May 1989
A.E. Ext. 89-12
ONEIDA-MOHAWK REGION 1988 Eddy L. LaDue George M. Andrew Brian F. Aldrich 1988 DAIRY FARM BUSINESS SUMMARY
ONEIDA-MOHAWK REGION
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
1
Program Obj ective .................................................
1
Format Features
1
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS ... ................... ........
2
Business Characteristics ..........................................
2
Income Statement ..................................................
3
Profitability Analysis ............................................
6
Farm and Family Financial Status ........... ... ............. .......
8
Cash Flow Statement ...............................................
11 Repayment Analysis ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
12 Cropping Program Analysis .........................................
14 Dairy Program Analysis ............................................
16 Capital and Labor Efficiency Analysis .............................
18 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS ..............................
19 Progress of the Farm Business .....................................
19 Farm Business Chart................................................
20 Financial Analysis Chart ..........................................
22 Comparisons by Type of Barn and Herd Size .........................
23 Herd Size Comparisons .............................................
23 IDENTIFY AND SET GOALS .................................................
37 1988 DAIRY FARM BUSINESS SUMMARY
ONEIDA-MOHAWK REGION*
INTRODUCTION
Dairy farmers throughout New York State have been participating in Cornell
Cooperative Extension's farm business summary and analysis program since the
early 1950's. Each participating farmer receives a comprehensive business
summary and analysis of his or her farm business. The information in this
report represents an average of the data submitted from farms in the Oneida­
Mohawk region.
Pro&ram Objective
The primary objective of the dairy farm business summary, DFBS, is to help
farm managers improve the financial management of their farm business through
appropriate use of historical farm data and the application of modern farm
business analysis techniques. In short, DFBS identifies the business and
financial information farmers need and demonstrates how it should be used in
identifying and evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the farm business.
Format Features
This regional report follows the same general format as in the 1988 DFBS
printout received by all participating dairy farmers. Worksheets are included
to give non-DFBS participants an opportunity to summarize their businesses. The
analysis tables have an open column or section labeled My Farm. It may be used
by any dairy farm manager who wants to compare his or her business with the
average data of this region.
This report features:
(1) an income statement including accrual adjustments for farm business expenses
and receipts, as well as measures of profitability with and without
appreciation,
(2) a complete balance sheet with analytical ratios,
(3) a cash flow summary including debt repayment ability,
(4) a croppin& pro&ram analysis,
(5) a dairy program analysis, and
(6) capital and labor efficiency analysis.
Micro DFBS, a computer program which enables Cooperative Extension agents
and specialists to calculate and print individual farm business reports in their
offices, is now being used by the dairy farm management field staff for 90
percent of the farms cooperating. This innovative approach provides faster
processing of farm record data and increased use of the DFBS in farm management
programs.
*The Oneida-Mohawk region includes Oneida, Schoharie, Montgomery, Herkimer,
Fulton, and Schenectady Counties. This publication includes the following
number of farms by county: Oneida 8, Schoharie 15, Montgomery 20, Herkimer 1,
Fulton 2, and Schenectady 3.
This summary was prepared by Eddy L. LaDue, Department of Agricultural
Economics, New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell
University. The farm business data were collected by Brian F. Aldrich,
Cooperative Extension Agent, Oneida and Herkimer Counties; and George M.
Andrew, Cooperative Extension Specialist for Schoharie, Montgomery, Fulton, and
Schenectady Counties. Analysis and data management assistance was provided by
Linda Putnam.
2
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS
Business Characteristics
Finding the right management strategies is an important part of operat­
ing a successful farm. Various combinations of farm resources, enterprises,
business arrangements, and management techniques are used by the dairy
farmers in this region. The following table shows important farm business
characteristics and the number of farmers reporting these characteristics.
BUSINESS CHARACTERISTICS 49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988 Type of Farm
Dairy
Part-time dairy
Dairy cash-crop
Part-time cash-crop dairy
Number
48
Type of Ownership
Owner
Renter
Number
43
Type of Business
Single proprietorship
Partnership
Corporation
Number
33
15
Business Record System
ELFAC
Account Book
Agrifax (mail-in only)
On-Farm Computer
Other
Number
1
o
1
o
6
1
11
13
3
21
Type of Barn
Stanchion/Tie-Stall
Freestall
Combination
Number
39
Milking Sys tem
Bucket & carry
Dumping station
Pipeline
Herringbone parlor
Other parlor
Number
Milking Freguency
2x/day
3x/day
Other
Number
49
Production Records
DHIC
Owner-Sampler
Other
None
Number
39
6
4
o
2
40
6
1
o
o
7
1
2
The averages used in this report were compiled using data from all the
participating dairy farms in this region unless noted otherwise. There may
be regular dairy farms, part-time farms, dairy cash-crop farms, farm renters,
partnerships, and corporations included in the average. These specific
classifications are used to separate farms in the State Business Summary.
A part-time farm has less than six months of labor from all operators and
total labor is less than 12 months.
A dairy cash-crop farm has cash receipts from crop sales that exceed 10
percent of accrual milk sales. Summary data for 1987 for farms meeting this
definition are presented on page 56 of Smith, Stuart F., Wayne A. Knoblauch,
and Linda D. Putnam, Dairy Farm Management Business Summary. New York. 1987,
Cornell University, Department of Agricultural Economics, A.E. Res. 88-8,
July 1988.
A farm renter does not own farm real estate at the end of the year or does
not own tillable land. Summary data for 1987 for farms meeting this
definition are presented in Putnam, Linda D. and Stuart F. Smith, Dairy Farm
Business Summary. Eastern New York Renter Summary, 1987, Cornell University,
Department of Agricultural Economics, A.E. Ext. 88-19, August 1988.
3
Income Statement
In order for an income statement to accurately measure farm income, it
must include accrual adjustments (changes in accounts payable, accounts
receivable, inventories, and prepaid expenses).
CASH AND ACCRUAL FARM EXPENSES 49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988 EX]2ense Item
Hired Labor
Feed
Dairy grain & conc.
Dairy roughage
Nondairy
Machiner;:l
Mach. hire, rent/lease
Machinery repairs/parts
Auto expo (farm share)
Fuel, oil & grease
Livestock
Replacement livestock
Breeding
Vet & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease/rent
Other livestock expense
Cro]2s
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray, other crop expo
Real Estate
Land/bldg./fence repair
Taxes
Rent & lease
Other
Insurance
Telephone (farm share)
Electricity (farm share)
Interest paid
Miscellaneous
Total Operating
Expansion livestock
Machinery depreciation
Building depreciation
TOTAL ACCRUAL EXPENSES
Cash
Paid
+
$ 11,044
Change in
Inventory
or Prepaid
EX]2ense* +
$
0
Change in
Accounts
Pa;:lable
$
Accrual
EX]2enses
7
$ 11,051
40,693
714
290
-287
61
4
-339
-33
0
40,067
742
294
1,907
7,872
553
3,572
0
-4
0
19
2
85
0
11
1,909
7,953
553
3,602
2,473
2,581
2,930
6,233
255
6,248
0
12
-16
0
0
-25
0
5
-5
0
0
-36
2,473
2,598
2,909
6,233
255
6,187
5,715
2,332
1,451
-39
32
-43
0
-11
14
5,676
2,353
1,422
2,123
4,406
5,089
-14
0
0
2
-6
-20
2,111
4,400
5,069
2,488
553
4,221
10,967
1,820
$128,530
203
-9
0
0
0
-37
-346
0
4
0
-9
0
0
-329
0
2,483
553
4,212
10,967
1,783
$127,855
203
9,709
4,024
$141,791
$
$
Cash ]2aid is the actual amount of money paid out during the year and does not
necessarily represent the cost of goods and services actually used.
Change in inventor;:l: An increase in inventory is subtracted in computing
accrual expenses because it represents purchased inputs not actually used
during the year. A decrease in inventory is added to expenses because it
represents the cost of inputs purchased in a prior year and used this year.
4
Chan&es in prepaid expenses apply to non-inventory categories. Any expenses
are included that have been paid in advance of their use; for example, 1989
rent paid in 1988. An increase in prepaid expenses indicates that funds
paid for prepaid expenses during the year exceeded the amount of prepaid
expenses used up during the year. The amount of this excess is entered as a
negative number to exclude them from this year's expenses. They should be
charged against future years' business operation. A decrease in prepaid
expenses is added to expenses because it represents use of resources during
this year that were paid for in past years but should be charged against this
year's operation.
Change in accounts payable: An increase in payables is added and a decrease
is subtracted when calculating accrual expenses.
Accrual expenses are the costs of inputs actually used in this year's
production.
CASH AND ACCRUAL FARM EXPENSES WORKSHEET
Expense Item
Cash
Paid
+
Hired Labor
$_-­
Feed
Dairy grain & cone.
Dairy roughage
Nondairy
Machinery
Mach. hire, rent/lease
Machinery repairs/parts
Auto expo (farm share)
Fuel, oil & grease
Livestock
Replacement livestock
Breeding
Vet & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease/rent
Other livestock expense
Crops
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray, other crop expo
Real Estate
Landjbldg./fence repair
Taxes
Rent & lease
Other
Insurance
Telephone (farm share)
Electricity (farm share)
Interest paid
Miscellaneous
Total Operating
$_______
Expansion livestock
Machinery depreciation
Building depreciation
TOTAL ACCRUAL EXPENSES
Change in
Inventory
or Prepaid
Expense +
Change in
Accounts Payable
$_--
Accrual
Expenses
$_-­
$
5
CASH AND ACCRUAL FARM RECEIPTS 49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988 Receipt Item
Cash
Receipts
Change in
Inventory
+
$148,140
Milk sales
9,456
Dairy cattle
$
2,292
Dairy calves
19
Other livestock
1,780
Crops
3,262
Government receipts
Custom machine work
133
80
Gas tax refund
Other
2,388
(-)
Less nonfarm noncash cap.**
Total Accrual Receipts
$167,548
$
+
Change in
Accounts
Receivable
$
1,129
0
0
0
132
0
0
0
61
$
1,322
2,477
68
3,301
0*
183
5,663
Accrual
Receipts
$149,269
11,933
2,292
87
5,212
3,262
133
80
2,449
(-)
183
$174,533
*Change in advanced government receipts.
**Gifts or inheritances of cattle or crops included in inventory.
Cash receipts include the gross value of milk checks received during the year
plus all other payments received from the sale of farm products, services,
and government programs. Nonfarm income is not included in calculating farm
profitability.
Changes in inventory are calculated by subtracting beginning of year values
from end of year values excluding appreciation. Increases in livestock in­
ventory caused by herd growth and/or quality are added, and decreases caused
by herd reduction and/or quality are subtracted. Changes in inventories of
crops grown are also calculated. Changes in advanced government receipts are
calculated by subtracting the end year balance from the beginning year bal­
ance (balances are listed with the current liabilities on the Balance Sheet).
Changes in accounts receivable are calculated by subtracting beginning year
balances from end year balances. The January milk check for this December's
marketings compared with the previous January's check is included as a change
in accounts receivable.
Accrual receipts represent the value of all farm commodities produced and
services actually generated by the farmer during the year.
CASH AND ACCRUAL FARM RECEIPT WORKSHEET
Receipt Item
Cash
Receipts
Milk sales
$_-­
Dairy cattle
Dairy calves
Other livestock
Crops
Government receipts
Custom machine work
Gas tax refund
Other
Less gifts of cattle & crops
Total Accrual Receipts
$
---­
+
Change in
Inventory
+
Change in
Accounts
Receivable
$_-­
(-)--­
$_-­
Accrual
Receipts
$_-­
(-)--­
$_-­
$_-­
6
Profitability Analysis
Farm owners/operators contribute labor, management, and capital to
their businesses and the best combination of these resources maximizes
income. Farm profitability can be measured as the return to all family
resources or as the return to one or more individual resources such as labor
and management.
Net farm income is the total combined return to the farm operators and other
unpaid family members for their labor, management, and equity capital. It is
the farm family's net annual return from working, managing, financing, and
owning the farm business. This is not a measure of cash available from the
year's business operation. Cash flow is evaluated later in this report.
Net farm income is computed both with and without appreciation. Appreciation
represents the change in values caused by annual changes in prices of live­
stock, machinery, real estate inventory, and stocks and certificates (other
than FLB and PCA). Appreciation is a major factor contributing to changes in
farm net worth and must be included for a complete profitability analysis.
NET FARM INCOME 49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988 Item
Average
Total accrual receipts
Appreciation: Livestock
Machinery
Real Estate
Other Stock/Certificates
Total Including Appreciation
Total accrual expenses
Net Farm Income (with appreciation)
Net Farm Income (without appreciation)
My Farm
$174,533
4,764
1,026
4,201
$_-­
272
$184,798
-141. 791
$ 43,007
$ 32,744
$_-­
$_--­
Return to operators' labor. management. and equity capital measures the total
business net income for the farm operator(s). It is calculated by deducting
a charge for unpaid family labor from net farm income. Operators' labor is
not included in unpaid family labor. Return to operators' labor, management,
and equity capital has been calculated both with and without appreciation.
Appreciation is considered an important part of the return to ownership of
farm assets.
RETURN TO OPERATORS' LABOR, MANAGEMENT, AND EQUITY
49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988
Item
Net farm income
Family labor unpaid
@ $700 per month
Return to operators' labor,
management, & equity
Average
With
Without
Apprec.
Apprec.
$ 43,007
$ 32,744
2,114
2,114
$ 40,893
$ 30,630
My Farm
With
Without
Apprec.
Apprec.
$_-­
$_--­
7
Labor and management income is the return which farm operators receive for
their labor and management used in operating the farm business. Appreciation
is not included as part of the return to labor and management because it
results from ownership of assets rather than management of the farm business.
Labor and management income is calculated by deducting the opportunity cost
of using equity capital, at a real interest rate of five percent, from the
return to operators' labor, management, and equity capital excluding
appreciation. The interest charge of five percent reflects the long-term
average rate of return above inflation that a farmer might expect to earn in
comparable risk investments.
LABOR AND MANAGEMENT INCOME 49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988 Average
Item
Return to operators' labor, management,
& equity without appreciation
Real interest @ 5% on $289,011
average equity capital
Labor & Management Income
Labor & Management Income per
1.33 Operator/Manager
My Farm
$ 30,630
- 14.451
$ 16,179
$_--­
$ 12,165
$_-­
Return on equity capital measures the net return remaining for the farmer's
equity or owned capital after a charge has been made for the owner-operator's
labor and management. The earnings or amount of net farm income allocated to
labor and management is the opportunity cost of operators' labor and
management estimated by the cooperators. Return on equity capital is
calculated with and without appreciation. The rate of return on equity
capital is determined by dividing the amount returned by the average farm net
worth or equity capital. Return on total capital is calculated by adding
interest paid to the return on equity capital and then dividing by average
farm assets to calculate the rate of return on total capital.
RETURN ON EQUITY CAPITAL AND RETURN ON TOTAL CAPITAL
49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988
Item
Return to operators' labor, management,
& equity capital with appreciation
Value of operators' labor & management
Return on equity capital with appreciation
Interest paid
Return on total capital with appreciation
Return on equity capital without appreciation
Return on total capital without appreciation
Rate of return on average equity capital:
with appreciation without appreciation Rate of return on average total capital:
with appreciation
without appreciation
Average
$
$
$
$
$
$
40,893
24,646
16,247
10,967
27,214
5,984
16,951
My Farm
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
$_--­
$_-­
5.6%
2.1%
--_%
--_%
6.4%
4.0%
---_%
--_%
8
Farm and Family Financial Status
The first step in evaluating the financial position of the farm is to
construct a balance sheet which identifies all the assets and liabilities of
the business. The second step is to evaluate the relationship between
assets, liabilities, and net worth and changes that occurred during the year.
1988 FARM BUSINESS & NONFARM BALANCE SHEET
49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988
Farm Liabilities
Farm Assets
Jan. 1
Current
Farm cash, checking
& savings
$ 3,296
Accounts rec.
12,506
Prepaid expo
Feed & supplies
29.695
Total
$ 45,497
Intermediate
Dairy cows:
owned
$ 59,424
leased
1,231
Heifers
23,360
Bulls/other 1vstk.
417
86,249
Mach./eq. owned
Mach./eq. leased
90
FLB/PCA stock
3,168
Other stock/cert.
3.351
Total
$177,290
Long-Term
Landjbuildings :
owned
$189,803
leased
1,064
Total
$190,867
°
Total Farm Assets $413,653
Dec. 31
5,079
13,828
9
33,332
$ 52,248
$
$ 63,667
1,083
26,326
517
90,216
688
3,381
3,864
$189,742
$196,968
745
$197,713
$439,702
(Average for 29 farms reporting)
Nonfarm Assets*
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
& Net Worth
Current
Accounts payable $ 2,308
Operating debt
1,617
Short-term
1,528
Advanced govt. rec. ______~O
Total
Intermediate
Structured debt
1-10 years
Financial lease
(cattle/mach.)
FLB/PCA stock
Dec. 31
Jan. 1
$
5,453
$
1,978
2,155
1,955
$
6,088
°
$ 56,536
$ 56,996
1,321
3.168
1,771
3.381
$ 61,025
$ 62,148
$ 70,346
$ 68,465
1,064
$ 71,410
745
$ 69,210
$137,888
$275,765
$137,445
$302,257
Nonfarm Liabi1ities*
& Net Worth
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
Total
Long Term
Structured debt
<:!:'.10 yrs
Financial lease
(structures)
Total
Total Farm Liab.
FARM NET WORTH
Personal cash, chkg.
539
Nonfarm Liab.
$ 1,004 $
& savings
$ 8,065 $ 8,983
NONFARM NET WORTH $ 38,389 $ 44,186
Cash value life ins.
2,883
2,075
Nonfarm real estate
9,972
13,914
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
FARM f! NONFARM*
Auto (personal sh.)
2,273
2,914
Total Assets
$453,046 $484,427
Stocks & bonds
5,927
6,642
Total Liabilities 138.892
137.984
Household furn.
6,559
7,017
All other
3.713
TOTAL FARM & NON3.179
Total Nonfarm $ 39,393 $ 44,725
FARM NET WORTH $314,154 $346,443
*Assumes that average nonfarm assets and liabilities for the nonreporting
farms were the same as for those reporting.
Financial lease obligations are included in the balance sheet. The
present value of all future payments is listed as a liability since the
farmer is committed to make the payments by signing the lease. The present
value is also listed as an asset, representing the future value the item has
to the business. For 1988 leases were discounted by 10.5 percent.
9
Advanced government receipts are included as current liabilities.
Government payments received in 1988 that are for participation in the 1989
program are the end year balance and payments received in 1987 for
participation in the 1988 program are the beginning year balance.
Date ______________________________
1988 FARM BUSINESS & NONFARM BALANCE SHEET
Farm Liabilities
Farm Assets
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
& Net Worth
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
Nonfarm Liabilities
& Net Worth
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
Current
Farm cash, checking
& savings
Accounts rec.
Prepaid expense
Feed & supplies
Total
Current
Accounts payable
Operating debt:
Intermediate
Dairy cows:
owned
leased
Heifers
Bulls/other Ivstk.
Mach./eq. owned
Mach./eq. leased
FLB/PCA stock
Other stock/cert.
Total
Adv. govt. rec.
Total
Intermediate
Short Term:
Financial lease
(cattle/mach.)
FLB/PCA stock
Total
Long-Term
Long-Term
Land/buildings :
owned
leased
Financial lease
(structures)
Total
Total Farm Liab.
FARM NET WORTH
Total
Total Farm Assets
Nonfarm Assets
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
Personal cash, chkg.
& savings
Cash val. life ins. -----Nonfarm real est.
Auto (pres. share)
Stocks & bonds
Household furn.
All other
Total Nonfarm
TOTAL FARM & NONFARM
Total Farm & Nonfarm Assets
Less Total Farm & Nonfarm Liabilities
Farm & Nonfarm Net Worth
Nonfarm Liab.:
Total Nonfarm
Liabilities
Nonfarm
Net Worth
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
10 Balance sheet analysis involves examination of relative asset and debt levels
for the business. Percent equity is calculated by dividing end of year net
worth by end of year assets. The debt to asset ratio is compiled by dividing
liabilities by assets. Low debt to asset ratios reflect business solvency
and the potential capacity to borrow. Debt levels per productive unit
represent old standards that are still useful if used with measures of cash
flow and repayment ability. The change in farm net worth without
appreciation is an excellent indicator of financial progress.
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS 49 Oneida·Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, December 31, 1988 Item
Financial Ratios . Farm:
Percent equity
Debt/asset ratio: total
long-term
intermediate/current
Change in Net Worth:
Without appreciation
With appreciation
Farm Debt Analysis:
Accounts payable as % of total debt
Long-term liabilities as a % of total debt
Current & inter. liab. as a % of total debt
Farm Debt Levels:
Per Cow
Total farm debt
$ 1,936
Long-term debt
975
Intermediate & current debt
961
Average
My Farm
69%
0.31
0.35
0.28
---_%
$ 16,229
26,492
$
$
1%
50%
50%
Per Tillable
Acre Owned
929
$
468
461
%
%
%
Per Tillable
Acre Owned
Per Cow
$
Farm inventory balance is an accounting of the value of assets used on the
balance sheet and the changes that occur from the beginning to end of year.
Changes in the livestock inventory are included in the dairy analysis. Net
investment indicates whether the capital stock is being expanded (positive)
or depleted (negative).
FARM INVENTORY BALANCE 49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988 Item
Avg. of Regional Farms
R.E.
Mach.LEg.
Value beg. of year
Purchases
$
Gift/inheritance +
Lost capital
Sales
Depreciation
Net investment
Appreciation
Value end of year
*$
$189,803
6,833*
1,225
948
122
4,024
2,547 land and $
$ 86,249
$ 12,206
$
653
+
+
My Farm
R.E.
Mach. LEg.
$_-­
$_-­
+---­
209
9,709
2,964
2,941
+ 4,201
+ 1,026
$196,968
$ 90,216
-+---­
+
$--­
-+---­
+
$
--­
4,286 buildings and/or depreciable improvements.
11 Cash Flow Statement
Completing an annual cash flow statement is an important step in
understanding the sources and uses of funds for the business. Understanding
last year's cash flow is the first step toward planning and managing cash
flow for the current and future years.
The annual cash flow statement is structured to compare all the cash
inflows with all the cash outflows for the year. A complete list of cash
inflows and cash outflows are identified in the following table. By
definition, total cash inflows must equal total cash outflows when beginning
and ending balances are included. Any imbalance is, therefore, the error
from incorrect accounting of cash inflows and cash outflows.
ANNUAL CASH FLOW STATEMENT 49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988 Item
My Farm
Cash Inflows
Beginning farm cash, checking & savings
Cash farm receipts
Sale of assets: Machinery
$
$_--­
167,548
209
Real estate
61
Other stock & certificate
Money borrowed (intermediate & long-term)
Money borrowed (short-term)
78
20,337
1,735
538
Increase in operating debt
Nonfarm income
3,151
Cash from nonfarm capital used in the business
Money borrowed - nonfarm
Total
3,296
5,633
0
$202,586
$_--­
$128,529
203
$_--­
Cash Outflows
Cash farm expenses
Capital purchases: Expansion livestock
Machinery
12,206
Real estate
6,833
Other stock & certificate
Principal payments (intermediate & long-term) 319
21,758
Principal payments (short-term) 1,309
Decrease in operating debt 0
Personal withdrawals & family expenditures including nonfarm debt payments
26,575
Ending farm cash, checking & savings
Total
$202,811
Imbalance (error)
$
5,079
-225
$_--­
12 Repayment Analysis
The second step in cash flow analysis is to compare the debt payments
planned for the last year with the amount actually paid. The measures listed
below provide a number of different perspectives on the repayment performance
of the business. However, the critical question to many farmers and lenders
is whether planned payments can be made in 1989. The cash flow projection
worksheet on the next page can be used to estimate repayment ability, which
can then be compared to planned 1989 debt payments shown below.
FARM DEBT PAYMENTS PLANNED Same 37 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1987 & 1988 AveI:a ge
1988 Payments
Planned
Made*
Debt Payments
Long-term
Intermediate-term
Short-term
Operating (net
reduction)
Accounts payable
(net reduction)
Total
$
9,041
17,457
3,884
$
9,339
24,900
1,561
Planned
1989
$
8,676
19,737
1,352
819
0
600
775
20
287
$ 31,976
$ 35,820
$ 30,653
Per cow
$
Per cwt. 1988 milk $
Percent of total
1988 receipts
Percent of 1988
milk receipts
441
2.68
$
$
495
3.00
17%
19%
20%
23%
My Farm
1988 Payments
Planned
Made
$
$
$
$
Planned
1989
$
$
$
*If refinancing of loans occurred in 1988, the refinanced amount is reflected
in debt payments made.
The cash flow coverage ratio measures the ability of the farm business
to meet its planned debt payment schedule. The ratio shows the percentage of
planned payments that could have been made with last year's available cash
flow. Farmers who did not participate in DFBS last year will find in their
report a cash flow coverage ratio based on planned debt payments for 1989.
CASH FLOW COVERAGE RATIO Same 37 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1987 & 1988 Item
Cash farm receipts Cash farm expenses Interest paid Net personal withdrawals from farm** Amount Available for Debt Service
Debt Payments Planned for 1988
(as of December 31, 1987)
B) - Cash Flow Coverage Ratio for 1988
+
(A) (B) (A
+
Average
$177,917
136,496
10,956
25,690
$ 26,687
My Farm
$_--­
$_--­
$ 31,976
0.83
**Persona1 withdrawals and family expenditures less nonfarm income and
nonfarm money borrowed. If family withdrawals are inaccurately included or
excluded the cash flow coverage ratio will be incorrect.
13
ANNUAL CASH FLOW WORKSHEET
Item
Average number of cows
Accrual Opere Receipts
Milk
Dairy cattle
Dairy calves
Other livestock
Crops
Misc. receipts
Total
Accrual Opere Expenses
Hired labor
Dairy grain & conc.
Dairy roughage
Nondairy feed
Mach. hire/rent/lease
Mach. rpr./parts & auto
Fuel, oil & grease
Replacement 1vstk.
Breeding
Vet & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease
Other livestock expo
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray/other crop expo
Land, bldg. ,fence repair
Taxes
Real estate rent/lease
Insurance
Utilities
Miscellaneous
Total Less Int. Paid
Regional
Average
(per cow)
70
$
$
$
My Farm
Total
Per Cow
2,142
171
33
1
75
85
2,507
$_ __
$_-­
159
575
$---­
$_-­
11
4
27
122
52
35
37
42
89
4
$
Net Accrual Operating Income
(without interest paid)
Change in 1vstk./crop inv.
Change in accts. rec.
+ Change in feed/supply inv.
+ Change in accts. payab1e*
NET CASH FLOW
- Net personal withdrawals &
family expenditures
Available for Farm Debt
Payments & Investments
- Farm debt payments
Available for Farm Investment
- Capital purchases: cattle,
machinery & improvements
Additional Capital Needed
89
81
34
20
30
63
73
36
68
26
1,677
(total)
$ 57,830
5,663
1,322
-346
-330
$ 50,170
23.424
$ 26,746 $
34,333**
$ -7,587
$ 19,561
$
*Exc1udes change in interest account payable.
-----
Expected
1989
Change Projection
-------
$_--­
**See page 12.
14 Croppin~ Pro~ram
Analysis
The cropping program is an important part of the dairy farm business
and sometimes it is overlooked and neglected. A complete evaluation of
available land resources, how they are being used, how well crops are
producing and what it costs to produce them, is required to evaluate
alternative cropping and feed purchasing choices.
LAND RESOURCES AND CROP PRODUCTION 49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988 Item
My Farm
Avera~e
Owned
148
41
44
233
Land
Tillable
Nonti11ab1e
Other nonti11ab1e
Total
Crop Yields
Hay crop
Corn silage
Other forage
Total forage
Corn grain
Oats
Wheat
Other crops
Tillable pasture
Idle
Total Tillable Acres
Rented
103
6
24
133
Farms
48
46
Acres
160
43
2
49
24
10
0
4
18
15
48
18
198
44
21
0
28
40
34
251
Total
251
47
68
366
ProdLAcre
2.61 tn
13.11 tn
4.57 tn
0.75 tn
3.01 tn
96.87 bu
53.42 bu
0.00 bu
Owned
Acres
DM
DM
DM
DM
Rented
Total
ProdLAcre
tn DM
tn
tn DM
tn DM
tn DM
bu
bu
bu
Average crop acres and yields compiled for the region are for the
number of farms reporting each crop. Yields of forage crops have been
converted to tons of dry matter using dry matter coefficients reported by the
farmers. Grain production has been converted to bushels of dry grain
equivalent based on dry matter information provided.
The following measures of crop management indicate the relationship
between forage production, forage production resources, and the dairy herd.
CROP MANAGEMENT FACTORS 49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988 Item
Total tillable acres per cow
Total forage acres per cow
Harvested forage dry matter, tons per cow
Average
3.60
2.84
8.54
My Farm
15 Cropping Program Analysis (continued)
A substantial number of cooperators have allocated crop expenses among
the hay crop, corn, and other crops produced. Fertilizer and lime, seeds and
plants, and spray and other crop expenses have been computed per acre and per
production unit for hay and corn. Additional expense items such as fuels,
labor, and machinery repairs are not included.
CROP RELATED ACCRUAL EXPENSES
Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988
Total
Per
Till.
Acre
Item
Number of farms
reporting
Average number
of acres
Fertilizer & lime $
Seeds & plants
Spray & other crop
expense
Total
$
All
Corn
Per
Acre
Hay Crop
Per
Per
Ton DM
Acre
43
43
48
Corn
Grain
Per Dry
Shell Bu.
Corn
Silage
Per Ton
DM
251
22.62 $
9.38
164
16.82 $
6.30
6.44
2.41
5.67
37.66 $
3.20
26.32 $
10.08
$
$
64
39.74 $
17.66
8.69
3.86
11.44
68.85 $
15.06
$
$
0.41
0.18
0.12
0.71
My Farm:
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray & other crop
expense
Total
$_­
$_­
$_­
$_­
$_­
$_­
Most machinery costs are associated with crop production and should be
analyzed with the crop enterprise. Total machinery expenses include the
major fixed costs (interest and depreciation), as well as the accrual
operating costs. Although machinery costs have not been allocated to
individual crops, they are shown below per total tillable acre.
ACCRUAL MACHINERY EXPENSES
49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988
Average
Total
Per Til.
Expenses
Acre
Machinery
Expense Item
Fuel, oil & grease
Machinery repairs & parts
Machine hire, rent & lease
Auto expense (farm share)
Interest (5%)
Depreciation
Total
3,602
7,953
1,909
553
4,412
9,709
$ 28,137
$
14.35
31.69
7.61
2.20
17 .58
38,68
$ 112.11
$
My Farm
Total
Per Til.
Expenses
Acre
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
16 Dairy Program Analysis
Analysis of the dairy enterprise can tell a great deal about the
strengths and weaknesses of the dairy farm business. Information on this
page should be used in conjunction with DHI and other dairy production
information. Changes in dairy herd size and market values that occur during
the year are identified in the table below. The change in inventory value
without appreciation is attributed to physical changes in herd size and
quality. Any change in inventory is included as an accrual farm receipt when
calculating all of the profitability measures on pages 6 and 7.
DAIRY HERD INVENTORY 49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988 Dairy Cows
Item
No.
Value
Bred
No. Value
Beg. year (owned)
+ Change wlo apprec.
+ Appreciation
End year (owned)
End incl. leased
Average number
69
$ 59,424
1,427
2,816
63,667
$
18 $ 12,461
834
963
19 $ 14,258
70
Heifers
O:een
No. Value
20 $
19 $
7,701
-21
666
8,346
Calves
No. Value
18 $
19 $
3,198
237
287
3,722
71
56 (all age groups)
70
My Farm:
Beg. of year (owned)
+ Change wlo apprec.
+ Appreciation
End of year (owned)
End including leased
Average number
$_­
$_­
$_­
$_­
$_­
$_­
(all age groups)
Total milk sold and milk sold per cow are extremely valuable measures
of productivity on the dairy farm. These measures of milk output are based
on pounds of milk marketed during the year. Farm managers on DHI should
compare milk sold per cow with their rolling herd average on the test date
nearest December 31 to see how close the DHI estimate of milk produced is to
actual milk sales.
MILK PRODUCTION
49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988
Item
Total milk sold, lbs.
Milk sold per cow, lbs.
Average milk plant test, percent butterfat
Average
1,133,305
16,261
4.33
My Farm
17 The cost of producing milk has been compiled using the whole farm method, and
is featured in the following table. Accrual receipts from milk sales can be
compared with the accrual costs of producing milk per cow and per
hundredweight of milk. Using the whole farm method, operating costs of
producing milk are estimated by deducting nonmi1k accrual receipts from total
accrual operating expenses including expansion livestock purchased. Total
costs of producing milk include the operating costs of producing milk plus
depreciation on machinery and buildings, the value of operators' labor and
management, and the interest charge for using equity capital. Note that the
cost of labor, management, and equity capital has been excluded in the
intermediate calculation.
ACCRUAL RECEIPTS FROM DAIRY AND COST OF PRODUCING MILK
49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988
Item
Accrual Costs of
Producing Milk
Operating costs
Total costs w/o
opers' labor,
mgmt. &; capital
Total Costs
Accrual Receipts
From Milk
Total
Average
Per Cow
Per Cwt.
Total
My Farm
Per Cow
$102,792
$
1,475
$
9.07
$
$118,639
$157,736
$
$
1,702
2,263
$
$
10.47
13.92
$
$
$149,269
$
2,142
$
13.17
Per Cwt.
$
$
The accrual operating expenses most commonly associated with the dairy
enterprise are listed in the table below. Analysis of these costs per unit
of production enables further evaluation of the dairy enterprise.
DAIRY RELATED ACCRUAL EXPENSES 49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988 Average
Item
Purchased dairy grain
&; concentrates
Purchased dairy roughage
Total Purchased
Dairy Feed
Purchased grain &; conc.
as % of milk receipts
Purchased feed &; crop expo
Purchased feed &; crop expo
as % of milk receipts
Breeding
Veterinary &; medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease
Other livestock expense
Per Cow
My Farm Per Cwt.
$ 575
-----1l
$
3.54
0.07
$
586
$
3.60
$
721
$
4.43
$
37
42
89
4
89
$
0.23
0.26
0.55
0.02
0.55
27%
34%
Per Cow
Per Cwt. $
- -%
%
18
Capital and Labor Efficiency Analysis
Capital efficiency factors measure how intensively the capital is being
used in the farm business. Measures of labor efficiency are key indicators
of management's success in generating products per unit of labor input.
CAPITAL EFFICIENCY 49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988 Per
Worker
Item
Farm capital
Real estate
Machinery & equipment
Capital turnover, years
Per Tillable
Acre
Per
Cow
$166,040
$
34,487
6,122
2,788
1,272
$
Per Tillable
Acre Owned
$
1,700
2,883
1,313
353
2.31
My Farm:
Farm capital
Real estate
Machinery & equipment
Capital turnover, years
$
$_-­
LABOR FORCE INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS 49 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988 Labor Force Months
Age
Years of
of Educ.
12
45
39
51
13
14
12
Operator number 1
Operator number 2
Operator number 3
Family paid
Family unpaid
Hired
Total
3
1
3
3
31 +
+
Labor
Efficiency
Cows, average number
Milk sold, pounds
Tillable acres
Work units
Labor Costs
Value of operator(s)
labor ($l,OOO/mo.) $
Family unpd.($700/mo.)
Hired
Total Labor
$
Machinery Cost
$
Total Labor & Mach.
$
70
1,133,305
251
746
16,000
2,114
11,051
29,165
28,137
57,302
______ Worker Equivalent
______ Operator/Manager Equiv.
Average
Per Worker
Total
Total
12
12
230
30
---122.
$
$
$
418
404
822
Total
My Farm
Per Worker
27
441,021
98
290
Average Per
Per
Cow
Til. Acre
$
$ 18,453
5,357
836
2.57 Worker Equivalent
1.33 Operator/Manager Equiv.
+ 12 ­
My Farm: Total
Operator's
Value of
Labor & Mgmt.
$63.75
8.42
44.03
$116.21
$112.11
$228.31
Total
My Farm
Per
Per
Cow
Til. Acre
$
$
$
$
19 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS
Progress of the Farm Business
Comparing your business with average data from regional DFBS coopera­
tors that participated in both of the last two years is one part of a
business checkup. It is equally important for you to determine the progress
your business has made over the past two or three years and to set targets or
goals for the future.
PROGRESS OF THE FARM BUSINESS
37 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1987 & 1988
Average of 37 Farms*
Selected Factors
1987
1988
Size of Business
Average number of cows
73
72
Average number of heifers
56
58
Milk sold, lbs.
1,170,704 1,195,264
Worker equivalent
2.76
2.67
Total tillable acres
258
263
Rates of Production
Milk sold per cow, lbs.
Hay DM per acre, tons
Corn silage per acre, tons
Labor Efficiency
Cows per worker
Milk sold/worker, lbs.
Cost Control
Grain & cone. purchased
as % of milk sales
Dairy feed & crop expo
per cwt. milk
Labor & mach. costs/cow
Capital Efficiency** Farm capital per cow Mach. & equip. per cow Capital turnover, years 16,061
2.79
15
16,502
2.64
26
423,629
27
447,846
My Farm
1988
1987
Goal
13
23%
26%
---_%
--_%
$
$
3.90
799
$
$
4.40
839
$_ __
$_ __
$
$
5,810
1,207
2.28
$
$
6,144
1,279
2.30
$_ __
$_ __
$_--- :----­
$_ __
$_ __
$_--­
$_-­
$_ __
$_--­
Profitability Net farm inc. w/o apprec. $ 30,638 $ 33,115
Net farm inc. w/apprec. $ 43,639 $ 42,078
Labor & mgt. income per oper./manager
$ 15,698 $ 16,455
Rate of return on eq.
capital w/apprec.
6.47%
5.12%
Rate of return on all
capital w/apprec.
7.13%
5.96%
Financial Summary
Farm net worth, end year
$293,183 $315,375
Debt to asset ratio
0.32
0.30
Farm debt per cow
$ 1,893 $ 1,905
*Farms participating both years.
$_--­
--_%
---_%
---_%
---_%
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
**Average for the year.
$_-­
---_%
$_--­
20 Farm Business Charts
The Farm Business Chart is a tool which can be used in analyzing a
business by drawing a line through the figure in each column which represents
the current level of management performance. The figure at the top of each
column is the average of the top 10 percent of the 426 farms for that factor.
The other figures in each column are the average for the second 10 percent,
third 10 percent, etc. Each column of the chart is independent of the others.
The farms which are in the top 10 percent for one factor would not necessarily
be the same farms which make up the top 10 percent for any other factor.
The cost control factors are ranked
is not necessarily the most profitable.
position is somewhere near the middle or
of costs, and must be taken into account
from low to high, but the lowest cost
In some cases, the "best" management
average. Many things affect the level
when analyzing the factors.
References to DFBS output page numbers for participating dairy farmers are
provided in the table headings.
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR FARM MANAGEMENT COOPERATORS
426 New York Dairy Farms, 1987
Size of Business
Worker
No.
Pounds
Equiv­
of
Milk
alent
Cows
Sold
(DFBS pg. 10)
(10)
(10)
7.4
288
5,050,360
4.6
157
2,574,309
3.7
117
1,895,640
3.3
96
1,560,906
2.9
82
1,343,837
Labor Efficiency
Pounds
Cows
Per
Milk Sold
Worker
Per Worker
Rates of Production
Pounds
Tons
Tons Corn
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
Per Cow
DMlAcre Per Acre
(9)
19,730
18,109
17,473
16,851
16,370
(8)
4.5
3.7
3.2
3.0
2.7
(10)
49
39
36
32
31
(8)
24
20
18
17
16
(10) 799,099
639,739
575,793
527,968
486,445
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.6
2.4
2.1
1.8
1.3
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
(9)
$209 312
383
431
468
73
64
56
47
35
1,140,151
972,139
842,732
709,379
512,284
% Feed is
of Milk
Receipts
(9)
19%
24
27
29
31
15,925
15,394
14,675
13,608
11,275
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.3
15
14
13
12
9
Cost Control
Machinery
Labor &
Costs
Machinery
Per Cow
Costs Per Cow
(10)
(10)
$220
$ 524
285
631
320
690
351
734
383
778
29
27
25
22
17
Feed & Crop
Expenses
Per Cow
(9) $349
469
531
573
627
454,799
424,189
381,809
337,608
251,762
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt. Milk
(9)
$2.46 3.11 3.47 3.68 3.93 --------------------------------._-----------------------.---------------------­
508
547
595
666
769
33
35
36
39
44
415
451
493
549
706
831
894
953
1,033
1,190
678
711
759
823
943
4.19
4.40
4.70
5.01
5.63
21 The next section of the Farm Business Chart provides for comparative
analysis of the value and costs of dairy production.
The profitability section shows the variation in farm income by decile and
enables a dairy farmer to determine where he or she ranks by using several
measures of farm profitability. Remember that each column is independently
established and the farms making up the top decile in the first column will not
necessarily be on the top of any other column. The dairy farmer who ranks at or
near the top of most of these columns is in a very enviable position.
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR FARM MANAGEMENT COOPERATORS 426 New York Dairy Farms, 1987 Milk
Receipts
Per Cow
(9)
Dairy
Receipts
Per gwt.
(9)
$2,544
2,351
2,259
2,174
2,110
$14.27
13.56
13.18
12.97
12.81
2,037
1,968
1,889
1,733
1,462
12.72
12.61
12.51
12.36
11.96
Total Cost
Production
Per Cow
(9)
Total Cost
Production
Per Cwt.
(9)
Oper. Cost
Milk
Per Cow
(9)
Oper. Cost
Milk
Per Cwt,
(9)
890
1,137
1,242
1,324
1,423
$ 6.03
7.31
8.01
8.54
9.04
$1,656
1,893
2,006
2,101
2,190
$11.12
12.17
12.75
l3.23
13.73
1,509
1,590
1,690
1,824
2,098
9.39
9.87
10.49
11.22
13.10
2,289
2,390
2,470
2,607
3,024
14.25
14.73
15.33
16.63
19.71
$
Profi tabili ty
Net Farm Income
With
Without
A~~reciation
A~~reciation
Return to Operator's Labor,
Management, ~ Eguit~ Ca~ita1
With
Without
A~~reciation
A~~reciation
Labor &
Management Income
Per
Per
Farm
O~erator
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
$197,621
92,938
75,433
59,966
50,071
$136,964
62,277
46,889
37,085
29,409
$196,383
91,549
74,352
58,410
48,144
$136,268
61,167
44,671
35,784
28,474
$95,478
36,159
25,310
19,308
l3,697
$71,503
28,206
20,638
14,620
9,894
40,312
32,360
23,593
16,232
-3,558
24,442
17,870
12,737
4,764
-17,210
38,795
30,644
21,911
14,494
-5,512
23,170
15,931
10,230
2,719
-18,986
7,936
2,912
-3,450
-11,217
-37,719
6,437
2,277
-2,909
-9,828
-32,962
Farm Business Charts for farms with freesta11 barns and 120 cows or less
and more than 120 cows, and farms with conventional barns with 60 cows or less
and more than 60 cows are discussed in the section on pages 23-28.
22 Financial Analysis Chart
The farm financial analysis chart is designed just like the Farm Business
Chart and may be used to measure the financial health of the farm business.
Most of the financial measures used in the chart are defined on pages 7, 10, 12,
and 18 of this publication. References to DFBS output page numbers for
participating dairy farmers are provided in the table headings.
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS CHART 426 New York Dairy Farms, 1987 Debt Payments
Made Per Cow
(DFBS pg. 7)
$
Liguidity (reRayment)
Debt Payments
Cash Flow
as Percent
Coverage
Ratio
of Milk ReceiRts
(7)
2%
10
15
18
21
24
29
33
40
81
51
210
303
373
441
500
568
646
808
1,610
Percent
Eguity
(DFBS
pg. 5)
99%
90
82
75
69
63
57
50
42
22
Solvency
DebtLAsset Ratio
Current &
Long
Intermediate
Term
Available for
Debt Service
Per Cow
(7)
(11)
14.14
2.18
1. 63
1.35
1.22
1.06
0.93
0.79
0.57
-0.19
$937
710
634
569
520
466
414
340
246
72
Debt
Per Cow
(5)
$
96
636
1,137
1,508
1,840
2,199
2,523
2,904
3,407
4,837
Efficiency & Profitability
Capital
Rate of
Total
Turnover
Return on
Farm Cap.
Per Cow
(years}
Eguity Ca~.
(5)
(5)
(10)
(10)
(3)
0.00
0.05
0.12
0.18
0.24
0.31
0.37
0.43
0.50
0.77
0.00
0.01
0.12
0.26
0.34
0.44
0.55
0.65
0.80
1.21
$3,792
4,577
5,089
5,391
5,695
6,070
6,482
7,046
7,888
9,829
1.47
1. 78
1. 95
2.07
2.18
2.31
2.49
2.69
3.04
4.07
35%
17
12
9
7
5
3
1
-3
-34
Summarize Your Business Performance
The Farm Business and Financial Analysis Charts can be used to help
identify strengths and weaknesses of your farm business. Identify three major
strengths and three areas of your farm business that need improvement.
Strengths:
Need Improvement:
23 Comparisons by Type of Barn and Herd Size
When analyzing a dairy farm business by comparing it to a group of farms,
it is important that the group of farms used has as many of the same physical
characteristics as possible as the farm being analyzed. To assist in this
endeavor, dairy farms in the 1987 State Summaryl have been divided into those
with freestall and those with conventional housing. Within each group is a
further classification by size of the dairy herd.
The table on page 24 shows the average values for the resulting four
groups of dairy farms. Within each housing type, the larger herd size has the
highest crop yields and pounds of milk sold per cow. The cost of producing milk
was lower on the larger farms and labor efficiency greater. Profitability was
also greater on the larger farms within each housing type.
Farm business charts have been computed for each of the four housing and
herd size categories. From these charts on pages 25-28 the range in size of
business, rates of production, labor efficiency, value and cost of producing
milk, and profitability can be observed. The range in every category of
business performance is tremendous.
By comparing the farm's performance on the most appropriate business
chart, a farm manager will be better able to evaluate his or her business
performance. Farm managers should remember, however, that their competition is
not limited to the other farms in their own barn type and herd size category.
They should observe how their management performance compares with farms in
other categories as well.
Herd Size Comparisons
A detailed comparison of profitability, financial situation, and business
analysis factors across herd sizes is contained on pages 29-36. As herd size
increases, the average profitability also increases (pages 29-30). Net farm
income without appreciation was $208,798 per farm for the 300 or more herd size
group and $11,140 per farm for those with less than 40 cows. This relationship
holds for all measures of profitability including rate of return on equity
capital.
As herd size increases, percent equity generally decreases (pages 31-34).
The most dramatic decline occurs above 100 cows. However, farm net worth
increases substantially as herd size increases. The average net worth for all
size farms increased during 1987.
Crop yields increased as herd size increased, but fertilizer and lime
expenses and machinery cost per tillable acre also increased (pages 35-36).
Milk sold per cow also increased as herd size increased, ranging from 15,234
pounds on the farms with less than 40 cows to 18,808 pounds on farms with 300 or
more cows. Farm capital per worker increased as herd size increased, while farm
capital per cow decreased as herd size increased. Cows per worker increased
dramatically as herd size increased, ranging from 22 at the lowest herd size
category up to 45 at the largest size category.
lSmith, Stuart F., Wayne A. Knoblauch, and Linda D. Putnam, Dairy Farm
Management Business Summary. New York. 1987, Department of Agricultural
Economics, Cornell University, A.E. Res. 88-8, July 1988.
24
SELECTED BUSINESS FACTORS BY TYPE OF BARN AND HERD SIZE 426 New York Dairy Farms, 1987 Farms with:
Item
Number of farms
Cropping Program Analysis
Total Tillable acres
Tillable acres rented*
Hay crop acres*
Corn silage acres*
Hay crop, tons DM/acre
Corn silage, tons/acre
Oats, bushels/acre
Forage DM per cow, tons
Tillable acres/cow
Fert. & lime exp./til. acre
Total machinery costs
Machinery cost/tillable acre
Conventional
<60 Cows
>60 Cows
<120 Cows
>120 Cows
117
151
72
86
152
44
93
25
2.3
14.5
52.7
7.5
3.4
$21.10
$17,902
$118
298
104
167
52
2.6
15.5
59.8
8.2
3.4
$23.60
$35,641
$120
265
89
138
55
2.6
15.7
52.1
8.0
3.2
$28.16
$38,982
$147
560
206
221
159
3.1
17.1
51.1
7.6
2.6
$31. 88
$87,013
$155
88
70
1,404,638
15,949
$9.19
$13.76
$12.78
$496
$3.11
24%
$3.99
83
68
1,336,813
16,026
$9.38
$14.31
$13.04
$498
$3.11
23%
$4.09
213
167
3,631,580
17,012
$9.40
$12.77
$12.93
$559
$3.29
24%
$4.21
Dairy Analysis
Number of cows
45
Number of heifers
33
Milk sold, lbs.
701,939
Milk sold/cow, lbs.
15,446
Operating cost of prod. milk/cwt.
$9.34
Total cost of prod. milk/cwt.
$15.12
Price/cwt. milk sold
$12.82
Purchased dairy feed/cow
$507
Purchased dairy feed/cwt. milk
$3.28
Pure. grain & cone. as % milk rec.
24%
Pure. feed & crop exp./cwt. milk
$4.05
Capital Efficiency
Farm capital/worker
Farm capital/cow
Farm capital/til. acre owned
Real estate/cow
Machinery investment/cow
Capital turnover, years
$154,317
$6,467
$2,721
$3,436
$1,156
2.51
$174,550
$6,056
$2,735
$2,910
$1,137
2.34
$185,631
$6,166
$2,922
$2,858
$1,236
2.34
$212,849
$5,522
$3,330
$2,528
$913
1. 96
Labor Efficiency
Worker equivalent
Operator/manager equivalent
Milk sold/worker, lbs.
Cows/worker
Work units/worker
Labor cost/cow
Labor cost/tillable acre
1. 90
1.14
368,557
24
248
$432
$129
3.06
1. 33
459,672
29
308
$388
$115
2.77
1.41
482,459
30
318
$393
$124
5.54
1.48
655,667
39
393
$403
$154
$31,007
$8,414
$1,901
69%
$27,432
$6,525
$2,102
66%
$77,458
$27,394
$2,098
62%
Profitability & Balance Sheet Analysis
Net farm income (w/o apprec.)
$14,305
Labor & mgmt. income/operator
$2,778
Farm debt/cow
$2,216
Percent equity
65%
*Average of all farms, not only those reporting data.
25
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR SMALL CONVENTIONAL STALL DAIRY FARM 117 Conventional Stall Dairy Farms with 60 or Less Cows, New York, 1987 Size of Business
'Worker
No.
Pounds
Equiv­
of
Milk
alent
Cows
Sold
(DFBS (10)
pg. 10)
(10)
3.1
2.5
2.3
2.1
2.0
58
55
53
50
48
1,012,310
890,128
841,029
777 ,411
747,174
Rates of Production
Tons Corn
Pounds
Tons
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
Per Cow
DMLAcre Per Acre
Labor Efficienc;'l
Pounds
Cows
Milk Sold
Per
'Worker
Per 'Worker
(9)
(8)
(8)
(10)
(10) 18,894
17,803
17,100
16,529
16,027
4.1
3.2
2.9
2.6
2.4
25
20
18
16
15
38
32
29
27
26
593,294
508,786
443,085
424,821
401,656
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.8
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.1
46
43
39
35
29
684,453
648,948
587,566
515,571
367,936
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
(9)
% Feed is
of Milk
ReceiI1ts
(9)
$239
325
383
430
464
20%
25
27
29
30
15,530
14,825
14,114
12,986
10,705
14
13
12
11
8
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.2
Cost Control
Machinery
Labor &
Machinery
Costs
Per Cow
Costs Per Cow
(10)
(10)
$185
256
300
335
367
$
24
23
21
19
15
375,007
344,267
324,239
281,813
205,714
Feed & Crop
Expenses
Per Cow
(9)
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt. Milk
(9)
$329
457
511
552
590
$2.57 3.21 3.52 3.64 3.84 531
627
687
732
786
----------_.-------------------------------------------------------------------­
497
546
589
666
756
32
34
37
39
44
398
437
475
549
640
Value and Cost of Production
Milk
Oper. Cost
Total Cost
Receipts
Milk
Production
Per !:.!ow
Per Cwt,
Per Cwt.
(9)
(9)
(9)
$2,512
2,298
2,208
2,129
2,062
$ 5.84
6.83
7.67
8.33
8.89
$11.72
13.04
13.54
14.12
14.64
851
921
974
1,057
1,159
646
699
740
819
953
4.07
4.31
4.77
5.11
5.55
Profi tabilit;'l
Net Farm Income
'With
'Without
Labor & Mgmt. Income
Per Farm
Per O12er.
AI1I1rec.
A1212 rec .
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
$74,553
48,887
38,477
34,212
30,235
$39,463
29,518
26,217
21,938
15,948
$25,389
19,481
13,599
9,849
6,294
$22,783
17,388
11,512
8,406
5,676
--------------------------------~--------------------- --------------------------
1,969
1,887
1,774
1,637
1,350
9.31
10.01
10.80
11.64
13.39
15.12
15.82
16.97
18.11
20.88
23,800
19,827
15,627
8,111
-4,719
14,364
10,674
4,889
-1,628
-14,006
2,907
568
-3,763
-10,700
-27,903
2,572
508
-3,179
-9,683
-26,962
26
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR LARGE CONVENTIONAL STALL DAIRY FARMS 151 Conventional Stall Dairy Farms with More Than 60 Cows, New York, 1987 Size of Business
Worker
Pounds
No.
Equiv­
of
Milk
alent
Cows
Sold
(DFBS pg. 10)
(10)
(10)
5.6
3.9
3.5
3.1
3.0
163
112
94
87
82
2,674,310
1,819,161
1,583,874
1,425,022
1,318,364
Rates of Production
Tons Corn
Pounds
Tons
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
Per Cow
DMLAcre Per Acre
Labor
Cows
Per
Worker
Efficienc~
Pounds
Milk Sold
Per Worker
(9)
(8)
(8)
(10)
(10) 19,172
17,935
17,322
16,735
16,412
4.5
3.7
3.2
3.0
2.6
22
19
18
17
16
44
37
34
32
30
673,277
603,935
555,170
517,283
484,731
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.6
2.5
2.4
2.2
1.8
77
73
69
65
61
1,235,135
1,145,273
1,058,575
969,689
853,701
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
(9)
% Feed is
of Milk
Recei]2ts
(9)
$202
295
369
418
455
18%
24
27
29
31
16,146
15,545
14,696
13,740
11,741
2.5
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.4
15
14
13
12
10
Cost Control
Labor &
Machinery
Costs
Machinery
Per Cow
Costs Per Cow
(10)
(10)
$220
281
313
350
377
$
29
27
25
23
18
463,541
436,780
393,204
349,386
271,522
Feed & Crop
Expenses
Per Cow
(9)
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt. Milk
(9)
$341
460
523
573
621
$2.34
3.03
3.46
3.68
3.92
506
605
669
723
760
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------510
548
591
656
754
32
34
36
37
42
407
445
478
532
677
Value and Cost of Production
Milk
Oper. Cost
Total Cost
Receipts
Milk
Production
Per Cow
Per Cwt,
Per Cwt.
(9)
(9)
(9)
$2,452
2,323
2,216
2,138
2,092
$ 6.24
7.28
7.92
8.35
8.74
$11.00
11.99
12.47
12.91
13.42
670
694
740
798
893
797
863
938
1,015
1,164
Profi tabili t~
Net Farm Income
Without
With
Labor §! Mgmt. Income
A]2]2rec.
A]2]2rec.
Per Farm
Per O]2er.
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
$110,663
80,747
69,626
58,272
50,783
$78,030
55,205
46,659
41,337
34,419
$54,066
34,079
27,268
22,167
16,612
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ­ _________________________________ w
2,033
1,962
1,902
1,750
1,517
9.21
9.65
10.19
10.87
12.97
14.00
14.49
14.99
15.90
19.22
4.16
4.34
4.54
4.84
5.31
43,296
35,577
27,732
19,127
-2,597
27,185
21,584
14,827
8,686
-14,835
$41,523
29,685
23,376
16,361
11,210
________________
9,802
2,691
-4,619
-10,022
-36,963
7,495
1,833
-3,704
-8,233
-33,558
27
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR SMALL FREESTALL DAIRY FARMS 72 Freesta11 Barn Dairy Farms with 120 or Less Cows, New York, 1987 Size of Business
Worker
Pounds
No.
Equivof
Milk
alent
Sold
Cows
(DFBS
pg. 10)
(10)
(10)
4.0
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.9
113
107
101
95
87
2,031,232
1,778,804
1,597,490
1,548,436
1,460,707
Rates of Production
Tons
Tons Corn
Pounds
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
Per Cow
DMLAcr!il Per Acre
Labor Efficienc:t
Cows
Pounds
Milk Sold
Per
Per Worker
Worker
(9)
(8)
(8)
(10)
(10)
19,930
18,585
18,005
17,433
16,469
4.5
3.6
3.2
3.0
2.7
28
20
19
18
17
49
41
34
32
30
779,317
631,701
547,217
503,134
486,247
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.7
2.5
2.3
2.1
1.7
81
76
72
64
48
1,360,485
1,188,903
1,016,927
867,848
678,354
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
(9)
% Feed is
of Milk
Recei:Qts
(9)
$197
322
378
426
470
19%
23
25
28
31
15,965
15,526
14,898
13,759
10,362
16
15
13
11
8
2.5
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.4
Cost Control
Machinery
Labor &
Costs
Machinery
Per Cow
Costs Per Cow
(10)
(10)
$267
311
335
363
407
$
567
667
727
788
829
29
27
26
24
20
463,207
443,127
418,694
373,532
289,432
Feed & Crop
Expenses
Per Cow
(9)
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt. Milk
(9)
361
479
535
568
627
$2.49
3.05
3.31
3.64
3.96
$
------------------------------------.----~-------------------------------------~
508
541
594
666
831
32
35
37
40
49
462
514
550
613
870
Value and !:;ost of Production
Milk
Oper. Cost
Total Cost
Receipts
Milk
Production
Per Cow
Per Cwt,
Per Cwt,
(9)
(9)
(9)
$2,594
2,419
2,293
2,225
2,168
$ 6.29
7.89
8.32
8.81
9.22
$11.99
12.78
13.07
13.49
13.93
690
722
768
845
1,024
887
928
979
1,071
1,307
4.31
4.63
4.92
5.13
6.23
Pro fitabil it:t
Net Farm Income
With
Without
Labor & Mgmt. Income
A:Q:Qrec,
Per Farm
A:Q:Qrec.
Per O:Qer.
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
$108,959
78,885
64,609
57,524
51,908
$85,873
55,778
42,618
32,163
29,625
$61,245
32,705
21,656
16,779
12,551
$34,091
22,189
16,354
12,477
9,268
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2,075
2,016
1,968
1,798
1,384
9.44
10.16
10.96
11.89
13.58
14.32
15.03
16.09
17.13
20.29
45,040
35,648
26,102
18,387
-5,701
26,072
20,544
13,664
610
-21,765
8,294
5,663
-3,715
-15,345
-38,033
6,544
4,359
-3,493
-11,684
-33,341
28
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR LARGE FREESTALL DAIRY FARMS 86 Freesta11 Barn Dairy Farms with More Than 120 Cows, New York, 1987 Size of Business
Worker
Pounds
No.
Equiv­
of
Milk
alent
Cows
Sold
(DFBS pg. 10)
(10)
(10)
11.5
7.5
6.4
5.8
5.2
475
303
253
217
198
9,122,233
5,443,620
4,155,570
3,557,779
3,195,642
Rates of Production
Pounds
Tons
Tons Corn
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
Per Cow
DMlAcre Per Acre
Labor Efficienc;x:
Pounds
Cows
Per
Milk Sold
Per Worker
Worker
(9)
(8)
(8)
(10)
(10) 20,926
19,082
17,701
17,409
16,973
5.0
4.0
3.7
3.5
3.2
23
20
19
18
18
59
48
45
41
39
978,334
831,859
741,638
682,912
641,707
_____________________________________________________________________________ w
4.8
4.4
4.0
3.6
3.2
176
158
144
132
123
2,895,944
2,599,715
2,349,436
2,078,626
1,778,664
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
(9)
% Feed is
of Milk
Recei:Qts
(9)
$211
354
434
466
494
21%
26
27
30
33
16,268
15,691
15,355
14,712
12,906
3.0
3.9
2.6
2.3
1.7
17
16
15
14
11
Cost Control
Machinery
Labor &
Costs
Machinery
Per Cow
Costs Per Cow
(10)
(10)
$269
312
345
378
405
$
37
35
32
30
26
__
611,788
572,578
530,718
486,868
421,041
Feed & Crop
Expenses
Per Cow
(9)
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt. Milk
(9)
$415
529
592
651
692
$2.67
3.31
3.63
3.87
4.17
547
675
704
743
787
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------531
571
638
691
766
34
35
37
39
43
433
464
490
541
690
Value and Cost of Production
Milk
Oper. Cost
Total Cost
Receipts
Milk
Production
Per Cow
Per Cwt,
Per Cwt.
(9)
(9)
(9)
$2,650
2,442
2,349
2,280
2,205
$ 6.33
7.76
8.66
9.18
9.44
$10.56
11.72
12.22
12.53
13.14
834
883
940
1,018
1,177
722
775
813
858
932
4.36
4.59
4.82
5.10
5.69
ProfitabilitJ!:
Net Farm Income
With
Without
Labor & Mgmt Income
A:Q:Qrec.
A:Q:Qrec.
Per Farm
Per O:Qer.
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
I
$371,960
211,706
166,309
127,460
99,991
$269,426
146,148
105,100
77,994
66,929
$207,317
95,881
63,094
42,020
33,156
$167,283
69,329
44,853
31,897
22,003
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2,146
2,032
1,968
1,891
1,709
9.75
10.11
10.54
11.03
12.11
13.66
13.97
14.35
14.90
16.25
89,278
82,461
64,958
48,918
17,051
54,629
41,867
30,225
19,518
-5,150
22,169
16,389
5,583
-7,955
-44,860
17,498
9,426
3,831
-7,224
-35,341
29
FARM BUSINESS SUMMARY BY HERD SIZE
426 New York Dairy Farms, 1987
Item
Farm Size;
Number of farms
Less than
40 Cows
32
85 to
99 Cows
40 to
54 Cows
55 to
69 Cows
70 to
84 Cows
69
74
71
41
ACCRUAL EXPENSES
Hired labor
Dairy grain & concentrate
Dairy roughage
Other livestock feed
Machine hire/rent/lease
Machine repairs/parts
Auto expense (farm share)
Fuel, oil & grease
Replacement livestock
Breeding
Veterinary & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease/rent
Other livestock expense
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray & other crop expense
LandJbui1ding/fence repair
Taxes & insurance
Telephone & electricity
Interest paid
Misc. (including rent)
Total Operating Expenses
Expansion livestock
Machinery depreciation
Building depreciation
Total Accrual Expenses
$ 2,757
17,025
933
444
1,163
3,091
302
1,653
2,470
1,081
1,280
4,718
14
2,503
2,070
728
521
803
3,729
2,724
5,878
2.030
$57,917
154
4,540
2,612
$65,223
$
5,999
22,287
1,098
358
817
5,150
556
2,204
988
1,535
1,663
6,109
46
4,154
3,431
1,218
942
1,075
4,746
3,329
9,279
2.846
$ 79,830
750
6,811
3,154
$ 90,545
$ 11,494
29,046
954
696
1,632
6,947
740
3,539
1,930
2,029
2,759
7,384
37
5,310
4,903
2,053
1,801
1,988
7,161
4,399
9,839
4,403
$111,044
1,145
9,935
5,331
$127,455
$ 15,070
37,345
1,427
686
1,720
8,775
655
3,995
1,753
2,576
3,420
9,569
175
6,835
6,178
2,522
1,939
2,025
7,526
5,311
12,703
5.395
$137,600
1,101
13,227
5,305
$157,233
$ 18,684
42,482
624
1,063
2,416
11,089
686
5,046
1,858
2,647
3,466
9,458
109
7,604
8,386
2,898
2,738
2,752
9,326
5,812
15,433
6,403
$160,980
196
13,545
6,692
$181,413
ACCRUAL RECEIPTS
Milk sales
Dairy cattle
Dairy calves
Other livestock
Crops
Misc. receipts
Total Accrual Receipts
$65,663
6,599
1,217
605
900
1,380
$76,363
$ 93,254
7,778
1,651
131
713
2,564
$106,091
$125,036
8,596
2,086
317
3,183
5,336
$144,554
$157,419
13,744
2,608
338
2,440
6,708
$183,257
$185,624
15,933
2,914
153
4,441
7,118
$216,186
$11,140
$21,927
$1,277
1.04
$1,228
$15,546
$30,098
$5,093
1.15
$4,429
$17.099
$31.811
$1,771
1.30
$1,362
$26,024
$44.375
$8,413
1.28
$6,573
$34,773
$55,411
$16,249
1.25
$12,999
PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
Net farm income (w/o apprec.)
Net farm income (w/apprec.)
Labor & mgmt. income
Number of operators
Labor & mgmt. inc./oper.
Rates of return on;
Equity capital w/o apprec.
Equity capital w/apprec.
All capital w/o apprec.
All capital w/apprec.
-4.6%
1.8%
-0.8%
3.7%
-3.2%
5.3%
1. 3%
6.2%
-2.8%
2.4%
0.5%
4.1%
0.4%
6.3%
2.9%
6.8%
2.5%
8.8%
4.6%
8.5%
30
FARM BUSINESS SUMMARY BY HERD SIZE
426 New York Dairy Farms, 1987
Item
Farm Size:
Number of farms
100 to
149 Cows
150 to
199 Cows
200 to
299 Cows
300 or
More Cows
27
70
31
ACCRUAL EXPENSES
Hired labor
Dairy grain & concentrate
Dairy roughage
Other livestock feed
Machine hire/rent/lease
Machine repairs/parts
Auto expense (farm share)
Fuel, oil & grease
Replacement livestock
Breeding
Veterinary & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease/rent
Other livestock expense
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray & other crop expense
Land/bui1ding/fence repair
Taxes & insurance
Telephone & electricity
Interest paid
Misc. (including rent)
Total Operating Expenses
Expansion livestock
Machinery depreciation
Building depreciation
Total Accrual Expenses
$ 25,102
56,974
801
616
2,516
15,054
668
6,981
1,519
3,546
4,968
14,281
14
9,821
10,411
4,520
4,299
3,890
10,856
7,238
18,586
8.560
$211,221
2,114
19,857
9.604
$242,796
$ 47,877
86,662
1,387
2,337
3,678
24,145
610
12,430
4,468
5,002
7,667
21,327
814
13,907
14,729
6,186
5,252
5,188
15,566
10,360
29,497
12.652
$331,741
2,976
28,073
13.753
$376,543
$ 75,549 $
133,931
6,292
1,925
6,636
31,332
656
14,265
6,034
7,259
12,604
28,600
ACCRUAL RECEIPTS
Milk sales
Dairy cattle
Dairy calves
Other livestock
Crops
Misc. receipts
Total Accrual Receipts
$246,068
20,536
3,653
266
4,088
9.593
$284,207
$361,325
34,740
5,566
435
5,451
21.616
$429,132
$521,194 $1,045,845
48,174
94,637
8,117
15,121
4,624
166
16,749
43,415
24,655
39.740
$623,513 $1,238,923
$41,411
$64,485
$15,647
1.49
$10,501
$52,589
$107,614
$19,218
1.57
$12,241
$81,414
$119,890
$43,070
1.54
$27,968
PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
Net farm income (w/o apprec.)
Net farm income (w/apprec.)
Labor & mgmt. income
Number of operators
Labor & mgmt. inc./oper.
Rate of return on:
Equity capital w/o apprec.
Equity capital w/apprec.
All capital w/o apprec.
All capital w/apprec.
1. 7%
6.5%
3.8%
7.0%
2.8%
11.4%
4.7%
10.2%
o
21,022
20,450
8,655
7,839
6,828
19,405
13,821
42,206
20 , 6 94
$486,003
3,044
31,247
21. 805
$542,099
6.2%
11.3%
7.0%
10.1%
11
179,681
257,093
21,695
1,356
9,670
43,448
2,512
20,939
1,248
12,662
26,205
52,360
557
37,220
29,461
15,239
18,550
25,692
28,402
20,876
77,461
_---=-3~4"-',9::..:.6=6
$ 917,293
16,232
58,995
_---""3..:..7 6<..;:0=5
$1,030,125
..>...:'
$208,798
$280,560
$142,561
1.43
$99,693
12.7%
18.2%
10.7%
13.9%
31
FARM FAMILY FINANCIAL SITUATION BY HERD SIZE
426 New York Dairy Farms, 1987
Item
Farms with: Less than 40 Cows
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
ASSETS
Farm cash/chkg./sav. $ 2,988
5,451
Accounts receivable
Prepaid expenses
Feed & supplies
11,161
Livestock*
39,311
Machinery & equipment* 37,645
FLB & PCA stock
683
Other stock & cert.
1,225
Land & bui1dings*
137.681
Total Farm Assets
$236,145
55 to 69 Cows
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
$
$
$
6
6
12,245
42,463
38,853
751
1,381
141.005
$245,567
17,453
52,858
52,278
1,612
1,707
153,697
$288,971
18,024
59,009
55,305
1,731
1,888
158.724
$304,788
4,560
10,917
14
24,803
74,084
75,451
2,532
2,681
197,233
$392,275
$
1,907
1,567
32,211
1,032
2,831
7,737
5.327
$ 52,611
$
3,309
2,451
4,601
3,163
2,380
8,744
2,955
$ 27,603
$
3,032
3,119
7,939
3,329
2,405
8,750
3.082
$ 31,656
$
6,011
4,122
23,463
2,479
2,959
6,923
1.872
$ 47,830
$
$298,178
$316,574
$336,444
$440,105
$467,998
$
$
42,818
77 ,121
$126,435
1,539
4,184
1,014
1,030
53
43,905
75,139
$125,325
2,235
$
22,548
48,256
$ 73,885
342
1,539
687
543
0
22,764
43,842
$ 69,374
86
3,355
1,080
2,387
52
42,814
69,963
$119,651
3,078
3,693
819
1,837
200
43,353
72,453
$122,354
2,809
$ 74,227
$ 69,460
$127,974
$127,560
$122,729
$125,163
$162,261
$176,193
$162,536
$179,463
$272,624
$288,499
$206,137
$228,718
$188,600
$208,884
$317 ,376
$342,835
°
Pers, cash/chkg./sav,$ 8,935
Cash value of life ins, 1,418
Nonfarm real estate
24,316
Auto (personal share)
1,195
Stocks & bonds
637
Household furnishings
7,684
All other
34
Tot. Nonfarm Assets**$ 44,219
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Assets
$280,364
LIABILITIES
Accounts payable
Operating debt
Short term
Advanced gov't. rec.
Intermediate***
Long term*
Total Farm Liab.
Tot. Nonfarm Liab.**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Liabili ties
Farm Net Worth
(Equity Capital)
Farm & Nonfarm
Net Worth
40 to 54 Cows
Jan, 1
Dec, 31
$
1,797
1,071
213
°
$
3,087
5,782
°
$
1,764
7,596
$
4,395
1,023
1,079
°
FINANCIAL MEASURES
Less than 40 Cows
Percent equity
72%
Debt/asset ratio-long term
0.31
Debt/asset ratio-inter. & current
0.24
Change in net worth with apprec.
$13,932
Total farm debt per cow
$1,982
Debt payments made per cow
$653
Debt payments as % of milk sales
33%
Amount avail. for debt service
$19,356
Cash flow coverage ratio for 1987
l. 31
2,431
7,669
40 to 54 Cows
59%
0.47
0.34
$16,927
$2,558
$619
30%
$25,901
1. 30
4,362
11,287
14
26,963
78,802
78,455
2,525
2,701
205.744
$410,853
6,580
4,609
31,488
3,090
3,146
7,345
888
$ 57,145
$
55 to 69 Cows
70%
0.35
0.24
$15,875
$1,912
$502
24%
$31,362
1.29
*Inc1udes discounted lease payments.
**Average of farms reporting nonfarm assets and liabilities for 1987.
***Includes FLB/PCA stock and discounted lease payments for cattle and
machinery.
32
FARM FAMILY FINANCIAL SITUATION BY HERD SIZE
426 New York Dairy Farms, 1987
Farms with:
Item
ASSETS
Farm cash/chkg./savings
Accounts receivable
Prepaid expenses
Feed & supplies
Livestock*
Machinery & equipment*
FLB & PCA stock
Other stock & cert.
Land & bui1dings*
Total Farm Assets
Pers. cash/chkg./savings
Cash value of life ins.
Nonfarm real estate
Auto (personal share)
Stocks & bonds
Household furnishings
All other
Total Nonfarm Assets**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Assets
LIABILITIES
Accounts payable
Operating debt
Short term
Advanced gov't. rec.
Intermediate***
Long term*
Total Farm Liab.
Total Nonfarm Liab.**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Liabilities
Farm Net Worth
(Equity Capital)
Farm & Nonfarm Net Worth
70 to 84 Cows
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
85 to 99 Cows
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
$
3,853
13,616
0
32,595
91,006
92,636
3,794
4,770
226,609
$468,878
$
4,783
14,094
0
33,144
98,832
96,188
3,942
5,317
231,725
$488,025
$
5,165
15,956
42
39,290
104,319
102,537
3,517
4,175
228.748
$503,750
$
$ 14,048
2,610
10,708
2,746
1,798
6,085
1,778
$ 39,773
$ 15,373
2,878
11,670
3,707
2,060
6,508
1,819
$ 44,014
$ 18,808
2,534
17,682
1,864
5,034
7,455
6,685
$ 60,062
$ 15,424
4,301
27,750
2,545
5,225
7,682
5,568
$ 68,495
$508,651
$532,039
$563,812
$606,163
5,626
1,414
1,997
0
57,651
100,481
$167,170
2,231
$
6,299
1,044
2,357
131
58,466
95,358
$163,655
2.193
$
$
$169,401
$301,709
$339,250
$
FINANCIAL MEASURES
Percent equity
Debt/asset ratio-long term
Debt/asset ratio-inter. & current
Change in net worth with apprec.
Total farm debt per cow
Debt payments made per cow
Debt payments as % of milk sales
Amount avail. for debt service
Cash flow coverage ratio for 1987
6,842
16,322
42
43,702
114,263
109,990
3,630
3,941
238,936
$537,668
4,327
3,546
2,341
o
4,632
2,551
1,896
o
86,091
96.662
$192,968
83,656
94,019
$186,754
$165,848
$192,968
$186,754
$324,369
$366,191
$310,782
$370,844
$350,913
$419,409
70 to 84 Cows
66%
0.41
0.27
$22,661
$2,072
$573
28%
$38,245
1. 28
o
o
85 to 99 Cows
65%
0.39
0.31
$40,132
$2,008
$596
28%
$51,041
1.41
*Inc1udes discounted lease payments.
**Average of farms reporting nonfarm assets and liabilities for 1987.
***Inc1udes FLB/PCA stock and discounted lease payments for cattle and
machinery.
33
FARM FAMILY FINANCIAL SITUATION BY HERD SIZE
426 New York Dairy Farms, 1987
Farms with:
Item
ASSETS
Farm cash/chkg./savings
Accounts receivable
Prepaid expenses
Feed & supplies
Livestock*
Machinery & equipment*
FLB & PCA stock
Other stock & cert.
Land & bui1dings*
Total Farm Assets
Pers. cash/chkg./savings
Cash value of life ins.
Nonfarm real estate
Auto (personal share)
Stocks & bonds
Household furnishings
All other
Total Nonfarm Assets**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Assets
LIABILITIES
Accounts payable
Operating debt
Short term
Advanced gov't. rec.
Intermediate***
Long term*
Total Farm Liab.
Total Nonfarm Liab.**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Liabilities
Farm Net Worth
(Equity Capital)
Farm & Nonfarm Net Worth
150 to 199 Cows
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
100 to 149 Cows
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
4,975
32,791
27
78,542
201,180
167,023
10,338
14,209
464.613
973,698
$
8,211
34,990
46
78,949
220,938
177,120
10,276
15,368
490.415
$1,036,313
5,855
8,453
49,118
2,518
13,108
10,588
8.266
97,905
$
8,425
20,959
49
52,784
142,344
132,545
6,788
6,087
326.668
$696,649
$ 11,325
21,796
49
56,272
154,411
139,451
6,712
6,881
334.553
$731,449
$
$
4,243
4,205
45,880
1,985
3,932
6,500
3.629
$ 70,374
$
5,803
5,000
59,987
1,942
3,502
6,571
3.138
$ 85,943
$
$767,023
$817,392
$1,071,603
$1,167,430
$
$
$
$
$
4,154
1,875
2,719
o
3,625
3,241
3,074
$
$
o
5,559
5,535
5,515
$
o
6,350
5,074
4,782
558
143,167
200.919
360,850
1.843
92,101
130.697
$231,546
2.230
88,843
130.718
$229,501
1.967
$233,776
$231,468
$
370,554
$
362,693
$465,103
$533,247
$501,948
$585,924
$
$
604,850
701,049
$
$
675,463
804,737
FINANCIAL MEASURES
Percent equity
Debt/asset ratio-long term
Debt/asset ratio-inter. & current
Change in net worth with apprec.
Total farm debt per cow
Debt payments made per cow
Debt payments as % of milk sales
Amount avail. for debt service
Cash flow coverage ratio for 1987
100 to 149 Cows
69%
0.39
0.25
$36,845
$1,897
$512
24%
$62,095
1. 26
$
138,604
213.633
368,847
1.707
5,683
8,611
67,059
2,359
15,000
10,912
21.494
131,117
$
150 to 199 Cows
65%
0.41
0.29
$70,613
$2,027
$530
25%
$90,571
1.35
*Inc1udes discounted lease payments.
**Average of farms reporting nonfarm assets and liabilities for 1987.
***Inc1udes FLB/PCA stock and discounted lease payments for cattle and
machinery.
34
FARM FAMILY FINANCIAL SITUATION BY HERD SIZE
426 New York Dairy Farms, 1987
Item
ASSETS
Farm cash/chkg./savings
Accounts receivable
Prepaid expenses
Feed & supplies
Livestock*
Machinery & equipment*
FLB & PCA stock
Other stock & cert.
Land & bui1dings*
Total Farm Assets
Pers. cash/chkg./savings
Cash value of life ins.
Nonfarm real estate
Auto (personal share)
Stocks & bonds
Household furnishings
All other
Total Nonfarm Assets**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Assets
LIABILITIES
Accounts payable
Operating debt
Short term
Advanced gov't. rec.
Intermediate***
Long term*
Total Farm Liab.
Total Nonfarm Liab.**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Liabilities
Farm Net Worth
(Equity Capital)
Farm & Nonfarm Net Worth
More than 300 Cows
Dec. 31
Jan. 1
200 to 299 Cows
Dec. 31
Jan. 1
Farms with:
5,533
46,864
0
98,091
284,010
191,392
14,980
30,591
554,758
$1,226,219
$
5,556
5,206
9,188
3,969
7,664
8,000
18,165
57,748
$
$
$
$
5,013
86,323
2,156
225,951
461,034
321,564
15,414
60,604
992,505
$2,170,564
$
1,981
1,450
13,250
500
17,498
4,500
13,363
52,541
$
6,331
48,027
0
112,705
302,384
200,085
15,096
31,973
572,889
$1,289,490
$
5,662
5,806
22,063
3,563
9,351
9,000
15,798
71,243
$
$
$
11,348
83,269
3,570
275,171
511,184
334,952
15,132
66,876
1,077,050
$2,378,552
$
2,020
1,814
32,000
3,669
20,591
8,250
17,399
85,743
$1,283,967
$1,360,733
$2,223,105
$2,464,295
$
$
15,638
9,605
15,277
258
226,605
233,601
500,985
5,466
$
$
17 ,018
7,171
16,151
o
$
220,564
247,034
507,938
7,402
$
25,541
59,452
36,860
o
$
$
374,108
492.358
970,992
964,085
$
970,992
o
515,340
$
506,451
$
$
$
718,281
768,627
$
$
788,505
854,282
$1,206,479
$1,259,020
200 to 299 Cows
61%
0.41
0.37
$70,224
$2,053
$531
24%
$129,196
1.31
o
351,692
490.540
964,085
$
FINANCIAL MEASURES
Percent equity
Debt/asset ratio-long term
Debt/asset ratio-inter. & current
Change in net worth with apprec.
Total farm debt per cow
Debt payments made per cow
Debt payments as % of milk sales
Amount avail. for debt service
Cash flow coverage ratio for 1987
11,155
78,052
15,320
o
$1,407,560
$1,493,303
More than 300 Cows
59%
0.46
0.37
$201,081
$2,167
$644
27%
$273,984
1.51
*Inc1udes discounted lease payments.
**Average of farms reporting nonfarm assets and liabilities for 1987.
***Inc1udes FLB/PCA stock and discounted lease payments for cattle and
machinery.
35
SELECTED BUSINESS FACTORS BY HERD SIZE
426 New York Dairy Farms, 1987
Farms with:
Item
Nwnber of farms
Cropping Program Analysis
Total Tillable acres
Tillable acres rented*
Hay crop acres*
Corn silage acres*
Hay crop, tons OM/acre
Corn silage, tons/acre
Oats, bushels/acre
Forage OM per cow, tons
Tillable acres/cow
Fert. & lime exp./til. acre
Total machinery costs
Machinery cost/tillable acre
40 to
54 Cows
55 to
69 Cows
70 to
84 Cows
85 to
99 Cows
32
69
74
71
41
108
22
71
15
2.1
12.7
35.5
6.3
3.2
$19.21
$12,615
$117
156
51
96
27
2.3
14.5
49.4
7.7
3.3
$21. 94
$18,201
$116
224
71
126
35
2.6
14.4
60.5
8.1
3.6
$21.92
$26,607
$119
256
81
136
47
2.6
15.1
56.7
8.0
3.4
$24.11
$33,050
$129
316
105
173
56
2.4
15.4
50.0
7.8
3.5
$26.57
$38,073
$121
47
36
727,966
15,380
$9.31
$14.74
$12.81
$494
$3.21
90
77
62
49
63
73
976,763 1,223,662 1,456,641
16,098
15,816
15,982
$9.49
$9.22
$8.97
$15.05
$14.04
$13.30
$12.86
$12.74
$12.80
$486
$506
$476
$3.07
$2.96
$3.17
Less than
40 Cows
Dairy Analysis
Nwnber of cows
33
Nwnber of heifers
22
Milk sold, lbs.
509,393
Milk sold/cow, lbs.
15,234
Operating cost of prod. milk/cwt. $9.30
Total cost of prod. milk/cwt.
$16.08
Price/cwt. milk sold
$12.89
Purchased dairy feed/cow
$537
Purchased dairy feed/cwt. milk
$3.53
Purchased grain & cone. as %
of milk receipts
26%
Purchased feed & crop
expense/cwt. milk
$4.18
24%
23%
24%
23%
$3.98
$3.97
$4.04
$3.92
Capital Efficiency
Farm capital/worker
Farm capital/cow
Farm capital/til. acre owned
Real estate/cow
Machinery investment/cow
Capital turnover, years
$155,705
7,203
2,801
4,167
1,144
2.76
$154,213
6,272
2,801
3,300
1,136
2.46
$163,199
6,502
2,625
3,263
1,246
2.52
$170,205
6,249
2,718
2,993
1,233
2.37
$173,452
5,754
2,468
2,584
1,174
2.20
Labor Efficiency
Worker equivalent
Operator/manager equivalent
Milk sold/worker, lbs.
Cows/worker
Work units/worker
Labor cost/cow
Labor cost/tillable acre
1.55
1.04
329,305
22
222
$462
$143
1. 93
1.15
378,140
25
258
$431
$131
2.46
1.30
396,964
25
273
$436
$120
2.81
1.28
435,307
27
290
$404
$121
3.00
1.25
485,218
30
323
$378
$108
*Average of all farms, not only those reporting data.
36
SELECTED BUSINESS FACTORS BY HERD SIZE
426 New York Dairy Farms, 1987
Farms with:
Item
Number of farms
CroRRins Prosram Ana1xsis
Total tillable acres
Tillable acres rented*
Hay crop acres*
Corn silage acres*
Hay crop, tons OM/acre
Corn silage, tons/acre
Oats, bushels/acre
Forage OM per cow, tons
Tillable acres/cow
Fert. & lime exp./ti1. acre
Total machinery costs
Machinery cost/tillable acre
Dairx Ana1xsis
Number of cows
Number of heifers
Milk sold, 1bs.
Milk sold/cow, 1bs.
Operating cost of prod. mi1k/cwt.
Total cost of prod. mi1k/cwt.
Price/cwt. milk sold
Purchased dairy feed/cow
Purchased dairy feed/cwt. milk
Purchased grain & cone. as %
of milk receipts
Purchased feed & crop
expense/cwt. milk
100 to
149 Cows
150 to
199 Cows
200 to
299 Cows
300 or
More Cows
70
31
27
11
360
127
190
76
2.8
17.2
63.6
8.2
3.0
$28.94
$51,831
$144
524
240
229
122
3.0
15.8
55.3
7.9
3.1
$28.09
$77 ,405
$148
612
218
235
187
3.0
17.4
52.8
7.7
2.5
$33.44
$93,784
$153
924
291
302
339
3.5
17 .6
0.0
7.1
2.1
$31.89
$151,843
$164
119
96
1,894,774
15,915
$9.25
$13.83
$12.99
$485
$3.05
171
136
2,773,091
16,217
$9.62
$13.55
$13.03
$515
$3.18
241
183
4,023,474
16,710
$9.61
$12.74
$12.95
$582
$3.49
436
329
8,195,157
18,808
$9.04
$11.53
$12.76
$640
$3.40
23%
24%
26%
25%
$4.06
$4.12
$4.40
$4.17
CaRita1 Efficiencx
Farm capital/worker
Farm capital/cow
Farm capital/til. acre owned
Real estate/cow
Machinery investment/cow
Capital turnover, years
$201,546
5,998
3,065
2,777
1,142
2.32
$212,060
5,877
3,539
2,792
1,006
2.08
$197,933
5,224
3,193
2,342
813
1. 90
$234,931
5,220
3,593
2,375
753
1. 74
Labor Efficiencx
Worker equivalent
Operator/manager equivalent
Milk sold/worker, 1bs.
Cows/worker
Work units/worker
Labor cost/cow
Labor cost/tillable acre
3.54
1.49
534,815
34
352
$360
$119
4.74
1. 57
585,133
36
375
$388
$126
6.35
1. 54
633,126
38
384
$386
$152
9.68
1.43
846,448
45
443
$450
$212
*Average of all farms, not only those reporting data.
37 IDENTIFY AND SET GOALS
If businesses are to be successful, they must have direction. Written
goals help provide businesses with an identifiable direction over both the long
and the short term. Goal setting is as important on a dairy farm as it is in
other businesses. Written goals are a tool which farm operators can use to
ensure that the business continues to move in the proper direction.
1. Goals should be specific.
2. Goals should be realistic and achievable.
3. The achievement of the goal should be verifiable.
4. You should designate a time when each goal will be achieved.
Goal setting on a dairy farm does not have to be a complex process. In
many cases it provides a process for writing down and agreeing on goals that you
have already given some thought to. It is also important to remember that once
you write out your goals they are not cast in concrete. If a change takes place
which has a major impact on the farm business, the goals should be reworked to
accommodate that change. Refer to your goals as often as necessary to keep the
farm business progressing.
It is important to identify both long and short range goals when looking
at the future of your farm business.
A suggested format for writing out your goals is as follows:
a. Begin with a general philosophy statement which incorporates both
business and family goals.
b. Identify 4-6 long range goals.
c. Identify specific short range goals for a given time period (i.e., one
year).
Worksheet for Setting Goals
I. General Philosophy and Objectives
II. Long Range Goals (require two or more years to achieve)
III.
What
Short Range Goals (possible to achieve in one or two years).
IHow
IWhen
NOTE: Once long and short range goals have been identified, it is helpful to
rank them in order of priority.
Prepared by T.R. Maloney, Extension Associate, Cornell University
Other Agricultural Economics Extension Papers
No. 88-29 The U.S. Dairy Situation and Outlook
A. Novakovic
M. Keniston
No. 89-1 The Competitiveness of New York Onions
During the 1987-88 Marketing Year
E. Figueroa
No. 89-2 List of Available Agricultural Economics
Publications and Computer Programs
B. Stanton
D. Walker
No. 89-3 Regional Differences in the Dairy Industry
and Their Use in Evaluating Dairy Surpluses
A. Novakovic
M. Keniston
No. 89-4 Agricultural District Legislation in
New York, As Amended Through 1988
K. Gardner
No. 89-5 Microcomputers and Small Local Governments
in New York: Five Case Studies Executive
Summary
D. Wilcox
No. 89-6 Regional Factors Affecting the Impact of
Biotechnology in U.S. Crop Production
J. Love
No. 89-7 National Dairy Markets and Policy and Some
Implications for New York
A. Novakovic
No. 89-8 Dairy Farm Business Summary, Northern
New York, 1988
S. Smith
L. Putnam
No. 89-9 Dairy Farm Business Summary, Western Plain
Region, 1988
S. Smith
L. Putnam
No. 89-10 Dairy Farm Business Summary, Northern
Hudson Region, 1988
S. Smith
L. Putnam
No. 89-11 Dairy Farm Business Summary, Eastern
Plateau Region, 1988
R.
L.
C.
J.
G.
L. Tauer
Milligan
Putnam
Crispell
Mierek
LeC1ar