June 1990
A.E. Ext. 90-15
SON NORT
Stuart F. Smith Linda D. Putnam Department of Agricultural Economics New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences A Statutory College of the State University Cornell University. Ithaca. New York 14853-7801 1989 DAIRY PARK BUSINESS SUMMARY
NORTHERN HUDSON REGION
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ...........................................................
1
Program Objective .................................................
1
Format Features
1
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS .... ...... ............ ........
2
Business Characteristics ..........................................
2
Income Statement ..................................................
2
Profitability Analysis ............................................
6
Farm and Family Financial Status ............ ................... ...
8
Cash Flow Statement ...............................................
11 Repayment Analysis ................................................
12 Cropping Analysis .................................................
14 Dairy Analysis ....................................................
16 Capital and Labor Efficiency Analysis .............................
18 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS ..............................
19 Progress of the Farm Business .....................................
19 Farm Business Chart................................................
20 Financial Analysis Chart ..........................................
22 Comparisons by Type of Barn and Herd Size .........................
23 Herd Size Comparisons .............................................
23 IDENTI IT AND SET GOALS .................................................
37 1989 DAIRY FARK BUSINESS SUMMARY
NORTHERN HUDSON REGION*
INTRODUCTION
Dairy farmers throughout New York State have been participating in
Cornell Cooperative Extension's farm business summary and analysis program
since the early 1950's, Each participating farmer receives a comprehensive
business summary and analysis of his or her farm business. The information
in this report represents an average of the data submitted from farms in the
Northern Hudson region.
Program Objective
The primary objective of the dairy farm business summary, DFBS, is to
help farm managers improve the business and financial management of their
farm through appropriate use of historical farm data and the application of
modern farm business analysis techniques. In short, DFBS identifies the
business and financial information farmers need and demonstrates how it
should be used in identifying and evaluating strengths and weaknesses of the
farm business.
Format Features
This regional report follows the same general format as in the 1989
DFBS printout received by all participating dairy farmers. Worksheets are
included to give non-DFBS participants an opportunity to summarize their
businesses. The analysis tables have an open column or section labeled ~
Farm. It may be used by any dairy farm manager who wants to compare his or
her business with the average data of this region.
This report features:
(1) an income statement including accrual adjustments for farm business
expenses and receipts, as well as measures of profitability with and
without appreciation,
(2) a complete balance sheet with analytical ratios,
(3) a cash flow summary including debt repayment ability,
(4) a cropping analysis,
(5) a daiIY analysis, and
(6) capital and labor efficiency analysis.
Micro DFBS, a computer program which enables Cooperative Extension
agents and specialists to calculate and print individual farm business
reports in their offices, is now being used by the dairy farm management
field staff for 90 percent of the farms cooperating. This innovative
approach provides faster processing of farm record data and increased use of
the DFBS in farm management programs.
*The Northern Hudson Region of New York State, with the number of
participating farms in parentheses, is comprised of Albany (4), Greene (2),
Saratoga (3), Schenectady (3), Rensselaer (26), and Washington (24).
This report was written by Stuart F. Smith, Senior Extension Associate, Farm
Management. Linda Putnam was in charge of data preparation. Cindy Farrell
and Beverly Carcell! prepared the publication. Farm business data was
collected by Cooperative Extension agents Tom Gallagher, Cathy Wickswat, and
John Thurgood.
2
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS
Business Characteristics
Finding the right management strategies is an important part of operat­
ing a successful farm. Various combinations of farm resources, enterprises,
business arrangements, and management techniques are used by the dairy
farmers in this region. The following table shows important farm business
characteristics and the number of farmers reporting these characteristics.
BUSINESS CHARACTERISTICS 62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Tne of [Si:rm
Dairy
Part-time dairy
Dairy cash-crop
Part-time cash-crop dairy
Numbe:t:
61
0
1
Tne of Owner shi J2
Owner
Renter
Number
56
6
I,iJ2e of Business
Single proprietorship
Partnership
Corporation
N1!:mbe :t:
41
16
5
Busines§ Record s,ist~m
ELFAC
Account Book
Agrifax (mail-in only)
On-Farm Computer
Other
Num:ber
6
12
a
17
11
16
Ine S2f .!;}Si:rn
Stanchion/Tie-Stall
Freesta11
Combination
Numb~r
Milting S,istflm
Bucket & carry
Dumping station
Pipeline
Herringbone parlor
Other parlor
NYmQer
0
3
28
30
1
Milking F:t:IilQuenC,i
2x/day
3x/day
Other
Numblilr
60
2
0
Progyction Re~ords
DHIC
Owner-Sampler
Other
None
Numbe:t:
50
5
2
5
30
27
5
The averages used in this report were compiled using data from all the
participating dairy farms in this region unless noted otherwise. There are
full-time dairy farms, part-time farms, dairy cash-crop farms, farm renters,
partnerships, and corporations included in the average. These specific
classifications are used to separate farms in the State Business Summary.
Income Statlilment
In order for an income statement to accurately measure farm income, it
must include cash transactions and accrual adjustments (changes in accounts
payable, accounts receivable, inventories, and prepaid expenses).
Cash paid is the actual cash paid during the year and does not necessarily
represent the cost of goods and services actually used.
Change in invlilntor,i: An increase in inventory is subtracted in computing
accrual expenses because it represents purchased inputs not actually used
during the year. A decrease in inventory is added to expenses because it
represents the cost of inputs purchased in a prior year and used this year.
3
CASH AND ACCRUAL FARM EXPENSES 62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Change in
Inventory
Change in
Accounts
or Prepaid
Cash
Pa,yable
Paid +
Expense* +
-3
$ 25,325
$
-16
$
Expense Item
Hired Labor
Feed
Dairy grain & conc.
Dairy roughage
Nondairy
Accrual
Expenses
$ 25,306
63,550
3,052
117
-1,286
-29
0
325
80
20
62,589
3,103
137
1,917
13,380
817
6,443
0
-1
0
-30
21
-471
0
-2
1,938
12,908
817
6,411
4,584
3,363
5,674
14,585
214
10,239
0
-45
-56
0
0
-43
-24
-2
4
27
0
-83
4,560
3,316
5,622
14,612
214
10,113
10,410
3,897
3,870
-213
-199
-215
191
45
54
10,388
3,743
3,709
5,644
6,201
6,040
-105
-57
-69
-266
68
-30
5,273
6,212
5,941
3,969
1,010
5,692
16,078
2,760
$218,831
1,724
-180
0
0
0
25
$ -2,519
0
15
0
-36
53
48
34
0
3,804
1,010
5,656
16,131
2,833
$216,346
1,724
13,883
7,296
$239,249
Machine.:~
Mach. hire, rent/lease
Machinery repairs/parts
Auto expo (farm share)
Fuel, oil & grease
Li,v§stock
Replacement livestock
Breeding
Vet & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease/rent
Other livestock expense
Crops
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray, other crop expo
Real f,;state
Land/bldg./fence repair
Taxes
Rent & lease
Othe.:
Insurance
Telephone (farm share)
Electricity (farm share)
Interest paid
Miscellaneous
Total Operating
Expansion livestock
Machinery depreciation
Building depreciation
TOTAL ACCRUAL EXPENSES
$
Chan~es in prepaid expenses are a net change in non-inventory expenses that
have been paid in advance of their use, for example, 1990 rent paid in 1989.
If 1989 funds used to prepay 1990 rent exceeded the amount of 1989 rent pre­
paid in 1988, the amount of this excess is entered as a negative number to
exclude it from 1989 rental expenses. The excess prepaid rent should be
charged against the future year's business operation. A decrease in prepaid
rent is added to expenses because it represents use of resources during this
year that were paid for in past years but should be charged against this
year's operation.
Change in accounts payable: An increase in accounts payable from beginning to
end of year is added and a decrease is subtracted when calculating accrual
expenses.
Accrual expenses are the costs of inputs actually used in this year's produc­
tion. They are the total of cash paid, changes in inventory or prepaid
expenses, and changes in accounts payable.
4
CASH AND ACCRUAL FARM EXPENSES WORKSHEET Cash
Expense Item
Paid
Hired Labor
$
Feed
Dairy grain & conc.
Dairy roughage
Nondairy
Machinery
Mach. hire, rent/lease
Machinery repairs/parts
Auto expo (farm share)
Fuel, oil & grease
Livestock
Replacement livestock
Breeding
Vet & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease/rent
Other livestock expense
Crops
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray, other crop
expense
Real Estate
Land, bldg., fence rep.
Taxes
Rent & lease
Other
Insurance
Telephone (farm share)
Electricity (farm share)
Interest paid
Miscellaneous
Total Operating
$_-­
Expansion livestock
Machinery depreciation
Building depreciation
TOTAL ACCRUAL EXPENSES
Change in
Inventory
or Prepaid
Change in
+
Expense + Accounts Payable
Accrual
Expenses
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
$
5
CASH AND ACCRUAL FARM RECEIPTS 62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Receipt Item
Cash
Receipts
Change in
Inventory
+
Milk sales
$238,763
Dairy cattle
14,937
$
Dairy calves
4,389
Other livestock
170
I, 996
Crop,s
3,246
Government receipts
Custom machine work
403
206
Gas tax refund
Other
3,377
(-)
Less nonfarm noncash cap.**
Total Accrual Receipts
$267,488
$
+
Change in
Accounts
Receivable
3,710
15
$
1,675
13
o
55
74
-37
291
-21*
o
o
o
613
1,387
3,776
$
Accrual
Receipts
$242,473
16,627
4,402
225
2,362
3,188
403
206
3,377
(-)
613
$272,651
*Change in advanced government receipts.
**Gifts or inheritances of cattle or crops included in inventory.
Cash receipts include the gross value of milk checks received during the year
plus all other payments received from the sale of farm products, services,
and government programs. Nonfarm income is not included in calculating farm
profitability.
Changes in inventory are calculated by subtracting beginning of year values
from end of year values excluding appreciation. Increases in livestock in­
ventory caused by herd growth and/or quality are added, and decreases caused
by herd reduction and/or quality are subtracted. Changes in inventories of
crops grown are also included. Changes in advanced government receipts are
calculated by subtracting the end year balance from the beginning year bal­
ance (balances are listed with the current liabilities on the Balance Sheet).
Changes in accounts receivable are calculated by subtracting beginning year
balances from end year balances. The January milk check for this December's
marketings compared with the previous January's check is included as a change
in accounts receivable.
Accrual receipts represent the value of all farm commodities produced and
services actually generated by the farmer during the year.
CASH AND ACCRUAL FARM RECEIPT WORKSHEET
Re~eipt
Item
Cash
Receipts
Milk sales
$
Dairy cattle
Dairy calves
Other livestock
Crops
Government receipts
Custom machine work
Gas tax refund
Other
Less gifts of cattle &: crops
Total Accrual Receipts
$
Change in
Inventory
+
+
Change in
Accounts
Receivable
$
Accrual
Receipts
$
$
(-)
$
(-)
$
$
6
Profitability Analysis
Farm operators contribute labor, management, and capital to their
businesses and the best combination of these resources maximizes income.
Farm profitability can be measured as the return to all family resources or
as the return to one or more individual resources such as labor and
management.
Net farm income is the return to the farm operators and other unpaid family
members for their labor, management, and equity capital. It is the farm
family's net annual return from working, managing, financing, and owning the
farm business. This is not a measure of cash available from the year's
business operation. Cash flow is evaluated later in this report.
Net farm income is computed both with and without appreciation. Appreciation
represents the change in values caused by annual changes in prices of live­
stock, machinery, real estate inventory, and stocks and certificates (other
than FLB and PCA). Appreciation is a major factor contributing to changes in
farm net worth and must be included for a complete profitability analysis.
NET FARM INCOME 62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Item
Average
Total accrual receipts
Appreciation: Livestock
Machinery
Real Estate
Other Stock/Certificates
Total Including Appreciation
Total accrual expenses
Net Farm Income (with appreciation)
Net Farm Income (without appreciation)
My Farm
$272,651
10,212
1,475
18,476
-304
$302,508
-239,249
$ 63,259
$ 33,400
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
$_--­
Return to operators' labor. management. and eQuity capital measures the total
net farm income for the farm operator(s). It is calculated by deducting a
charge for unpaid family labor from net farm income. Operators' labor is not
included in unpaid family labor. Return to operators' labor, management, and
equity capital has been calculated both with and without appreciation.
Appreciation is considered an important part of the return to ownership of
farm assets.
RETURN TO OPERATORS' lABOR, MANAGEMENT, AND EQUITY
62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989
Item
Net farm income
Family labor unpaid
@ $750 per month
Return to operators' labor,
management, & equity
Average
With
Without
Apprec.
Apprec.
$ 63,259
$ 33,400
2.661
2.661
$ 60,598
$ 30,739
My Farm
With
Without
Apprec.
Apprec.
$_--­
$_--­
$_-­
,$_--­
7
Labor and management income is the return which farm operators receive for
their labor and management used in operating the farm business. Appreciation
is not included as part of the return to labor and management because it
results from ownership of assets rather than management of the farm business.
Labor and management income is calculated by deducting the opportunity cost
of using equity capital at a real interest rate of five percent, from the
return to operators' labor, management, and equity capital excluding
appreciation. The interest charge of five percent reflects the long-term
average rate of return above inflation that a farmer might expect to earn in
comparable risk investments.
lABOR AND MANAGEMENT INCOME 62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Item
Average
Return to operators' labor, management,
& equity without appreciation
Real interest @ 5% on $496,392
average equity capital
Labor & Management Income
Labor & Management Income per
1.34 Operator/Manager
My Farm
$ 30,739
$_-­
- 24,820
$ 5,919
$_-­
$
$_-­
4,417
Return on equity capital measures the net return remaining for the farmer's
equity or owned capital after a charge has been made for the owner-operator's
labor and management. The earnings or amount of net farm income allocated to
labor and management is the opportunity cost of operators' labor and
management estimated by the cooperators. Return on equity capital is
calculated with and without appreciation. The rate of return on equity
capital is determined by dividing the amount returned by the average farm net
worth or equity capital. Return on total capital is calculated by adding
interest paid to the return on equity capital and then dividing by average
farm assets to calculate the rate of return on total capital.
RETURN ON EQUITY CAPITAL AND RETURN ON TOTAL CAPITAL
62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989
Item
Return to operators' labor, management,
& equity capital with appreciation
Value of operators' labor & management
Return on equity capital with appreciation
Interest paid
Return on total capital with appreciation
Return on equity capital without appreciation
Return on total capital without appreciation
Rate of return on average equity capital:
with appreciation without appreciation Rate of return on average total capital:
with appreciation
without appreciation
Average
$
$
$
$
$
$
60,598
28,044
32,554
16,131
48,684
2,695
18,825
My Farm
$_--­
$_-­
$_-­
$_--­
$_-­
$_-­
6.6%
0.5%
--_%
---_%
6.9%
2.7%
---_%
--_%
8
Farm and Family Financial Status
The first step in evaluating the financial position of the farm is to
construct a balance sheet which identifies all the assets and liabilities of
the business. The second step is to evaluate the relationship between
assets, liabilities, and net worth and changes that occurred during the year.
1989 FARM BUSINESS & NONFARM BALANCE SHEET 62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, January 1, 1990 Farm Liabilities
Farm Assets
Dec. 31
Jan. 1
Current
Farm cash, checking
& savings
$ 7,240
Accounts rec.
19,611
Prepaid expo
60
Feed & supplies
49.348
Total
$ 76,259
Intermediate
Dairy cows:
owned
$ 86,852
leased
o
Heifers
33,862
Bulls/other 1vstk.
1,466
Mach./eq. owned
107,501
Mach./eq. leased
923
FLB/PCA stock
8,476
Other stock/cert.
11.027
Total
$250,107
Long-Term
Landjbuildings :
owned
$351,775
leased
516
Total
$352,291
Total Farm Assets $678,657
$
9,596
23,387
382
51. 835
$ 85,200
$ 96,991
o
35,512
1,618
118,271
1,565
6,152
10.618
$270,727
$368,893
270
$369,163
$725,090
(Average for 31 farms reporting)
Nonfarm Assets*
Jan. 1
Dec, 31
& Net Worth
Dec. 31
Jan. 1
Current
Accounts payable $ 8,425
Operating debt
6,628
Short-term
499
Advanced govt. rec. _ _--"'-0
$
8,458
6,451
726
21
$ 15,552
$ 15,655
$ 71,237
$ 84,768
923
8,476
1,565
6.152
$ 80,636
$ 92,484
$104,036
$101,814
516
$104,552
270
$102,084
$200,740
$477,917
$210,223
$514,866
Nonfarm Liabi1ities*
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
Total
Intermediate
Structured debt
1-10 years
Financial lease
(cattle/mach. )
FLB/PCA stock
Total
Long Term
Structured debt
;J!:10 yrs
Financial lease
(structures)
Total
Total Farm Liab.
FARM NET WORTH
& Net Worth
Personal cash, chkg.
Nonfarm Liab,
$ 1,415 $ 1,689
& savings
$ 7,153 $ 7,382
NONFARM NET WORTH $ 39,716 $ 42,886
Cash value life ins.
7,208
7,846
Nonfarm real estate
7,000
7,323
FARM ~ NONFARM*
Des;:, 31
Jan. 1
Auto (personal sh.)
2,358
2,923
Total Assets
$719,788 $769,665
Stocks & bonds
3,007
2,918
Total Liabilities 202,156
211,913
Household furn.
7,981
9,965
All other
6.425
6.219
TOTAL FARM & NON­
Total Nonfarm $ 41,131 $ 44,575
FARM NET WORTH $517,632 $557,752
*Assumes that average nonfarm assets and liabilities for the nonreporting
farms were the same as for those reporting.
Financial lease obligations are included in the balance sheet. The
present value of all future payments is listed as a liability since the
farmer is committed to make the payments by signing the lease. The present
value is also listed as an asset, representing the future value the item has
to the business. For 1989, leases were discounted by 11.5 percent.
9
Advanced government receipts are included as current liabilities.
Government payments received in 1989 that are for participation in the 1990
program are the end year balance and payments received in 1988 for
participation in the 1989 program are the beginning year balance.
Date ______________________________
1989 FARM BUSINESS & NONFARM BALANCE SHEET
Farm Liabilities
Jan, 1
Farm Assets
Dec, 31
& Net Worth
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
Nonfarm Liabilities
& Net Worth
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
Current
Farm cash, checking
& savings
Accounts rec.
Prepaid expense
Feed & supplies
Total
Current
Accounts payable
Operating debt:
Intermediate
Dairy cows:
owned
leased
Heifers
Bulls/other lvstk.
Mach./eq. owned
Mach./eq. leased
FLB/PCA stock
Other stock/cert.
Total
Adv. govt. rec.
Total
Intermediate
Short Term:
Financial lease
(cattle/mach. )
FLB/PCA stock
Total
Long-Term
Long-Term
Land/buildings :
owned
leased
Financial lease
(structures)
Total
Total Farm Liab.
FARM NET WORTH
Total
Total Farm Assets
Nonfarm Assets
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
Personal cash, chkg.
& savings
Cash val. life ins.
Nonfarm real est.
Auto (pres. share)
Stocks & bonds
Household furn.
All other
Total Nonfarm
Nonfarm Liab. :
-------
TOTAL FARM & NONFARM
Total Farm & Nonfarm Assets
Less Total Farm & Nonfarm Liabilities
Farm & Nonfarm Net Worth
Total Nonfarm
Liabilities
Nonfarm
Net Worth
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
10 Balance sheet analysis involves examination of relative asset and debt levels
for the business. Percent equity is calculated by dividing end of year net
worth by end of year assets. The debt to asset ratio is compiled by dividing
liabilities by assets. Low debt to asset ratios reflect business solvency
and the potential capacity to borrow. Debt levels per productive unit
represent old standards that are still useful if used with measures of cash
flow and repayment ability. The change in farm net worth without
appreciation is an excellent indicator of farm generated financial progress.
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS 62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989 My Farm
Average
Item
Financial Ratios - Farm: Percent equity
Debt/asset ratio: total
long-term
intermediate/current
Change in Net Worth:
Without appreciation
With appreciation
Farm Debt Analysis:
Accounts payable as % of total debt
Long-term liabilities as a % of total debt
Current & inter. liab. as a % of total debt
Farm Debt Levels:
Per Cow
Total farm debt
$ 2,145
Long-term debt
1,042
Intermediate & current debt
1,103
71% 0.29 0.28
0.30
$
7,091
36,950
$
$
4%
49%
%
%
%
51%
Per Tillable
Acre Owned
$ 1,374
667
707
Per Tillable
Ac;[e Owneg
$
Pe;[ Cow
$
Farm inventory balance is an accounting of the value of assets used on the
balance sheet and the changes that occur from the beginning to end of year.
Changes in the livestock inventory are included in the dairy analysis. Net
investment indicates whether the capital stock is being expanded (positive)
or depleted (negative).
FARM INVENTORY BALANCE 62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989 It~m
My
Avg. of RegioDal Farms
R.E.
Mach. LEg.
Value beg. of year
$351,775
$107,501
Purchases
$ 14,694*
$ 24,246
$
Gift/inheritance +
0
0
+
+
Lost capital
5,196
Sales
3,372
1,069
Depreciation
7,296
- 13,883
Net investment
9,294
- -1,170
Appreciation
+ 18,289**
+ 1,47~
Value end of year
$368,893
$118,271
Farm
Mach,LEg.
R....L
$
$
$
+
-+
+
-+
+
$
$
*$
185 land and $ 14,509 buildings and/or depreciable improvements.
**Excludes $187 of appreciation on assets sold during the year.
11 Cash Flow Statement
Completing an annual cash flow statement is an important step in
understanding the sources and uses of funds for the business. Understanding
last year's cash flow is the first step toward planning and managing cash
flow for the current and future years.
The annual cash flow statement is structured to compare all the cash
inflows with all the cash outflows for the year. A complete list of cash
inflows and cash outflows are identified in the following table. By
definition, total cash inflows must equal total cash outflows when beginning
and ending balances are included. Any imbalance is, therefore, the error
from incorrect accounting of cash inflows and cash outflows. Whenever an
imbalance exists, all other financial measures may also be in error.
ANNUAL CASH FLOW STATEMENT 62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Item
Average
Cash Inflows
Beginning farm cash, checking & savings
Cash farm receipts
Sale of assets: Machinery
Real estate
Other stock & certificate
Money borrowed (intermediate & long-term)
Money borrowed (short-term)
Increase in operating debt
Nonfarm income
Cash from nonfarm capital used in the business
Money borrowed - nonfarm
Total
Cash Outflows
Cash farm expenses
Capital purchases: Expansion livestock
Machinery
Real estate
Other stock & certificate
Principal payments (intermediate & long-term)
Principal payments (short-term)
Decrease in operating debt
Personal withdrawals & family expenditures
including nonfarm debt payments
Ending farm cash, checking & savings
Total
Imbalance (error)
-
------
--
$
7,240
267,488
1,069
3,309
509
35,948
592
0
6,157
2,596
201
$325,109
$218,827
1,724
24,246
14,694
404
24,639
366
177
29,970
9,596
$324,643
466
$
---- ----------------------------------._-------------------_._­
My Farm
$_--­
$_--­
$_--­
$_--­
$_--­
12 Repayment Analysis
The second step in cash flow analysis is to compare the debt payments
planned for the last year with the amount actually paid. The measures listed
below provide a number of different perspectives on the repayment performance
of the business. However, the critical question to many farmers and lenders
is whether planned payments can be made in 1990. The cash flow projection
worksheet on the next page can be used to estimate repayment ability, which
can then be compared to planned 1990 debt payments shown below.
FARM DEBT PAYMENTS PLANNED Same 48 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1988 & 1989 Avequ~;e
Debt Payments
Long-term
Intermediate-term
Short-term
Operating (net
reduction)
Accounts payable
(net reduction)
Total
1989 Payments
Made
Planned
Planned
1990
$ 12,783
21,499
339
$ 12,856
29,211
490
$ 12,630
27,098
362
716
61
1,270
604
564
1.062
$ 35,941
$ 43,181
$ 42,423
Per cow
$
Per cwt. 1989 milk $
Percent of total
1989 receipts
Percent of 1989
milk receipts
366
2.16
$
$
440
2.60
13%
15%
14%
17%
My Fam
1989 Payments
Planned
Made
Planned
1990
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
The cash flow coveraie ratio measures the ability of the farm business
to meet its planned debt payment schedule. The ratio shows the percentage of
planned payments that could have been made with last year's available cash
flow. Farmers who did not participate in DFBS last year will find in their
report a cash flow coverage ratio based on planned debt payments for 1990.
CASH FLOW COVERAGE RATIO Same 48 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1988 & 1989 Item
Cash farm receipts - Cash farm expenses + Interest paid - Net personal withdrawals from farm** (A) - Amount Available for Debt Service
(B) - Debt Payments Planned for 1989
(as of December 31, 1988)
(A + B) - Cash Flow Coverage Ratio for 1989
My Farm
$276,480
225,397
16,694
26.715
$ 41,062
$_--­
$ 35,941
1.14
$_--­
$_--­
**Personal withdrawals and family expenditures less nonfarm income and
nonfarm money borrowed. If family withdrawals are excluded, or
inaccurately included, the cash flow coverage ra~o will be incorrect.
13
ANNUAL CASH FLOW WORKSHEET
Item
Average number of cows
Accrual Oper. Receipts
Milk
Dairy cattle
Dairy calves
Other livestock
Crops
Misc. receipts
Total
Accrual Oper. Expenses
Hired labor
Dairy grain & conc.
Dairy roughage
Nondairy feed
Mach. hire/rent/lease
Mach. rpr./parts & auto
Fuel, oil & grease
Replacement lvstk.
Breeding
Vet & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease
Other livestock expo
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray/other crop expo
Land, bldg. ,fence repair
Taxes
Real estate rent/lease
Insurance
Utilities
Miscellaneous
Total Less Int. Paid
Regional
Averaie
(per cow)
95
$
2,548
175
46
My Farm
Total
Per Cow
1989
Expected
Change Projection
$_ __
$_-­
$_--­
$_ __
$_-­
$_--­
$_ __
$_­
$._--­
2
$
$
25
75
2,871
266
658
33
1
20
144
67
48
35
59
154
2
106
109
39
39
55
65
62
40
70
30
2,104
$
Net Accrual Operating Income
(total)
(without interest paid)
$ 73,047
- Change in lvstk./crop inv.*
1,387
- Change in accts. rec.
3,776
+ Change in feed/supply inv.**
-2,519
+ Change in accts. payable***
-19
NET CASH FLOW
$ 65,346
- Net personal withdrawals from
farm (see footnote on pg. 12) 2~,6l2
Available for Farm Debt
Payments & Investments
$ 41,734
- Farm debt payments
40,756
Available for Farm Investment
978
$
- Capital purchases: cattle,
machinery & improvements
$ 41,068
Additional Capital Needed
---_$_--­
$_--
$_--­
$_--
$_--­
$
$
$
$
$
$
*Includes change in advance government receipts.
**Includes change in prepaid expenses.
***Excludes change in interest account payable.
-------------------------~.--~->~.----------------------~---------
14 Croppin& Analysis
The cropping program is an important part of the dairy farm business
which is often inadequately managed. A complete evaluation of what the
available land resources are, how they are being used, how well crops are
producing, and what it costs to produce them is required to evaluate
alternative cropping and feed purchasing choices.
LAND RESOURCES AND CROP PRODUCTION 62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Item
Ky Farm
Avera&e
Lang
Tillable
Nontillable
Other nontillable
Total
Owned
153
50
93
296
Crop Yi!i!lds
Hay crop
Corn silage
61
58
Acr!i!s
157
86
1
62
27
5
4
13
9
28
61
6
234
78
13
24
15
35
42
298
~
Other forage
Total forage
Corn grain
Oats
Wheat
Other crops
Tillable pasture
Idle
Total Tillable Acres
Rent!i!g
145
13
21
179
Total
298
63
114
475
Prodt:As;;re
2.48 tn
13.31 tn
4.48 tn
2.50 tn
3.16 tn
102.91 bu
37.48 bu
52.52 bu
~
Acres
DK
DK
DK
DK
Rented
Total
ProdLAcre
tn DK
tn
tn DK
tn DK
tn DK
bu
bu
bu
Average crop acres and yields compiled for the region are for the farms
reporting each crop. Yields of forage crops have been converted to tons of
dry matter using dry matter coefficients reported by the farmers. Grain
production has been converted to bushels of dry grain equivalent based on dry
matter information provided.
The following measures of crop management indicate the relationship
between forage production, forage production resources and the dairy herd.
CROP MANAGEMENT FACTORS 62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989 It!i!m
Total tillable acres per cow
Total forage acres per cow
Harvested forage dry matter, tons per cow
Average
3.13
2.46
7.78
Ky Farm
15 Cropp ins Analysis (continued)
A substantial number of cooperators have allocated crop expenses among
the hay crop, corn, and other crops produced. Fertilizer and lime, seeds and
plants, and spray and other crop expenses have been computed per acre and per
product ion unit for hay and corn. Additional expense items such as fu els,
labor, and machinery repairs are not included.
CROP RELATED ACCRUAL EXPENSES
Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms Reporting, 1989
Total
Per
Till.
Acre
Item
Number of farms
reporting
Average number
of acres
Fertilizer & lime $
Seeds & plants
Spray & other crop
expense
Total
$
All
Corn
Per
Acre
Hay CIOP
Per
Per
Ton DM
ACIe
61
Corn
Silage
Per Ton
DM
Corn
Grain
Per Dry
Shell Bu.
21
21
298
34.82 $
12.55
144
16.22 $
4.95
6.78
2.07
12,44
59.80 $
3,36
24.53 $
1,40
10.25
84
56.37 $
26.69
13.20
6.25
24.62
$ 107.68 $
5.76
25.21
$
$
$
0.61
0.29
0,27
1.16
My Farm:
Fertilizer & lime $ _ ­
Seeds & plants
Spray & other crop
expense
Total
$_­
$_-
$_­
$_-
$_­
$==
$_­
$==
$_­
---
$_­
$_­
Most machinery costs are associated with crop production and should be
analyzed with the crop enterprise. Total machinery expenses include the
major fixed costs (interest and depreciation), as well as the accrual
operating costs. Although machinery costs have not been allocated to
individual crops, they are shown below per total tillable acre.
ACCRUAL MACHINERY EXPENSES
62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989
Average
Per Til.
Total
Expenses
Acre
Machinery
Expense Item
Fuel, oil & grease
Machinery repairs & parts
Machine hire, rent & lease
Auto expense (farm share)
Interest (5%)
Depreciation
Total
6,411
12,908
1,938
817
5,644
13,883
$ 41,601
$
21.49
43.27
6.50
2.74
18.92
46,54
$ 139.45
$
My Farm
Total
Per Til.
Expenses
ACIe
$_--­
$_--­
$_--­
$_-­
16 Dairy Analysis
Analysis of the dairy enterprise can tell a great deal about the
strengths and weaknesses of the dairy farm business. Information on this
page should be used in conjunction with DHI and other dairy production
information. Changes in dairy herd size and market values that occur during
the year are identified in the table below. The change in inventory value
without appreciation is attributed to physical changes in herd size and
quality. Any change in inventory is included as an accrual farm receipt when
calculating all of the profitability measures on pages 6 and 7.
DAIRY HERD INVENTORY 62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989 H~ifers
Dain: Cow§
Value
QRen
No. Value
25 $ 18,440
-1,628
1,851
23 $ 18,669
22 $ 10,073
-277
826
22 $ 10,622
Br~d
Item
Beg. year (owned)
No.
YSllue
95
$ 86,852
3,178
6,961
$ 96,991
+ Change w/o apprec.
+ Appreciation
End year (owned)
End incl. leased
Average number
97
98
95
No.
Ca1v~s
No.
Value
24 $
5,349
401
471
6,221
26 $
71 (all age groups)
My Farm:
Beg. of year (owned)
+ Change w/o apprec.
+ Appreciation
End of year (owned)
End including leased
Average number
$_­
$_'­
$_­
$_­
$_­
$_­
$_­
$_­
(all age groups)
Total milk sold and milk sold per cow are extremely valuable measures
of productivity on the dairy farm. These measures of milk output are based
on pounds of milk marketed during the year. Farm managers on DHI should
compare milk sold per cow with their rolling herd average on the test date
nearest December 31 to see how close the DHI estimate of milk produced is to
actual milk sales.
MILK PRODUCTION
62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989
Item
Total milk sold, 1bs.
Milk sold per cow, 1bs.
Average milk plant test, percent butterfat
Average
1,608,518
16,900
3.68
My Farm
17 The cost of producing milk has been compiled using the whole farm method and
is featured in the following table. Accrual receipts from milk sales can be
compared with the accrual costs of producing milk per cow and per
hundredweight of milk. Using the whole farm method, operating costs of
producing milk are estimated by deducting nonmi1k accrual receipts from total
accrual operating expenses including expansion livestock purchased. Total
costs of producing milk include the operating costs of producing milk plus
depreciation on machinery and buildings, the value of operators' labor and
management, and the interest charge for using equity capital. Note that the
cost of labor, management, and equity capital has been excluded in the
intermediate calculation.
ACCRUAL RECEIPTS FROM DAIRY AND COST OF PRODUCING MILK
62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989
~
Av~rage
Item
Acclual CQst§ of
ProQucing Milk
Operating costs
Total costs w/o
opers' labor,
mgmt. & capital
Total Costs
Accrual Receipt§
From Hilk
Total
Per Cow
Per Cwt.
Total
Fam
Per Cow
Per Cwt.
$187,894
$
1,974
$
11.68
$
$
$
$211,734
$264,598
$
$
2,225
2,780
$
$
13.16
16.45
$
$
$
$
$
$
$242,473
$
2,548
$
15.07
$
$
$
The accrual operating expenses most commonly associated with the dairy
enterprise are listed in the table below. Evaluating these costs per unit of
production enables an evaluation of the dairy enterprise.
DAIRY RELATED ACCRUAL EXPENSES
62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms,
~989
Average
Item
Purchased dairy grain
& concentrates
Purchased dairy roughage
Total Purchased
Dairy Feed
Purchased grain & conc.
as % of milk receipts
Purchased feed & crop expo
Purchased feed & crop expo
as % of milk receipts
Breeding
Veterinary & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease
Other livestock expense
Per Cow
$
658
690
$
878
$
35
59
154
2
106
Per ,Cow
Per Cwt.
$
3.89
0,19
$
$
$
4.08
$
$
$
5.19
$
--% $
$
0.21
0.35
0.91
0.01
0.63
$
-­
---ll
$
My Farm
Per Cwt.
26%
34%
%
$
18
Capital and Labor Efficiency Analysis
Capital efficiency factors measure how intensively the capital is being
used in the farm business. Measures of labor efficiency are key indicators
of management's success in generating products per unit of labor input.
CAPITAL EFFICIENCY 62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Per
Worker
Item
Farm capital
Real estate
Machinery & equipment
Capital turnover, years
My Farm:
Farm capital
Real estate
Machinery & equipment
Capital turnover, years
Per Tillable
Acre
Per
Cow
$234,905
$
38,197
7,374
3,790
1,199
$
2,353
Per Tillable
Acre Owned
$
4,587
2,358
383
2.32
$_-­
$_-­
$_-- $_-­
LABOR FORCE INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS 62 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Labor Force Months
Age
Years of
of Educ.
12
45
38
34
13
13
13
Operator number 1
Operator number 2
Operator number 3
Family paid
Family unpaid
Hired
Total
4
1
5
4
11
36 + 12 ­
+
Labor
Efficiency
Cows, average number
Milk sold, pounds
Tillable acres
Work units
LabQr Co§ts
Value of operator(s)
labor ($l,050/mo.) $
Family unpd.($750/mo.)
Hired
Total Labor
$
Machinery Cost
$
Total Labor & Mach.
$
95
1,-608,518
298
994
16,986
2,661
25,306
44,954
41,601
86,555
Worker Equivalent
------ Operator/Manager Equiv.
Average
Per Worker
Total
Tot~l
12 ­
178
28
~
$
$
$
472
437
909
My Farm
Total
Per Worker
32
538,343
100
333
Average Per
Per
Til, Acre
~ow
$
$ 20,643
6,401
1,000
2.99 Worker Equivalent
1.34 Operator/Manager Equiv.
+ 12 ­
My Farm: Total
Operator's
Value of
Labor & Mgmt.
$56.94
8.92
84.83
$150.69
$139.45
$290.14
Total
My FaIl!
Per
Per
Cg!i
Iil. Aq;:e
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
19 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS
Progress of the Farm Business
Comparing your business with average data from regional DFBS coopera­
tors that participated in both of the last two years is one part of a
business checkup. It is equally important for you to determine the progress
your business has made over the past two or three years and to set targets or
goals for the future.
PROGRESS OF THE FARM BUSINESS
Same 48 Northern Hudson Region Dairy Farms, 1988 & 1989
Average of 48 Farms*
1988
1989
Selected Factors
Size of Business
98
98
Average number of cows
Average number of heifers
72
72
1,600,818 1,660,813
Milk sold, 1bs.
Worker equivalent
2.95
3.02
Total tillable acres
292
304
Rates of Production
Milk sold per cow, 1bs.
Hay DM per acre, tons
Corn silage per acre, tons
Labor Efficiency
Cows per worker
Milk sold/worker, 1bs.
Cost Control
Grain & conc. purchased
as % of milk sales
Dairy feed & crop expo
per cwt. milk
Labor & mach. costs/cow
Capital Efficiency** Farm capital per cow Mach. & equip. per cow Capital turnover, years 16,356
2.72
14
16,911
2.44
33
541,757
33
550,103
26%
$
$
4.97
807
$
$
6,906
1,122
2.35
$
$
$
5.18
910
7,291
1,223
2.29
Profitability Net farm inc. w/o apprec. $ 34,458 $ 35,372
Net farm inc. w/apprec. $ 63,372 $ 65,951
Labor & mgt. income per oper./manager
$ 6,314 $ 5,229
Rate of return on eq.
capital w/apprec.
7.57%
6.82%
Rate of return on all
capital w/apprec.
7.12%
7.21%
Financial Summary
Farm net worth, end year
$496,890 $529,917
Debt to asset ratio
0.29
0.28
Farm debt per cow
$ 2,037 $ 2,083
*Farms participating both years.
My Farm
1989
Goal
13
27%
$
1988
--_%
--_%
--_%
$_ __
$_-_$_-­
$- - - - $
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
$-~-$-~­
$
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
$_-_$_-­
$
$_-­
$_-­
$
$_-­
--_%
--_%
--_%
--_%
--_%
--_%
$_-­
$_-_$_-­
$_-­
$
**Average for the year.
$_-­
20 Farm Business Charts
The Farm Business Chart is a tool which can be used in analyzing a
business by drawing a line through the figure in each column which represents
the current level of management performance. The figure at the top of each
column is the average of the top 10 percent of the 406 farms for that factor.
The other figures in each column are the average for the second 10 percent,
third 10 percent, etc. Each column of the chart is independent of the others.
The farms which are in the top 10 percent for one factor would not necessarily
be the same farms which make up the top 10 percent for any other factor.
The cost control factors are ranked
is not necessarily the most profitable.
position is somewhere near the middle or
of costs, and must be taken into account
from low to high, but the lowest cost
In some cases, the "best" management
average. Many things affect the level
when analyzing the factors.
References to DFBS output page numbers for participating dairy farmers are
provided in the table headings.
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR FARM MANAGEMENT COOPERATORS
406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988
Size of Busi.ness Worker
No.
Pounds
Equivof
Milk
alent
~ows
Sold
(DFBS
pg. 10)
(10)
(10)
302
7.6
5,478,274
4.5
150
2,555,561
3.6
118
1,965,272
3.2
99
1,667,766
2.9
84
1,377,121
Rates of Prgduct!on
Pounds
Tons
Tons Corn
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
Per Cow
DMLA!::;t:e Per Acre
(9)
20,561
18,872
18,058
17,409
16,886
(8)
4.2
3.5
3.1
2.9
2.6
(8)
21
18
16
15
15
LabQr Effici.ency
Cows
Pounds
Per
Milk Sold
Worker
Per Worker
(10)
50
40
36
33
31
(10)
832,165
666,980
603,280
561,713
514,877
-------------------------------------------------.-----------------------------­
2.6
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.3
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
(9)
$286 401
463
522
572
72
62
55
47
36
1,156,002
1,000,552
857,485
716,763
542,182
% Feed is
of Milk
ReceiPts
(9)
14%
20
23
26
27
16,298
15,785
15,024
14,142
11,650
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.2
Cost Control
Machinery
Labor 6.
Costs
Machinery
~ost§ Per CQw
P~r ~Qw
(10)
(10)
$219
$ 500
282
618
324
682
358
726
387
763
14
29
27
25
22
17
13
12
11
8
Feed 6. Crop
Expenses
Per COli
(9) $ 449
564
623
678
735
467,076
432,494
397,092
347,768
266,376
Feed 6. Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt, Milk
(9)
$3.00 3.64 3.93 4.22 4.49 -~------------------------.--------------------------- --------------------------
615
655
700
767
886
29
31
32
35
39
415
442
480
539
664
805
854
919
1,000
1,142
785
824
874
939
1,086
4.71
4.94
5.19
5.54
6.47
21 The next section of the Farm Business Chart provides for comparative
analysis of the value and costs of dairy production.
The profitability section shows the variation in farm income by decile and
enables a dairy farmer to determine where he or she ranks by using several
measures of farm profitability. Remember that each column is independently
established and the farms making up the top decile in the first column will not
necessarily be on the top of any other column. The dairy farmer who ranks at or
near the top of most of these columns is in a very enviable position.
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR FARM MANAGEMENT COOPERATORS 406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988 Dairy
Receipts
Per Cow
(9)
$2,974
2,723
2,594
2,496
2,413
2,339
2,251
2,149
1,984
1,663
Dairy
Receipts
fer CHt.
(9)
$16.53
15.33
14.89
14.62
14.37
Oper. Cost
Milk
Per CQw
(9)
$ 878
1,170
1,309
1,409
1,506
14.17
13.98
13.72
13.30
12.65
Oper. Cost
Milk
f~r Cwt,
(9)
5.97
$
7.50
8.18
8.72
9.19
1,588
1,671
1,775
1,923
2,122
Total Cost
Production
PeI Cow
(9)
$1,697
1,980
2,092
2,206
2,303
Total Cost
Production
P~r Cwt.
(9)
$11.22
12.42
13.03
13.45
13.85
2,383
2,489
2,613
2,749
3,085
14.45
14.93
15.68
16.59
19.26
9.62
10.06
10.51
11.11
12.96
Profitability
Net Farm Income
With
Without
ARRres:;iation
ARRrecil:t;ion
(3)
(3)
$191,562
$152,016
91,674
64,178
71,488
47,392
59,330
39,075
48,938
32,619
40,055
32,386
24,193
16,077
-5
25,596
20,332
13,859
6,208
-11,890
Return to Operator's Labor,
Labor & Manlgement Income MaDIgem~Dt. ~ Eguit~ CaR it l1
With
Without
Per
Per
ARRreciatiQn
ARRr§!~iation
OReIator
faIm
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
$150,408
$100,436
$190,109
$82,939
89,579
36,434
62,028
27,820
45,854
69,860
25,726
19,437
14,022
57,028
37,325
19,032
10,174
47,001
30,813
13,156
38,398
30,714
21,562
13,720
-1,766
24,169
17,339
11,857
3,924
-13,815
7,890
2,740
-4,487
-11,265
-33,523
6,156
2,308
-3,781
-9,151
-34,040
Farm Business Charts for farms with freesta11 barns and 120 cows or less
and more than 120 cows, and farms with conventional barns with 60 cows or less
and more than 60 cows are discussed in the section on pages 23-28.
22 Financial Analysis Chart
The farm financial analysis chart is designed just like the Farm Business
Chart and may be used to measure the financial health of the farm business.
Most of the financial measures used in the chart are defined on pages 7, 10, 12,
and 18 of this publication. References to DFBS output page numbers for
participating dairy farmers are provided in the table headings.
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS CHART 406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988 Debt Payments
Mad~ Pe;k C2W
(DFBS pg. 7)
$
Liguidity !~~2a~entl
Debt Payments
Cash Flow
as Percent
Coverage
2f Milk R~~eiRts
RaUo
(7)
(7)
61
203
293
373
435
494
563
639
742
1,161
3%
9
14
18
20
23
27
31
36
59
5.65
1.84
1.42
1.21
1.09
0.96
0.83
0.68
0.52
-0.29
Solvency
D~btLAsset
Ratio
Long
Te;km
Available for
Debt Service
Pe;k Cow
(11)
$845
660
572
510
462
415
361
300
222
-23
Debt
fe~ COl!!
(5)
$
112
660
1,196
1,585
1,941
2,264
2,630
2,995
3,465
4,687
Efficiency ~ P;kofitabi1ity
Total
Capital
Rate of
Farm Cap.
Turnover
Return on
Eguity CaR.
Pe~ Cow
!yea;k§}
Percent
Eguity
(DFBS
pg. 5)
Current &
(5)
(5)
(10)
(10)
(3)
98%
90
82
75
69
65
58
52
43
28
0.01
0.04
0.10
0.17
0.23
0.29
0.36
0.41
0.50
0.73
0.00
0.01
0.12
0.24
0.33
0.45
0.54
0.63
0.77
1.20
$4,110
4,849
5,231
5,620
5,989
6,334
6,806
7,358
8,214
10,357
1.51
1.81
1. 98
2.13
2.29
2.43
2.56
2.73
3.05
3.91
25%
13
10
Int~;kmediate
8
6
4
2
0
-4
-16
Summarize Y2ur Business Performance
The Farm Business and Financial Analysis Charts can be used to help
identify strengths and weaknesses of your farm business. Identify three major
strengths and three areas of your farm business that need improvement.
Strengths:
Need Improvement:
23 Comparisons by Type of Barn and Herd
Si~e
When analyzing a dairy farm business by comparing it to a group of farms,
it is important that the group of farms used has as many of the same physical
characteristics as possible as the farm being analyzed. To assist in this
endeavor, dairy farms in the 1988 State Summaryl have been divided into those
with freestall and those with conventional housing. Within each group is a
further classification by size of the dairy herd.
The table on page 24 shows the average values for the resulting four
groups of dairy farms. Within each housing type, the larger herd size has the
highest crop yields and pounds of milk sold per cow. The total cost of
producing milk was lower on the larger farms and labor efficiency greater.
Profitability was also greater on the larger farms within each housing type.
Farm business charts have been computed for each of the four housing and
herd size categories. References to DFBS output page numbers for participating
dairy farmers are provided in the table headings. From these charts on pages
25-28 the range in size of business, rates of production, labor efficiency,
value and cost of producing milk, and profitability can be observed. The range
in every category of business performance is tremendous.
By comparing the farm's performance on the most appropriate business
chart, a farm manager will be better able to evaluate his or her business
performance. Farm managers should remember, however, that their competition is
not limited to the other farms in their own barn type and herd size category.
They should observe how their management performance compares with farms in
other categories as well.
Herd Size Comparisons
A detailed comparison of profitability, financial situation, and business
analysis factors across herd sizes is contained on pages 29-36. As herd size
increases, the average profitability also increases (pages 29-30). Net farm
income without appreciation was $233,809 per farm for the 300 or more herd size
group and $12,875 per farm for those with less than 40 cows. This relationship
holds for all measures of profitability including rate of return on equity
capital.
As herd size increases, percent equity generally decreases (pages 31-34).
However, farm net worth increases substantially as herd size increases. The
average net worth for all size farms increased during 1988.
Crop yields generally increased as herd size increased, but fertilizer and
lime expenses and machinery cost per tillable acre also increased (pages 35-36).
Milk sold per cow generally increased as herd size increased, ranging from
15,833 pounds on the farms with 40 to 54 cows to 19,113 pounds on farms with 300
or more cows. Farm capital per worker increased as herd size increased, while
farm capital per cow decreased as herd size increased. Cows per worker
increased dramatically as herd size increased, ranging from 20 at the lowest
herd size category up to 45 at the largest size category.
lSmith. Stuart F., Wayne A. Knoblauch, and Linda D. Putnam, Dairy Farm
Management Business Summary. New York. 1988, Department of Agricultural
Economics, Cornell University, A.E. Res. 89-12, August 1989.
--~---~.-
-----------­
24 SELECTED BUSINESS FACTORS BY TYPE OF BARN AND HERD SIZE 406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988 Farms with:
Item
Conv~ntlQnftl
~60 ~Qw§
Number of farms
CrORRin& PIO&ram An~lxsis
Total Tillable acres
Tillable acres rented*
Hay crop acres*
Corn silage acres*
Hay crop, tons DM/acre
Corn silage, tons/acre
Oats, bushels/acre
Forage DM per cow, tons
Tillable acres/cow
Fert. & lime exp./ti1. acre
Total machinery costs
Machinery cost/tillable acre
>~O
COWl!
117
139
149
45
96
28
2.2
12.8
39.4
7.3
3.2
$21. 87
$18,754
$126
292
98
168
55
2.5
14.0
48.7
7.8
3.4
$24.92
$35,266
$121
Dairx Ana1xsis
Number of cows
46
35
Number of heifers
Milk sold, 1bs.
745,373
Milk sold/cow, 1bs.
16,150
Operating cost of prod. mi1k/cwt.
$9.49
Total cost of prod. mi1k/cwt.
$15.35
Price/cwt. milk sold
$12.90
Purchased dairy feed/cow
$620
Purchased dairy feed/cwt. milk
$3.84
Purc. grain & conc. as % milk rec.
28%
Purc. feed & crop exp./cwt. milk
$4.59
~l20
Free§t5!l1
Cows
>120 Cows
85
65
259
85
133
59
2.5
14.7
40.9
7.5
3.1
$29.68
$37,311
$144
560
209
237
181
2.9
14.3
45.3
7.2
2.6
$34.57
$82,010
$146
1,428,224
16,485
$9.25
$13.97
$12.88
$587
$3.56
27%
$4.47
84
69
1,381,093
16,496
$9.36
$14.14
$13.03
$608
$3.68
27%
$4.67
171
3,797,957
17 ,468
$9.64
$12.88
$13 .15
$660
$3.78
28%
$4.70
87
72
217
CaRit~l
Efficiencx
Farm capital/worker
Farm capital/cow
Farm capital/til. acre owned
Real estate/cow
Machinery investment/cow
Capital turnover, years
$165,397
$6,874
$3,050
$3,637
$1,242
2.58
$190,032
$6,367
$2,829
$3,056
$1,186
2.38
$191,181
$6,391
$3,075
$2,944
$1,264
2.33
$220,397
$5,688
$3,523
$2,574
$915
1.97
Labor Efflci~ncx
Worker equivalent
Operator/manager equivalent
Milk sold/worker, 1bs.
Cows/worker
Work units/worker
Labor cost/cow
Labor cost/tillable acre
1.92
1.17
388,601
24
252
$427
$132
2.90
1.44
492,003
30
325
$390
$115
2.80
1.40
493,473
30
322
$388
$126
5.61
1.43
676,903
39
395
$431
$167
$32,593
$8,213
$1,935
70%
$31,035
$8,928
$2,265
65%
$86,118
$31,202
$2,018
65%
Profltabl1itx ~ B~lance She~t
Net farm income (w/o apprec.)
Labor & mgmt. income/operator
Farm debt/cow
Percent equity
An~lxsis
$15,113
$2,387
$2,424
65%
*Average of all farms, not only those reporting data.
25
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR SMALL CONVENTIONAL STALL DAIRY FARM
117 Conventional Stall Dairy Farms with 60 or Less Cows, New York, 1988
~Uze
Worker
Equiv­
alent
(DFBS pg. 10)
of By§ines§
Pounds
No.
of
Milk
Sold
~g!iS
3.0
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.0
(10)
(10)
58
56
54
51
49
1,069,621
952,284
883,230
828,725
760,558
Rates of Prodyct1gn
Pounds
Tons
Tons Corn
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
Pel: ~2ll!:
DMLAS:l:e fel: ACl:~
(9)
20,399
18,512
17,716
17,216
16,604
Labor
Cows
Per
Worker
(8)
(8)
(10)
40
33
29
27
25
20
18
17
15
14
3.8
3.1
2.8
2.6
2.4
Effis;<1e!lc~
Pounds
Milk Sold
Per HOl:k~r
(10) 672 ,046
562,928
469,994
433,894
414,271
-------------~---------------------------------------- --------------------------
46
43
40
37
29
2.0
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.0
716,896
676,549
628,044
566,471
427,103
Grain
Bought
Pel: ~ow
(9)
% Feed is
$318
418
466
518
554
23%
28
31
33
35
of Milk
Receiuts
(9)
16,054
15,273
14,721
13,809
11,901
2.3
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.2
12
10
10
7
Cost Control
Machinery
Labor &
Costs
Machinery
Co§ts P~l: Cgl1:
P~l: ~ow
(10)
(10)
$197
250
315
364
392
$
24
23
21
19
15
13
554
692
755
804
841
385,463
353,856
330,435
292,749
226,460
Feed & Crop
Expenses
fer ~ow
(9)
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt. Milk
(9)
455
550
600
644
713
$3.02
3.57
3.93
4.22
4.47
$
--------------------------------~--------------------- --------------------------
593
641
710
781
896
Ya1u~
Milk
Receipts
Per Cow
(9)
$2,631
2,411
2,289
2,200
2,122
36
38
40
44
50
426
451
488
538
647
and ~ost of frodyct1Qn
Oper. Cost
Total Cost
Milk
Production
Per Cwt.
P~r Cwt,
(9)
(9)
$ 6.23
7.69
8.23
8.68
9.22
$12.22
13.25
14.00
14.57
15.09
759
812
872
952
1,092
899
941
1,013
1,069
1,192
4.68
4.90
5.18
5.58
6.70
~rofi tabUi t~
Net Fal:l!! InS;<Qme
With
Without
ADures;<.
Auu rec ,
(3)
(3)
$66,048
45,717
38,199
31,413
27,367
$40,605
31,042
24,592
20,824
16,987
Labol: & Mgmt. Income
Per Ouer.
Per FaD!!
(3)
(3)
$26,515
18,240
12,447
8,024
5,314
$25,175
15,171
10,259
6,890
4,522
--------------.---------------------------------------------------.------------­
2,064
1,975
1,886
1,756
1,545
9.64
10.09
10.53
11.26
13.48
15.62
16.24
16.70
17.41
21.06
22,397
19,247
16,846
10,388
-402
13,416
9,008
6,522
2,017
-9,679
2,240
-1,921
-5,605
-9,948
-24,960
2,113
-1,703
-5,125
-8,298
-21,802
26
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR LARGE CONVENTIONAL STALL DAIRY FARMS
139 Conventional Stall Dairy Farms with More Than 60 Cows, New York, 1988
Siz~
Worker
Equiv­
of
~!.!sin~ss
a1~nt
No.
of
CQws
Pounds
Milk
Sold
(DFBS Pg. 10)
(10)
(10)
4.7
3.7
3.3
3.1
2.9
141
112
98
93
83
2,455,689
1,887,601
1,724,659
1,531,719
1,396,207
Rates of Produ~tion
Pounds
Tons
Tons Corn
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
Per Cow
Per acre
DHLA~re
Labor
Cows
Per
Wo;r;:ker
(9)
(8)
(10)
(10) 19,800
18,638
18,106
17,463
16,959
4.1
3.5
3.1
2.8
2.6
47
38
35
33
31
755,830
651,861
591,353
541,449
510,816
(8)
21
17
16
15
15
l;;ffic;lJm~;:L
Pounds
Milk Sold
Pi\r WQrkilr
-----------------------------------------------------.-------------------------­
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.1
1.8
78
73
67
64
61
1,286,389
1,172,462
1,086,160
992,080
822,664
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
(9)
% Feed is
of Milk
Receia ts
(9)
$272
371
433
502
565
24%
28
30
32
33
16,331
15,846
15,340
14,294
11,490
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.2
12
11
8
Cost Control
Labor &
Machinery
Costs
Machinery
Per Cow
CQ§t§ Per CQw
(10)
(10)
$221
285
327
358
391
29
28
26
23
19
14
13
476,869
445,549
410,818
373,760
293,815
Feed & Crop
Expenses
Per Cow
(9)
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt. HUk
(9)
$429
541
607
658
701
$3.01
3.57
3.82
4.02
4.27
$526
647
698
750
787
---------------------------~------------------------~- ---------.----.----------.
605
648
700
757
883
Va1u~
Milk
Receipts
Per Cow
(9)
35
37
39
41
48
418
441
475
519
660
ang CQst Qf P;r;:oduction
Oper. Cost
Total Cost
Milk
Production
Per Cwt.
Per Cwt,
(9)
(9)
838
879
939
1,035
1,173
751
801
847
915
1,068
4.53
4.77
5.03
5.36
6.14
PrQfitabilit;:L
Net [arm Incom~
With
Without
Labor ~ Mgmt. In~ome
Per Doer,
P~r Farm
Aaa rec ,
Aaa rec ,
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
$2,590
2,425
2,339
2,256
2,174
$ 6.33
7.33
7.95
8.42
8.91
$11.06
12.27
12.97
13.28
13.58
$113,623
79,373
67,707
59,750
51,694
$69,808
54,563
46,491
41,639
35,314
$45,158
33,225
26,185
20,956
16,765
$40,726
23,975
19,075
15,497
11,634
2,120
9.27
9.76
10.27
10.94
12.89
14.05
14.55
15.13
16.09
18.79
46,333
40,463
34,299
24,116
2,703
31,497
26,457
21,668
11,595
*10,487
11,988
6,807
-1,047
-9,842
-30,954
8,446
4,985
-585
-7,205
-21,750
2,024
1,940
1,820
1,480
27
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR SMALL FREESTALL DAIRY FARMS
65 Freesta11 Barn Dairy Farms with 120 or Less Cows, New York, 1988
Size of Business
Worker
Pounds
No.
Equiv­
of
Milk
alent
Cows
Sold
(DFBS
pg. 10) (10)
(10)
115
108
105
100
92
4.2
3.5
3.3
3.1
3.0
R§t~s
Pounds
Milk Sold
PeI Cow
(9)
2,135,755
1,909,121
1,771,060
1,688,234
1,505,063
20,957
19,580
18,347
17,512
16,867
of fIOduction
Tons Corn
Tons
Hay Crop Silage
DM/Acre fer Acre
(8)
Labor Efficiency
Cows
Pounds
Milk Sold
Per
Worker
Per WOIker
(10)
(8)
21
20
18
16
15
3.9
3.4
3.1
2.9
2.8
46
39
36
34
31
(10)
738,383
637,748
582,787
559,711
525,414
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.8
2.6
2.3
2.1
1.6
84
78
70
59
42
1,365,945
1,191,775
1,061,328
872,566
610,624
Grain
Bought
Per CQw
(9)
% Feed is
of Milk
RecelRts
(9)
$258
416
454
511
583
23%
28
31
35
37
16,271
15,778
14,891
13,601
11,393
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.6
1.1
12
11
8
Cost Control
Machinery
Labor &
Costs
Machinery
PeI Cow
Costs Per Cow
(10)
(10)
$234
302
346
369
396
$
29
28
27
25
18
15
14
530
662
719
767
807
474,472
455,536
429,339
376,468
277,940
Feed & Crop
Expenses
fer Cow
(9)
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt, Milk
(9)
480
587
629
685
761
$2.91
3.65
3.98
4.47
4.78
$
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------635
672
712
781
883
38
40
41
44
53
Va1u~
Milk
Receipts
Per Cow
(9)
439
510
561
603
767
gnd CQst of ProductiQD
Oper. Cost
Total Cost
Milk
Production
Per Cwt.
PeI Cwt.
(9)
(9)
$2,677
2,502
2,361
2,269
2,175
$ 5.99
7.65
8.34
8.71
9.29
$11.76
12.36
13.01
13.42
14.01
852
900
1,036
1,153
1,344
800
839
896
995
1,152
5.00
5.28
5.51
5.89
6.95
PrQfi t§bili ty
Nsat F§D!! lnscomsa
With
Without
LabQr §! Msmt. Incomsa
Ayyrec.
Per FaD!!
PeI Oyer,
ARJ2rec,
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
$122,057
86,612
72,241
60,248
51,410
$80,538
59,942
46,332
40,507
36,770
$50,935
36,940
27,220
22,245
16,212
$41,222
28,176
20,081
14,792
11,783
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2,106
2,060
1,965
1,792
1,567
- . - ..
9.77
10.07
10.61
11.56
13.45
-~~-
- - - - - - - --
14.68
15.56
16.33
17 .14
18.97
----.~
-.---~-~-
43,786
33,786
22,275
11,783
226
28,683
21,707
15,781
9,142
-13,498
12,431
7,906
-1,726
-10,710
-24,719
9,286
5,326
-1,838
-7,666
-22,741
28
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR LARGE FREESTALL DAIRY FARMS
85 Freesta11 Barn Dairy Farms with More Than 120 Cows, New York, 1988
Size of Businil§S
Worker
No.
Pounds
Equiv­
of
Milk
alent
Cows
Sold
(DFBS
pg. 10) (10)
(10)
R~tes of frggyctigD
Pounds
Tons
Tons Corn
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
p~[ Cgw
fer ACril
DMLA~[e
(9)
(8)
Labor
Cows
Per
Eff1cieD~~
Pounds
Milk Sold
Per Wgrker
Work~r
(8)
(10)
(10)
12.1
7.7
6.5
6.0
5.4
532
309
253
224
194
10,258,979
5,748,053
4,450,040
3,683,829
3,237,071
21,283
19,739
18,818
17,827
17,274
4.8
4.1
3.8
3.4
3.1
19
18
17
16
15
60
47
44
41
39
1,027,141
839,146
742,700
685,010
648,889
4.8
4.2
3.9
3.6
2.9
173
153
136
127
121
2,920,311
2,550,953
2,313,893
2,088,296
1,660,164
16,940
16,266
15,745
14,707
12,411
2.9
2.6
2.4
2.1
1.5
14
13
12
11
10
37
34
33
31
27
613 ,465
579,478
555,146
510,554
423,675
Grain
Bought
Per COli
(9)
% Feed is
of Milk
R!;!cei];!ts
(9)
$316
454
527
587
623
24%
30
32
34
36
Cost Control
Machinery
Labor &
Costs
Machinery
Cg§ts fer Cgw
fet !;;;gw
(10)
(10)
$263
295
320
349
382
543
642
726
756
784
$
Feed & Crop
Expenses
feJ;: Cow
(9)
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt. Milk
(9)
487
644
737
775
811
$3.17
3.97
4.32
4.53
4.71
$
------------------.------------~---------------------- --------------------------
653
675
702
776
897
37
39
41
42
47
407
423
453
507
617
831
900
947
989
1,093
839
869
912
949
1,057
V~lue ~nd
Milk
Receipts
Per Cow
(9)
$2,767
2,585
2,466
2,365
2,293
!;;;ost gf PJ;:gductioD
Oper. Cost
Total Cost
Milk
Production
Per Cwt.
Pet Cwt,
(9)
(9)
$ 5.23
7.66
8.92
9.39
9.85
$10.40
11.77
12.33
12.87
13.20
4.91
5.13
5.30
5.60
6.31
Prgfit~bi,lit~
Net Farm In~ome
With
Without
A];!];!r~~,
~];!re~.
LaboJ;:
~
Mgmt. In~gme
Per O];!er,
(3)
P~J;: F~m
(3)
(3)
(3)
$367,659
223,987
158,470
123,985
105,605
$308,013
166,492
114,554
87,002
71,945
$225,699
115,331
69,277
50,003
39,841
$195,726
74,508
48,997
37,563
24,763
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2,232
2,145
2,045
1,949
1,650
10.29
10.51
10.77
11.11
12.23
13.63
13.88
14.36
14.85
16.60
90,906
74,583
63,368
41,941
12,620
62,101
44,749
33,199
20,940
-12,543
27,489
15,425
-177
-15,048
-50,857
18,851
12,052
133
-12,035
-43,219
29
FARM BUSINESS SUMMARY BY HERD SIZE
406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988
Item
Farm Size:
Number of farms
Less than
40 Cows
29
40 to
54 Cows
55 to
69 Cows
70 to
84 Cows
85 to
99 Cows
67
81
53
36
ACCRUA~ EKfENSE~
Hired labor
Dairy grain & concentrate
Dairy roughage
Nondairy feed
Machine hire/rent/lease
Machine repairs/parts
Auto expense (farm share)
Fuel, oil & grease
Replacement livestock
Breeding
Veterinary & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease/rent
Other livestock expense
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray & other crop expense
Landjbui1ding/fence repair
Taxes & rent
Telephone & electricity
Interest paid
Misc. (including insurance)
Total Operating Expenses
Expansion livestock
Machinery depreciation
Building depreciation
Total Accrual Expenses
$ 2,392
18,877
2,095
348
915
3,293
469
1,554
1,926
1,104
1,269
3,505
10
2,963
1,698
732
718
1,398
2,979
2,877
6,223
2,576
$59,921
672
4,924
2,41:2
$67,932
$
4,607
27,003
1,749
144
1,517
4,837
415
2,208
1,023
1,568
1,675
4,900
52
4,874
3,465
1,340
1,021
1,478
5,209
3,635
9,444
3,13:2
$ 85,299
337
6,528
3,513
$ 95,737
$
9,317
34,299
916
263
1,421
7,323
687
3,423
1,516
2,064
2,645
5,727
0
5,534
5,162
1,961
1,713
2,359
6,374
4,572
10,280
4,550
$112,106
176
9,639
4,964
$126,885
$ 14,404
43,702
1,524
685
1,436
8,357
665
4,240
1,318
2,436
3,397
7,365
352
6,974
6,944
2,953
2,178
2,200
7,877
5,304
12,466
5,601
$142,378
537
11,715
5,960
$160,590
$ 19,414
56,902
580
63
1,229
13,107
781
5,632
1,523
3,102
4,035
7,354
14
9,024
8,272
3,680
3,045
3,661
8,324
5,994
15,535
6,31:2
$177,586
1,253
15,214
6,460
$200,513
ACCRUAL RECEIPT~
Milk sales
Dairy cattle
Dairy calves
Other livestock
Crops
Misc. receipts
Total Accrual Receipts
$69,058
6,296
1,809
479
1,936
1,230
$80,807
$ 96,366
7,934
2,074
131
977
J.258
$110,742
$126,139
10,340
2,580
115
2,558
4.97§
$146,708
$162,315
15,094
2,899
369
4,576
:2.572
$190,826
$206,315
18,421
3,494
318
4,331
§,31§
$239,195
$12,875
$20,258
$2,331
1.10
$2,119
$15,005
$28,129
$3,228
1.16
$2,782
$19,823
$33,894
$3,284
1.36
$2,415
$30,236
$45,986
$11,721
1.41
$8,313
$38,682
$61,521
$17,960
1.31
$13,710
PROFITABILIIX ANALY~IS
Net farm income (w/o apprec.)
Net farm income (w/apprec.)
Labor & mgmt. income
Number of operators
Labor & mgmt. inc./oper.
Rates of return on:
Equity capital w/o apprec.
Equity capital w/apprec.
All capital w/o apprec.
All capital w/apprec.
-4.3%
0.0%
-0.4%
2.5%
-4.0%
2.8%
0.5%
4.7%
-2.6%
2.2%
0.6%
3.9%
0.5%
5.2%
2.9%
6.1%
2.9%
9.1%
4.7%
8.9%
30
FARM BUSINESS SUMMARY BY HERD SIZE
406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988
Item
Farm Size:
100 to
149 Cows
150 to
199 Cows
81
25
ACCRUAL EXPENSES
Hired labor
Dairy grain & concentrate
Dairy roughage
Nondairy feed
Machine hire/rent/lease
Machine repairs/parts
Auto expense (farm share)
Fuel, oil & grease
Replacement livestock
Breeding
Veterinary & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease/rent
Other livestock expense
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray & other crop expense
Land/bui1ding/fence repair
Taxes & rent
Telephone & electricity
Interest paid
Misc. (including insurance)
Total Operating Expenses
Expansion livestock
Machinery depreciation
Building depreciation
Total Accrual Expenses
$ 25,129
68,636
1,652
301
3,137
14,690
606
7,046
1,505
3,404
4,970
11,218
112
10,996
10,849
4,544
4,179
3,965
12,154
7,515
20,245
7.728
$224,581
1,445
16,826
8.646
$251,498
$ 52,976
107,553
1,725
ACCRUAL RECEIPTS
Milk sales
Dairy cattle
Dairy calves
Other livestock
Crops
Misc. receipts
Total Accrual Receipts
$256,607
19,533
4,526
556
6,714
10.966
$298,902
$376,291
33,320
6,676
472
9,520
18.255
$444,533
$47,404
$71,193
$20,551
1.48
$13,886
$52,624
$100,639
$16,348
1.56
$10,480
Number of farms
PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
Net farm income (w/o apprec.)
Net farm income (w/apprec.)
Labor & mgmt. income
Number of operators
Labor & mgmt. inc./oper.
Rate of return on:
Equity capital w/o apprec.
Equity capital w/apprec.
All capital w/o apprec.
All capital w/apprec.
2.8%
7.6%
4.6%
7.9%
o
2,027
24,337
548
11,674
180
5,874
8,862
16,822
864
14,902
15,467
6,168
5,727
7,811
17,290
10,434
30,488
11.427
$353,156
2,175
23,211
13.367
$391,909
2.5%
9.4%
4.6%
9.2%
200 to
299 Cows
300 or
More Cows
13
21
$ 79,337 $
153,329
3,503
374
3,590
32,025
1,040
14,884
12,690
6,885
12,037
17,375
o
21,193
24,072
9,696
9,390
10,295
16,508
13,990
38,183
15.598
$505,994
3,046
33,872
19.946
$562,858
200,247
323,183
11,127
2,971
6,976
44,595
949
22,566
2,072
13,345
29,107
28,057
1,700
44,593
30,893
12,581
16,835
18,413
36,340
22,305
82,861
27.380
$ 979,096
42,433
51,018
47,793
$1,120,340
$530,450 $1,148,224
50,614
122,913
10,489
20,435
2,292
2,655
11,087
26,097
27.459
33.826
$632,391 $1,354,149
$69,533
$98,371
$25,100
1.42
$17,676
3.9%
7.2%
5.4%
7.6%
$233,809
$280,953
$162,342
1.47
$110,437
13.4%
16.8%
11.3%
13.3%
31
FARM FAMILY FINANCIAL SITUATION BY HERD SIZE
406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988
Item
Farms with: Less than !to COlllS
!lee, 31
Jan, 1
ASSETS
Farm cash/chkg./sav. $ 4,457
Accounts receivable
5,424
Prepaid expenses
0
11,232
Feed & supplies
Livestock*
42,673
Machinery & equipment* 43,066
FLB & PCA stock
935
1,333
Other stock & cert.
Land & bui1dings*
133,71Z
Total Farm Assets
$242,837
Pers. cash/chkg./sav.$ 1,701
Cash value of life ins. 1,045
Nonfarm real estate
17,714
Auto (personal share)
1,386
Stocks & bonds
2,509
Household furnishings
7,095
All other
!t,939
Tot. Nonfarm Assets**$ 36,389
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Assets
$279,226
LIAIULITIES
Accounts payable
Operating debt
Short term
Advanced gov't. rec.
Intermediate***
Long term*
Total Farm Liab.
Tot. Nonfarm Liab.**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Liabilities
Farm Net Worth
(Equity Capital)
Farm & Nonfarm
Net Worth
4Q to 24 COWl!
De~, 31
J51n, 1
3,074
6,196
15
13,321
45,140
46,651
912
1,131
139,6Z0
$256,110
$
$
2,830
1,171
20,095
2,943
3,068
7,619
4,436
$ 42,162
2,675
9,132
0
17,800
60,707
57,184
1,289
2,311
169,451
$320,550
55 tg 62 Cow:z
J51n. 1
De~, 31
3,845
10,443
74
26,495
79,513
77,112
2,559
3,363
4,036
11,770
52
28,566
83,341
79,800
2,629
3,660
223,496
$437,350
2,714
8,003
0
16,895
56,489
54,871
1,403
2,194
163,123
$305,692
$
$
2,898
2,772
29,421
2,892
1,618
8,468
2,58Z
$ 50,657
$
3,147
3,806
34,017
3,659
2,885
9,336
2,757
$ 59,608
$
8,002
3,668
34,463
3,040
3,577
7,775
1,870
62,394
$
$
$298,272
$356,349
$380,158
$479,053
$505,044
$
$
21~,256
$416,659
$
9,051
3,967
37,286
3,456
3,682
7,790
2,462
$ 67,694
$
1,502
388
933
0
23,857
54,881
$ 81,562
805
$
1,478
451
1,648
0
23,556
5J,469
$ 80,602
l,24Z
$
4,338
1,462
1,216
0
38,415
Z8,049
$123,480
2.009
$
4,799
1,912
1,265
0
38,787
74,331
$121,099
2,308
$
3,275
851
1,481
0
46,980
80,2Z2
$132,859
2,738
$
$ 82,367
$ 81,849
$125,489
$123,407
$135,597
$140,514
$161,275
$175,508
$182,212
$199,451
$283,801
$303,794
$196,859
$216,423
$230,860
$256,751
$343,456
$364,530
FINANCIAL MEASURES
Less than 4Q Cgws
Percent equity
69%
Debt/asset ratio~long term
0.38
Debt/asset ratio-inter. & current
0.23
Change in net worth with apprec.
$14,232
Total farm debt per cow
$2,303
Debt payments made per cow
$430
Debt payments as % of milk sales
21%
Amount avail. for debt service
$14,628
Cash flow coverage ratio for 1988
1.08
40 to 54 Cows
62%
0.44
0.31
$17,238
$2,577
$445
21%
$23,140
1.15
3,769
1,026
1,291
0
47,843
79,62Z
$133,556
6,258
55 to 69 Cows
69%
0.36
0.25
$19,993
$2,154
$432
21%
$28,374
1.20
*Includes discounted lease payments.
**Average of farms reporting nonfarm assets and liabilities for 1988.
***Includes FLB/PCA stock and discounted lease payments for cattle and
machinery.
32
FARM FAMILY FINANCIAL SITUATION BY HERD SIZE
406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988
Farms with:
Item
ASSETS
Farm cash/chkg./savings
Accounts receivable
Prepaid expenses
Feed & supplies
Livestock*
Machinery & equipment*
FLB & PCA stock
Other stock & cert.
Land & bui1dings*
Total Farm Assets
Pers. cash/chkg./savings
Cash value of life ins.
Nonfarm real estate
Auto (personal share)
Stocks & bonds
Household furnishings
All other
Total Nonfarm Assets**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Assets
LIABILITIES
Accounts payable
Operating debt
Short term
Advanced gov't. rec.
Intermediate***
Long term*
Total Farm Liab.
Total Nonfarm Liab.**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Liabilities
Farm Net Worth
(Equity Capital)
Farm & Nonfarm Net Worth
a5 tg 92 Cgws
De~. 31
Jan, 1
70 to 84 Cgl!1:S
Qec. 31
1
Jm.
$
4,510
14,084
0
34,010
97,948
92,466
3,019
4,751
232,Z51
$483,539
$
5,046
15,293
4
37,259
104,483
95,936
3,159
5,093
239,661
$505,940
$
3,641
16,866
0
41,775
115,682
108,882
3,693
2,489
240,295
$533,323
$
$
7,611
4,076
6,368
3,311
2,287
8,600
2.392
$ 34,644
$
7,892
6,006
6,368
4,115
3,771
8,776
2.3Z0
$ 39,297
$ 12,975
3,144
30,100
2,716
6,916
6,280
4,590
$ 66,722
$ 11,777
3,960
48,300
2,404
7,214
6,400
Z.585
$ 87,641
$518,183
$545,237
$600,045
$658,560
$
5,742
1,422
1,712
176
54,621
92.638
$156,310
1.080
$
4,956
2,410
2,109
0
56,760
82.206
$155,441
1,058
$
5,422
2,663
3,093
0
75,449
101.029
$187,656
1.128
$
$157,390
$156,499
$188,784
$188,010
$327,229
$360,793
$350,500
$388,738
$345,667
$411,261
$385,993
$470,550
FINANCIAL MEASURES
Percent equity
Debt/asset ratio-long term
Debt/asset ratio-inter. & current
Change in net worth with apprec.
Total farm debt per cow
Debt payments made per cow
Debt payments as % of milk sales
Amount avail. for debt service
Cash flow coverage ratio for 1988
70 to 84 Cgws
69%
0.37
0.25
$23,271
$1,968
$470
22%
$32,687
1.15
-
-­
5,940
4,065
981
0
75,857
98,083
$184,926
3,084
85 to 99 Cgws
68%
0.38
0.27
$40,327
$1,926
$579
27%
$43,561
1.05
*Includes discounted lease payments.
**Average of farms reporting nonfarm assets and liabilities for 1988.
***Inc1udes FLB/PCA stock and discounted lease payments for cattle and
machinery.
------­
6,787
19,378
0
46,435
124,050
112,275
3,717
3,235
255,043
$570,919
-------~
33
FARM FAMILY FINANCIAL SITUATION BY HERD SIZE
406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988
Farms with:
Item
ASSETS
Farm cash/chkg./savings
Accounts receivable
Prepaid expenses
Feed & supplies
Livestock*
Machinery & equipment*
FLB & PCA stock
Other stock & cert.
Land & bui1dings*
Total Farm Assets
Pers. cash/chkg./savings
Cash value of life ins.
Nonfarm real estate
Auto (personal share)
Stocks & bonds
Household furnishings
All other
Total Nonfarm Assets**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Assets
LIABILITIES Accounts payable Operating debt Short term Advanced gov't. rec. Intermediate*** Long term* Total Farm Liab. Total Nonfarm Liab.** Total Farm & Nonfarm Liabilities
Farm Net Worth
(Equity Capital)
Farm & Nonfarm Net Worth
100 to 149 Cows
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
150 to 199 Cows
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
$ 15,024
25,052
62
60,700
159,687
141,737
5,896
6,261
JJ:2.4QZ
$749,826
$
5,805
5,260
91,000
2,101
2,549
6,500
2.871
$116,086
$ 5,810
5,825
110,969
2,189
3,483
7,138
2,711
$138,124
$
2,693
10,159
42,571
1,971
836
9,750
$
69,834
$830,428
$887,950
$1,093,975
$1,176,271
4,179
2,860
3,442
69
99,192
135,158
$244,900
1.14Z
$
4,376
2,775
2,818
0
99,795
131,475
$241,239
94:2
$
$
137,202
197.395
352,633
1.172
$
129,905
196.886
353,676
5Z5
$246,047
$242,184
$ 353,810
$
354,251
$469,442
$584,381
$508,587
$645,766
$
$
$
$
725,768
822,020
$
$
FINANCIAL MEASURES
Percent equity
Debt/asset ratio-long term
Debt/asset ratio-inter. & current
Change in net worth with apprec.
Total farm debt per cow
Debt payments made per cow
Debt payments as % of milk sales
Amount avail. for debt service
Cash flow coverage ratio for 1988
100 to 149 Cows
68%
0.39
0.26 $39,145 $2,010 $471 22% $55,340 1.09 9,184
34,103
57
79,415
223,016
179,605
13,047
16,900
461L81!:t
$1,024,141
15,950
37,876
0
86,404
233,323
182,784
12,959
16,437
49J.Zll
$1,079,444
$ 10,907
22,149
0
55,111
149,876
136,228
6,146
5,952
32z.9n
$714,342
$
$
1,~54
9,549
5,399
3,088
$
671,508
740,165
10,589
9,025
7,270
o
o
$
2,738
12,195
51,143
4,979
945
9,964
1!:t,86J
96,827
150 to 199 Cows
67%
0.40
0.27
$54,260
$2,033
$501
24%
$70,113
1.06
*Includes discounted lease payments.
**Average of farms reporting nonfarm assets and liabilities for 1988.
***Includes FLB/PCA stock and discounted lease payments for cattle and
machinery.
34
FARM FAMILY FINANCIAL SITUATION BY HERD SIZE
406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988
Farms with:
More than 300 Cows
Dec, 31
Jan, 1
2QQ tg 292 COliS
I}ec, 31
J!l!.n. 1
Item
AS~ETS
6,852
42,654
0
110,563
294,678
196,810
13,911
22,919
Farm cash/chkg./savings
Accounts receivable
Prepaid expenses
Feed & supplies
Livestock*
Machinery & equipment*
FLB & PCA stock
Other stock & cert.
Land & bui1dings*
Total Farm Assets
$
Pers. cash/chkg./savings
Cash value of life ins.
Nonfarm real estate
Auto (personal share)
Stocks & bonds
Household furnishings
All other
Total Nonfarm Assets**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Assets
$
10,227
7,164
25,273
3,773
25,527
10,000
$
98,552
LIABILITIES
Accounts payable
Operating debt
Short term
Advanced gov't. rec.
Intermediate***
Long term*
Total Farm Liab.
Total Nonfarm Liab.**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Liabilities
Farm Net Worth
(Equity Capital)
Farm & Nonfarm Net Worth
60tl,656
$1,295,043
6,,047
46,641
381
120,265
310,431
218,866
15,602
22,927
616,43Z
$1,357,597
$
$
1~,58§
$1,393,595
$
11,091
7,318
24,818
4,159
28,617
10,455
1§,481
104,939
$1,462,536
$
1,616
1,451
25,600
2,935
16,473
8,600
13.919
70,595
$
8,145
1,505
34,000
3,900
17,730
9,200
$
80,411
$
$
~.930
$2,353,441
$2,619,146
9,653
57,635
15,232
0
392,319
469,520
944,359
0
11,539
89,818
24,590
0
463,532
461,38Z
$1,050,866
0
9,504
10,964
12,095
0
210,412
209,592
452,568
12.223
$
$
465,291
$
473,000
$
944,359
$1,050,866
$
$
842,475
928,304
$
$
894,843
989,536
$1,338,487
$1,409,082
$1,487,869
$1,568,280
$
$
FINANCIAL MEASURES
Percent equity
Debt/asset ratio-long term
Debt/asset ratio-inter. & current
Change in net worth with apprec.
Total farm debt per cow
Debt payments made per cow
Debt payments as % of milk sales
Amount avail. for debt service
Cash flow coverage ratio for 1988
$
13,705
10,809
19,329
0
211,558
2QZ,354
462,755
10,245
17 ,077
102,600
5,032
288,123
564,900
338,523
21,595
68,053
1,132,831
$2,538,735
11,551
80,033
3,601
261,579
496,895
314,866
15,888
66,023
1,032,410
$2,282,846
$
200 tg 299 Cows
66%
0.34
0.34
$52,367
$1,851
$537
23%
$120,532
1.22
$
$
$
More than 300 Cows
59%
0.41
0.42
$149,382
$2,198
$496
20%
$303,053
1.56
*Inc1udes discounted lease payments.
**Average of farms reporting nonfarm assets and liabilities for 1988.
***Inc1udes FLB/PCA stock and discounted lease payments for cattle and
machinery,
35
SELECTED BUSINESS FACTORS BY HERD SIZE
406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988
Farms with:
Item
Number of farms
Croppini Proiram Analysis
Total Tillable acres
Tillable acres rented*
Hay crop acres*
Corn silage acres*
Hay crop, tons OM/acre
Corn silage, tons/acre
Oats, bushels/acre
Forage OM per cow, tons
Tillable acres/cow
Fert. & lime exp./ti1. acre
Total machinery costs
Machinery cost/tillable acre
40 to
54 Cows
55 to
69 Cows
70 to
84 Cows
85 to
99 Cows
29
67
81
53
36
107
31
78
15
2.0
12.6
3.0
6.7
3.2
$15.84
$13,368
$125
156
49
98
28
2.2
13.4
33.4
7.4
3.3
$22.18
$18,263
$117
219
67
131
37
2.4
12.7
58.1
7.7
3.6
$23.56
$26,363
$120
252
76
139
48
2.5
13.9
42.8
7.5
3.3
$27.58
$31,093
$123
296
108
168
63
2.6
13.8
41.5
7.9
3.2
$27.97
$41,459
$140
47
36
742,474
15,833
$9.60
$15.30
$12.98
$613
$3.87
61
77
93
51
66
77
979,950 1,252,616 1,608,344 16,006
16,165
17,356
$9.36
$9.13
$9.08
$15.16
$14.17
$13.31
$12.96
$12.83
$12.87
$575
$584
$620
$3.59
$3.61
$3.57
Less than
40 Cows
Dairy Analysis
33
Number of cows
Number of heifers
22
Milk sold, 1bs.
544,550
Milk sold/cow, 1bs.
16,264
Operating cost of prod. mi1k/cwt. $8.97
Total cost of prod. mi1k/cwt.
$15.57
Price/cwt. milk sold
$12.68
Purchased dairy feed/cow
$626
Purchased dairy feed/cwt. milk
$3.85
Purchased grain & cone. as %
of milk receipts
27%
Purchased feed & crop
expense/cwt. milk
$4.43
28%
27%
27%
28%
$4.66
$4.50
$4.57
$4.51
Capital Efficiency
Farm capital/worker
Farm capital/cow
Farm capital/til. acre owned
Real estate/cow
Machinery investment/cow
Capital turnover, years
$150,202
7,451
3,240
4,082
1,340
2.83
$167,498
6,677
2,926
3,546
1,195
2.53
$176,466
6,975
2,809
3,567
1,281
2.66
$181,148
6,385
2,811
3,048
1,216
2.39
$189,902
5,958
2,937
2,673
1,193
2.11
Labor Efficiency
Yorker equivalent
Operator/manager equivalent
Milk sold/worker, 1bs.
Cows/worker
York units/worker
Labor cost/cow
Labor cost/tillable acre
1.66
1.10
327,861
20
205
$532
$166
1.87
1.16
397,172
25
263
$444
$133
2.42
1.36
404,979
25
285
$449
$126
2.73
1.41
458,644
28
303
$425
$131
1.31
553,188
32
352
$406
$127
*Average of all farms, not only those reporting data.
2.91
36
SELECTED BUSINESS FACTORS BY HERD SIZE 406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988 Farms with:
Item
Number of farms
Cropping Program Analysis
Total tillable acres
Tillable acres rented*
Hay crop acres*
Corn silage acres*
Hay crop, tons DM/acre
Corn silage, tons/acre
Oats, bushels/acre
Forage DM per cow, tons
Tillable acres/cow
Fert. & lime exp./til. acre
Total machinery costs
Machinery cost/tillable acre
Dairy Analysis
Number of cows
Number of heifers
Milk sold, lbs.
Milk sold/cow, 1bs.
Operating cost of prod. mi1k/cwt.
Total cost of prod. milk/cwt.
Price/cwt. milk sold
Purchased dairy feed/cow
Purchased dairy feed/cwt. milk
Purchased grain & conc. as %
of milk receipts
Purchased feed & crop
expense/cwt. milk
Capital Efficiency
Farm capital/worker
Farm capital/cow
Farm capital/til. acre owned
Real estate/cow
Machinery investment/cow
Capital turnover, years
Labor Efficiency
Worker equivalent
Operator/manager equivalent
Milk sold/worker, lbs.
Cows/worker
Work units/worker
Labor cost/cow
Labor cost/tillable acre
100 to
149 Cows
150 to
199 Cows
200 to
299 Cows
300 or
More Cows
81 25 21 13 367 134 190 84 2.6
14.7
44.7
7.7
3.1
$29.56
$49,168
$134
500 216 241 140 2.8
13.6
58.3
7.6
2.9
$30.94
$70,776
$142
618 214 243 226 2.8
14.2
35.3
7.2
2.6
$38.94
$95,583
$155
919 295 309 382 3.4
15.1
54.6
6.5
2.0
$33.63
$141,975
$155
453 241 119 172 343 179 148 96 1,959,901 2,864,891 4,099,894 8,665,733 16,656 17,036 19,113 16,531 $9.41 $9.37 $10.02 $9.93 $13.65 $13.73 $13.17 $11.87 $13.13 $13 .09 $12.94 $13 .25 $737 $593 $635 $652 $3.59 $3.81 $3.83 $3.86 27%
29%
$4.58
$4.77
$206,856
6,175
3,142
2,798
1,172
2.27
$214,798
6,115
3,703
2,798
1,053
2.14
3.54
1.48 553,786 33 351 $383 $124 4.90
1.56 585,070 35 371 $425 $146 *Average of all farms, not only those reporting data.
29%
$4.88
28%
$4.55
$220,180
5,511
3,283
2,541
864 2.01
$236,828
5,317
3,870
2,388
721 1. 72 6.02
1.42 680,615 40 405 $405 $158 10.18
1.47 851,294 45 438 $482 $238 37
IDENTIFY AND SET GOALS
If businesses are to be successful, they must have direction. Written
goals help provide businesses with an identifiable direction over both the long
and the short term. Goal setting is as important on a dairy farm as it is in
other businesses. Written goals are a tool which farm operators can use to
ensure that the business continues to move in the proper direction.
1.
4.
Goals should h~ ~nQ~;~;~
You shoula designate a time when each goal will be achieved.
Goal setting on a dairy farm does not have to be a complex process. In
many cases it provides a process for writing down and agreeing on goals that you
have already given some thought to. It is also important to remember that once
you write out your goals they are not cast in concrete. If a change takes place
which has a major impact on the farm business, the goals should be reworked to
accommodate that change. Refer to your goals as often as necessary to keep the
farm business progressing.
It is important to identify both long and short range goals when looking
at the future of your farm business.
A suggested format for writing out your goals is as follows:
a. Begin with a general philosophy statement which incorporates both
business and family goals.
b. Identify 4-6 long range goals.
c. Identify specific short range goals for a given time period (i.e., one
year).
Worksheet for Setting Goals
I. General Philosophy and Objectives
--
-
--
------
-------------
38
Worksheet for Setting Goals (continued)
II. Long Range Goals (require two or more years to achieve)
III.
What
Short Range Goals (possible to achieve in one or two years).
I How
IWben
NOTE: Once long and short range goals have been identified, it is helpful to
rank them in order of priority.
Prepared by T.R. Maloney, Extension Associate, Cornell University
Other Agricultural Economics Extension Publications
No. 90-3
The Economics of Concord and Niagara Grape
Production in the Great Lakes Region of
New York, 1989
G. B. White
J. S. Kamas
No. 90-4
Agricultural District Legislation in
New York as Amended Through 1989
K. V. Gardner
No. 90-5
Agricultural Lending Policy of New York
Commercial Banks
J. M. Thurgood
E. L.· laDue
No. 90-6
Proceedings of Managing Farm Personnel in
the 90's
Bernie Erven
Guy Hutt
Tom Maloney
Bob Milligan
No. 90-7
The U.S. Dairy Situation and Outlook for
1990
Andrew M. Novakovic
No. 90-8
Dairy Farm Business Summary, Northern New
York, 1989
Stuart F. Smith
Linda D. Putnam
No. 90-9
Dairy Farm Business Summary, Western Plain
Region, 1989
Stuart F. Smith
Linda D. Putnam
No. 90-10
Dairy Farm Business Summary, Central New
York and Central Plain Regions, 1989
Wayne A. Knoblauch
Linda D. Putnam
No. 90-11
Dairy Farm Business Summary, Eastern
Plateau Region, 1989
Robert A. Milligan
Linda D. Putnam
Carl A. Crispell
William H. Gengenbach
Gerald A. LeClar
No. 90-12
National and State Trends in Milk
Production
Andrew Novakovic
Kevin Jack
Maura Keniston
No. 90-13
Dairy Farm Business Summary,
Oneida-Mohawk Region, 1989
Eddy L. LaDue
Mark E. Anibal
Jacqueline M. Mierek
No. 90-14
Dairy Farm Business Summary, Western Plateau
Region, 1989
George L. Casler