GENERAL ARTICLES
Scientometric analysis of chemical engineering
publications
Jayant M. Modak and Giridhar Madras*
The objective of this work was to analyse the scientometric parameters for chemical engineering
publications. We have compared the number of journal publications and citations by various countries and institutions. The publication record in terms of quantitative aspects of the number of publications from China has increased exponentially over the last decade and has overtaken USA.
However, the citation analysis indicates that there is ample scope for improvement. Thus, USA continues to maintain its leadership position with regard to impact in the field. Analysis of the output of
selected Indian universities/organizations against that of the top universities in the world, indicated
that the records of top institutions from India are not comparable to the best universities in USA,
but are comparable to the best in Asia and are significantly better than the best universities in
China.
Keywords:
Chemical engineering, citations, publications, scientometric analysis.
ACCORDING to the American Chemistry Council, over a
quarter of the jobs today in the United States depend in
one way or another on chemistry, with over US $400 billion
of products that rely on innovations from chemical engineering1. The nascent concept of chemical engineering
was initially proposed2 on the concept of ‘unit operations’
by stating that ‘Chemical engineering . . . is not a composite of chemistry and mechanical engineering, but a
science of itself, the basis of which is those unit operations which in their proper sequence and co-ordination
constitute a chemical process as conducted on the industrial scale’. Chemical engineers have been particularly effective at leading these innovations, because they have
been trained to think at a large spectrum of spatial and
temporal scales, from the molecular level to the process
level. Thus, chemical engineering has continued to provide
fresh and creative insights and breakthroughs3 as technologies have moved from the micro/macroscopic to
nanoscales. Chemical engineering graduates are the highest paid engineers in many countries3 and thus constitute
an important facet of the scientific community.
The objectives of this article are to compare the number of journal publications and analysis of the citations to
measure the quality of research and its impact, published
by various countries and institutions. To achieve these
objectives, this study has been divided into four sections.
In the first section, we examine the chemical engineering
publication record of various countries. In the second secJayant M. Modak and Giridhar Madras are in the Department of
Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012,
India. *For correspondence. (e-mail: giridhar@chemeng.iisc.ernet.in)
CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 94, NO. 10, 25 MAY 2008
tion, we compare the output of various international universities and discuss how they have changed over the
years. The third section focuses on the quality of publications originating from India, China and USA. The final
section compares the output of selected Indian universities/organizations against that of the top universities in
the world.
Several other departments like applied chemistry, mechanical engineering, etc. also publish in chemical engineering journals. However, this analysis does not examine
which departments publish in chemical engineering journals, but analyses the publications from chemical engineering departments in all journals. The analysis was
carried out by searching the ISI Web of Science (which
covers the publications and citations from 1945) with the
requirement that at least one of the authors has an affiliation ‘Chemical Engineering’ in the address field (AD =
Chem Engn). We considered two five-year periods:
1990–94 and 2000–04 in order to understand the evolving
nature of chemical engineering research. Furthermore, the
analysis was also done for 2006 to obtain the current
trends. Once the data for a particular year or time period
are gathered, they are further analysed for different fields
provided by the ISI Web of Science.
International publications profile
Table 1 gives the number of journal publications from the
top ten countries sorted based on the 1990–94 data. The
annual profiles of total publications as well as those of
USA, China and India are shown separately in Figure 1.
1265
GENERAL ARTICLES
Table 1.
Country
1990–94
2000–04
2006
Ratio a
33,835
70,431
19,613
2.08
Total
USA
Japan
Canada
United Kingdomb
Taiwan
India
Australia
South Korea
China
a
Number of publications from various countries
17,466
3252
2620
1978
1507
1009
768
756
692
51.62%
9.61%
7.74%
5.85%
4.45%
2.98%
2.27%
2.23%
2.05%
25,819
5381
3113
3779
4326
2000
1893
6261
10,473
36.66%
7.64%
4.42%
5.37%
6.14%
2.84%
2.69%
8.89%
14.87%
5188
1145
934
920
1112
715
408
1469
5923
26.45%
5.84%
4.76%
4.69%
5.67%
3.65%
2.08%
7.49%
30.2%
1.48
1.65
1.19
1.88
2.87
1.98
2.46
8.28
15.13
Ratio of number of publications in 2000–04 and 1990–94.
Includes England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales.
b
is far greater than that of USA, particularly from 1998
onwards, which culminated into China alone publishing
more papers than USA in 2006. China alone contributed
to nearly 30% of publications in chemical engineering in
2006. The contribution from Asia exceeds 50% of the total
number of publications. In quantitative terms alone this is
an impressive growth, but in terms of impact of these
publications, as we shall see later, there is ample scope
for improvement.
Publication profiles of various universities
Figure 1. Increase in the number of publications during the period
1987–2006.
It is interesting to note that the top ten country-wise
contributors to the chemical engineering field have remained the same during the period 1990–2006, but the
order has changed significantly. The number of publications in the field of chemical engineering has increased
by a ratio of 2.08 between time periods 1990–94 and
2000–04. During these time periods USA has maintained
its top position, but its contribution as a percentage of total publications reduced from 52 to 37. During the same
time period, South Korea (8.28) and China (15.13) have
significantly increased their number of publications (Table 1). India has nearly doubled its number of publications
in line with the overall increase in the number of publications in chemical engineering. The numbers also clearly
indicate that in 1990–94, Asian countries (Japan, China,
South Korea, Taiwan and India) had less than 25% of the
total number of publications, but in 2000–04, Asia contributed the majority (52%) of the total number of publications.
The annual publication profile given in Figure 1 clearly
shows that the rate of increase in publications from China
1266
A complete list of the top 100 universities in the world
based on publications in 2006 is given in the Appendix
(Table A1). It also provides a comparative performance
in the time periods under study. A short summary of the
top ten universities is given in Table 2.
Table 2 shows that the top four slots are occupied by
the Chinese universities, with Tsing Hua University ranked
first in 2006. This has been the most recognized Chinese
university worldwide for a long time, and has been consistent in maintaining its publication record. Tianjin University dramatically improved its publication record from
47 papers in 1990–94 to 460 in 2006 alone. The same
trend is observed for the other two Chinese universities.
The US universities like MIT, Caltech and Texas had increased their publication output by around 20–30% from
1990–94 to 2000–04, but dropped in the rankings due to
the meteoric rise of the Chinese universities. For the period
1990–94, the top 20 universities had published 315 or
more papers, while in 2000–04 they had published 627
papers or more. However, the top 20 in 1990–94 had only
three Asian universities, while this has increased to nine
in 2000–04. Thus, nearly 50% of the top universities in
the world are Asian, which is consistent with our analysis
earlier in the article. For the period 2000–04, no single
Indian university appears in the list of the top 75 universities in the world, but Mumbai University Indian Chemical Technology (MUICT, previously known as UDCT;
CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 94, NO. 10, 25 MAY 2008
GENERAL ARTICLES
Table 2.
Publication profiles of the top ten universities
1990–94
University
Publications
Rank
Publications
425
47
20
20
915
603
35
791
1141
235
9
199
320
320
2
4
238
3
1
34
1486
860
941
428
1200
852
524
1222
1078
881
National Tsing Hua University
Tianjin University
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Nanjing University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
University of Texas
Zhejiang University
California Institute of Technology
University of Minnesota
National Taiwan University
Table 3.
Science
Total
USA
China
India
Nature
Total
USA
China
India
PNAS
Total
USA
China
India
Table 4.
Publications in Science, Nature and PNAS
from various countries
1990–94
2000–04
2006
62
59
0
0
99
93
1
0
19
18
0
0
40
33
0
1
54
48
1
0
18
13
0
0
46
46
0
0
129
125
2
1
57
52
2
1
1990–94
2000–04
2006
716 (1067)
523
4
24
764 (1376)
465
37
35
201 (425)
85
20
14
Chemical Engineering Science
Total
1182 (2160)
USA
483
China
13
India
63
1387 (2665)
410
83
91
295 (726)
68
17
26
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research
Total*
1155 (2054)
2005 (3971)
USA
634
909
China
9
115
India
64
86
475 (1099)
160
47
49
*Figures in brackets refer to the total number of publications in the
journal (all affiliations).
CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 94, NO. 10, 25 MAY 2008
2006
Rank
1
8
6
48
3
9
30
2
5
7
Publications
495
460
437
332
283
273
258
253
245
239
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Table A1) appears in the top 100 universities. However,
if the intensive parameter, namely the number of publications per faculty per year is used as the criterion for ranking, then two Indian institutes, namely Indian Institute of
Science (IISc), Bangalore and MUICT appear in the list of
the top 50 universities of the world. The publication profile of top Indian institutions/organizations is given in the
Appendix (Table A2).
Quality of publications
Publications in the top three chemical engineering journals
from various countries
AIChE Journal
Total
USA
China
India
2000–04
The quantitative data presented earlier in the article
clearly show that the number of publications from China
exceeded that from USA in 2006. Another equally important aspect that needs to be examined is the quality of
these publications. We have chosen two different indicators for this: (i) quality of the journals in which the papers
are published, and (ii) the number of citations.
The quality of journals in which papers are published is
assessed for two broad categories: (a) the publications
which are conventionally accepted as top journals for research in any area, namely Science, Nature and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA (PNAS)
and (b) the top three journals that publish general research in chemical engineering, namely, AIChE Journal,
Chemical Engineering Science, and Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research (I&EC Research). It should
be pointed out that publications with at least one of the authors having ‘Chemical Engineering’ affiliation are considered for both categories.
Table 3 shows that the number of publications from
USA in Science, Nature and PNAS is more than 90% of
the total, thereby indicating the dominance of USA in the
field. In contrast, contributions from India and China are
almost nil.
Table 4 shows that the contribution from USA in
AIChE Journal, Chemical Engineering Science and I&EC
Research put together has decreased from 53% in 1990–
94 to 43% in 2000–04. It further decreased to 32% in
1267
GENERAL ARTICLES
Table 5.
List of journals with number of publications (P) for the period 2000–04 from USA, China and India and impact factor (IF) of the
journals in 2005
USA
China
Journal
IF
P
Journal
Ind Eng Chem Res
Langmuir
Macromolecules
J Phys Chem B
J Chem Phys
AICHe J
Chem Eng Sci
J Am Chem Soc
J Electrochem Soc
Biotechnol Bioeng
Polymer
J Appl Polym Sci
Comput Chem Eng
J Colloid Interf Sci
J Catal
1.504
3.705
4.024
4.033
3.138
2.036
1.735
7.419
2.19
2.483
2.849
1.072
1.501
2.023
4.78
909
834
745
617
564
465
410
392
364
323
316
310
294
281
275
Weighted average IF
Average IF
3.01
2.69
Chem J Chinese U
Chinese J Chem Eng
J Appl Polym Sci
Acta Chim Sinica
Acta Crystallogr E
Chinese J Anal Chem
Chinese J Inorg Chem
Chinese Chem Lett
Acta Phys-Chim Sin
Acta Polym Sin
Chinese J Org Chem
Spectrosc Spect Anal
Chinese J Catal
Chinese J Chem
T Nonferr Metal Soc
IF
P
0.771
0.34
1.072
0.845
0.581
0.397
0.697
0.355
0.427
0.414
0.81
0.557
0.665
0.819
0.302
406
295
282
251
241
224
218
214
204
187
178
178
163
140
117
Journal
IF
Chem Eng Sci
Ind Eng Chem Res
J Appl Polym Sci
Indian J Chem Techn
Chem Eng J
Can J Chem Eng
J Mol Catal A-Chem
AIChE J
Langmuir
Bioproc Biosyst Eng
Appl Catal A-Gen
Biochem Eng J
J Membrane Sci
Sep Purif Technol
Chem Eng Commun
1.735
1.504
1.072
0.226
2.034
0.574
2.348
2.036
3.705
0.807
2.728
1.781
2.654
1.752
0.397
0.62
0.60
Table 6.
P
91
86
64
48
43
39
37
35
35
32
29
28
27
26
25
1.62
1.69
Citation analysis of journal publications from USA, China and India
2000
USA
China
India
India
2002
2004
P
C
C/P
h
P
C
C/P
h
P
C
C/P
h
4527
1073
287
81642
7703
2825
18.0
7.2
9.9
103
36
26
5231
1977
380
71860
12510
3046
13.7
6.3
8.0
92
42
26
5674
3332
526
47656
14567
2745
8.4
4.4
5.2
69
41
21
P, C and C/P represent the total number of publications, citations for these publications and citation per publication respectively. h
represents the h-index.
2006. In case of China, the percentage contribution in
these journals increased from 0.8 in 1990–94 to 5.7 in
2000–04, and further increased to 8.6 in 2006. In the case
of India, the percentage contribution was almost the same
(5%) in the time periods 1990–94 and 2000–04. It increased to 9.2% in 2006.
A detailed analysis of the top 15 journals in terms of
the number of publications from USA, China and India
for the period 2000–04 is shown in Table 5. The number
of publications in these top 15 journals is approximately
one-third of the total for each country. The impact factor
(IF) of the journals has been taken from the Journal Citation Report (JCR) published by ISI Web of Science for
the year 2005. The low impact factor observed for China
is primarily due to the large number of publications in
Chinese journals. This is in contrast to India, wherein
only one journal in the top 15 is published from India.
For India, six journals are common with USA, while only
two are common between USA and China.
In order to examine the second quality indicator, namely
citations per publication, we chose publications in 2000,
2002 and 2004. A similar analysis for a five-year period
was not done because ISI Web of Science does not permit
citation analysis for more than 10,000 publications. Table 6
1268
shows the number of publications in a particular year,
number of citations for these publications as on 14 November 2007 and the average citations per paper. It can
be seen that the average citations per paper published
from USA is nearly twice that of China or India for the
corresponding years. It is also clear that the publications
from India, though smaller in number, have higher number of citations per publication compared to China. However, the h-index of China is higher than that of India
(Table 6), indicating that though the average quality of
papers from China (based on C/P) is lesser than that of
India, the number of highly cited papers (based on hindex) is higher than that of India. The quality indicators,
namely the number of publications in top journals as well
as citation analysis, clearly point to the dominance of USA.
In case of China, a significant improvement in quantity is
not reflected in the quality indicators.
Comparison of Indian universities with
international universities
We now assess the performance of Indian universities/
organizations with a few universities across the world
CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 94, NO. 10, 25 MAY 2008
GENERAL ARTICLES
Table 7.
Citation analysis for select universities during the period of 2000–04
P
C
212
121
169
103
159
78
244
70
58
277
131
1707
476
1701
564
1329
463
2477
457
361
2074
588
21
11
20
13
16
11
23
12
11
20
11
10
21
17
22
28
17
–
–
26
14
20
4.24
1.15
1.99
0.94
1.14
0.92
–
–
0.45
3.96
1.31
34.14
4.53
20.01
5.13
9.49
5.45
–
–
2.78
29.63
5.88
USA
MIT
University of Minnesota
Purdue University
Pennsylvania State University
Michigan State University
Ohio State University
1200
1078
435
457
261
316
22734
18746
6310
5124
2379
2863
69
59
37
34
24
24
37
42
35
27
26
22
6.49
5.13
2.49
3.39
2.01
2.87
122.89
89.27
36.06
37.96
18.30
26.03
Asia
NUS, Singapore
Tsing Hua University, China
Seoul National University, South Korea
National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Tianjin University, China
Kyushu University
727
1486
1106
881
860
459
8268
10857
12521
6526
3615
2938
35
37
44
28
20
24
43
65
35
37
52
27
4.15
4.57
6.32
4.76
3.31
3.39
47.25
33.41
71.55
35.28
13.90
21.76
India
IISc
IIT-M
IIT-K
IIT-KGP
IIT-B
IIT-D
NCL*
IICT*
Jadavpur University
MUICT
Anna University
h-index
F
PFY
CFY
*Number of researchers (F) in NCL/IICT was not available. P and C represent total number of publications and
citations for these publications. F is the number of faculty. PFY denotes publications per faculty per year and
CFY represents citations per faculty per year.
Figure 2. Variation of citations per publication with h-index for
Indian institutions.
based on the publication record for the period 2000–04.
The choice of these universities was based on the number
of publications during that period. (i) In the case of India,
the top ten universities have been chosen. (ii) For Asia,
CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 94, NO. 10, 25 MAY 2008
we have chosen the top two Chinese universities and one
top university each from Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan
and Japan. (iii) In the case of USA, we have chosen two
universities from the top five (MIT and Minnesota), two
universities ranked between 40 and 50 (Purdue and Penn
State) and two universities ranked between 90 and 100
(Michigan State and Ohio State).
The number of faculty listed in Table 7 has been taken
from the world-wide chemical engineering faculty directory4. For Chinese universities, the number of faculty has
been taken from the websites of the respective organizations. The data in Table 7 show that only three institutions,
namely IISc, MUICT, IIT-K, and one organization (NCL)
have two or more publications per faculty per year (PFY).
In terms of citations, the same four institutions have more
than 20 citations per faculty per year (CFY). Among the
IITs, the record for Kanpur is the best considering all the
parameters. The records of top institutions from India
(IISc and MUICT) are poor compared to those of MIT
and Minnesota in terms of both PFY and CFY. However,
it is better than Purdue and Penn State in terms of PFY
and comparable in terms of CFY. Based on the data in
Table 7, Figure 2 shows the variation of h and C/P for
Indian institutions.
1269
GENERAL ARTICLES
Table A1.
List of the top 100 universities in terms of research publications in 2006 and their position in 1990–94 and 2000–04
1990–94
University
Natl Tsing Hua Univ
Tianjin Univ
Chinese Acad Sci
Nanjing Univ
Indian Inst Technol (all 7 IITS put together)
MIT
Univ Texas
Zhejiang Univ
Caltech
Univ Minnesota
Natl Taiwan Univ
Kyushu Univ
Natl Cheng Kung Univ
Hunan Univ
Lund Univ
Univ Calif Berkeley
Shandong Univ
Hanyang Univ
Suzhou Univ
Lanzhou Univ
Univ Calif Davis
Univ Michigan
Xiamen Univ
Sun Yat Sen Univ
Univ Toronto
Natl Tech Univ Athens
Dalian Univ Technol
Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med
Pohang Univ Sci & Technol
Seoul Natl Univ
Princeton Univ
Univ Manchester
Carnegie Mellon Univ
Texas A&M Univ
Univ Florida
Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ
Univ Calif Santa Barbara
Univ Delaware
Univ Patras
Univ Cambridge
Sichuan Univ
Tech Univ Denmark
Univ Waterloo
Zhejiang Univ Technol
Stanford Univ
Penn State Univ
Purdue Univ
Univ Washington
Eindhoven Univ Technol
Yonsei Univ
Cent S Univ Technol, China
Korea Univ
Univ Queensland
Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol
Chungnam Natl Univ
E China Univ Sci & Technol
Natl Univ Singapore
Natl Taiwan Univ Sci & Technol
Univ New S Wales
INHA Univ
1270
2000–04
2006
Publications
Rank
Publications
Rank
Publications
425
47
20
20
465
915
603
35
791
1141
235
186
279
104
39
501
#N/A
17
#N/A
#N/A
225
325
#N/A
#N/A
436
210
36
160
69
79
341
169
260
41
183
#N/A
156
551
209
198
#N/A
143
358
#N/A
343
309
376
299
82
15
#N/A
20
182
#N/A
25
#N/A
216
107
214
14
9
199
320
320
7
2
4
238
3
1
34
57
28
116
218
6
#N/A
357
#N/A
#N/A
37
18
#N/A
#N/A
8
47
232
71
151
141
17
66
31
211
59
#N/A
77
5
48
52
#N/A
82
13
#N/A
16
22
11
23
136
378
#N/A
320
60
#N/A
282
#N/A
41
111
43
393
1486
860
941
428
652
1200
852
524
1222
1078
881
459
735
496
627
806
362
642
350
328
704
628
160
212
473
718
335
671
511
1106
581
104
549
365
507
237
616
694
476
437
216
420
431
136
562
457
435
488
266
356
188
261
429
488
223
118
727
441
427
326
1
8
6
48
17
3
9
30
2
5
7
41
11
34
20
10
60
18
64
69
14
19
167
119
40
13
66
16
31
3
24
235
28
57
32
102
21
15
39
44
114
50
46
193
27
42
45
35
88
61
142
90
47
35
111
218
12
43
49
70
495
460
437
332
303
283
273
258
253
245
239
205
202
201
194
188
187
182
176
173
169
169
169
165
162
158
156
155
152
147
137
133
131
128
127
126
125
124
123
120
118
115
114
114
113
110
107
106
105
103
103
102
99
97
97
97
93
93
93
92
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
22
22
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
39
40
41
42
43
45
45
47
48
49
50
51
52
52
54
55
56
56
56
60
60
60
63
(Contd)
CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 94, NO. 10, 25 MAY 2008
GENERAL ARTICLES
Table A1.
(Contd)
1990–94
University
McGill Univ
Kyoto Univ
Chonbuk Natl Univ
Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki
Sungkyunkwan Univ
Osaka Univ
Chulalongkorn Univ
Chonnam Natl Univ
Univ Wisconsin
Univ S Carolina
McMaster Univ
Univ Massachusetts
Muict, India
Beijing Univ Chem Technol
Technion Israel Inst Technol
Michigan State Univ
S China Univ Technol
Argonne Natl Lab
IIT Kanpur
Monash Univ
Tokyo Inst Technol
Univ Zagreb
Univ Illinois
Queens Univ
Chung Yuan Christian Univ
Univ Connecticut
Univ Laval
Ecole Polytech
2000–04
2006
Publications
Rank
Publications
Rank
263
262
#N/A
#N/A
#N/A
186
#N/A
14
391
41
212
216
218
#N/A
204
118
14
35
141
81
315
83
384
136
75
222
108
134
29
30
#N/A
#N/A
#N/A
57
#N/A
393
9
211
46
41
40
#N/A
49
99
393
238
83
137
20
135
10
84
145
40
110
87
310
389
197
159
263
329
197
184
597
352
272
410
277
177
370
261
142
139
169
211
366
212
484
202
154
364
291
200
75
54
132
170
89
68
132
147
22
62
85
53
84
153
55
90
186
188
165
122
56
119
38
126
177
59
82
127
Publications
91
90
89
88
86
85
82
81
80
80
80
79
78
76
74
74
74
74
74
73
72
72
71
71
71
68
68
68
Rank
65
66
67
69
70
71
74
75
76
76
76
77
79
83
84
84
84
84
84
88
89
89
92
92
92
98
98
98
#N/A, Not applicable; was not ranked for that period.
Table A2.
List of top Indian universities based on the number of publications
1990–94
University
MUICT
IIT Kanpur
IIT Kharagpur
IIT Bombay
Anna Univ
Natl Chem Lab
IIT Madras
Indian Inst Sci
IIT Delhi
Indian Inst Chem Technol
Jadavpur Univ
IIT Roorkee
Panjab Univ
Bhabha Atom Res Ctr
Natl Inst Technol*
Andhra Univ
Alagappa Univ
Birla Inst Technol & Sci
Cent Leather Res Inst
Univ Calcutta
Banaras Hindu Univ
2000–04
Publications
Rank
Publications
218
141
49
115
38
214
118
61
46
27
22
1
3
7
5
9
2
4
6
8
10
13
#N/A
12
17
11
16
#N/A
#N/A
#N/A
15
14
277
169
103
159
131
244
121
212
78
70
58
18
15
41
29
29
38
23
6
25
7
11
14
29
28
27
Rank
2006
Publications
1
4
8
5
6
2
7
3
9
10
11
19
20
12
14
14
13
#N/A
14
17
18
78
74
67
66
57
54
49
44
34
28
18
17
15
13
13
11
10
10
10
9
5
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
14
16
17
17
17
20
21
*All NITs put together. Previously NITs were called Regional Engineering Colleges.
CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 94, NO. 10, 25 MAY 2008
1271
GENERAL ARTICLES
Among the Asian universities, the record of Seoul National University stands out both in terms of number of
publications and CFY. In fact, it is comparable to the top
US universities like MIT and Minnesota. The records of
the top institutions from India (IISc and MUICT), China
(Tsing Hua University), Singapore (NUS) and Taiwan
(National Taiwan University) are comparable in terms of
PFY and CFY.
1. Chemistry is essential to living; http://www.americanchemistry.com,
accessed on 1 November 2007.
2. Perkins, J. D., Chemical engineering – The first 100 years. In
Chemical Engineering: Visions of the World (eds Dalton, R. C.,
Price, R. G. H. and Woods, D. G.), Elsevier Science, 2003.
3. International benchmarking of US chemical engineering research
competitiveness, NAE Report, USA. Chem. Eng., 2007; http://
books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11867&page=224
4. World wide chemical engineering faculty directory; http://www.che.
utexas.edu/che-faculty/index.html, accessed on 1 November 2007.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Financial assistance provided by the Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, for the Science Observatory
project is gratefully acknowledged.
Received 27 November 2007; revised accepted 4 April 2008
CURRENT SCIENCE
Special Section: Reactive Nitrogen
10 June 2008
Guest Editors: Y. P. Abrol, N. Raghuram and H. N. Chanakya
A perspective on reactive nitrogen in a global, Asian and Indian context
James Galloway, N. Raghuram and Y. P. Abrol
Reactive nitrogen in Indian agriculture: Inputs, use efficiency and leakages
Bijay-Singh and Yadvinder-Singh
Nitrogen pool, flows, impact and sustainability issues of human waste management in the city of Bangalore
H. N. Chanakya and H. C. Sharatchandra
Regional nitrogen cycle: An Indian perspective
A. Velmurugan, V. K. Dadhwal and Y. P. Abrol
Molecular physiology of plant nitrogen use efficiency and biotechnological options for its enhancement
Ravi Ramesh Pathak, Altaf Ahmad, Sunila Lochab and Nandula Raghuram
Nitrogen cycling: A review of the processes, transformations and fluxes in coastal ecosystems
R. Purvaja, R. Ramesh, A. K. Ray and Tim Rixen
Nitrogen cycling in Indian terrestrial natural ecosystems
A. S. Raghubanshi
Estimates of emission and deposition of reactive nitrogenous species for India
C. Sharma, M. K. Tiwari and H. Pathak
Health issues related to N pollution in water and air
Sunil Kumar Gupta, R. C. Gupta, S. K. Chhabra, Sevgi Eskiocak, A. B. Gupta and Rita Gupta
Nitrogen transport by rivers of south Asia
V. Subramanian
1272
CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 94, NO. 10, 25 MAY 2008