May 1990
A.E. Ext. 90-13
Eddy L. LaDue Mark E. Anlb al Jacqueline M. Mierek Department of Agricultural Economics New York State College of AgrIculture and Life Sciences A Statutory College of the State University Cornell UniversIty. Ithaca. New York 14853-7801 1989 DAIRY FARM BUSINESS SUMMARY
ONEIDA-MOHAWK REGION
Table of Contents
. . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. ..
1
Program Obj ective .................................................
1
Format Features .................... " .............................................................................. .
1
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS ............... .... ...........
2
Business Characteristics ..........................................
2
Income Statement ..................................................
2
Profitability Analysis ............................................
6
Farm and Family Financial Status............. ............ .........
8
Cash Flow Statement ...............................................
11 Repayment Analys is ................................................
12 Cropping Analysis .................................................
14 Dairy Analysis ....................................................
16 Capital and Labor Efficiency Analysis .............................
18 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS ..............................
19 Progress of the Farm Business .....................................
19 Farm Business Chart................................................
20 Financial Analysis Chart ..........................................
21 Comparisons by Type of Barn and Herd Size .........................
23 Herd Size Comparisons .............................................
23 IDENTIFY AND SET GOALS .................................................
37 INTRODUCTION
.. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . ..
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. .. .. .. ..
. . . . .
.
~
.. .
,.
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1989 DAIRY FARM BUSINESS SUMMARY
ONEIDA-MOHAWK REGION*
INTRODUCTION
Dairy farmers throughout New York State have been participating in
Cornell Cooperative Extension's farm business summary and analysis program
since the early 1950's. Each participating farmer receives a comprehensive
business summary and analysis of his or her farm business. The information
in this report represents an average of the data submitted from farms in the
Oneida-Mohawk region.
Program Objective
The primary objective of the dairy farm business summary, DFBS, is to
help farm managers improve the business and financial management of their
farm through appropriate use of historical farm data and the application of
modern farm business analysis techniques. In short, DFBS identifies the
business and financial information farmers need and demonstrates how it
should be used in identifying and evaluating strengths and weaknesses of the
farm business.
Format Features
This regional report follows the same general format as in the 1989
DFBS printout received by all participating dairy farmers. Worksheets are
included to give non-DFBS participants an opportunity to summarize their
businesses. The analysis tables have an open column or section labeled Hl
Farm. It may be used by any dairy farm manager who wants to compare his or
her business with the average data of this region.
This report features:
(1) an income statement including accrual adjustments for farm business
expenses and receipts, as well as measures of profitability with and
without appreciation,
(2) a complete balance sheet with analytical ratios,
(3) a cash flow summary including debt repayment ability,
(4) a cropping analysis,
(5) a dairy analysis, and
(6) capital and labor efficiency analysis.
Micro DFBS, a computer program which enables Cooperative Extension
agents and specialists to calculate and print individual farm business
reports in their offices, is now being used by the dairy farm management
field staff for 90 percent of the farms cooperating. This innovative
approach provides faster processing of farm record data and increased use of
the DFBS in farm management programs.
*The Oneida-Mohawk region includes Oneida, Schoharie, Montgomery, Herkimer,
and Fulton Counties. This publication includes the following number of
farms by county: Oneida 10, Schohaire 14, Montgomery 18, Herkimer 2, and
Fulton 2. This summary was prepared by Eddy L. LaDue, Department of
Agricultural Economics, New York State College of Agriculture and Life
Sciences, Cornell University. The farm business data were collected by
Jacqueline M. Mierek, Cooeprative Extension Agent, Oneida and Herkimer
Counties; and Mark E. Anibal, Cooperative Extension Specialist for
Schoharie, Montgomery, and Fulton Counties. Analysis and data management
assistance was provided by Linda Putnam.
2
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS
Business Characteristics
Finding the right management strategies is an important part of operat­
ing a successful farm. Various combinations of farm resources, enterprises,
business arrangements, and management techniques are used by the dairy
farmers in this region. The following table shows important farm business
characteristics and the number of farmers reporting these characteristics.
BUSINESS CHARACTERISTICS 46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Type of Farm
Dairy
Part-time dairy
Dairy cash-crop
Part-time cash-crop dairy
Number
45
o
1
o
Type of Ownership
Owner
Renter
Number
38
Type of Business
Single proprietorship
Partnership
Corporation
Number
33
Business Record System
ELFAC
Account Book
Agrifax (mail-in only)
On-Farm Computer
Other
Number
8
13
o
o
12
10
4
20
Type of Barn
Stanchion/Tie-Stall
Freesta11
Combination
Number
38
Milking System
Bucket & carry
Dumping station
Pipeline
Herringbone parlor
Other parlor
Number
1
Milking Freguency
2x/day
3x/day
Other
Number
Production Records
DHIC
Owner-Sampler
Other
None
Number
38
6
2
1
38
6
o
45
1
o
4
1
3
The averages used in this report were compiled using data from all the
participating dairy farms in this region unless noted otherwise. There are
full-time dairy farms, part-time farms, dairy cash-crop farms, farm renters,
partnerships, and corporations included in the average. These specific
classifications are used to separate farms in the State Business Summary.
Income Statement
In order for an income statement to accurately measure farm income, it
must include cash transactions and accrual adjustments (changes in accounts
payable, accounts receivable, inventories, and prepaid expenses).
Cash paid is the actual cash paid during the year and does not necessarily
represent the cost of goods and services actually used.
Change in inventory of supplies and other inputs: An increase in inventory is
subtracted in computing accrual expenses because it represents purchased
inputs not actually used during the year. A decrease in inventory is added
to expenses because it represents the cost of inputs purchased in a prior
year and used this year.
3
CASH AND ACCRUAL FARM EXPENSES 46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Change in
Change in
Inventory
Accounts
or Prepaid
Cash
Pay:ab1e
Expense* +
Paid +
-15
0
$ 13,067
$
$
Expense Item
Hired Labor
Feed
Dairy grain & conc.
Dai ry roughage
Nondairy
Machinery:
Mach. hire, rent/lease
Machinery repairs/parts
Auto expo (farm share)
Fuel, oil & grease
Livestock
Replacement livestock
Breeding
Vet & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease/rent
Other livestock expense
Crops
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray, other crop expo
Real Estate
Land/b1dg./fence repair
Taxes
Rent & lease
Other
Insurance
Telephone (farm share)
Electricity (farm share)
Interest paid
Miscellaneous
Total Operating
Expansion livestock
Machinery depreciation
Building depreciation
TOTAL ACCRUAL EXPENSES
Accrual
Expenses
$ 13,052
46,259
453
290
-16
-24
-3
84
33
0
46.,327
462
287
2,217
8,976
539
3,965
0
2
0
-2
0
-108
0
-17
2,217
8,870
539
3,946
2,594
2,602
3,439
6,740
221
7,079
0
-22
-18
0
0
46
0
-3
11
0
0
-10
2,594
2,577
3,432
6,740
221
7,115
5,337
3,090
1,947
-125
-305
-100
138
25
-30
5,350
2,810
1,817
3,586
4,219
4,195
-35
0
-27
-21
4
0
3,530
4,223
4,168
3,001
657
4,733
12,518
2,628
$144,352
217
-1
0
0
0
-17
-647
0
0
0
0
14
2
107
0
3,000
657
4,733
12,532
2,613
$143,812
217
10,062
4,626
$158,717
$
$
Changes in prepaid expenses are a net change in non-inventory expenses that
have been paid in advance of their use, for example, 1990 rent paid in 1989.
If 1989 funds used to prepay 1990 rent exceeded the amount of 1989 rent pre­
paid in 1988, the amount of this excess is entered as a negative number to
exclude it from 1989 rental expenses. The excess prepaid rent should be
charged against the future year's business operation. A decrease in prepaid
rent is added to expenses because it represents use of resources during this
year that were paid for in past years but should be charged against this
year's operation.
Change in accounts pay:ab1e: An increase in accounts payable from beginning to
end of year is added and a decrease is subtracted when calculating accrual
expenses.
Accrual expenses are the costs of inputs actually used in this year's produc­
tion. They are the total of cash paid, changes in inventory or prepaid
expenses, and changes in accounts payable.
-
..-
-..- -...
-.~.-.-
...
-~
..-
.....-
..-
--_._­
4
CASH AND ACCRUAL FARM EXPENSES WORKSHEET
Cash
Expense Item
Paid +
Hired Labor
$_-Feed
Dairy grain & cone.
Dairy roughage
Nondairy
Machinery
Mach. hire, rent/lease
Machinery repairs/parts
Auto expo (farm share)
Fuel, oil & grease
Livestock
Replacement livestock
Breeding
Vet & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease/rent
Other livestock expense
Crops
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray, other crop
expense
Real Estate
Land, bldg., fence rep.
Taxes
Rent & lease
Other
Insurance
Telephone (farm share)
Electricity (farm share)
Interest paid
Miscellaneous
Total Operating
$_-Expansion livestock
Machinery depreciation
Building depreciation
TOTAL ACCRUAL EXPENSES
Change in
Inventory
or Prepaid
Ex;pense +
Change in
Accounts Payable
Accrual
- Expenses
$_--
$_--
$_--­
$_---
$_--
$_-­
$
5
CASH AND ACCRUAL FARM RECEIPTS 46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Receipt Item
Cash
Receipts
Change in
Inventory
+
Milk sales
$171,727
10,496
Dairy cattle
$
2,193
Dairy calves
84
Other livestock
Crops
1,553
2,838
Government receipts
Custom machine work
94
Gas tax refund
175
Other
1.446
Less nonfarm noncash cap.**
( -)
Total Accrual Receipts
$190,604
$
Change in
Accounts
Receivable
+
$
2,690
157
528
0*
Accrual
Receipts
2,442
46
-18
1
-23
o
$174,168
13,231
2,175
242
2,058
2,838
24
118
33
1,478
(-)
0
$196,484
o
o
3,375
2,505
$
175
*Change in advanced government receipts.
**Gifts or inheritances of cattle or crops included in inventory.
Cash receipts include the gross value of milk checks received during the year
plus all other payments received from the sale of farm products, services,
and government programs. Nonfarm income is not included in calculating farm
profi tability,
Changes in inventory of assets produced by the business are calculated by
subtracting beginning of year values from end of year values excluding
appreciation. Increases in livestock inventory caused by herd growth and/or
quality are added, and decreases caused by herd reduction and/or quality are
subtracted. Changes in inventories of crops grown are also included.
Changes in advanced government receipts are calculated by subtracting the end
year balance from the beginning year balance (balances are listed with the
current liabilities on the Balance Sheet),
Changes in accounts receivable are calculated by subtracting beginning year
balances from end year balances. The January milk check for this December's
marketings compared with the previous January's check is included as a change
in accounts receivable.
Accrual receipts represent the value of all farm commodities produced and
services actually generated by the farmer during the year.
CASH AND ACCRUAL FARM RECEIPT WORKSHEET
Receipt Item
Cash
Receipts
Milk sales
$
Dairy cattle
Dairy calves
Other livestock
Crops
Government receipts
Custom machine work
Gas tax refund
Other
Less gifts of cattle & crops
Total Accrual Receipts
$
Change in
Inventory
+
+
Change in
Accounts
Receivable
$
Accrual
Receipts
$
$
(-)
(­
$
$
6
Profitability Analysis
Farm operators contribute labor, management, and capital to their
businesses and the best combination of these resources maximizes income.
Farm profitability can be measured as the return to all family resources or
as the return to one or more individual resources such as labor and
management.
Net farm income is the return to the farm operators and other unpaid family
members for their labor, management, and equity capital. It is the farm
family's net annual return from working, managing, financing, and owning the
farm business. This is not a measure of cash available from the year's
business operation. Cash flow is evaluated later in this report.
Net farm income is computed both with and without appreciation. Appreciation
represents the change in values caused by annual changes in prices of live­
stock, machinery, real estate inventory, and stocks and certificates (other
than FLB and PCA). Appreciation is a major factor contributing to changes in
farm net worth and ~ust be included for a complete profitability analysis.
NET FARM INCOME 46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Item
My Farm
Average
Total accrual receipts
Appreciation: Livestock
Machinery
Real Estate
Other Stock/Certificates
Total Including Appreciation
Total accrual expenses
Net Farm Income (with appreciation)
Net Farm Income (without appreciation)
$196,484
11,648
896
7,653
171
$216,853
-158,717
$ 58,136
$ 37,768
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
$_--­
Return to operators' labor. management. and equity capital measures the total
net farm income for the farm operator(s). It is calculated by deducting a
charge for unpaid family labor from net farm income. Operators' labor is not
included in unpaid family labor. Return to operators' labor, management, and
equity capital has been calculated both with and without appreciation.
Appreciation is considered an important part of the return to ownership of
farm assets.
RETURN TO OPERATORS' LABOR, MANAGEMENT, AND EQUITY
46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989
Item
Net farm income
Family labor unpaid
@ $750 per month
Return to operators' labor,
management, & equity
Average
With
Without
Apprec.
Apprec.
$ 58,136
$ 37,768
2,120
2,120
$ 56,016
$ 35,648
My Farm
With
Without
Apprec.
Apprec.
$_-­
$_-­
$_--­
$_-­
7
Labor and management income is the return which farm operators receive for
their labor and management used in operating the farm business. Appreciation
is not included as part of the return to labor and management because it
results from ownership of assets rather than management of the farm business.
Labor and management income is calculated by deducting the opportunity cost
of using equity capital at a real interest rate of five percent, from the
return to operators' labor, management, and equity capital excluding
appreciation. The interest charge of five percent reflects the long-term
average rate of return above inflation that a farmer might expect to earn in
comparable risk investments.
LABOR AND MANAGEMENT INCOME 46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Item
Return to operators' labor, management,
& equity without appreciation
Real interest @ 5% on $294,845
average equity capital
Labor & Management Income
Labor & Management Income per
1.44 Operator/Manager
Average
My Farm
$ 35,648
$-----­
- 14,742
$ 20,906
$-----­
$ 14,518
$------­
Return on equity capital measures the net return rema~n~ng for the farmer's
equity or owned capital after a charge has been made for the owner-operator's
labor and management. The earnings or amount of net farm income allocated to
labor and management is the opportunity cost of operators' labor and
management estimated by the cooperators. Return on equity capital is
calculated with and without appreciation. The rate of return on equity
capital is determined by dividing the amount returned by the average farm net
worth or equity capital. Return on total capital is calculated by adding
interest paid to the return on equity capital and then dividing by average
farm assets to calculate the rate of return on total capital.
RETURN ON EQUITY CAPITAL AND RETURN ON TOTAL CAPITAL
46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989
Item
Return to operators' labor, management,
.& equity capital with appreciation
Value of operators' labor & management
Return on equity capital with appreciation
Interest paid
Return on total capital with appreciation
Return on equity capital without appreciation
Return on total capital without appreciation
Rate of return on average equity capital:
with appreciation
without appreciation
Rate of return on average total capital:
with appreciation
without appreciation
Average
My Farm
$ 56,016
- 26.357
$ 29,659
$ 12,532
$ 42,192
$ 9,291
$ 21,824
$-----­
$------­
$-----­
$-----­
$------­
$-----­
10.1%
3.2%
------_%
------%
9.6%
4.9%
------%
------%
8
Farm and Family Financial Status
The first step in evaluating the financial position of the farm is to
construct a balance sheet which identifies all the assets and liabilities of
the business. The second step is to evaluate the relationship between
assets, liabilities, and net worth and changes that occurred during the year.
1989 FARM BUSINESS & NONFARM BALANCE SHEET
46 Oneida·Mohawk Region.Dairy Farms, 1989
Farm Liabilities
Farm Assets
Dec. 31
Jan. 1
Current
Farm cash, checking
& savings
$ 3,422
Accounts rec.
13,903
10
Prepaid expo
33,326
Feed & supplies
Total
$ 50,661
Intermediate
Dairy cows:
owned
$ 64,983
leased
475
24,930
Heifers
Bulls/other lvstk.
503
Mach./eq. owned
90,816
Mach./eq. leased
1,510
FLB/PCA stock
3,177
Other stock/cert.
4.129
Total
$190,523
Long-Term
Land/buildings:
owned
$182,270
leased
715
Total
$182,985
Total Farm Assets $424,169
$
5,375
16,408
38
34,472
$ 56,293
$ 75,145
585
29,085
680
97,594
1,027
1,583
4,390
$210,089
$190,815
466
$191,281
$457,663
(Average for 24 farms reporting)
Nonfarm Assets*
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
& Net Worth
Current
Accounts payable $ 2,336
Operating debt
1,068
Short-term
2,271
Advanced govt. rec. ______~O
Total
Intermediate
Structured debt
1-10 years
Financial lease
(cattle/mach,)
FLB/PCA stock
Dec, 31
Jan. 1
$
5,674
$
2,444
1,689
1,208
0
$
5,340
$ 63,835
$ 61,950
1,985
3,177
1,612
1,583
$ 68,996
$ 65,145
$ 73,115
$ 72,689
715
$ 73,830
466
$ 73,156
$148,501
$275,668
$143,641
$314,022
Nonfarm Liabilities*
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
Total
Long Term
Structured debt
;?:10 yrs
Financial lease
(structures)
Total
Total Farm Liab.
FARM NET WORTH
& Net Worth
Personal cash, chkg.
Nonfarm Liab.
$ 3,496 $ 4,720
& savings
$ 7,982 $ 8,946
NONFARM NET WORTH $ 47,599 $ 48,528
Cash value life ins.
2,429
2,557
Nonfarm real estate
18,354
17,854
FARM & NONFARM*
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
Auto (personal sh,)
3,550
4,029
Total Assets
$475,264 $510.911
Stocks & bonds
5,355
6,745
Total Liabilities 151, 996
148.361
Household furn.
9,583
10,250
All other
3.842
2.867
TOTAL FARM & NON·
Total Nonfarm $ 51,095 $ 53,248
FARM NET WORTH $323,268 $362,550
*Assumes that average nonfarm assets and liabilities for the nonreporting
farms were the same as for those reporting.
Financial lease obligations are included in the balance sheet. The
present value of all future payments is listed as a liability since the
farmer is committed to make the payments by signing the lease. The present
value is also listed as an asset, representing the future value the item has
to the business. For 1989, leases were discounted by 11.5 percent.
9
Advanced government receipts are included as current liabilities.
Government payments received in 1989 that are for participation in the 1990
program are the end year balance and payments received in 1988 for
participation in the 1989 program are the beginning year balance.
Date _______________________________
1989 FARM BUSINESS & NONFARM BALANCE SHEET
Farm Assets
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
Current
Farm cash, checking
& savings
Accounts rec.
Prepaid expense
Feed & supplies
Total
. Farm Liabilities
& Net Worth
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
Accounts payable
Operating debt:
Short Term:
Intermediate
Dairy cows:
owned
leased
Heifers
Bulls/other Ivstk.
Mach./eq. owned
Mach./eq. leased
FLB/PCA stock
Other stock/cert.
Total
Adv. govt. rec.
Total
Intermediate
Financial lease
(cattle/mach.)
FLB/PCA stock
Total
Long-Term
Long-Term
Land/buildings:
owned
leased
Financial lease
(structures)
Total
Total Farm Liab.
FARM NET WORTH
Total
Total Farm Assets
Nonfarm Liabilities
Nonfarm Assets
Jan. 1
Dec, 31
Personal cash, chkg.
& savings
Cash val. life ins.
----Nonfarm real est,
Auto (pres. share)
Stocks & bonds
Household furn.
All other
Total Nonfarm
TOTAL FARM & NONFARM
Total Farm & Nonfarm Assets
Less Total Farm & Nonfarm Liabilities
Farm & Nonfarm Net Worth
& Net Worth
Nonf arm Liab,:
Total Nonfarm
Liabilities
Nonfarm
Net Worth
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
10 Balance sheet analysis involves examination of relative asset and debt levels
for the business. Percent equity is calculated by dividing end of year net
worth by end of year assets. The debt to asset ratio is compiled by dividing
liabilities by assets. Low debt to asset ratios reflect business solvency
and the potential capacity to borrow. Debt levels per productive unit
represent old standards that are still useful if used with measures of cash
flow and repayment ability. The change in farm net worth without
appreciation is an excellent indicator of farm generated financial progress.
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS 46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, December 31, 1989 My Farm
Average
Item
Financial Ratios - Farm: Percent equity
Debt/asset ratio: total
long-term
intermediate/current
Change in Net Worth:
Without appreciation
With appreciation
Farm Debt Analysis:
Accounts payable as % of total debt
Long-term liabilities as a % of total debt
Current & inter. liab. as a % of total debt
Farm Debt Levels:
Per Cgw
Total farm debt
$ 1,995
Long-term debt
1,016
Intermediate & current debt
979
69%
0.31 0.38
0.26
----_% $ 17,986
38,354
Per Tillable
Acre Owned
$ 1,012
515
496
$
$
%
%
%
2%
51%
49%
Per Tillable
Acre Owned
$
Per Cgw
$
Farm inventory balance is an accounting of the value of assets used on the
balance sheet and the changes that occur from the beginning to end of year.
Changes in the livestock inventory are included in the dairy analysis. Net
investment indicates whether the capital stock is being expanded (positive)
or depleted (negative).
FARM INVENTORY BALANCE 46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Item
Value beg. of year
Purchases
$
Gift/inheritance +
Lost capital
Sales
Depreciation
Net investment
Appreciation
Value end of year
Avg. of Region Farms
Mach./Eg.
$182,270
7,445*
o
654
552
4.626
$ 90,816
$ 16,220
$
+
o
+
My Farm
R.E,
Mach.LEg.
$
$
$
+
276
- 10,062
1,613
+ 6,933**
$190,815
5,882
+
896
$ 97,594
=+---­
$_-­
-+---­
+---­
$_--­
*$ 2,609 land and $ 4,836 buildings and/or depreciable improvements.
**Excludes $720 of appreciation on assets sold during the year.
11 Cash Flow Statement
Completing an annual cash flow statement is an important step in
understanding the sources and uses of funds for the business. Understanding
last year's cash flow is the first step toward planning and managing cash
flow for the current and future years.
The annual cash flow statement is structured to compare all the cash
inflows with all the cash outflows for the year. A complete list of cash
inflows and cash outflows are identified in the following table. By
definition, total cash inflows must equal total cash outflows when beginning
and ending balances are included. Any imbalance is, therefore, the error
from incorrect accounting of cash inflows and cash outflows. Whenever an
imbalance exists, all other financial measures may also be in error.
ANNUAL CASH FLOW STATEMENT 46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Item
Average
My Farm
Cash Inflows
Beginning farm cash, checking & savings
Cash farm receipts
Sale of assets: Machinery
Real estate
Other stock & certificate
Money borrowed (intermediate & long-term)
Money borrowed (short-term)
Increase in operating debt
Nonfarm income
$
Cash from nonfarm capital used in the business
Money borrowed - nonfarm
Total
Cash Outflows
Cash farm expenses
Capital purchases: Expansion livestock
5,519
1,045
$234,003
Machinery
Real estate
Other stock & certificate
Principal payments (intermediate & long-term) Principal payments (short-term) 3,422
190,604
276
1,134
0
$_--­
26,411
1,857
621
3,115
$144,351
217
16,220
7,445
$_--­
$_--­
90
28,721
2,920
0
Decrease in operating debt Personal withdrawals & family expenditures including nonfarm debt payments
Ending farm cash, checking & savings
Total
$234,282
Imbalance (error)
$
28,943
5,375
-279
$_--­
12 Repayment Analysis
The second step in cash flow analysis is to compare the debt payments
planned for the last year with the amount actually paid. The measures listed
below provide a number of different perspectives on the repayment performance
of the business. However, the critical question to many farmers and lenders
is whether planned payments can be made in 1990. The cash flow projection
worksheet on the next page can be used to estimate repayment ability, which
can then be compared to planned 1990 debt payments shown below.
FARM DEBT PAYMENTS PLANNED Same 40 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988 and 1989 Avera&e
1989 Payments
Planned
Made
Debt Payments
Long-term
Intermediate-term
Short-term
Operating (net
reduction)
Accounts payable
(net reduction)
Total
Planned
1990
9,823
18,994
1,656
$ 10,234
27,811
2,950
$ 10,332
19,865
997
555
0
1,103
103
0
497
$ 31,131
$ 40,994
$ 32,794
$
Per cow
$
Per cwt. 1989 milk $
Percent of total
1989 receipts
Percent of 1989
milk receipts
441
2.65
$
$
580
3.49
16%
21%
18%
24%
My Farm
1982 Payments
Made
Planned
Planned
1990
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
The cash flow covera&e ratio measures the ability of the farm business
to meet its planned debt payment schedule. The ratio shows the percentage of
payments planned for 1989 (as of 12/31/88) that could have been made with
actual 1989 available cash flow. Farmers who did not participate in DFBS
last year will find in their report a cash flow coverage ratio based on
planned debt payments for 1990.
CASH FLOW COVERAGE RATIO Same 40 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988 and 1989 Item
Cash farm receipts - Cash farm expenses + Interest paid - Net personal withdrawals from farm** (A) = Amount Available for Debt Service
(B) - Debt Payments Planned for 1989
(as of December 31, 1988)
(A + B) - Cash Flow Coverage Ratio for 1989
Avera&e
$189,438
142,497
12,041
25.178
$ 33,804
$ 31,131
1.09
My Farm
$_--­
$_--­
$_--­
**Personal withdrawals and family expenditures less nonfarm income and
nonfarm money borrowed. If family withdrawals are excluded, or
inaccurately included, the cash flow coverage ratio will be incorrect.
13
ANNUAL CASH FLOY YORKSHEET
Item
Average number of cows
Accrual Oper. Receipts
Milk
Dairy cattle
Dairy calves
Other livestock
Crops
Misc. receipts
Total
Accrual Oper. Expenses
Hired labor
Dairy grain & conc.
Dairy roughage
Nondairy feed
Mach. hire/rent/lease
Mach. rpr./parts & auto
Fuel, oil & grease
Replacement lvstk.
Breeding
Vet & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease
Other livestock expo
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray/other crop expo
Land, bldg. ,fence repair
Taxes
Real estate rent/lease
Insurance
Utilities
Miscellaneous
Total Less Int. Paid
Regional
Average
(per cow)
71
$
2,449
186
31
My Farm
Total
Per Cow
$_ __
$_-­
$_ __
$_­
$
--­
$_-­
1989
Expected
Change Projection
3
$
$
29
65
2,763
184
651
$_--­
6
4
$
31
132
55
36
36
48
95
3
100
75
40
26
50
59
59
42
76
37
1,846
Net Accrual Operating Income
(total)
(without interest paid)
$ 65,204
Change in lvstk./crop inv.*
3,375
Change in accts. rec.
2,505
+ Change in feed/supply inv.**
-647
+ Change in accts. payable***
95
NET CASH FLOW
$ 58,773
- Net personal withdrawals from
farm (see footnote on pg. 12) 24,783
Available for Farm Debt
Payments & Investments
$ 33,990
- Farm debt payments
44,056
Available for Farm Investment
$-10,067
- Capital purchases: cattle,
machinery & improvements
$ 23,972
Additional Capital Needed
$_--­
$_-­
$_--­
$_ __
$_-­
*Includes change in advance government receipts.
**Includes change in prepaid expenses.
***Excludes change in interest account payable,
$_--­
14 Cropping Analysis
The cropping program is an important part of the dairy farm business
which is often inadequately managed. A complete evaluation of what the
available land resources are, how they are being used, how well crops are
producing, and what it costs to produce them is required to evaluate
alternative cropping and feed purchasing choices.
LAND RESOURCES AND CROP PRODUCTION 46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Item
My Farm
Average
Land
Tillable
Nontillable
Other nontillable
Total
Owned
142
36
46
225
Crop Yields
Hay crop
Corn silage
Other forage
Total forage
Corn grain
Oats
Wheat
Other crops
Tillable pasture
Idle
Total Tillable Acres
Rented
113
7
27
147
Farms
45
43
Acres
162
46
6
46
24
9
0
5
19
15
45
11
202
49
19
0
20
29
29
255
Total
255
43
73
371
ProdtAcre
2.69 tn
13 .36 tn
4.78 tn
1. 75 tn
3.13 tn
87.18 bu
55.51 bu
0.00 bu
Owned
Rented
Total
--Acres
DM
ProdtAcr~
--- -----
DM
DM
DM
--- ---
tn
tn
tn
tn
tn
bu
bu
bu
DM
DM
DM
DM
Average crop acres and yields compiled for the region are for the farms
reporting each crop. Yields of forage crops have been converted to tons of
dry matter using dry matter coefficients reported by the farmers. Grain
production has been converted to bushels of dry grain equivalent based on dry
matter information provided.
The following measures of crop management indicate the relationship
between forage production, forage production resources and the dairy herd.
CROP MANAGEMENT FACTORS
46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989
Item
Total tillable acres per cow
Total forage acres per cow
Harvested forage dry matter, tons per cow
Average
3.59
2.85
8.90
My Farm
15
Cropping Analysis (continued)
A substantial number of cooperators have allocated crop expenses among
the hay crop, corn, and other crops produced. Fertilizer and lime, seeds and
plants, and spray and other crop expenses have been computed per acre and per
production unit for hay and corn. Additional expense items such as fuels,
labor, and machinery repairs are not included.
CROP RELATED ACCRUAL EXPENSES Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Total
Per
Till.
Acre
Item
Number of farms
reporting
Average number
of acres
Fertilizer & lime $
Seeds & plants
Spray & other crop
expense
Total
$
OM
Corn
Grain
Per Dry
Shell Bu.
37
36
45
Corn
Silage
Per Ton
All
Corn
Per
Acre
Hay grop
Per
Per
Acre
Ton DM
255
20.95 $
11.01
161
16.76 $
6.42
6.18
2.37
7.11
39.07 $
1.77
24.95 $
0.65
9.21
$
$
70
43.19 $
24.81
9.53
5.47
,0.49
88.49 $
4.52
19.52
0.49
0.28
$
0.,3
1.00
$
My Farm:
Fertilizer & lime $ _ ­
Seeds & plants
Spray & other crop
expense
Total
$==
$_­
$- - ­
$_­
$_­
$_­
$==
$==
--­
-­
$--­
--­
$--­
$_­
Most machinery costs are associated with crop production and should be
analyzed with the crop enterprise. Total machinery expenses include the
major fixed costs (interest and depreciation), as well as the accrual
operating costs. Although machinery costs have not been allocated to
individual crops, they are shown below per total tillable acre.
ACCRUAL MACHINERY EXPENSES
46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989
My F,u;:m
Total
Per TiL
Expenses
Acre
Averag~
Machinery
Expense Item
Fuel, oil & grease
Machinery repairs & parts
Machine hire, rent & lease
Auto expense (farm share)
Interest (5%)
Depreciation
Total
Total
Expenses
3,946
8,870
2,217
539
4,710
10,062
$ 30,344
$
Per Til.
Acre
15.45
34.73
8.68
2.11
18.44
39.40
$ 118.81
$
$
$
$
$
16 Dairy Analys is
Analysis of the dairy enterprise can tell a great deal about the
strengths and weaknesses of the dairy farm business. Information on this
page should be used in conjunction with DHI and other dairy production
information. Changes in dairy herd size and market values that occur during
the year are identified in the table below. The change in inventory value
without appreciation is attributed to physical changes in herd size and
quality. Any change in inventory is included as an accrual farm receipt when
calculating all of the profitability measures on pages 6 and 7.
DAIRY HERD INVENTORY 46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Dairy Cows
Item
No.
Value
Beg. year (owned)
+ Change w/o apprec.
+ Appreciation
End year (owned)
End incl. leased
Average number
71
$ 64,983
71
72
71
897
9.265
$ 75,145
Bred
No. Value
18 $ 13,180
941
1.245
19 $ 15,366
Heifers
QJ2en
No. Value
18 $
20 $
7,850
809
798
9,457
~5!lves
No.
Value
19 $
3,899
43
320
4,262
19 $
57 (all age groups)
My Farm:
Beg. of year (owned)
+ Change w/o apprec.
+ Appreciation
End of year (owned)
End including leased
Average number
$_­
$_­
$_­
$_­
$_­
$_­
$_­
$_­
(all age groups)
Total milk sold and milk sold per cow are extremely valuable measures
of productivity on the dairy farm. These measures of milk output are based
on pounds of milk marketed during the year. Farm managers on DHI should
compare milk sold per cow with their rolling herd average on the test date
nearest December 31 to see how close the DHI estimate of milk produced is to
actual milk sales.
MILK PRODUCTION 46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Item
Average
Total milk sold, lbs.
Milk sold per cow, lbs.
Average milk
plan~
test, percent butterfat
1,185,290
16,669
3.42
My Farm
17 The cost of producing milk has been compiled using the whole farm method and
is featured in the following table. Accrual receipts from milk sales can be
compared with the accrual costs of producing milk per cow and per
hundredweight of milk. Using the whole farm method, operating costs of
producing milk are estimated by deducting nonmilk accrual receipts from total
accrual operating expenses including expansion livestock purchased. Total
costs of producing milk include the operating costs of producing milk plus
depreciation on machinery and buildings, the value of operators/ labor and
management, and the interest charge for using equity capital. Note that the
cost of labor, management, and equity capital has been excluded in the
intermediate calculation.
ACCRUAL RECEIPTS FROM DAIRY AND COST OF PRODUCING MILK
46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989
Item
Accrual Costs of
Producing Milk
Operating costs
Total costs wjo
opers' labor,
mgmt. & capital
Total Costs
Accrual Receipts
From Milk
Total
Average
Per Cow
Per Cwt,
Total
My Farm Per Cow
Per Cwt. $121,712
$
1,712
$
10.27
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
$138,520
$179,619
$
1,948
2,526
$
$
$
11.69
15.15
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
$174,168
$
2,449
$
14,69
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
The accrual operating expenses most commonly associated with the dairy
enterprise are listed in the table below. Evaluating these costs per unit of
production enables an evaluation of the dairy enterprise.
DAIRY RELATED ACCRUAL EXPENSES 46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Average
Item
Purchased dairy grain
& concentrates
Purchased dairy roughage
Total Purchased
Dairy Feed
Purchased grain & conc.
as % of milk receipts
Purchased feed & crop expo
Purchased feed & crop expo
as % of milk receipts
Breeding
Veterinary & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease
Other livestock expense
Per Cow
My Farm Per Cow
Per Cwt.
Per Cwt. 651
_ _6
$
3.91
0.04
$
$
$
658
$
3.95
$
$
$
798
$
4.79
$
$
36
48
95
3
100
$
0.22
0.29
0.57
0.02
0.60
$
$
27%
%
33%
$
%
$
18
Capital and Labor Efficiency Analysis
Capital efficiency factors measure how intensively the capital is being
used in the farm business. Measures of labor efficiency are key indicators
of management's success in generating products per unit of labor input.
CAPITAL EFFICIENCY 46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Per
CQw
Per
'WQrker
Item
Farm capital
Real estate
Machinery & equipment
Capital turnover, years
My Farm:
Farm capital
Real estate
Machinery & equipment
Capital turnover, years
$165,907
$
35,924
Per Tillable
Acre Owned
Per Tillable
AS;;;Ie
6,201
2,632
1,343
$
1,726
$
3,105
1,318
374
2.03
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
LABOR FORCE INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS 46 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1989 Labor Force Months
A&e
Years of
of Educ.
12
46
37
39
13
14
14
Operator number 1
Operator number 2
Operator number 3
Family paid
Family unpaid
Hired
Total
4
2
32 +
Value of operator(s)
labor ($l,050/mo.) $
Family unpd.($750/mo.)
Hired
Total Labor
$
Machinery Cost
$
.Total Labor & Mach.
.$
Total
18,192
2,120
13,052
33,365
30,344
63,709
______ 'Worker Equivalent
Operator/Manager Equiv.
Ave Ia&e
Per 'Worker
71
1,185,290
255
764
Iotal
2.66 'Worker Equivalent
1.44 Operator/Manager Equiv.
12 ­
+ 12 ­
+ 12
Labor
Efficiens;;;y
Labor Costs
$ 17,567
6,294
2,496
3
3
9
My Farm: Total
Operator's
Cows, average number
Milk sold, pounds
Tillable acres
'Work units
Value of
LabQI & M&mt.
256
30
~
$
$
$
469
427
896
My Farm
Per 'ilQrkeI
27
445,999
96
288
Hy F§rm
Avera&e
Per
Per
CQw
Ill, acre
$
Total
$71.23
8.30
51.11
$130.64
$118.81
$249.46
Per
CQw
TQ1;al
Per
Til, Acre
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
19 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FARM BUSINESS
Prosress of the Farm Business
Comparing your business with average data from regional DFBS coopera­
tors that participated in both of the last two years is one part of a
business checkup. It is equally important for you to determine the progress
your business has made over the past two or three years and to set targets or
goals for the future.
PROGRESS OF THE FARM BUSINESS
40 Oneida-Mohawk Region Dairy Farms, 1988 and 1989
Average of 40 Farms*
1988
1989
Selected Factors
Size of Business
Average number of cows
70
71
Average number of heifers
55
56
Milk sold, lbs.
1,160,762 1,175,032
Worker equivalent
2.62
2.61
Total tillable acres
244
250
Rates of Production
Milk sold per cow, lbs.
Hay DM per acre, tons
Corn silage per acre, tons
Labor Efficiency
Cows per worker
Milk sold/worker, lbs.
Cost Control
Grain & conc. purchased
as % of milk sales
Dairy feed & crop expo
per cwt. milk
Labor & mach. costs/cow
Capital Efficiency** Farm capital per cow Mach. & equip. per cow Capital turnover, years 16,612
2.7
13
16,638
2.8
13
27
442,898
27
449,773
27%
27%
$
$
4.48
837
$
$
4.82
880
$
$
5,894
1,218
2.2
$
$
My Farm
1989
1988
---_%
---_%
Goal
---_%
$_ __
$- - - -
$_--­
$_--­
$_-­
$_-­
6,097
1,286
2.0
$_-­
$_--­
$_--­
$_--­
$_-­
$_--­
$ 37,833
$ 55,945
$_--­
$_-­
$_-­
$_-­
$_--­
$_-­
$ 15,426
$_-­
$_--­
$_-­
Profitability Net farm inc. w/o apprec. $ 30,437
Net farm inc. w/apprec. $ 42,701
Labor & mgt. income per oper./manager
$ 11,415
Rate of return on eq.
capital w/apprec.
6.2%
Rate of return on all
capital w/apprec.
5.3%
Finincial Summary
Farm net worth, end year
$277,198
Debt to asset ratio
0.35
Farm debt per cow
$ 2,094
$305,231
0.31
$ 1,973
*Farms participating both years.
**Average for the year.
9.7%
---_%
---_%
---_%
9.3%
---_%
---_%
---_%
$_-­
$_--_$_--­
$_-­
$
$-----'''-­
20 Farm Business Charts
The Farm Business Chart is a tool which can be used in analyzing a
business by drawing a line through the figure in each column which represents
the current level of management performance. The figure at the top of each
column is the average of the top 10 percent of the 406 farms for that factor.
The other figures in each column are the average for the second 10 percent,
third 10 percent, etc. Each column of the chart is independent of the others.
The farms which are in the top 10 percent for one factor would not necessarily
be the same farms which make up the top 10 percent for any other factor.
The cost control factors are ranked
is not necessarily the most profitable.
position is somewhere near the middle or
of costs, and must be taken into account
from low to high, but the lowest cost
In some cases, the "best" management
average. Many things affect the level
when analyzing the factors.
References to DFBS output page numbers for participating dairy farmers are
provided in the table headings.
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR FARM MANAGEMENT COOPERATORS
406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988
Size of Business
Worker
No.
Pounds
of
EquivMilk
alent
Cows
Sold
(DFBS
pg. 10)
(10)
(10)
7.6
302
5,478,274
4.5
150
2,555,561
118
3.6
1,965,272
99
1,667,766
3.2
2.9
84
1,377 , 121
Rates of Production
Tons Corn
Pounds
Tons
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
Per Cow
DMtAcre Per Acre
(9)
20,561
18,872
18,058
17,409
16,886
(8)
4.2
3.5
3.1
2.9
2.6
Labor Efficienc;y:
Pounds
Cows
Milk Sold
Per
Per WQrker
Worker
(10)
50
40
36
33
31
(8)
21
18
16
15
15
(10)
832,165
666,980
603,280
561,713
514,877
-------.-----------------~------------------------------~--------.-.-----.------
2.6
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.3
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
(9)
$286 401
463
522
572
w
72
62
55
47
36
1,156,002
1,000,552
857,485
716,763
542,182
% Feed is
of Milk
ReceiRts
(9)
14%
20
23
26
27
16,298
15,785
15,024
14,142
11,650
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.2
Cost Control
Machinery
Labor &
Costs
Machinery
Per Cow
Costs Per Cow
(10)
(10)
$219
$ 500
282
618
324
682
358
726
387
763
14
13
12
11
8
29
27
25
22
17
Feed & Crop
Expenses
Per Cow
(9) $ 449
564
623
678
735
467,076
432,494
397,092
347,768
266,376
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt. Milk
(9)
$3.00 3.64 3.93 4.22 4.49 _______________________________________________________________________________
615
655
700
767
886
29
31
32
35
39
415
442
480
539
664
805
854
919
1,000
1,142
785
824
874
939
1,086
4.71
4.94
5.19
5.54
6.47
21
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR FARM MANAGEMENT COOPERATORS 406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988 Dairy
Receipts
Per Cwt.
(9)
$16.53
15.33
14.89
14.62
14.37
Dairy
Receipts
Per Cow
(9)
$2,974
2,723
2,594
2,496
2,413
2,339
2,251
2,149
1,984
1,663
Oper. Cost
Milk
Per Cow
(9)
$ 878
1,170
1,309
1,409
1,506
14.17
13.98
13.72
13.30
12.65
Oper. Cost
Milk
Per Cwt.
(9)
$ 5.97
7.50
8.18
8.72
9.19
Total Cost
Production
Per Cow
(9)
$1,697
1,980
2,092
2,206
2,303
2,383
2,489
2,613
2,749
3,085
9.62
10.06
10.51
11.11
12.96
1,588
1,671
1,775
1,923
2,122
Total Cost
Production
Per Cwt.
(9)
$11.22
12.42
13.03
13.45
13.85
14.45
14.93
15.68
16.59
19.26
Profitability
Net Farm Income
With
Without
Am2reciation
ARRreciation
(3)
(3)
$191,562
$152,016
91,674
64,178
71,488
47,392
59,330
39,075
48,938
32,619
40,055
32,386
24,193
16,077
-5
25,596
20,332
13,859
6,208
-11,890
Labor & Return to Operator's Labor,
Management Income Management. ~ Eguit~ CaRita1
Per
Per
Without
With
OQerator
Farm
Almreciation
ARQreciation
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
$150,408
$100,436
$82,939
$190,109
36,434
62,028
27,820
89,579
19,437
45,854
25,726
69,860
14,022
19,032
57,028
37,325
10,174
30,813
13,156
47,001
38,398
30,714
21,562
13,720
-1,766
24,169
17,339
11,857
3,924
-13,815
7,890
2,740
-4,487
-11,265
-33,523
6,156
2,308
-3,781
-9,151
-34,040
Financial Analysis Chart
The farm financial analysis chart is designed just like the Farm Business
Chart and may be used to measure the financial health of the farm business.
Most of the financial measures used in the chart are defined on pages 7, 10, 12,
and 18 of this publication. References to DFBS output page numbers for
participating dairy farmers are provided in the table headings.
22
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS CHART
406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988
Liguidit~ (re~axment)
Debt Payments
Made Per Cow
(DFBS pg. 7)
$
Debt Payments
as Percent
of Milk Recei~ts
(7)
3%
9
14
18
20
23
27
31
36
59
61
203
293
373
435
494
563
639
742
1,161
Available for
Debt Service
PeI Cow
(11)
Cash Flow
Coverage
Ratio
(7)
Debt
PeI Cow
(5)
$845
660
572
510
462
415
361
300
222
-23
5.65
1.84
1.42
1.21
1.09
0.96
0.83
0.68
0.52
-0.29
$
112
660
1,196
1,585
1,941
2,264
2,630
2,995
3,465
4,687
Solvenc~
~ebtlAs~et
Percent
Equity
(DFBS
pg. 5)
98%
90
82
75
69
65
58
52
43
28
Capital
Turnover
(years}
(10)
1. 51
1.81
1.98
2.13
2.29
2.43
2.56
2.73
3.05
3.91
Current &
InteImediate
Ri!tio
Long
TeIm
PIofitabl1it~
Percent Ri!te of RetuID on;
IDyestment
Equit~
(5)
(5)
(3)
0.01
0.04
0.10
0.17
0.23
0.29
0.36
0.41
0.50
0.73
0.00
0.01
0.12
0.24
0.33
0.45
0.54
0.63
0.77
1.20
25
13
10
8
6
4
2
-0
-4
-16
Efficiency
Real Estate
Investment
~er Cow
(10)
1,503
1,964
2,282
2,533
2,748
3,016
3,286
3,771
4,352
6,438
(3)
17
12
10
8
7
6
4
3
0
-4 (Ca~iti!l)
Machinery
Investment
PeI Cow
(10)
Total
Farm Assets
Per Cow
(10)
508
709
829
944
1,057
1,155
1,267
1,448
1,700
2,268
4,110
4,849
5,231
5,620
5,989
6,334
6,806
7,358
8,214
10,357
23
Comparisons by Type of Barn and Herd Size
When analyzing a dairy farm business by comparing it to a group of farms,
it is important that the group of farms used has as many of the same physical
characteristics as possible as the farm being analyzed. To assist in this
endeavor, dairy farms in the 1988 State Summaryl have been divided into those
with freestall and those with conventional housing. Within each group is a
further classification by size of the dairy herd.
The table on page 24 shows the average values for the resulting four
groups of dairy farms. Within each housing type, the larger herd size has the
highest crop yields and pounds of milk sold per cow. The total cost of
producing milk was lower on the larger farms and labor efficiency greater.
Profitability was also greater on the larger farms within each housing type.
Farm business charts have been computed for each of the four housing and
herd size categories. References to DFBS output page numbers for participating
dairy farmers are provided in the table headings. From these charts on pages
25~28 the range in size of business, rates of production, labor efficiency,
value and cost of producing milk, and profitability can be observed. The range
in every category of business performance is tremendous.
By comparing the farm's performance on the most appropriate business
chart, a farm manager will be better able to evaluate his or her business
performance. Farm managers should remember, however, that their competition is
not limited to the other farms in their own barn type and herd size category.
They should observe how their management performance compares with farms in
other categories as well.
Herd Size Comparisons
A detailed comparison of profitability, financial situation, and business
analysis factors across herd sizes is contained on pages 29~36. As herd size
increases, the average profitability also increases (pages 29~30). Net farm
income without appreciation was $233,809 per farm for the 300 or more herd size
group and $12,875 per farm for those with less than 40 cows. This relationship
holds for all measures of profitability including rate of return on equity
capital.
As herd size increases, percent equity generally decreases (pages 3l~34).
However, farm net worth increases substantially as herd size increases. The
average net worth for all size farms increased during 1988.
Crop yields generally increased as herd size increased, but fertilizer and
lime expenses and machinery cost per tillable acre also increased (pages 35-36).
Milk sold per cow generally increased as herd size increased, ranging from
15,833 pounds on the farms with 40 to 54 cows to 19,113 pounds on farms with 300
or more cows. Farm capital per worker increased as herd size increased, while
farm capital per cow decreased as herd size increased. Cows per worker
increased dramatically as herd size increased, ranging from 20 at the lowest
herd size category up to 45 at the largest size category.
lSmith, Stuart F., Wayne A. Knoblauch, and Linda D. Putnam, Dairy Farm
Management Business Summary. New York. 1988, Department of Agricultural
Economics, Cornell University, A.E. Res. 89~12, August 1989.
24 SELECTED BUSINESS FACTORS BY TYPE OF BARN AND HERD SIZE 406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988 Farms with:
Item
Conventional
<60 Cows
>60 Cows
117
139
65
85
149
45
96
28
2.2
12.8
39.4
7.3
3.2
$21. 87
$18,754
$126
292
98
168
55
2.5
14.0
48.7
7.8
3.4
$24.92
$35,266
$121
259
85
133
59
2.5
14.7
40.9
7.5
3.1
$29.68
$37,311
$144
560
209
237
181
2.9
14.3
45.3
7.2
2.6
$34.57
$82,010
$146
1,428,224
16,485
$9.25
$13.97
$12.88
$587
$3.56
27%
$4.47
84
69
1,381,093
16,496
$9.36
$14.14
$13.03
$608
$3.68
27%
$4.67
217
171
3,797,957
17,468
$9.64
$12.88
$13 .15
$660
$3.78
28%
$4.70
$165,397
$6,874
$3,050
$3,637
$1,242
2.58
$190,032
$6,367
$2,829
$3,056
$1,186
2.38
$191,181
$6,391
$3,075
$2,944
$1,264
2.33
$220,397
$5,688
$3,523
$2,574
$915
1. 97
1. 92
1.17
388,601
24
252
$427
$132
2.90
1.44
492,003
30
325
$390
$115
2.80
1.40
493,473
30
322
$388
$126
5.61
1.43
676,903
39
395
$431
$167
$32,593
$8,2l3
$1,935
70%
$31,035
$8,928
$2,265
65%
$86,118
$31,202
$2,018
65%
Number of farms
Cro~~ing Program Anal~sis
Total Tillable acres
Tillable acres rented*
Hay crop acres*
Corn silage acres*
Hay crop, tons DM/acre
Corn silage, tons/acre
Oats, bushels/acre
Forage DM per cow, tons
Tillable acres/cow
Fert. & lime exp. /til . acre
Total machinery costs
Machinery cost/tillable acre
Freestall
<120 Cows
>120 Cows
Dairy Anal~sis
Number of cows
46
Number of heifers
35
Milk sold, lbs.
745,373
Milk sold/cow, lbs.
16,150
Operating cost of prod. milk/cwt.
$9.49
Total cost of prod. milk/cwt.
$15.35
Price/cwt. milk sold
$12.90
Purchased dairy feed/cow
$620
Purchased dairy feed/cwt. milk
$3.84
Pure. grain & cone. as % milk rec.
28%
Pure. feed & crop exp./cwt. milk
$4.59
87
72
Ca~ital Efficienc~
Farm capital/worker
Farm capital/cow
Farm capital/til. acre owned
Real estate/cow
Machinery investment/cow
Capital turnover, years
Labor Efficienc~
Worker equivalent
Operator/manager equivalent
Milk sold/worker, lbs.
Cows/worker
Work units/worker
Labor cost/cow
Labor cost/tillable acre
Profitabilit~ & Balance Sheet
Net farm income (w/o apprec.)
Labor & mgmt. income/operator
Farm debt/cow
Percent equity
Anal~sis
$15,113
$2,387
$2,424
65%
*Average of all farms, not only those reporting data.
25
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR SMALL CONVENTIONAL STALL DAIRY FARM
117 Conventional Stall Dairy Farms with 60 or Less Cows, New York, 1988
Size of Business
Pounds
Worker
No.
Milk
Equiv·
of
Cows
Sold
alent
(DFBS
(10)
(10)
pg. 10)
Rates of Production
Tons Corn
Tons
Pounds
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
Per Cow
DMLAcre Per Acre
(9)
(8)
Labor Efficienc:£
Pounds
Cows
Milk Sold
Per
Per Worker
Worker
(10)
(8)
(10)
3.0
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.0
58
56
54
51
49
1,069,621
952,284
883,230
828,725
760,558
20,399
18,512
17,716
17,216
16,604
3.8
3.1
2.8
2.6
2.4
20
18
17
15
14
40
33
29
27
25
672,046
562,928
469,994
433,894
414,271
2.0
l.7
l.5
1.3
l.0
46
43
40
37
29
716,896
676,549
628,044
566,471
427,103
16,054
15,273
14,721
13,809
11,901
2.3
2.0
l.9
l.7
l.2
13
12
10
10
24
23
21
19
15
385,463
353,856
330,435
292,749
226,460
7
Cost Control
Machinery
Labor &
Costs
Machinery
Per Cow
Costs Per Cow
(10)
(10)
Feed & Crop
Expenses
Per Cow
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt. Milk
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
% Feed is
of Milk
(9)
(9)
$318
418
466
518
554
23%
28
31
33
35
$197
250
315
364
392
$ 554
692
755
804
841
$ 455
550
600
644
713
$3.02
3.57
3.93
4.22
4.47
593
641
710
781
896
36
38
40
44
50
426
451
488
538
647
899
941
1,013
1,069
1,192
759
812
872
952
1,092
4.68
4.90
5.18
5.58
6.70
Receipts
Value and Cost of Production
Milk
Oper. Cost
Total Cost
Receipts
Milk
Production
Per Cow
Per Cwt.
Per Cwt.
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
Profi tab i l i t:£
Net Farm Income
With
Without
Labor & Mgmt. Income
Per Farm
Per Oper.
Apprec.
Apprec.
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
$2,631
2,411
2,289
2,200
2,122
$ 6.23
7.69
8.23
8.68
9.22
$12.22
13.25
14.00
14.57
15.09
$66,048
45,717
38,199
31,413
27,367
$40,605
31,042
24,592
20,824
16,987
$26,515
18,240
12,447
8,024
5,314
$25,175
15,171
10,259
6,890
4,522
2,064
1,975
1,886
1,756
1,545
9.64
10.09
10.53
11.26
13.48
15.62
16.24
16.70
17.41
2l.06
22,397
19,247
16,846
10,388
·402
13,416
9,008
6,522
2,017
·9,679
2,240
·1,921
·5,605
·9,948
·24,960
2,113
-1,703
·5,125
-8,298
-21,802
26
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR LARGE CONVENTIONAL STALL DAIRY FARMS
139 Conventional Stall Dairy Farms with More Than 60 Cows, New York, 1988
Size of Business
Worker
No.
Pounds
Equivof
Milk
alent
Cows
Sold
(DFBS (10)
Pg. 10)
(10)
4.7
3.7
3.3
3.1
2.9
-------2.6
2.5
2.4
2.1
1.8
141
112
98
93
83
2,455,689
1,887,601
1.724,659
1,531,719
1,396,207
Rates of Production
Pounds
Tons
Tons Corn
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
Per Cow
DMLAcr~
Per Acre
(9)
(8)
19,800
18,638
18,106
17,463
16,959
4.1
3.5
3.1
2.8
2.6
Labor
Cows
Per
Worker
(8)
21
17
16
15
15
Effici~nc~
Pounds
Milk Sold
Per Worker
(10)
(10) 47
38
35
33
755,830
651,861
591,353
541,449
510,816
31
------------------------------------------------------ -------~---------
78
73
67
64
61
1,286,389
1,172,462
1,086,160
992,080
822,664
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
(9)
% Feed is
of Milk
ReceiQts
(9)
$272
371
433
502
565
24%
28
30
32
33
16,331
15,846
15,340
14,294
11,490
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.2
Cost Control
Machinery
Labor &
Costs
Machinery
Costs Per Cow
Plir Cow
(10)
(10)
$221
285
327
358
391
29
28
26
23
19
14
13
12
11
8
476,869
445,549
410,818
373,760
293,815
Feed & Crop
Expenses
P~r Cow
(9)
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt, Milk
(9)
$429
541
607
658
701
$3.01
3.57
3.82
4.02
4.27
$526
647
698
750
787
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------605
648
700
757
883
35
37
39
41
48
418
441
475
519
660
Value and Cost of Production
Milk
Oper. Cost
Total Cost
Receipts
Milk
Production
Per Cow
Per Cwt,
P~r Cwt.
(9)
(9)
(9)
$2,590
2,425
2,339
2,256
2,174
$ 6.33
7.33
7.95
8.42
8.91
$11.06
12.27
12.97
13.28
13.58
838
879
939
1,035
1,173
751
801
847
915
1,068
4.53
4.77
5.03
5.36
6.14
fro f i tab i l i t~
Net Earm IncQme
With
Without
Labor & Mgmt. Income
Per OUer.
P~r Farm
Alm rec ,
Alm rec ,
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
$113,623
79,373
67,707
59,750
51,694
$69,808
54,563
46,491
41,639
35,314
$45,158
33,225
26,185
20,956
16,765
$40,726
23,975
19,075
15,497
11,634
---_.--------------------------------------------------------------------------­
2,120
2,024
1,940
1,820
1,480
9.27
9.76
10.27
10.94
12.89
14.05
14.55
15.13
16.09
18.79
46,333
40,463
34,299
24,116
2,703
31,497
26,457
21,668
11,595
-10,487
11,988
6,807
-1,047
-9,842
-30,954
8,446
4,985
-585
-7,205
-21,750
27
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR SMALL FREESTALL DAIRY FARMS
65 Freestall Barn Dairy Farms with 120 or Less Cows, New York, 1988
Size of Busines2
Worker
No.
Pounds
Equiv­
of
Milk
alent
Cows
Sold
(DFBS (10)
pg. 10) (10)
4.2
3.5
3.3
3.1
3.0
115
108
105
100
92
2,135,755
1,909,121
1,771,060
1,688,234
1,505,063
Rates of Production
Tons Corn
Tons
Pounds
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
Per Cow
DMLAcre Per Acre
(9)
20,957
19,580
18,347
17,512
16,867
(8)
3.9
3.4
3.1
2.9
2.8
Labor
Cows
Per
Worker
(10)
(8)
46
39
36
34
31
21
20
18
16
15
~fficienc~
Pounds
Milk Sold
Per Worker
(10) 738,383
637,748
582,787
559,711
525,414
------------------------------------------------------ ---------~----------------
2.8
2.6
2.3
2.1
1.6
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
(9)
84
78
70
59
42
1,365,945
1,191,775
1,061,328
872,566
610,624
% Feed is
of Milk
ReceiI1ts
(9)
16,271
15,778
14,891
13,601
11,393
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.6
1.1
15
14
12
11
8
Cost Control
Labor &
Machinery.
Costs
Machinery
Per Cow
Costs Per Cow
(10)
(10)
29
28
27
25
18
Feed & Crop
Expenses
Per Cow
(9)
474,472
455,536
429,339
376,468
277,940
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt, Milk
(9)
$258
23%
$2.91 $234
$ 530
$ 480
416
28
302
587
3.65 662
454
31
346
719
629
3.98 511
35
369
4.47 767
685
583
37
4.78 396
807
761
------------_ ..... _- ............ ---------------------------------------------------_ ............. --­
635
38
439
800
5.00
852
672
40
510
900
5.28
839
712
41
1,036
896
5.51
561
44
781
603
1,153
995
5.89
883
53
1,344
767
1,152
6.95
Value and Cost of Prgduction
Milk
Oper. Cost
Total Cost
Receipts
Milk
Production
Per Cow
Per Cwt,
Per Cwt,
(9)
(9)
(9)
$2,677
2,502
2,361
2,269
2,175
$ 5.99
7.65
8.34
8.71
9.29
$11.76
12.36
13.01
13.42
14.01
Profitabili t~
Net Farm Income
With
Without
Labor ~ M;gmt, Ins:ome
Per Farm
~er OIler,
Alm rec ,
AI1I1rec.
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
$122,057
86,612
72,241
60,248
51,410
$80,538
59,942
46,332
40,507
36,770
$50,935
36,940
27,220
22,245
16,212
$41,222
28,176
20,081
14,792
11,783
-----~-------------------------------------------------------------~------------
2,106
2,060
1,965
1,792
1,567
9.77
10.07
10.61
11.56
13.45
14.68
15.56
16.33
17.14
18.97
43,786
33,786
22,275
11,783
226
28,683
21,707
15,781
9,142
-13,498
12,431
7,906
-1,726
-10,710
-24,719
9,286
5,326
-1,838
-7,666
-22,741
28
FARM BUSINESS CHART FOR LARGE FREEST~L DAIRY FARMS
85 Freesta11 Barn Dairy Farms with More Than 120'Cows, New York, 1988
Size of Bu§ine§s
Yorker
No.
Pounds
Equiv~
Milk
of
alent
Cows
Sold
(DFBS
pg. 10) (10)
(10)
12.1
7.7
6.5
6.0
5.4
532
309
253
224
194
10,258,979
5,748,053
4,450,040
3,683,829
3,237,071
Rates of Production
Tons Corn
Tons
Pounds
Milk Sold Hay Crop Silage
Per Cow
DMLAcre Per Acre
(9)
(8)
(8)
(10)
19
18
17
16
15
60
47
44
41
39
4.8
4.1
3.8
3.4
3.1
21,283
19,739
18,818
17,827
17,274
Labor Efficienc;l
C'ows
Pounds
Milk Sold
Per
Yorker
Per Yorker
(10)
1,027,141
839,146
742,700
685,010
648,889
--------------------------.-------~----.--------~--------.-------.-~------------
4.8
4.2
3.9
3.6
2.9
Grain
Bought
Per Cow
(9)
173
153
136
127
12l
2,920,311
2,550,953
2,313,893
2,088,296
1,660,164
% Feed is
of Milk
ReceiI1ts
(9)
16,940
16,266
15,745
14,707
12,411
2.9
2.6
2.4
2.1
1.5
37
34
33
31
27
14
13
12
11
10
Cost Control
Machinery
Labor &
Costs
Machinery
Per Cow
Qosts Per Cow
(10)
(10)
Feed & Crop
Expenses
Per Cow
(9)
613,465
579,478
555,146
510,554
423,675
Feed & Crop
Expenses Per
Cwt, Milk
(9)
$316
24%
$3.17 $263
$ 543
$ 487
454
30
644
295
642
3.97 527
32
320
726
737
4.32 587
34
349
756
775
4.53 623
36
382
784
811
4.71 ......... _-- .. _---------------- ....... - .. ----------_ ... - ..... ------_ ... -_ .... - ... ----- ... -- ... -_ ... -_ ... - .. ------­
653
37
407
831
839
4.91
675
39
423
900
869
5.13
702
41
453
947
912
5.30
776
42
989
949
507
5.60
897
47
1,093
1,057
6.31
617
Value and Cost of froduction
Milk
Oper. Cost
Total Cost
Receipts
Milk
Production
Per Cow
Per Cwt.
Per Qwt.
(9)
(9)
(9)
$2,767
2,585
2,466
2,365
2,293
Profi tab ili ty
Net Farm Income
Yith
Yithout
Labor & l1gmt I Income
Per Farm
Per OI!er,
AI!I!rec.
Alm rec ,
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
$ 5.23
7.66
8.92
9.39
9.85
$10.40
11.77
12.33
12.87
13.20
$367,659
223,987
158,470
123,985
105,605
$308,013
166,492
114,554
87,002
71,945
$225,699
115,331
69,277
50,003
39,841
$195,726
74,508
48,997
37,563
24,763
10.29
10.51
10.77
11.11
12.23
13.63
13.88
14.36
14.85
16.60
90,906
74,583
63,368
41,941
12,620
62,101
44,749
33,199
20,940
-12,543
27,489
15,425
_________________________________________
2,232
2,145
2,045
1,949
1,650
•
______
~
__
~
__
________
M
_________________
~177
18,851
12,052
133
~15.048
~12.035
~50,857
~43,219
29
FARM BUSINESS SUMMARY BY HERD SIZE
406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988
Item
Farm Size:
Number of farms
Less than
40 Cows
29
40 to
54 Cows
55 to
69 Cows
70 to
84 Cows
85 to
99 Cows
67
81
53
36
ACCRUAL EXPENSES
Hired labor
Dairy grain & concentrate
Dairy roughage
Nondairy feed
Machine hire/rent/lease
Machine repairs/parts
Auto expense (farm share)
Fuel, oil & grease
Replacement livestock
Breeding
Veterinary & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease/rent
Other livestock expense
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray & other crop expense
Land/building/fence repair
Taxes & rent
Telephone & electricity
Interest paid
Misc. (including insurance)
Total Operating Expenses
Expansion livestock
Machinery depreciation
Building depreciation
Total Accrual Expenses
$ 2,392
18,877
2,095
348
915
3,293
469
1.554
1.926
1,104
1,269
3,505
10
2,963
1,698
732
718
1,398
2,979
2.877
6,223
2,576
$59,921
672
4.924
2,415
$67,932
$
4,607
27,003
1,749
144
1,517
4,837
415
2,208
1.023
1,568
1,675
4,900
52
4,874
3,465
1,340
1,021
1,478
5,209
3,635
9,444
3,135
$ 85,299
337
6,528
3,573
$ 95,737
$
9,317
34,299
916
263
1,421
7,323
687
3.423
1,516
2,064
2,645
5,727
0
5,534
5,162
1,961
1,713
2,359
6,374
4,572
10.280
4,550
$112,106
176
9,639
4,964
$126,885
$ 14,404
43,702
1,524
685
1,436
8,357
665
4,240
1,318
2,436
3.397
7,365
352
6,974
6,944
2,953
2,178
2,200
7,877
5,304
12.466
5.601
$142.378
537
11,715
5,960
$160,590
$ 19,414
56,902
580
63
1,229
13 ,107
781
5,632
1,523
3,102
4,035
7.354
14
9,024
8,272
3,680
3,045
3,661
8,324
5,994
15,535
6,315
$177,586
1,253
15,214
6,460
$200,513
ACCRUAL RECEIPTS
Milk sales
Dairy cattle
Dairy calves
Other livestock
Crops
Misc. receipts
Total Accrual Receipts
$69,058
6,296
1,809
479
1,936
1,230
$80,807
$ 96,366
7,934
2,074
131
977
3,258
$110,742
$126,139
10,340
2,580
115
2,558
4,976
$146,708
$162,315
15,094
2,899
369
4,576
5,572
$190,826
$206,315
18,421
3,494
318
4,331
6, 31 2
$239,195
$12,875
$20,258
$2,331
1.10
$2,119
$15,005
$28,129
$3,228
1.16
$2,782
$19,823
$33,894
$3,284
1. 36
$2,415
$30,236
$45,986
$11,721
1.41
$8,313
$38,682
$61,521
$17,960
1. 31
$13,710
PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
Net farm income (w/o apprec.)
Net farm income (w/apprec.)
Labor & mgmt. income
Number of operators
Labor & mgmt. inc./oper.
Rates of return on:
Equity capital w/o apprec.
Equity capital w/apprec.
All capital w/o apprec.
All capital w/apprec.
-4.3%
0.0%
-0.4%
2.5%
-4.0%
2.8%
0.5%
4.7%
-2.6%
2.2%
0.6%
3.9%
0.5%
5.2%
2.9%
6.1%
2.9%
9.1%
4.7%
8.9%
30
FARM BUSINESS SUMMARY BY HERD SIZE
406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988
Item
Farm Size:
Number of farms
ACCRUAL EXPENSES
Hired labor
Dairy grain & concentrate
Dairy roughage
Nondairy feed
Machine hire/rent/lease
Machine repairs/parts
Auto expense (farm share)
Fuel, oil & grease
Replacement livestock
Breeding
Veterinary & medicine
Milk marketing
Cattle lease/rent
Other livestock expense
Fertilizer & lime
Seeds & plants
Spray & other crop expense
Land/building/fence repair
Taxes & rent
Telephone & electricity
Interest paid
Misc. (including insurance)
Total Operating Expenses
Expansion livestock
Machinery depreciation
Building depreciation
Total Accrual Expenses
ACCRUAL RECEIPTS
Milk sales
Dairy cattle
Dairy calves
Other livestock
Crops
Misc. receipts
Total Accrual Receipts
PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
Net farm income (w/o apprec.)
Net farm income (w/apprec.)
Labor & mgmt. income
Number of operators
Labor & mgmt. inc./oper.
Rate of return on:
Equity capital w/o apprec.
Equity capital w/apprec.
All capital w/o apprec.
All capital w/apprec.
100 to
149 Cows
150 to
199 Cows
81
25
$ 25,129
68,636
1,652
301
$ 52,976
107,553
1,725
3,137
2,027
24,337
548
11,674
180
5,874
8,862
16,822
864
14,902
15,467
6,168
5,727
7,811
17,290
10,434
30,488
11.427
$353,156
2,175
23,211
13.367
$391,909
14,690
606
7,046
1,505
3,404
4,970
11,218
112
10,996
10,849
4,544
4,179
3,965
12,154
7,515
20,245
7.728
$224,581
1,445
16,826
8.646
$251,498
o
$256,607
19,533
4,526
556
6,714
10,966
$298,902
$376,291
33,320
6,676
472
9,520
$47,404
$71,193
$20,551
1.48
$13,886
$52,624
$100,639
$16,348
1.56
$10,480
2.8%
7.6%
4.6%
7.9%
$444,533
2.5%
9.4%
4.6%
9.2%
200 to
299 Cows
300 or
More Cows
21
$ 79,337 $
153,329
3,503
374
3,590
32,025
1,040
14,884
12,690
6,885
12,037
17,375
o
13
200,247
323,183
11,127
2,971
6,976
44,595
949
22,566
2,072
13,345
29,107
28,057
1,700
44,593
30,893
12,581
16,835
18,413
36,340
22,305
82,861
27,380
979,096
42,433
51,018
21,193
24,072
9,696
9,390
10,295
16,508
13,990
38,183
15,598
$505,994 $
3,046
33,872
19 , 946 _-.::J:.4.!...7 7~9.=.3
$562,858 $1,120,340
.&..I.'
$530,450 $1,148,224
50,614
122,913
10,489
20,435
2,292
2,655
11,087
26,097
27,459
33,826
$632,391 $1,354,149
$69,533
$98,371
$25,100
1.42
$17,676
3.9%
7,2%
5.4%
7.6%
$233,809
$280,953
$162,342
1.47
$110,437
13.4%
16.8%
11. 3%
13.3%
31
FARM FAMILY FINANCIAL SITUATION BY HERD SIZE
406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988
Item
ASSETS
Farm cash/chkg./sav. $ 4,457 $ 3,074
Accounts receivable
5,424
6,196
Prepaid expenses
15
o
Feed & supplies
13,321
11,232
Livestock*
42,673
45,140
Machinery & equipment* 43,066
46,651
FLB & PCA stock
935
912
Other stock & cert,
1,333
1,131
Land & bui1dings*
133,717
139,670
Total Farm Assets
$242,837 $256,110
$
$
o
o
16,895
56,489
54,871
1,403
2,194
163,123
$305,692
17,800
60,707
57,184
1,289
2,311
169,451
$320,550
3,845
10,443
74
26,495
79,513
77,112
2,559
3,363
213,256
$416,659
$
$
2,714
8,003
2,675
9,132
4,036
11,770
52
28,566
83,341
79,800
2,629
3,660
223,496
$437,350
$
2,830
1,171
20,095
2,943
3,068
7,619
4,436
$ 42,162
$
2,898
2,772
29,421
2,892
1,618
8,468
2,587
$ 50,657
$
3,147
3,806
34,017
3,659
2,885
9,336
2,757
$ 59,608
$
8,002
3,668
34,463
3,040
3,577
7,775
1,870
$ 62,394
$
$298,272
$356,349
$380,158
$479,053
$505,044
1,502
388
933
0
23,857
54,881
$ 81,562
____~8~0~2
$
$
$
$
$
o
o
23,556
53,469
$ 80,602
1.247
38,415
78,049
$123,480
2,009
38,787
74,337
$121,099
2,308
46,980
80.272
$132,859
2.738
47,843
79,627
$133,556
6,958
$ 82,367
$ 81,849
$125,489
$123,407
$135,597
$140,514
$161,275
$175,508
$182,212
$199,451
$283,801
$303,794
$196,859
$216,423
$230,860
$256,751
$343,456
$364,530
Pers. cash/chkg./sav,$ 1,701
Cash value of life ins. 1,045
Nonfarm real estate
17,714
Auto (personal share)
1,386
Stocks & bonds
2,509
Household furnishings
7,095
All other
4,939
Tot. Nonfarm Assets**$ 36,389
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Assets
$279,226
LIABILITIES
Accounts payable
Operating debt
Short term
Advanced gov't. rec.
Intermediate***
Long term*
Total Farm Liab.
Tot. Nonfarm Liab,**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Liabilities
Farm Net Worth
(Equity Capital)
Farm & Nonfarm
Net Worth
55 to 69 Cows
Jan, 1
Dec, 31
40 to 54 Cows
Jan, 1
Dec. 31
Farms with: Less than 40 Cows
Jan, 1
Dec, 31
$
1,478
451
1,648
o
4,338
1,462
1,216
o
FINANCIAL MEASURES
Less than 40 Cows
Percent equity
69%
Debt/asset ratio~long term
0.38
Debt/asset ratio-inter. & current
0.23
Change in net worth with apprec.
$14,232
Total farm debt per cow
$2,303
Debt payments made per cow
$430
Debt payments as % of milk sales
21%
Amount avail. for debt service
$14,628
Cash flow coverage ratio for 1988
1.08
4,799
1,912
1,265
o
40 to 54 Cows
62%
0.44
0.31
$17,238
$2,577
$445
21%
$23,140
1.15
3,275
851
1,481
9,051
3,967
37,286
3,456
3,682
7,790
2,462
$ 67,694
3,769
1,026
1,291
55 to 69 Cows
69%
0.36
0.25 $19,993 $2,154 $432 21% $28,374 1. 20 *Inc1udes discounted lease payments.
**Average of farms reporting nonfarm assets and liabilities for 1988.
***Includes FLB/PCA .tock and discounted lease payments for cattle and
machinery.
32
FARM FAMILY FINANCIAL SITUATION BY HERD SIZE
406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988
Farms with:
Item
ASSETS
Farm cash/chkg./savings
Accounts receivable
Prepaid expenses
Feed & supplies
Livestock*
Machinery & equipment*
FLB & PCA stock
Other stock & cert.
Land & bui1dings*
Total Farm Assets
Pers. cash/chkg./savings
Cash value of life ins.
Nonfarm real estate
Auto (personal share)
Stocks & bonds
Household furnishings
All other
Total Nonfarm Assets**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Assets
LIABILITIES
Accounts payable
Operating debt
Short term
Advanced gov't. rec.
Intermediate***
Long term*
Total Farm Liab.
Total Nonfarm Liab.**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Liabili ties
Farm Net Worth
(Equity Capital)
Farm & Nonfarm Net Worth
70 to 84 COj!s
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
85 to 99 Cows
Dec. 31
Jan. 1
6,787
19,378
0
46,435
124,050
112,275
3,717
3,235
255,043
$570,919
$
4,510
14,084
0
34,010
97,948
92,466
3,019
4,751
232,751
$483,539
$
5,046
15,293
4
37,259
104,483
95,936
3,159
5,093
239,667
$505,940
$
3,641
16,866
0
41,775
115,682
108,882
3,693
2,489
240,295
$533,323
$
$
7,611
4,076
6,368
3,311
2,287
8,600
2,392
$ 34,644
$
7,892
6,006
6,368
4,115
3,771
8,776
2,370
$ 39,297
$ 12,975
3,144
30,100
2,716
6,916
6,280
4,590
$ 66,722
$ 11,777
3,960
48,300
2,404
7,214
6,400
7,585
$ 87,641
$518,183
$545,237
$600,045
$658,560
$
5,742
1,422
1,712
176
54,621
92,638
$156,310
1.080
$
4,956
2,410
2,109
0
56,760
89,206
$155,441
1,058
$
5,422
2,663
3,093
0
75,449
101,029
$187,656
1.128
5,940
4,065
981
0
75,857
98,083
$184,926
3.084
$157,390
$156,499
$188,784
$188,010
$327,229
$360,793
$350,500
$388,738
$345,667
$411,261
$385,993
$470,550
FINANCIAL MEASURES
Percent equity
Debt/asset ratio-long term
Debt/asset ratio-inter. & current
Change in net worth with apprec.
Total farm debt per cow
Debt payments made per cow
Debt payments as % of milk sales
Amount avail. for debt service
Cash flow coverage ratio for 1988
70 to 84 Cows
69%
0.37
0.25
$23,271
$1,968
$470
22%
$32,687
1, 15
$
85 to 99 Cows
68%
0.38
0.27
$40,327
$1,926
$579
27%
$43,561
1,05
*Inc1udes discounted lease payments.
**Average of farms reporting nonfarm assets and liabilities for 1988.
***Inc1udes FLB/PCA stock and discounted lease payments for cattle and
machinery.
33
FARM FAMILY FINANCIAL SITUATION BY HERD SIZE
406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988
Farms with:
Item ASSETS
Farm cash/chkg./savings
Accounts receivable
Prepaid expenses
Feed & supplies
Livestock*
Machinery & equipment*
FLB & PCA stock
Other stock & cert.
Land & bui1dings*
Total Farm Assets
Pers. cash/chkg./savings
Cash value of life ins.
Nonfarm real estate
Auto (personal share)
Stocks & bonds
Household furnishings
All other
Total Nonfarm Assets**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Assets
LIABILITIES Accounts payable Operating debt Short term Advanced gov't. rec. Intermediate*** Long term* Total Farm Liab. Total Nonfarm Liab.** Total Farm & Nonfarm Liabilities
Farm Net 'Worth
(Equity Capital)
Farm & Nonfarm Net 'Worth
150 to 199 Cows
Jan, 1
Dec. 31
100 to 149 Cows Jan. 1
Dec. 31
$ 10,907
22,149
°
55,111
149,876
136,228
6,146
5,952
327,973
$714,342
$ 15,024
25,052
62
60,700
159,687
141,737
5,896
6,261
335,407
$749,826
$
$
9,184
34,103
57
79,415
223,016
179,605
13,047
16,900
468,814
$1,024,141
o
86,404
233,323
182,784
12,959
16,437
493.711
$1,079,444
$ 5,805
5,260
91,000
2,101
2,549
6,500
2,871
$116,086
5,810
5,825
110,969
2,189
3,483
7,138
2,711
$138,124
$
$830,428
$887,950
$1,093,975
$1,176,271
$
4,179
2,860
3,442
69
99,192
135,158
$244,900
1, 147
$ 4,376
2,775
2,818
$
$
$246,047
$242,184
$ 353,810
$
354,251
$469,442
$584,381
$508,587
$645,766
$
$
$
$
725,768
822,020
FINANCIAL MEASURES
Percent equity
Debt/asset ratio-long term
Debt/asset ratio-inter. & current
Change in net worth with apprec.
Total farm debt per cow
Debt payments made per cow
Debt payments as % of milk sales
Amount avail. for debt service
Cash flow coverage ratio for 1988
$
o
99,795
131,475
$241,239
945
100 to 149 Cows
68%
0.39
0.26
$39,145
$2,010
$471
22%
$55,340
1.09
2,693
10,159
42,571
1,971
836
9,750
1.854
69,834
15,950
37,876
$
9,549
5,399
3,088
$
$
o
$
137,202
197,395
352,633
1.177
671,508
740,165
2,738
12,195
51,143
4,979
945
9,964
14,863
96,827
10,589
9,025
7,270
o
$
129,905
196,886
353,676
575
150 to 199 Cows
67%
0.40
0.27
$54,260
$2,033
$501
24%
$70,113
1.06
*Includes discounted lease payments.
**Average of farms reporting nonfarm assets and liabilities for 1988.
***Inc1udes FLB/PCA stock and discounted lease payments for cattle and
machinery.
34
FARM FAMILY FINANCIAL SITUATION BY HERD SIZE
406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988
ASSETS
Farm cash/chkg./savings
Accounts receivable
Prepaid expenses
Feed & supplies
Livestock*
Machinery & equipment*
FLB & PCA stock
Other stock & cert.
Land & bui1dings*
Total Farm Assets
Pers. cash/chkg./savings
Cash value of life ins.
Nonfarm real estate
Auto (personal share)
Stocks & bonds
Household furnishings
All other
Total Nonfarm Assets**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Assets
LIABILITIES
Accounts payable
Operating debt
Short term
Advanced gov't. rec.
Intermediate***
Long term*
Total Farm Liab.
Total Nonfarm Liab.**
Total Farm & Nonfarm
Liabilities
Farm Net Worth
(Equity Capital)
Farm & Nonfarm Net Worth
More than 300 Cows
Dec. 31
Jan. 1
200 to 299 Cows
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
Farms with:
Item
6,852
42,654
0
110,563
294,678
196,810
13,911
22,919
606,656
$1,295,043
$
10,227
7,164
25,273
3,773
25,527
10,000
16,588
98,552
$
$
$
$
11,551
80,033
3,601
261,579
496,895
314,866
15,888
66,023
1,032,410
$2,282,846
$
1,616
1,451
25,600
2,935
16,473
8,600
13,919
70,595
$
6,047
46,641
381
120,265
310,431
218,866
15,602
22,927
616,43Z
$1,357,597
$
11,091
7,318
24,818
4,159
28,617
10,455
18,481
104,939
$
$
$
17,077
102,600
5,032
288,123
564,900
338,523
21,595
68,053
1,132,831
$2,538,735
$
8,145
1,505
34,000
3,900
17,730
9,200
5,930
80,411
$1,393,595
$1,462,536
$2,353,441
$2,619,146
$
$
$
$
9,504
10,964
12,095
o
$
210,412
209,592
452,568
12 , 723
13,705
10,809
19,329
o
o
$
211,558
207,354
462,755
10,245
9,653
57,635
15,232
11,539
89,818
24,590
o
$
392,319
469,520
944,359
463,532
461. 387
$1,050,866
o
o
$
465,291
$
473,000
$
944,359
$1,050,866
$
$
842,475
928,304
$
$
894,843
989,536
$1,338,487
$1,409,082
$1,487,869
$1,568,280
FINANCIAL MEASURES
Percent equity
Debt/asset ratio~long term
Debt/asset ratio~inter. & current
Change in net worth with apprec.
Total farm debt per cow
Debt payments made per cow
Debt payments as % of milk sales
Amount avail. for debt service
Cash flow coverage ratio for 1988
200 to 299 Cows
66%
0.34
0.34
$52,367
$1,851
$537
23%
$120,532
1. 22
More than 300 Cows
59%
0.41
0.42
$149,382
$2,198
$496
20%
$303,053
1. 56
*Inc1udes discounted lease payments.
**Average of farms reporting nonfarm assets and liabilities for 1988.
***Inc1udes FLB/PCA stock and discounted lease payments for cattle and
machinery.
35
SELECTED BUSINESS FACTORS BY HERD SIZE
406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988
Farms with:
Item
Number of farms
Cropping Program Analysis
Total Tillable acres
Tillable acres rented*
Hay crop acres*
Corn silage acres*
Hay crop, tons DM/acre
Corn silage, tons/acre
Oats, bushels/acre
Forage DM per cow, tons
Tillable acres/cow
Fert. & lime exp./ti1. acre
Total machinery costs
Machinery cost/tillable acre
40 to
54 Cows
55 to
69 Cows
70 to
84 Cows
85 to
99 Cows
29
67
81
53
36
107
31
78
15
2.0
12.6
3.0
6.7
3.2
$15.84
$13,368
$125
156
49
98
28
2.2
13.4
33.4
7.4
3.3
$22.18
$18,263
$117
219
67
131
37
2.4
12.7
58.1
7.7
3.6
$23.56
$26,363
$120
252
76
139
48
2.5
13.9
42.8
7.5
3.3
$27.58
$31,093
$123
296
108
168
63
2.6
13.8
41.5
7.9
3.2
$27.97
$41,459
$140
47
36
742,474
15,833
$9.60
$15.30
$12.98
$613
$3.87
93
61
77
51
66
77
979,950 1,252,616 1,608,344
16,006
16,165
17,356
$9.36
$9.13
$9.08
$15.16
$14.17
$13.31
$12.83
$12.87
$12.96
$575
$584
$620
$3.59
$3.61
$3.57
Less than
40 Cows
Dairy Analysis
33
Number of cows
Number of heifers
22
Milk sold, 1bs.
544,550
Milk sold/cow, 1bs.
16,264
Operating cost of prod. mi1k/cwt. $8.97
Total cost of prod. mi1k/cwt.
$15.57
Price/cwt. milk sold
$12.68
Purchased dairy feed/cow
$626
Purchased dairy feed/cwt. milk
$3.85
Purchased grain & cone. as %
of milk receipts
27%
Purchased feed & crop
expense/cwt. milk
$4.43
28%
27%
27%
28%
$4.66
$4.50
$4.57
$4.51
$181,148
6,385
2,811
3,048
1,216
2.39
$189,902
5,958
2,937
2,673
1,193
2.11
2.73
1.41
458,644
28
303
$425
$131
2.91
1.31
553,188
32
352
$406
$127
Capital Efficiency
Farm capital/worker
Farm capital/cow
Farm capital/til. acre owned
Real estate/cow
Machinery investment/cow
Capital turnover, years
$150,202
7,451
3,240
4,082
1,340
2.83
$167,498
2,926
3,546
1,195
2.53
$176,466
6,975
2,809
3,567
1,281
2.66
Labor Efficiency
Worker equivalent
Operator/manager equivalent
Milk sold/worker, 1bs.
Cows/worker
Work units/worker
Labor cost/cow
Labor cost/tillable acre
1.66
1.10
327,861
20
205
$532
$166
1.87
1.16
397,172
25
263
$444
$133
2.42
1.36
404,979
25
285
$449
$126
6,677
*Average of all farms, not only those reporting data.
36
SELECTED BUSINESS FACTORS BY HERD SIZE 406 New York Dairy Farms, 1988 Farms with:
Item
Number of farms
Cropping Program Analysis
Total tillable acres
Tillable acres rented*
Hay crop acres*
Corn silage acres*
Hay crop, tons DM/acre
Corn silage, tons/acre
Oats, bushels/acre
Forage DM per cow, tons
Tillable acres/cow
Fert. & lime exp./ti1. acre
Total machinery costs
Machinery cost/tillable acre
Dairy Analysis
Number of cows
Number of heifers
Milk sold, 1bs.
Milk sold/cow, 1bs.
Operating cost of prod. mi1k/cwt.
Total cost of prod. mi1k/cwt.
Price/cwt. milk sold
Purchased dairy feed/cow
Purchased dairy feed/cwt. milk
Purchased grain & cone. as %
of milk receipts
Purchased feed & crop
expense/cwt. milk
Capital Efficiency
Farm capital/worker
Farm capital/cow
Farm capital/til. acre owned
Real estate/cow
Machinery investment/cow
Capital turnover, years
Labor Efficiency
Worker equivalent
Operator/manager equivalent
Milk sold/worker, 1bs.
Cows/worker
Work units/worker
Labor cost/cow
Labor cost/tillable acre
100 to
149 Cows
150 to
199 Cows
200 to
299 Cows
300 or
More Cows
81 25 21 13 367 134 190 84 2.6
14.7
44.7
7.7
3.1
$29.56
$49,168
$134
500 216 241 140 2.8
13.6
58.3
7.6
2.9
$30.94
$70,776
$142
618 214 243 226 2.8
14.2
35.3
7.2
2.6
$38.94
$95,583
$155
919 295 309 382 3.4
15.1
54.6
6.5
2.0
$33.63
$141,975
$155
241 119 172 179 96 148 1,959,901 2,864,891 4,099,894 16,531 16,656 17,036 $9.37 $10.02 $9.93 $13.73 $13.65 $13.17 $12.94 $13.13 $13.09 $593 $635 $652 $3.59 $3.81 $3.83 453 343 8,665,733 19,113 $9.41 $11.87 $13.25 $737 $3.86 27%
29%
$4.58
$4.77
$206,856
6,175
3,142
2,798
$214,798
6,115
3,703
2,798
1,053
2.14
1,172
2.27
3.54
1.48 553,786 33 351 $383 $124 4.90
1. 56 585,070 35 371 $425 $146 *Average of all farms, not only those reporting data.
29%
$4.88
$220,180
5,511
3,283
2,541
864 2.01
6.02
1.42 680,615 40 405 $405 $158 28%
$4.55
$236,828
5,317
3,870
2,388
721 1.72
10.18
1.47 851,294 45 438 $482 $238 37
IDENTIFY AND SET GOALS
If businesses are to be successful, they must have direction. Written
goals help provide businesses with an identifiable direction over both the long
and the short term. Goal setting is as important on a dairy farm as it is in
other businesses. Written goals are a tool which farm operators can use to
ensure that the business continues to move in the proper direction.
1. Goals should be specific.
2. Goals should be realistic and achievable.
3. The achievement of the goal should be verifiable.
4. You should designate a time when each goal will be achieved.
Goal setting on a dairy farm does not have to be a complex process. In
many cases it provides a process for writing down and agreeing on goals that you
have already given some thought to. It is also important to remember that once
you write out your goals they are not cast in concrete. If a change takes place
which has a major impact on the farm business, the goals should be reworked to
accommodate that change. Refer to your goals as often as necessary to keep the
farm business progressing.
It is important to identify both long and short range goals when looking
at the future of your farm business.
A suggested format for writing out your goals is as follows:
a. Begin with a general philosophy statement which incorporates both
business and family goals ..
b. Identify 4-6 long range goals.
c. Identify specific short range goals for a given time period (i.e., one
year).
Worksheet for Setting Goals
I. General Philosophy and Objectives
38
Worksheet for Setting Goals (continued)
II. Long Range Goals (require two or more years to achieve)
III.
What
Short Range Goals (possible to achieve in one or two years).
I How
IWhen
NOTE: Once long and short range goals have been identified, it is helpful to
rank them in order of priority.
Prepared by T.R. Maloney. Extension Associate, Cornell University
Other Agricultural Economics Extension Publications
No. 90-1
Micro DFBS, A Guide to Processing Dairy
Farm Business Summaries in County and
Regional Extension Offices for Micro DFBS
V 2.4
L. D. Putnam
W. A. Knoblauch
S. F. Smith
No. 90-2
Poultry Farm Business Summary, New York,
1988
D. P. Snyder
S. Ackerman
K. Park
No. 90-3
The Economics of Concord and Niagara Grape
Production in the Great Lakes Region of
New York, 1989
G. B. White
J. S. Kamas
No. 90-4
Agricultural District Legislation in
New York as Amended Through 1989
K. V. Gardner
No. 90-5
Agricultural Lending Policy of New York
Commercial Banks
J. M. Thurgood
E. L. LaDue
No. 90-6
Proceedings of Managing Farm Personnel in
the 90's
Bernie Erven
Guy Hutt
Tom Maloney
No. 90-7
The U.S. Dairy Situation and Outlook for
1990
Andrew M. Novakovic
No. 90-8
Dairy Farm Business Summary, Northern New
York, 1989
Stuart F. Smith
Linda D. Putnam
No. 90-9
Dairy Farm Business Summary, Western Plain
Region, 1989
Stuart F. Smith
Linda D. Putnam
No. 90-10
Dairy Farm Business Summary, Central New
York and Central Plain Regions, 1989
Wayne A. Knoblauch
Linda D. Putnam
No. 90-11
Dairy Farm Business Summary, Eastern
Plateau Region, 1989
Robert A. Milligan
Linda D. Putnam
Carl A. Crispell
William H. Gengenbach
Gerald A. LeClar
No. 90-12
National and State Trends in Milk
Production
Andrew Novakovic
Kevin Jack
Maura Keniston