - An evaluation of the business' ability to make planned debt payments. Replacement Livestock - Dairy cattle and other livestock purchased to replace those that were culled or sold from the herd during the year. Return on Equity Capital - (defined on page 8) Return on Total Capital - (defined on page 8) Return to Operators' Labor, Management, and Equity Capital - (defined on page 7) Rotational Grazing - The dairy herd is on pasture at least three months of the year, changing paddock at least every three days. Solvency - The extent or ability of assets to cover or pay liabilities. Debt/asset and leverage ratios are common measures of solvency. Total Costs of Producing Milk - (defined on page 20) Whole Farm Method - A procedure used to calculate costs of producing milk on dairy farms without using enterprise cost accounts. All non-milk receipts are assigned a cost equal to their sale value and deducted from total farm expenses to determine the costs of producing milk. Working Capital - A theoretical measure of the amount of funds available to purchase inputs and inventory items after the sale of current farm assets and payment of all current farm liabilities. Calculate as current farm assets at end year less current farm liabilities at end year. 33 INDEX Page(s) Accounts Payable .................................................. 4,9 Accounts Receivable ............................................. 6,9 Accrual Expenses .................................................. 4,7 Accrual Receipts .................................................... 6,7 Acreage ................................................................ 3,17 Advanced Government Receipts ......................... 9,10 Amount Available for Debt Service ........................ 15 Annual Cash Flow Statement ................................. 13 Appreciation ........................................... 7,8,11,12,19 Asset Turnover Ratio ............................................... 21 Balance Sheet ........................................................... 9 Barn Type ................................................................. 3 bST Usage ................................................................ 3 Business Type ........................................................... 3 Capital Efficiency ................................................... 21 Cash From Nonfarm Capital Used in the Business ........................................................... 13 Cash Flow Coverage Ratio ..................................... 15 Cash Paid .................................................................. 4 Cash Receipts ...................................................... 6,13 Change in Accounts Payable .................................... 4 Change in Accounts Receivable ............................... 6 Change in Inventory .............................................. 4,6 Change in Net Worth .............................................. 12 Cost of Term Debt .................................................. 11 Crop Expenses ..................................................... 4,18 Crop/Dairy Ratios ................................................... 17 Culling Rate............................................................. 19 Current Portion .......................................................... 9 Current Ratio ........................................................... 11 Dairy (farm) .............................................................. 1 Debt Coverage Ratio ............................................... 15 Debt Per Cow ......................................................... 11 Debt to Asset Ratios ............................................... 11 Depreciation ....................................................... 4,11 Depreciation Expense Ratio .................................... 21 Dry Matter .............................................................. 17 Equity Capital ........................................................... 9 Expansion Livestock ........................................... 4,13 Expenses ................................................................... 4 Farm Business Chart................................................ 26 Farm Debt Payments as Percent of Milk Sales ............................................................ 15 Farm Debt Payments Per Cow ................................ 15 Financial Analysis Chart ........................................ 26 Financial Lease ......................................................... 9 Hired Labor Expense per Hired Worker Equivalent................................................. 21 Hired Labor Expense as % of Milk Sales ................ 21 Income Statement ..................................................... 4 Inflows .................................................................... 13 Page(s) Interest Expense Ratio............................................. 21 Labor and Management Income ............................... 8 Labor and Management Income per Operator ............................................... 8 Labor Efficiency ..................................................... 21 Land Resources ...................................................... 17 Leverage Ratio ........................................................ 11 Liquidity ................................................................. 11 Machinery Expenses ........................................... 4,18 Milk Production ..................................................... 19 Milking System ........................................................ 3 Money Borrowed ................................................... 13 Net Farm Income ...................................................... 7 Net Farm Income from Operations Ratio .................. 8 Net Investment ....................................................... 11 Net Worth ................................................................. 9 Number of Cows ..................................................... 19 Operating Cost of Producing Milk ......................... 20 Operating Expense Ratio......................................... 21 Opportunity Cost ...................................................... 8 Other Livestock Expenses ........................................ 4 Outflows ................................................................. 13 Personal Withdrawals and Family Expenditures Including Nonfarm Debt Payments ..................... 13 Principal Payments ................................................. 13 Profitability .............................................................. 7 Purchased Inputs Cost of Producing Milk .............. 20 Receipts .................................................................... 6 Record System ......................................................... 3 Repayment Analysis ............................................... 15 Replacement Livestock ............................................ 4 Retained Earnings ................................................... 12 Return on Equity Capital .......................................... 8 Return on Total Capital ............................................ 8 Rotational Grazing .................................................. 18 Solvency ................................................................. 11 Total Costs of Producing Milk ............................... 20 Whole Farm Method .............................................. 20 Worker Equivalent ................................................... 3 Working Capital ...................................................... 11 Yields Per Acre ...................................................... 17
