ECE 421/521
Electric Energy Systems/Power Systems Analysis I
1 – General Background
Instructor:
Kai Sun
Fall 2013
1
Outline
• History of Electric Industry
• Introduction to Electric Power Systems:
– Energy resources, grid operation and reliability, and smart grid
technologies
• Job Markets
Sources:
– Dr. Robert B. Schainker’s presentation “Pictorial History of the Development of
Electricity” at EPRI in 2003
– Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World,
by Jill Jonnes, Random House, NY, 2003
– H. Saadat, Power System Analysis (3rd Ed.), McGraw-Hill, 2010
– EPRI Power System Dynamics Tutorial, EPRI, Product ID: 1016042, 2009
– NERC.com, Wikipedia.org, and other websites
2
Some Key People Who Developed the Field of
Electricity
Big Names (Ordered by DOB)
Achievements
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790 ), American
Lightning rod, Charge
conservation
Charles A. de Coulomb (1736-1806), French
Coulomb's law
James Watt (1736-1819), Englishman
Steam engines, concept
of power
Count A. Volta (1745-1827), Italian
Battery
Andre’ M. Ampere (1775-1827), Frenchman
Electromagnetism,
Ampere’s law,
Hans C. Orsted (1777-1851), Danish
Electromagnetism
Carl F. Gauss (1777-1855), German
Gauss's law
George S. Ohm (1789-1854), German
Ohm's law
Michael Faraday (1791-1867), Englishman
Electromagnetic induction
Joseph Henry (1797-1878), American
Self- and mutualinductance
3
Some Key People Who Developed the Field of
Electricity (cont’d)
Big Names (Ordered by DOB)
Achievements
James P. Joule (1818-1899), Englishman
Energy, Joule's first law
Gustav R. Kirchhoff (1824-1889),
Prussian/German
Kirchhoff's circuit laws
James C. Maxwell (1831-1879), Scotsman
Electromagnetic field, Maxwell's
equations
George Westinghouse (1846-1914), American
AC power system
Thomas A. Edison (1847-1931), American
Incandescent light bulb, DC
power system
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), Croatian/American
AC induction motor and
transformer, AC power system
Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894), German
Electromagnetic waves
William Stanley, Jr. (1858-1916), American
New transformer design still used
today, other electric devices
Charles P. Steinmetz (1865-1923),
German/American
Mathematical theories for
AC systems
4
1831: World’s 1st Electric Dynamo by Faraday
• August 29, 1831: Faraday demonstrated how to make electricity from a change in
magnetism
(Source: Wikipedia.org)
5
1876: World’s 1st R&D Lab by Edison
• Started in 1876 at Menlo park, NJ.
• The Laboratory buildings were
removed in 1929 by industrialist Henry
Ford to his Greenfield Village Museum
in Dearborn, Michigan
• Edison’s team on the front
steps of the laboratory
building (Circa 1880).
Top row (standing), left to right: Albert
Herrick, Francis Jehl, Samuel Edison
(Edison's father), George Crosby, George
Carman, Charles Mott, John Lawson,
George Hill, Ludwig Boehm.
Middle row: Charles Batchelor, Edison,
Charles Hughes, William Carman.
Bottom row: William Holzer, James Hipple.
6
1879: 1st Commercially Practical Incandescent Light
by Edison
First successful light bulb model,
used in public demonstration at
Menlo Park, December 1879
(source: Wikipedia.org)
Edison and his Menlo Park crew (taken in 1880, i.e.
soon after new lights were installed)
7
1882: 1st Commercial Power Plant for a City by
Edison
• Three floors of Pearl Street Generation Station in NYC (commissioned on Sept. 4, 1882)
– It had six coal-fed steam locomotive engines powering six direct current dynamos
– Served 59 customers (all incandescent lamps at 110V through underground cables)
within a 1.5km radius area. (Motor loads were added to such systems after 1884)
8
• By the time Edison was in his mid30s, he was said to be the bestknown American in the world
• Edison has more patents (1,093) in
his name than any other person,
including:
– 389, Electric Light & Power
– 195, Phonograph
– 150, Telegraph
– 141, Storage Batteries
– 34, Telephone
– Kinetograph Motion Camera
– Kinetoscope Motion Viewer
– Magnetic Ore Separator
Thomas Edison at his desk
dictating into the
“Edison Business
Phonograph”
9
10
1st Home To Be Lit By Electricity
• J.P. Morgan - Financial backer of
Edison Electric Light Co., which
later became General Electric Co.
• J.P. Morgan’s home was the first
home to be lit by electricity using
Edison’s new electric light bulbs,
powered by an Edison DC dynamo
in Morgan’s home basement.
11
Nikola Tesla
•
•
•
•
•
Rotating Magnetic Principle
Polyphase AC Generators,
Motors, and Grid Equipment
AC Induction Motor
Practical Wireless
Communication
• Tesla High Voltage Coil
• Telephone Repeater
• 700 Other Patents
Tesla’s bio in IEEE paper template
12
Nikola Tesla in the lab he set
up in Colorado Springs (1899)
to study electric energy by
generating millions of volts
(note: the photo is a double
exposure.)
“Nikola Tesla” (by David Bowie) in movie
The Prestige (2006) (Source: IMDb.COM)
13
George Westinghouse: One Of The Few Who Appreciated
The Practical Importance Of Tesla’s Polyphase Patent
• An entrepreneur having the ability to
transform new ideas to commercial
reality while allowing for relatively
simple maintenance practices
– Invented railroad air brake and
signaling equipment; had many
patents on natural gas piping
systems & equipment
– Bought numerous electricity patents
from Tesla
– Commercialized AC generation &
transmission systems
– Battled Edison over AC vs. DC
– Generation & grid applications
– When Tesla needed money,
Westinghouse paid for Tesla’s
room & board at the Waldorf
Astoria, NY City
14
Westinghouse-Tesla Polyphase Exhibit In The “Electricity
Building” At The Chicago World's Fair (1893)
• Westinghouse’s AC bid won over
GE’s DC bid for the fair’s power &
lighting contract.
15
1st Westinghouse Dynamo
• One of the 1st Westinghouse Niagara Falls
Power Company generators being built in
Pittsburgh in 1894 (Note: Westinghouse
won this contract over a GE bid.)
• This Machine was a two phase, 25 Hz AC
generator (3.8MW), the largest generator in
the World, at the Time.
Most of the patents cited above were from Tesla
16
First Three Westinghouse Dynamos in Stanford
White's "Cathedral of Power" at Niagara Falls (Photo
Taken April 6, 1896)
The Success Story
Innovator (1888)
Competitor (1882)
Commercializer
(1889-)
Application (1893-1896)
Demonstration (1893)
17
Morgan and Tesla
• In 1900 Morgan invested $150,000 in inventor Nikola
Tesla's Wardenclyffe Tower, a high power
transatlantic radio transmission project.
• By 1903 Tesla had spent the initial investment
without completing the project, and with Guglielmo
Marconi already making regular transatlantic
transmissions with far less expensive equipment,
Morgan declined to fund Tesla any further.
• Tesla tried to generate more interest in Wardenclyffe
by revealing its capability of wireless electricity
transmission, but the loss of Morgan as a backer,
and the later 1907 financial crisis dried up any further
investment
Note: In 2007, a MIT group powered a 60W bulb WIRELESSLY
over 7 feet in the air between two coils resonating together at
9.9MHz. (for more information search for keyword “WiTricity” )
18
Wardenclyffe Tower (1901–
1917), also known as the
Tesla Tower, was an early
wireless transmission tower
designed by Nikola Tesla in
Shoreham, New York and
intended for commercial
trans-Atlantic wireless
telephony, broadcasting, and
proof-of-concept
demonstrations of wireless
power transmission ( a more
powerful version of wireless
communication).
(Source: Wikipedia.org)
From Generator to Grid
• William Stanley, Jr, had 129
Patents, including:
• Charles Steinmetz
– Transformer (new design still used
today)
– Inductor Alternator
– Line Insulator
– Line Switch
– Vacuum (Thermos) Bottle
– A mathematician who invented AC
system theories (e.g. on hysteresis,
steady-state analysis and
transients) for AC machine and
network performance calculations
– Recognized as one of the great
inventors and minds of the 1900’s.
19
Reasons for AC Winning over DC
• Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems,
thus providing the flexibility for use of different voltages for
generation, transmission and consumption
• To reduce transmission power losses (RI2) and voltage
drops, voltage levels have to be high for long-distance
power transmission. HVAC was easier to implement by
means of transformers. (At present, the cross-over point
for HVDC to be competitive is around 500km for overhead
lines or 50km for underground/submarine cables.)
• AC generators and motors are much simpler than DC
generators and motors
20
How Transformers Work?
V2 can be larger or smaller than V1
It only works with AC!
Source: Alstom.com
21
Why 3-phase AC?
• Generation and transmission adopt 3phase because:
– 3 wires for 3 loads (if balanced)
– Power is 3-phase AC is constant, not
in pulses as in 1-phase AC. Thus,
more power is delivered and 3-phase
motors run more smoothly
Why not 6 or 12? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqZtptHnC2I
22
1st 100 Years of Electric Industry
• 1882: Pearl Street Station, the 1st DC system by Edison, operated in NYC
• 1886: Commercially practical transformer and AC distribution system
developed by Stanley
• 1888: Development of poly-phase AC by Tesla started AC vs. DC battle
• 1889: 1st AC transmission line in the US (1-phase, 21km at 4kV in
Oregon)
• 1893: 1st 3-phase line (2.3kV, 12 km by SCE) in North America; AC vs.
DC battle ended when AC was chosen at Niagara Falls.
• 1912-1923: 1st 110kV and 220kV HVAC overhead lines
• 1950s: 345kV-400kV EHV AC lines by USA, Germany and Sweden
• 1954: 1st modern commercial HVDC transmission (96km submarine
cable) in Sweden.
• 1960s: 735-765kV EHV AC in Russia, USA and Canada
• 1972: 1st thyristor based HVDC Back-To-Back system between Quebec
and New Brunswick in Canada
23
AC/DC Hybrid: a Future Grid?
(Source: presentation by A.-A. Edris in 2007)
24
Energy Resources for Electricity Generation
From “Electricity sector of the United States” at Wikipedia.org
25
Fossil Fuel Power Plants
• Coal-fired power plants
26
• Coal-fired power plants
1. Boiler burns pulverized coal to
produce high P&T steam
2. Turbines (HP, MP, and LP)
convert heat of flowing steam to
mechanical energy to spin a
generator
3. Generator converts mechanical
energy to electric energy
• Concerns:
– Low efficiency
– Environmental concerns (major
emitters of CO2)
A coal plant in Rochester, Minnesota (source: wikipedia.org)
27
(Source: blogspot.com)
• Gas turbine power plants
– A gas turbine is also called
combustion turbine and
operates like a jet engine
– Start quickly in minutes
(used for peak load)
– Usually used in conjunction
with a heat recovery
system generator (HRSG)
for a combine cycle or cogeneration power plant.
Combustion Turbine Power Plant (source: TVA.com)
28
• Combined-cycle power plants
– Higher overall efficiency (>60%)
29
Nuclear Power Plants
• Steam power plant except that the
boiler is replaced by a nuclear
reactor, e.g. BWR (boiling-water
reactor) and PWR (pressurizedwater reactor)
(Source: Wikipedia.org)
30
Hydroelectric Power Plants
• Generated electric power:
P
=
W
EP V ρ gh
=
= q ρ gh
t
t
=
Po η=
PW η q ρ=
gh 9.81qhη (kW)
η - overall efficiency
h – effective head of water (m)
q – rate of flow (m3/s)
ρ - density of water ≈1000kg/m3
g – acceleration due to gravity ≈9.81m/s2
h
q
Norris Dam: 1st major TVA project built in the mid-1930s
31
(source: wikipedia.org)
Types of Hydro Plants
• Run-of-the-river hydro plants
– Use the nature flow of rivers
– Cheap; very little environmental impact
– Power outputs may have seasonal
fluctuations
• Pumped-storage hydro plants
– Typically have two reservoirs at two
elevations
– Energy storage function (accounts for >99%
of bulk storage): during off-peak times, the
generator can operate as a synchronous
motor (pump) to save surplus electricity by
elevating water
– Brought to full power within a few minutes
from startup (important for grid stability in,
e.g. backing up wind/solar power generation)
Pumped storage Plant in Rönkhausen, Germany
(source: wikipedia.org)
32
Solar Power
• Photovoltaic (PV)
– Photoelectric effect: Light->electricity
(efficiency ~ 15%)
• Concentrated solar power (CSP)
– Light->heat->electricity
• Parabolic Troughs,
• Parabolic dish concentrators (Dish
Stirling, efficiency~30%)
• Solar Tower
Stirling Engine)
33
34
35
Wind Power Plants
• Generated electric power:
EK mv 2 Aρ vt ⋅ v 2
=
= =
P
W
t
2t
2t
Aρ v3 π D 2 ρ v3
= =
2
8
π D 2 ρ v3
=
PO η=
CP PW η CP
(W)
8
v (m/s)
A (m2)
CP – power coefficient ≈0.4
< 16/27 or 0.59 (Betz Limit)
36
Types
• Onshore
– Closer to existing electrical grids
– More noise and visual pollution
– Limited land sites
• Offshore
– Higher investment and
maintenance costs
– Less noise
– Huge resources; higher and more
stable wind speed
Offshore wind farm (5MW turbines, Belgium)
37
Wind Turbines
• Doubly-Fed Induction Generators (DFIG)
– Most commonly used
– “Double fed”: energy is delivered to the grid from both the stator and the rotor
– The power electronic converters enable DFIG to operate at the optimal rotor
speed and to maximize power generation by controlling the active and
reactive power injected into the grid at a constant voltage frequency.
Can short-circuit the rotor
during an external fault to ridethrough the voltage dip
38
Installed Wind Power by Region (2009)
39
40
Reliability Concerns in Integration of Wind Generation
Supply-demand mismatch
Legend:
•
Wind
•
People
Increased congestion risk
Inaccuracy in short-term wind forecast
41
Other Clean Energy
Resources
• Geothermal Power Plants
– Utilize heat within the earth, usually in the
form of underground steam or hot water
– 3GW installed in USA by 2009
• Biomass Power (Biopower) Plants
– Combustion of plants, agricultural residues
and other wastes to generate electricity
– Causes zero net increase in CO2
– 2.2GW installed in USA by 2010
• Tidal Power Plants
– Capturing potential/kinetic energy of tides
caused by the gravitational pull from the
moon (twice a day)
• Fuel Cell
– Convert chemical energy into electricity
Read Saadat’s Ch1.9-Ch1.12
42
(Source: www.conserve-energy-future.com)
43
Structure of a AC Power System
• Generation
– Low voltages <25kV due to
insulation requirements
• Transmission system
– Backbone system
interconnecting major power
plants (11~35kV) and load
center areas
– 161kV, 230kV, 345kV, 500kV,
765kV, etc.
• Sub-transmission system
– Transmitting power to
distribution systems
– Typically, 35/69kV-138kV
• Distribution system
– Typically, 4kV-34.5kV
44
Source: Green Transmission Efficiency Initiative: A Series of Workshops. EPRI PID 1019531, 2009.
45
Bulk Electric System or Bulk Power System
• NERC definition
– The bulk electric system is a term commonly applied to the portion of an
electric utility system that integrates “the electrical generation resources,
transmission lines, interconnections with neighboring systems, and
associated equipment, generally operated at voltages of 100 kV or higher.”
– Radial transmission facilities serving only load with one transmission
source are generally not included in this definition
• For short, a bulk electric system is the part of the transmission/subtransmission system connecting
– power plants,
– major substations, and
– HV transmission lines
• Most of power system reliability concerns are about bulk electric
systems
46
US Electric Industry Structure
• 3,195 utilities in the US in 1996. Fewer than 1000 engaged in power generation
Categories
Examples
Investor-owned utilities
240+, 66.1% of electricity
AEP, American Transmission Co., ConEd, Dominion
Power, Duke Energy, Entergy, Exelon, First Energy,
HECO, MidAmerican, National Grid, Northeast Utilities,
Oklahoma Gas & Electric, Oncor, Pacific Gas & Electric,
SCE, Tampa Electric Co., We Energies, Xcel,
Publicly owned utilities
2000+, 10.7%
Nonprofit state and local government agencies, including
Municipals, Public Power Districts, and Irrigation Districts,
e.g. NYPA, LIPA,
Federally owned utilities
~10, 8.2%
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Bonneville Power
Authority (BPA), Western Area Power Administration
(WAPA), etc.
Cooperatively owned utilities
~1000, 3.1%
Owned by rural farmers and communities
Non-utilities, 11.9%
Generating power for own use and/or for sale in wholesale power markets, e.g. Independent Power Providers
(IPPs)
47
Deregulation: Competitive US Power Market Structure
•
Regulation: the government sets down laws and rules that put limits on and
define how a particular industry or company can operate.
• Why de-regulation?
– Infrastructure was built
– Monopolies are inefficient (high operation
costs, no penalty for mistakes, not
customer-focused)
– Well-developed generation technologies.
Generation
Owner
Generation
Owner
…
Generation
Owner
Transmission
• How?
– Market-driven and complying with
reliability standards
– Typically, bid-based, security-constrained,
economic dispatch with nodal prices:
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
…
• The system price in the day-ahead market is
determined by matching offers from
generators to bids from consumers at each
node to develop a supply-demand
equilibrium price, usually on an hourly
interval, and is calculated separately for subregions in which the system operator's
power-flow model indicates that constraints
will bind transmission imports.
Service
48
Service
Service
California was the 1st
state to implement full
deregulation
49
“California Electricity Crisis”
“Before passage of the deregulation law, there had been only one Stage 3 rolling
blackout (load shedding, i.e. intentionally engineered electrical power
shutdown) declared.
After passage, California had a total of 38 blackouts defined as Stage 3 rolling
blackouts, until federal regulators intervened during June 2001. These blackouts
occurred mainly as a result of a poorly designed market system that was
manipulated by traders and marketers.
Enron traders were revealed as intentionally encouraging the removal of power
from the market during California's energy crisis by encouraging suppliers to shut
down plants to perform unnecessary maintenance, as documented in recordings
made at the time.
These acts contributed to the need for rolling blackouts, which adversely affected
many businesses dependent upon a reliable supply of electricity, and
inconvenienced a large number of retail consumers. This scattered supply
increased the price exponentially, and Enron traders were thus able to sell power
at premium prices, sometimes up to a factor of 20x its normal peak value.”
(source: wikipedia.org)
50
Analysis of “California Electricity Crisis” --- Prisoners’ Dilemma
• X. Guan, Y. C. Ho and D. Pepyne, “Gaming and Price Spikes in Electrical Power Market,”
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 16, No. 3, Aug 2001, pp. 402-408.
(J1, J2)
Assuming the total
demand to be 3GW
Supplier
1
Supplier 2
NL
(2GW)
NH
(1GW)
NL (2GW)
(15, 15)
(20, 10)
NH (1GW)
(10, 20)
(50, 50)
51
Blackouts of NA Power Grids
Date
Area
Impacts
Nov 9, 1965
North America (NE)
20,000+MW, 30M people
13 hrs
Jul 13, 1977
North America (NY)
6,000MW,
26 hrs
Dec 22, 1982
North America (W)
12, 350 MW, 5M people
Jul 2-3, 1996
North America (W)
11,850 MW, 2M people
13 hrs
Aug 10, 1996
North America (W)
28,000+MW, 7.5M people
9 hrs
Jun 25, 1998
North America (N-C)
950 MW,
0.15MK people
19 hrs
Aug 14, 2003
North America (N-E)
61,800MW,
50M people
Sep 8, 2011
US & Mexico (S-W)
4,300MW,
5M people
9M people
52
Duration
2+ days
12hrs
NERC (North American Electric Reliability
Corporation)
• As a non-government organization, formed by the electric utility industry
in 1968 to promote the reliability of bulk power systems in North
America.
• Initially membership was voluntary and member systems followed the
reliability criteria for planning and operating bulk power systems to
prevent major system disturbances following severe contingencies
• As of June 2007, FERC (U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission)
granted NERC the legal authority to enforce reliability criteria with all
users, owners, and operators of the bulk power systems in the U.S.
• NERC Membership is now mandatory and member systems comply
with NERC’s Reliability Standards (approved by FERC) to both promote
reliable operations and to avoid costly monetary penalties if caught noncompliant. Every system operator should read, understand and follow
NERC’s Reliability Standards. (Visit http://www.nerc.com for more
information on NERC.)
53
Interconnections in North America
• Eight Regional Reliability Entities
(RREs) assisting NERC
– FRCC (Florida Reliability
Coordinating Council)
– MRO (Midwest Reliability
Organization)
– NPCC (Northeast Power
Coordinating Council)
– RFC (Reliability First Corporation)
– SERC (Southeastern Electric
Reliability Council)
– SPP (Southwest Power Pool)
– WECC (Western Electricity
Coordinating Council)
– TRE (Texas Reliability Entity)
35GW
180GW
650GW
70GW
From EPRI tutorial (Peak loads are based
on data in 2009)
54
NERC Reliability Coordinators
Code
Name
ERCOT
ERCOT ISO
FRCC
Florida Power & Light
TE
Hydro Quebec, TransEnergie
ISNE
ISO New England Inc.
MISO
Midwest ISO
NBSO
New Brunswick System Operator
NYIS
New York Independent System Operator
ONT
Ontario - Independent Electricity System Operator
PJM
PJM Interconnection
SPC
SaskPower
SOCO
Southern Company Services, Inc.
SPP
Southwest Power Pool
TVA
Tennessee Valley Authority
VACS
VACAR-South
WECC
WECC Reliability Coordinator
55
56
NERC Balancing Authority
• A Balancing Authority (BA) is a part of an interconnected power system
that is responsible for meeting its own load.
• Each BA operates an Automatic Generation Control (AGC) system to
balance its generation resources to its load requirements. The
generation resources may be internal or purchased from other BAs and
transferred over tie-lines between BAs.
• Similarly, load requirements may include internal customer load, losses,
or scheduled sales to other BAs.
57
NERC Balancing Authorities
• EI has about 90
BAs, which range in
load size up to
130GW peaks
• WI (WECC) has
about 30 BAs.
• ERCOT and Hydro
Quebec are each
operated as single
BAs.
58
NERC Functional Model Diagram
59
Reliability of Bulk Power Systems
• Power systems should be built and operated to ACHIEVE
A RELIABLE ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY AT THE
MOST ECONOMICAL COST
• Reliability is defined using two terms:
– Adequacy (planning): The ability of the electric systems
to supply the aggregate electrical demand and energy
requirements of their customers at all times, taking into
account scheduled and reasonably expected
unscheduled outages of system elements.
– Security (operation): The ability of the electric systems
to withstand sudden disturbances such as electric short
circuits or unanticipated loss of system elements
60
Reliability of Bulk Power Systems (cont’d)
• Important requirements of a reliable electric
power service
– Voltage and frequency must be held within close
tolerances
– Synchronous generators must be kept running in
parallel with adequate capacity to meet the load
demand
– Maintain the “integrity” of the bulk power network
(avoid cascading outages)
– Others
61
NERC’s Reliability Standards:
Performance under Normal and Emergency Conditions
62
System Control Centers
Duke Energy Control Center
(source: Patrick Schneider Photo.Com)
TVA Control Center
(Source: bayjournal.com)
(source: TVA.com
63
Smart Grid
• May be defined as a broad range of solutions that optimize the energy value chain. It brings
the power of networked, interactive technologies into an electricity system to improve
reliability, security and efficiency of the electric system.
• Some features: Digitalized, Interactive, Sustainable, Resilient, Robust, Autonomous and
Efficient.
Variable distributed
energy resources
Smart residential buildings
Smart commercial buildings
Smart industry buildings
(Source: http://smartgrid.epri.com/Demo.aspx)
64
EPRI Smart Grid Demonstration Initiative
65
(Source: Smart Grid Demonstration 5-Year Update, EPRI 08/10/13) http://smartgrid.epri.com/Demo.aspx
Example 1: FirstEnergy
(Source: Smart Grid Demonstration 5-Year Update, EPRI 08/10/13)
http://smartgrid.epri.com/Demo.aspx
66
Example 2: Public Service of New Mexico (PNM)
67
Electric Vehicles
Smart Modal Area Recharge Terminal
(SMART) station developed by TVA and
EPRI (sources: TVA.com and EPRI.com)
68
A future smart home
Source: news.cnet.com
69
Hiring Companies
• Power utilities, e.g.
–
TVA, TVA distributors (e.g. KUB,
LCUB, etc.), Southern Company
(Georgia Power, Alabama
Power, Gulf Power and
Mississippi Power), Duke
Energy, etc.
• Independent System Operators
(ISO) / Regional Transmission
Operators (RTO)
–
PJM, SPP, ISO New England,
NYISO, Midwest ISO, CAISO
and ERCOT
Positions: planning/operation engineers
70
Hiring Companies (cont’d)
• Manufacturers and service providers
– GE, ABB, Siemens, Alstom, etc.
Positions: R&D, engineers, consultants, etc.
71
Hiring Companies (cont’d)
• Government and Non-profit
organizations
–
–
–
FERC (Federal Energy Regulation
Commission)
National Laboratories (ORNL, PNNL,
ANL, NREL, etc.)
EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute)
Positions: Scientists, engineers, analyst, etc.
72
Homework
• Read through Saadat’s Chapter 1
• ECE521: All problems (1.1-1.7) in Chapter 1
• ECE421: 1.1,1.3, 1.5 and 1.6
• Due date: 8/30 (Friday) submitted in class or by email
73