BIOLOGY 306 - MAMMALOGY
Fall 2008
Kerry R. Foresman
Office Hours: MWF 9:00 - 10:00 am or
Office: HS203
by appointment
Phone: 243-4492
email: foresman@mso.umt.edu
Course Web Site: http://dbs.umt.edu/courses/biol306/default.php
All of the information that will be presented this semester will be posted on this web site.
Each week additional material will be placed on these sites as new topics are discussed in class.
You will need to download each of the lab exercises prior to your lab and bring these with you; I
would encourage you also to print out copies of the PowerPoint lectures and bring these to class
so that you have these images available as the material is being discussed.
The lecture will be primarily devoted to generalized topics which pertain to mammalian
diversity and ecology as a whole. Specific studies will be presented from recent literature to
detail many topics. When this is done, reprints of the research will be available in the lab for
your use and copies will be placed on reserve in the library. The laboratory is, in part, designed
to stress identification of species by learning skeletal and pelage characteristics. As you study
each group of mammal you should not only learn these characteristics but should develop a
knowledge of the generalized life history of each species. Specimens of mammals not native to
Montana or too rare or fragile to put out for general lab use will be displayed in the hall case
next to room HS 202. These specimens will be changed periodically so you should check this
display as you go to lab. You will not be held responsible for any taxonomic information
presented in the hall display case. Unless otherwise noted you will be held responsible for all of
the taxonomic information presented in lecture and lab, as well as all material detailed in the lab
handouts. Most specimens identified in the laboratory will be taken to genus and species.
Correct spelling of taxonomic nomenclature is expected.
There are three exams which cover the lecture portion of the course, Exams I and II will
be worth 100 points, Exam III will be worth 150 points. These exams will be essay in nature
and comprehensive. Examples of last year’s exams will be posted on the course web site. There
will be three laboratory exams each worth 100 points, and a laboratory quiz worth 25 points.
These exams will be of a practical nature where specimens will be placed out for identification
and additional questions. Additionally each student will produce a term paper for the semester
which will be worth 120 points (approximately 15% of the total grade) and give a presentation to
the their lab section worth 25 points. No makeup exams will be given and no additional work
or papers will be accepted for credit. Questions on the grading of an exam must be brought
to my attention within one week of their return.
Materials placed out during each laboratory period will remain available until each exam
is completed. Room HS 202 is open until midnight Monday through Friday, but will not be open
on weekends. Most students find that additional time outside of the scheduled lab period is
required to master this material. Teaching assistants will be available during the labs and will
have scheduled office hours if additional help is needed.
Two books are required for the laboratory portion of the course: The Wild Mammals of
1
Montana, and Key to the Mammals of Montana, both of which are available at the bookstore.
There is no lecture text or faculty pac. All lecture PowerPoint presentations and weekly lab
exercises will be available on the course web site; I encourage everyone to download a copy of
these so that you will have them available during class.
Mammalogy Lecture - Tentative Schedule
Date
Lecture Topic
25 M Introduction - Mammalian Characteristics
27 W Mammalian Characteristics; Evolution
29 F Evolution/Zoogeography
September 1 M *** HOLIDAY ***
3 W Evolution/Zoogeography
5 F Recent Zoogeography
8 M Techniques: Morphometrics/Electrophoresis
10 W Mammalian Systematics
12 F Mammalian Systematics
15 M Mammalian Systematics
17 W Paper Discussion - Systematics
19 F *** EXAM I ***
22 M Skin & Derivatives
24 W Skin & Derivatives
26 F Skin & Derivatives
29 M Antler & Horn Developmen
October
1 W Aging Methods
3 F Techniques: Trapping/Marking/Radiotelemetry
6 M Home Range & Territoriality
8 W Home Range & Territoriality
10 F Home Range & Territoriality
13 M Home Range & Territoriality
15 W Paper Discussion - Home Range
17 F Reproduction/Reproductive Strategies
20 M Reproduction/Reproductive Strategies
22 W Reproduction /Reproductive Strategies
24 F Paper Discussion - Reproduction
27 M *** EXAM II ***
29 W Metabolism & Temperature Regulation
31 F
Metabolism & Temperature Regulation
November 3 M Metabolism & Temperature Regulation
5 W Metabolism & Temperature Regulation
7 F Paper Discussion - Hibernation
10 M *** HOLIDAY ***
12 W Echolocation
Readings(*)
August
Readings on web
site
"
"
Tech. Paper #1
Tech. Paper #2
Readings on web
site
“
“
Readings on web
site
“
“
“
“
2
14 F Echolocation
Readings on web
17 M Echolocation
site
19 W Echolocation
21 F Echolocation
24 M Echolocation
26 W **THANKSGIVING HOLIDAY**
28 F **THANKSGIVING HOLIDAY**
December
1 M Remote Detection Methods
Readings on web
3 W Remote Detection Methods
site
5 F Review
9 Tu FINAL EXAM 8:00 - 10:00 a.m. ***No early final exams will be
given***
Biology 306 - Mammalogy Laboratory
Laboratory #
Date
August
26
1
September 2
2
9
16
3
4
Topic(*)
Mammalian Skeleton: Order Carnivora - Families Ursidae and
Procyonidae;
O. Carnivora: Family Mustelidae;***Deadline for Term Paper
Topics***
QUIZ; O. Carnivora: Families Canidae and Felidae; ***Term
Paper Outline Due - Including Preliminary Reference List
EXAM #1: Covers Labs 1-3
Mandatory Field Trip: You will be required to come to one of these sessions:
Field Trip - McKlay Flats: Thursday 18th 7-10am/6:30-9:30pm
Field Trip - McKlay Flats: Friday 19th - 6:30-9:30pm
Field Trip - McKlay Flats: Saturday 20th - 7-10am/6:30-9:30pm
Field Trip - McKlay Flats: Sunday 21st - 7-10am/6:30-9:30pm
……….
23
30
7
14
21
………
28
November
4
11
18
October
5
6
7
8
9
Order Insectivora and Order Lagomorpha
Order Chiroptera
Order Artiodactyla: Families Cervidae, Bovidae, and Antilocapridae
EXAM #2: Covers Labs 5-7;
Order Rodentia: Families, Sciuridae, Castoridae, and Geomyidae
***Term Paper Due (No Exceptions)***
10 Order Rodentia continued: Families Dipodidae, Muridae, and
Erethizontidae;
11 **HOLIDAY**
12
**HOLIDAY**
13
EXAM #3: Covers Labs 10 & 11; Term Papers Returned for
Revisions
3
25
December 2
14 ***Begin Group Presentations***
15
Group Presentations; Final Term Papers Due
Term Paper Project:
You will be expected to work in a group of 3 on a semester project which details the
characteristics of a Montana mammal species of your group’s choice. The product of this
project will be in two forms, (1) an individual paper which each member of the group will
write on their own topic related to the chosen species (this topic should reflect a specific aspect
of the chosen species; it should not be a natural history summary for the species), and (2) a group
presentation tying together each member’s contribution and presenting an overview of the
species’ life history. Mammalian Species accounts and The Wild Mammals of Montana can be
used as a starting framework for project information but all presentations and papers must be
as up-to-date as possible and must reflect what is known about the species in Montana.
Individual papers must not exceed 10 pages (including references), with double-spaced lines and
12 pt. font. Outlines (typed) of your term paper topic are due October 9th - a preliminary list of
references that you have found should be included with your outline. Though there is no magic
number of references that must be included, a strong manuscript would be supported by 15-20+
references. References to be included must come from solid, peer-reviewed journals,
professional books, or well-documented agency reports. No materials from Web-site reports
or lay books will be accepted. [If you are not sure about a particular reference please talk
with me]. References should be cited by strictly following the guidelines for the Journal of
Mammalogy (see the references in The Wild Mammals of Montana which follows this
convention). Each of your papers will bear a primary author and the names of the other members
of the group as co-authors. The primary author is solely responsible for researching and writing
the paper. The other members of the group will be responsible for editing this paper prior to its
submission so that the manuscript is succinct, accurate, and well-written. Points will be given for
both your own paper (draft and final revision) and the editing of your groups papers. Each
member of the group will thus produce their own research paper and be responsible for editing
two others. Term papers will be due October 21st (NO EXCEPTIONS). With this deadline in
mind you should provide your group members with adequate time (at least 3-4 days) to
effectively review your manuscript and provide editorial comments which you must then
incorporate in to your final draft. This paper will be considered the primary draft of your
manuscript. Your paper must be accompanied by the two additional copies containing reviewer’s
comments. Your draft will be edited both for content and writing quality and returned for
revisions; a final manuscript will be due December 2nd.
Grading for Term Paper:
A total of 120 points will be assigned to the term paper exercise. The initial draft which
you will turn in will be worth 60 points. The final paper (with appropriate revisions) will be
worth an additional 40 points. You will also receive a total of 20 points for the editorial
comments that you make on each of the two term papers submitted by those in your group [10
points per review].
4
Group presentation:
Each group will be expected to give a 20 minute presentation to their lab describing their
chosen species. Included in this presentation should be an overview of the following topics:
Taxonomic status
Distribution in U.S. and Montana
Distinguishing characteristics
Ecology (Anatomy/Physiology....)
Reproductive Biology
Obviously much of this information is summarized in The Wild Mammals of Montana. I
will pay particular attention to any additional information which you may present.
Individual term paper topics should be more specialized, expanding upon one or another of these
areas. Thus the group will spend approximately 5 minutes providing an overview to their species
and then each member will give a 5 minute presentation on their own topic.
Materials from the museum can be used for these presentations (with prior approval);
Each group will develop a PowerPoint presentation (computer presentation) for the class.
*** EACH GROUP MUST CHOOSE A DIFFERENT SPECIES THUS SPECIES ARE
TAKEN ON A “FIRST-COME, FIRST-SERVED” BASIS. Get your group organized and
be the first to choose a species! I will post a running list of species that have been chosen on
the class web site. Once you have made your choice you must notify me - NO LATER
THAN SEPTEMBER 2nd - of this choice, who the members of your group are, and what
individual topics each member has chosen to write upon.
5
:
S
R
E
P
A
P
C
I
F
I
T
N
E
I
C
S
G
N
I
T
I
R
W
F
O
W
E
I
V
R
E
V
O
F
E
I
R
B
A
S
E
C
N
E
R
E
F
E
R
E
T
I
C
O
T
N
E
e
h
t
f
o
e
n
o
o
t
n
i
s
l
l
a
f
t
i
s
s
e
l
n
u
E
C
N
E
T
N
E
S
Y
R
E
V
E
e
t
i
c
s
y
a
w
l
a
d
l
u
o
h
s
u
Ho
W
Y
d
n
a
s
uy
od
iu
vt
es
rc
pi
f
ei
hc
te
np
is
da
e
ct
nu
eo
rb
ea
fg
en
ri
yk
dl
ua
tt
se
er
ha
tu
oo
ty
sf
rI
e
f.
eh
rp
a
yr
lg
:ra
sar
eea
ilp
rc
o
t
gda
enh
tat
a
cyn
li
gt
nce
iec
wrn
oie
ldt
l
n
ote
fIs
)
1
,
y
d
u
t
s
t
a
h
t
o
t
g
n
i
r
r
e
f
e
r
e
r
a
s
e
c
n
e
t
n
e
s
t
n
e
u
q
e
s
b
u
s
l
a
r
e
v
e
s
t
a
h
t
r
a
e
l
c
s
i
t
i
t
ny
f
i
e
l
y
l
sn
d
n
o
u
d
o
t
a
i
e
s
h
t
h
a
t
a
e
t
n
i
enn
o
c
b
I
tt
o.n
d
u
o
)
a
t
8
eh
0
d
v
g
0
e
a
u
2
t
e
o
s
l
h
et
e
n
ote
t
e
e
e
r
r
r
da
Gw
e
n
(
a
s
e
s
s
ev
g
e
c
l
e
v
n
o
l
l
e
W
o
t
"
t
w
n
f
e
:
e
0
s
e
l
0
l
7
tp
t
s
m
u
r
r
a
o
e
i
x
h
v
f
e
t
o
i
erw
)
h
o
7
t
F
a
0
c
0
y
i
2
l
.
r
(
n
s
e
o
e
m
s
c
A
r
en
e
t
e
h
g
i
tt
o
c
n
r
R
e
o
os
N
y
t
b
t
n
yn
i
d
a
e
e
k
u
s
m
o
q
l
r
e
a
o
ss
m
f
'
b
i
r
t
u
n
e
i
s
a
p
s
'
r
s
,
a
yr
]
g
r
e
y
u
a
g
d
o
m
o
u
c
i
R
t
r
d
p
nsa
n
w
eie
h
d
n
s
t
e
[
r
t
a
se
s
rB
e
a
e
dtv
e.
e
s
w
s
e
o
)
u
v
h
6
l
0
eo
,2
0
r
w
s
a
e
eo
t
.
hh
l
c
t
y
a
"
i
o
h
f
C
t
.
w
o
e
)
6
ss
ts
.a
n0
0
g
e
o
e
m
2
l
m
l
s
c
e
.
t,r
r
l
h
t
i
o
a
g
l
c
F
i
u
(
t
r
s
n
e
g
de
rie
n
a
y
l
a
h
a
l
m
n
t
s
lso
f
e
l
A
e
r
a
o
l
o
.g
F
,n
a
(
s
o
o
e
i
t
d
s
v
t
n
r
l
a
d
a
e
o
t
e
n
w
r
v
t
r
o
r
h
u
ep
e
g
t
s
s
s
i
o
n
b
r
i
h
a
o
b
t
r
aa
m
e
ftr
h
O
f
e
t
o
o
w
o
s
l
syba
n
d
e
a
u
v
e
e
t
a
r
m
s
h
a
.
s
g
e
l
r
o
d
f
F
n
o
ha
s
c
rysn
e
l
re
o
l
z
g
am
f
p
z
i
ei
st
aims
n
e
tran
rfi
agsw
o
d0do
d
e
oh
ltn
n
bna
w,os
l
n
au
oo
b
e
lom
v
ime
rs
aat
uaea
s
v
oelh
o
asy
ysh
u
s
%
6
foo
g7w4
odc
n0
n
e
i0ne
se
t2il
ime
ne)i
sen
eh
Lh
ero"s
d
t
w
htt.e
/
s
s
t
r
g
m
,
nawnp
o
o
o
n
y
r
o
sdlief
e
l
t
0a
s
r
t
e
a
as
as1e
Y
l
u
re
uees
l
v
e
p
v
on
o
p
h
o
o
g
m
b
n
eitpya
a
i
g
yds(
t
deol
n
n
evtz
adeu
la
h
whszeoro
e
i
u
osv
n
l
r
s
n
nr
ob
lg
o
o
ke
d
o
p
n
r
d
x
cgwe
ea
e
e
ia
ve
h
fnfna
b
dt
iaoeh
t
a
tmna
ye
g
n
n
eereulli
ifuroz
y
z
i
t
h
n
r
cl
i
e
t
w
u
sd
h
r
r
o
d
fcgh
nl
r
n
oieoa
fse
mWhte
O
ea
k
m"tn
s"
v
o:ne
e
a
t
ce
r
e
i
m
h
l
l
e
)
sp
s
p
y
g
s
1
im
i
m
e
a
r
1
a
a
n
n
a
=
tx
tx
o
a
e
N
Ie
m
m
Ieb
(
)
)
2
3
μ
e
s
a
c
e
h
t
e
b
t
o
n
d
l
u
o
w
s
i
h
T
"
.
s
h
t
n
o
m
n
o
s
a
e
s
g
n
i
t
n
u
h
e
h
t
g
n
i
r
u
d
e
r
u
s
o
p
x
e
d
a
e
l
N
I
N
O
I
T
A
T
I
C
A
T
.U
e
P
t
i
,
r
s
w
n
o
oi
t
t
a
dc
e
i
k
f
s
i
a
l
a
eu
r
q
a
e
ue
o
r
y
h
et
n
e
o
v
o
eb
h
a
t
e
oh
t
t
rf
a
o
l
i
e
m
n
i
o
s
l
rl
e
i
p
f
a
l
p
u
wf
e
t
i
v
n
e
s
r
e
o
ad
ni
t
i
f
I
.
E
C
N
E
T
N
E
S
Y
R
E
V
E
’
S
E
C
N
E
R
E
F
E
R
E
T
I
C
O
T
W
e
c
n
e
t
n
e
s
a
n
i
e
c
n
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
o
g
n
i
t
n
w
t
o
s
a
h
t
e
s
e
m
l
nf
:l.e
u
h
g
o
e
b
c
n
b
a
i
s
d
e
n
n
eo
a
o
v
fes
i
a
l
o
i
t
h
o
r
efp
o
tp
o
l
o
p
dh
s
m
a
e
s
t
a
e
l
n
x
l
b
di
e
e
a
m
me
d
g
na
o
e
l
A
r
r
f
e
hh
f
t
di
t
de
e
iwn
r
d
di
e
e
v
dt
d
o
a
a
n
c
h
e
u
s
l
i
thf
d
a
so
h
d
)t
r
7
s
i
0
sb
l
0
r
e
2
o
v
ee
(
d
m
n
l
a
eo
G
d
c
r
a
e
C
f:g
h
o
s
g
i
:tn
h
t
c
i
c
a
d
s
e
r
n
e
j
t
i
m
b
f
i
u
e
t
s
v
f
i
o
n
st
e
a
s
n
v
e
o
e
rg
i
s
e
i
t
h
d
a
y
c
t
r
r
e
n
r
a
h
e
a
e
t
s
c
s
e
e
nP
r
o
R
i
t
)
2
.
s
y
a
w
e
e
r
h
t
f
o
e
n
o
e
c
n
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
l
g
n
i
s
a
e
t
i
c
n
a
c
u
Oio)
H
CY1
“
”
“
.
)
4
0
0
2
.
l
a
t
e
n
e
s
n
a
h
o
J
(
s
n
a
e
m
r
e
h
t
o
h
g
u
o
r
h
t
d
e
l
l
i
k
s
d
r
i
b
n
a
h
t
”
6
.
s
a
w
t
i
o
h
w
Y
A
S
.
d
n
u
o
f
y
d
u
t
s
A
r
o
,
w
a
s
y
e
h
t
,
y
d
u
t
s
e
n
o
n
I
y
a
s
T
O
N
o
D
3) Allusion to a study: “However, newer research (Williams and Smith 2000) has shown that
there is no way to clearly document elevated levels of cortisone.”
“
”
“
”
e
c
n
e
t
n
e
s
a
n
i
s
e
c
n
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
l
p
i
t
l
u
m
g
n
i
t
i
C
e
c
n
e
t
n
e
s
e
m
a
s
e
h
t
n
i
s
e
c
n
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
l
p
i
t
l
u
m
g
n
i
t
i
c
f
o
s
y
a
w
o
w
t
e
r
a
e
r
e
h
T
,
s
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
r
e
f
f
i
d
y
l
t
h
g
i
l
s
n
o
s
e
i
d
u
t
s
t
n
e
r
e
f
f
i
d
o
t
g
n
i
r
r
e
f
e
r
e
r
a
u
o
y
f
I
)
1
r
e
n
,
g
i
g
r
n
,t
i
se
u
i
,)s
B
5
h
s
0
i
T
u
,
0
l
a
c
2
r
i
e
u
h
.o
s
t
c
y
t
e
r
l
d
t
l
c
o
u
o
p
a
c
t
P
m
m
s
o
s
,
c
an
u
x
td
i
a
a
i
a
d
h
a
i
r
t
r
n
s
e
o
e
a
p
fZ
f
h
o
(
P
x
i
n((d
s
o
s
d
r
i
e
t
r
e
t
v
n
i
P
n
o
a
b
e
d
s
(d
m
a
g
e
n
ea
en
h
g
h
i
p
l
d
t
n
p
i
r
n
u
r
go
u
o
t
n
m
f
r
i
m
m
o
a
w
o
p
o
nc
s
l
i
e
yi
l
,
e
o
d
)
c
r
f
e
2
e
g
t
9
p
yn
9
ds
l
e
1
n
e
m
r
t
u
.ah
e
a
c
l
,t
i
o
a
)
d
d
o
0
e
t
0
m
n
e
l
0
m
e
a
i
e
t2e
r
b
s
nv
ys
e
e
d
B
e
l
u
a
s
o
t
h
;B
s
6
o
n
8
dt
ho
9
n
c
n
1
n
a
a
e
o
e
m
.
i
nt
o
l
o
en
a
i
t
t
e
d
t
i
h
tu
d
c
p
e
Da
“
.
)
6
0
0
2
.
l
a
t
e
r
e
h
s
i
F
e
e
s
”
2) If you are referring to multiple studies all at once, cite all studies at the end of the sentence in
alphabetical order with a semi-colon to separate: “Therefore, in addition to the potential for
direct mortality from lead poisoning, lead ingestion would negatively affect carnivore
morbidity because lead suppresses the nervous, reproductive, hematopoietic, and immune
systems, which has been well documented in humans, laboratory animals, and wildlife
(Burger et al. 1997; Burger et al. 2000; Goyer 1993; Lumeij 1985; Menke et al. 2006; Redig
et al. 1991).” This is the format you are following for the ASM; however, many journals list
these in chronological order rather than alphabetical.
h
s
d)t
d
l
n
i
n
a
0w
a
a
i
0
t
0
e
i
h2
m
s
n
t
n
i
i
naa
n
e
e
o)wl
t
m
n
3
s
o
s
9
r
B
a
h
h1
9
o
c
t
h
dli
i
t
n
sh
w
ru
a
w
e
a
r
ey
no
m
o
o
o
h
a
a
G
w
t
t
i
n
(
t
t
u
l
u
a
a
t:e(
D
s
a
h
tt
a
m
t
s
e
l
m
:r
o
f
a
i
sc
o
m
f
e
r
m
s
o
Oeo
ea
h
N
m
c
h
r
t
a
t
h
u
h
n
O
a
t
N
ep
i
t
t
n
ew
s
hi
i
h
a
t
r
t
t
,l
i
w
a
d
ye
ew:L)
l
h
h
n
s
4
e9
n
s
t
i
r
h
o
i
a
o
9
t
l
eg
h
1
eb
t
a
t
r.
t
u
i
u
o
i
p
r
,a
l
f
r
w
r
a
w
s
a
o
tt
a
:e
w
r
:w
s
y
t
e
o
r
r
h
o
r
o
y
n
r
s
h
e
h
b
a
e
t
p
t
h
g
,r
u
a
u
d
t
s
a
p
a
e
u
d
w
er
B
eh
ew
ol
o
r
(
a
n
o
w
o
t
t
l
m
:
r
o
e
hrhf
h
e
t
t
a
t
t
l
f
i
e
i
n
i
p
a
w
y
w
e
w
o
e
e
rerw
r
.p
e
h
e
t
e
l
p
t
p
e
p
r
a
a
a
b
a
e
p
d
p
p
h
tt
n
nA
e
Aa
A
i
o
)
)
)
1
2
3
HOW TO FORMAT IN-TEXT CITATIONS
“
”
’
“
“
”
”
“
d
e
n
i
m
r
e
t
e
d
)
5
0
0
2
(
.
l
a
t
e
n
a
m
s
e
r
o
F
y
r
r
e
K
s
a
h
c
u
s
s
e
m
a
n
t
s
r
i
f
e
s
u
R
E
V
E
N
”
.
t
a
h
t
“
… ”
NOTE: Check the references section of every paper for more useful references Scan the
titles of the articles a paper cites to see if any of them are pertinent to what you are
researching. Papers that didn’t come up on a web-based search may be found there, and you
can often get ideas for key words that you might not think of yourself.
n
i
ne
o
u
i
q
t
i
c
n
u
U
d
o
h
r
s
p
i
e
u
R
g
n
i
yt
a
s
s
i
tD
o
nt
o
D
s
ce
il
pu
oR
tf
so
in
so
ei
ht
ta
tu
cl
aa
xv
eE
r
uy
oa
ys
ed
ba
ie
rt
cs
sn
eI
d
d.
ls
ur
oa
he
sB
ey
ll
tz
iz
ti
rr
uG
o
Y
Structuring your paper
’
”
“
“
7
s
d
ti
n
s
s
a
e
e
r
h
y
t
et
i
n
h
e
s
o
T
h
n
i
e
t
hTa
d
p
d
a
r.ee
gcrh
aipt
rp
h
aoet
h
ptt
o
b
ts
sihe
rsgc
ieun
fhoe
t
r
u
h
e
t
l
T
ha
f
th
n
.rtn
:i
e
o
t
n
i
)
r
o
o
er
t
l
coso
s
npac
p
w
eu
o
tn
t
l
n
o
nse
l
c
e
o
e
m
st
Y
e
a
t
m
tea
ns
u
ctP
i
rn
sies(
f
d
b
a
i
u
s
e
C
r
hvfa
e
o
htem
g
t
u
n
i
o
ivrc
i
W
o
g
f
sc
,
i
r
t
pder
l
a
h
o
u
e
t
e
to
B
x
h
n
e
yssi
i
l
y
s
r
z
e
e
ee
z
b
h
h
p
i
t
ta
r
ne
G
rpar
euecs
u
o
h
l
c
yt
a
i
s
m
p
e
e
e
tfor
F
aotp
t
S
”
“
f
o
e
r
u
t
c
u
r
t
s
e
h
t
n
o
s
t
c
a
p
m
i
d
n
u
o
f
o
r
p
h
t
i
w
,
y
e
r
p
r
i
e
h
t
f
o
r
o
i
v
a
h
e
b
e
h
t
d
n
a
n
i
r
e
e
e
b
d
otd
s
n
e
l
a
l
a
n
i
m
a
ne
t
a
r
c
e
t
tai
I
s
h
e
w
o
.D
)
f
5
o
0
:
0
s
s
2
a
n
r
ght
e
r
c
e
u
t
b
s
a
s
p
n
,
i
r
l
G
e
a
w
i
ds
t
n
n
a
a
a
p
s
eoe
f
t
o
h
o
e
t
r
p
d
o
t
o
h
c
o
e
W
u
f
(
o
f
a
syr
e
s
i
n
e
t
o
h
i
i
t
n
t
n
u
s
a
m
e
p
m
u
o
q
f
c
o
f
lo
n
a
o
c
m
i
i
r
t
g
o
a
o
f
l
l
u
o
e
p
c
h
o
e
t
p
”
“
?
)
5
0
0
2
.
l
a
t
e
r
h
e
a
M
(
t
a
c
b
o
b
e
h
t
,
e
v
i
t
a
l
e
r
e
s
o
l
c
s
t
i
fn
e
o
h
,
r
ete
e
s
,rp
e
o
r
u
p
e
t
r
p
a
a
u
a
r
p
p
e
d
t
a
eei
e
h
n
l
r
T
o
ee
,
eehn
csto
ra
r
g
d
uh
n
op
i
s
sa
w
i
e
eri
s
nav
i
ope
h
yort
ltew
ntr
o
oo
ah
gnuf
n,o
o
ie
Y
tg
e
id
l
ce
.m
p
l
r
sw
e
a
ho
h
x
pn
t
e
akn
o
d
r
o
geao
az
ring
ase
peha
h
t
t
r
rn
dF
o
oy
n
ssa
e
.
go,t
atri
e
p
s
h
t
g
eio
n
r
i
isnz
trai
ne
r
epea
a
s
a
m
epr
m
t
u
iwhs
e
p
ri
a
wv
r
t
teao
nrpn
o
D
”
Use subject headings Group paragraphs about a particular subject under a subject heading.
These are usually a few words in bold before a set of paragraphs for the purpose of logically
grouping ideas. When presenting your own findings, they usually follow the model:
Introduction, Study Area, Methods, Results, Conclusions or Discussion (or both),
Acknowledgements, References. Review papers (like the ones you are writing) typically are
more grouped by subject: Ex) Effective Habitat, Localized Declines, Genetic Diversity
Concerns, Reintroduction Efforts, Conservation and Management Recommendations, etc.
’
.
r
e
p
a
p
w
e
i
v
e
r
d
e
h
s
i
l
b
u
p
d
e
w
e
i
v
e
r
s
e
c
n
d
e
e
r
n
e
g
f
i
e
s
r
s
ga
n
e
i
h
t
t
s
i
r
l
o
nf
e
s
h
e
W
n
i
sl
ee
cd
ni
eu
rg
et
fc
ea
rx
ge
n
ie
th
it
rw
wo
l
rl
oo
ff
s
e,
nr
ie
lp
ea
dp
ie
uh
gt
t
cf
ao
xd
en
ee
he
th
wt
o
lt
la
o
F
Pay close attention to the flow of paragraphs Make each sentence logically follow the last,
and make every paragraph a cohesive statement of ideas. Don't start and stop paragraphs
randomly and don’t make each paragraph a random collection of facts.
l
a
c
i
t
e
b
a
h
p
l
a
n
i
s
e
c
n
e
r
e
f
e
r
l
l
a
t
s
i
L
.
M
S
A
e
h
t
e
s
a
c
s
i
h
t
n
i
,
g
n
i
t
t
a
m
r
o
f
e
h
t
e
m
fe
a
h
o
s
t
lf
e
l
h
o
a
t
l
.
tl
n
t
a
i
.
ae
x
h
e
t
lt
tt
l
i
ear
a
s
h
r
b
t
u
u
,e
o
s
)
w
d
y
d
n
ea
e
eb
n
t
s
i
s
r
o,d
a
u
k
t
p
o
c
e
a
t
kb
dcc
i
n
e
c
e
a
h
e
h
h
e
dtct
r
e
n
a
s
i
o
n
y
p
i
k
a
o
s
c
w
c
e
db
a
l
n
e
a
ti
t
s
l
s
e
ui
u
e
h
o
j
d
l
t
y
i
tu
n
eei
o
g
r
r
n
a
u
(
d
d
s
e
d
e
ft
e
t
e
l
s
t
s
k
e
o
i
i
a
s
p
c
l
M
r
u
n
e
sev
o
a
eva
y
m
cah
s
h
n
ne
e
i
r
u
u
ro
o
o
e
dF
y
y
f
e
e
p
.
s
s
r
y
r
e
e
t
D
c
c
r
n
n
ue
,.o
e
r
re
r
ye
e
t
d
n
kff
r
o
cee
o
f
err
h
C
s
d
o
nkh
w
n
t
o
i
e
r
rhmo
t
u
r
o
u
i
d
y
o
e
e
v
eyho
v
rtp
r
i
e
k
g
h
n
y
otil
e
h
t
h
t
e
t
dw
u
a
e
f
o
u
g
o
y
q
a
e
r
sfa
d
u
i
i
o
s
c
y
,
y
n
l
s
e
e
a
t
h
dnlt
a
u
n
s
f
a
ee
i
edr,
u
t
l
e
c
a
c
h
i
i
n
t
p
r
I
o
p
n
t
o
o
r
.
e
p
e
dt
h
p
r
e
a
u
s
g
stan
a
b
i
r
i
y
tedd
t
i
I
il
u
t
elas
v
z
ie
e
r
rhr
o
ate
f
m
mfwe
uo
s
t
snn
a
i
toor
i
i
nt
s
p
oa
u
o
dt
l
r
,ecp
trnp
epoa
rrce
pe
rter
enhe
titw
n
I
Some Notes on Form
’
.
s
i
s
e
h
t
o
p
y
h
r
i
e
h
t
d
e
v
o
r
p
s
i
d
8
s
r
h
a
p
e
a
s
b
r
i
sg
h
u
k
a
t
o
c
r
e
a
a
r
n
l
p
o
a
b
f
r
y
t
y
r
t
x
e
.bc
e
v
y
e
dl
r
fea
e
e
o
dsts
c
n
s
ea
e
e
)
s
e
l
c
u
r
e
ee
n
f
s
c
n
a
n
c
de
s
s
i
n
i
t
i
r
a
n
e
e
e
e
m
,s
t
c
a
t
i
n
n
s
ye
s
i
r
t
u
o
n
e
n
s
p
e
v
e
r
eesdU
h
f(
kr
yo
t
c
e
e
s
oh
er
v
t
p
C
e
a
y
e
,
dtb
r
.n
a
s
s
a
k
e
i
e
c
l
h
s
d
a
c
T
u
r
l
a
o
B
gl
w
f
n
c
o
i
y
y
t
re
r
a
ds
i
o
a
r
v
e
w
,e
t
n
)
s
ro
tsu
n
u
i
a
n
I
o
t
h
a
y
a
t
c
ei
m
cr
er
e
ie
k
or
om
a
f
u
M
va
n
s
eiees
s,k
v
is
iu
a
cd
ts
m
nr
cr
oo
aU
o
cw
t
e(
e
s
B
U
“
”
Avoid the use of colloquial phrases Phrases like “this animal ranged on down into Mexico,”
“Times have changed for the deer mouse,” “Montana is a great place to find moose,” “In the
red fox’s case, they need…” are not appropriate for scientific writing
e
t
i
s
n
e
d
f
o
e
p
y
t
w
e
I
n
a
,
gs
n
e
i
i
s
c
s
e
e
p
r
s
d
d
g
an
i
rt
o
s
e
hr
p
e
a
t
r
n
g
i
a
r
y
a
r
p
e
av
ga
n
e
i
r
t
a
r
a
s
t
e
s
v
l
no
e
W
h
W
ss
ta
n
eh
mc
eu
ts
as
te
sc
ln
ae
rt
en
ne
es
gd
,i
eo
uv
ga
ac
vi
dp
io
ot
v
A
f
o
s
e
s
o
p
r
u
p
e
h
t
r
o
f
u
o
y
r
o
f
k
r
o
w
o
t
e
c
n
e
t
n
e
s
y
r
e
v
e
t
u
P
.
e
g
a
r
o
f
o
t
e
v
a
h
t
n
o
d
u
o
Y
.
e
m
a
n
n
o
m
m
o
c
e
h
t
r
e
t
f
a
y
l
e
t
a
i
d
e
m
m
i
,
s
e
s
e
h
t
n
e
r
a
p
n
i
,
s
c
i
l
a
t
i
ua
n
n
,
e
s
i
w
e
k
i
L
.
g
n
i
t
i
r
w
c
i
f
i
t
n
e
i
c
s
r
o
f
e
t
a
i
r
p
o
r
p
p
a
t
o
n
e
r
a
t
n
o
d
”
,
t
n
o
w
l
si
a
v
hE
c
.
u
r
s
D
,t
p
o
u
n
ee
d
r
a
m
u
o
uy
o
y
,
r
ee
s
b
a
m
r
e
h
m
p
e
lR
e
v
o
n
e
g
an
a
er
t
a
e
c
m
i
o
d
h
n
i
p
ou
t
k
c
sa
e
b
t
o
u
a
q
s
la
a
m
s
)
r
t
o
c
.
f
a
m
n
a
i
ae
eeB
r
s
a
r
u
e
ss
ti
a
nh
L
o
T(
d
’
…”
”
“
“
,
)
s
i
kp
l
c
u
a
a
l
f
l
f
b
so
i
sn
e
a
a
t
a
hCl
(
c
u
u
sn
g
s
e
svu
l
e
o
n
r
w
o
o
v
,
s
i
)
e
n
s
e
r
o
r
a
t
g
c
c
e
r
d
ea
g
g
r
.n
a
U
i
l
(r
y
ssa
t
r
v
s
a
e
e
o
g
b
t
g
u
y
e
s
l
g
n
eze
z
c
i
v
n
r
a
e
g
c
d
s
i
,)
v
)
E
s
s
“
’
)
a
r
x
c
t
E
i
a
.rl
e
a
m
.
r
a
C
e
n
s(
e
u
g
s
s
e
r
tU
t
a
o
e
(
y
p
o
e
s
c
r
r
a
d
ob
e
n
t
a
,
t
n
a
c
s
a
h
c
u
s
s
n
o
i
t
c
a
r
t
n
o
C
s
e
t
o
u
q
l
a
m
r
.o
s
f
r
n
e
i
t
n
r
u
o
h
s
yn
b
o
i
dt
e
c
n
a
o
r
d
t
n
n
a
o
b
c
a
e
ss
e
u
l
i
t
p
n
o
D
e
v
a
eh
s
u
d
a
n
c
a
e
b
y
l
yl
l
a
b
n
a
o
b
s
o
r
r
e
p
p
sl
ia
m
si
i
n
h
a
t
s
oi
d
h
yt
l
n
b
o
a
b
h
o
c
r
r
p
a
e
ss
e
e
t
r
o
y
e
o
n
C
o
"
d
ye
a
v
s
a
th
'
u
n
o
o
y
D
s
es
te
al
ln
uu
c
e
p,
s
tf
no
o
D
”
“
’ ”
” “
’
” “
y
g
r
e
n
e
f
o
t
o
l
a
s
e
k
a
t
t
I
,
s
t
a
b
d
e
r
a
e
g
i
B
n
r
e
t
s
e
W
t
u
o
b
a
k
l
a
t
o
t
g
n
i
o
g
m
a
n
o
i
t
e
e
s
rm
l
i
e
a
.f
p
h
s
y
m
t
e
e
i
r
e
h
s
o
h
T
D
ot
a
t
e
h
f
gt
m
y
l
n
a
ilol
i
n
l
w
s
a
t
a
e
i
c
r
g
i
e
r
i
e
n
c
r
w
f
n
i
e
a
i
e
p
rtg
t
s
r
s
u
n
u
a
o
e
l
s
t
l
y
i
o
i
s
a
c
c
r
e
s
i
m
e
e
k
t
r
.
c
v
a
n
e
o
)
n
e
m
o
h
f
1
e
s
m
t
0
t
tn
e
0
g
.
e
h
ne
2
n
S
v
t
o
s
i
i
D
ng
r
,
a
hsa
s
l
m
c
p
n
,
a
s
a
m
a
s
m
e
e
o
r
e
m
r
i
hacgoc
a
m
F
t
e
v
e
(
i
r
p
ga
w
.
s
n
s
w
,iuSe
w
s
s
o
,r
e
s
e
y
s
u
hn
i
c
c
susa
e
s
e
s
r
i
f
p
e
e
n
d
o
s
l
n
o
n
i
i
s
anu
c
t
e
e
n
h
i
tW
exc
e
u
m
e
m
e
o
a
r
en
p
b
o
u
m
a
anSso
y
s
sno
u
t
m
e
n
o
c
m
)
m
o
r
a
o
x
i
mc
o
f
E
t
m
v
i
foy
t
c
t
o
.
b
s
c
s
r
emu
e
th
i
s
ensf
t
n
i
e
h
i
l
g
t
e
e
h
s
T
U
’
” “
“
’
“
’
“
“
”
’
y
e
h
.T
r
e
d
a
h
e
t
r
i
ew
h
s
t
e
c
on
t
e
t
nn
o
e
i
s
t
a
e
m
l
r
p
o
i
f
t
n
l
i
u
gm
n
t
i
r
y
a
e
t
v
s
n
o
t
c
n
o
D
”
“
”
”
“
“
”
”
’
’
t
u
o
b
a
s
f
e
i
l
e
b
r
u
o
y
n
o
s
t
n
e
m
e
t
a
t
s
e
l
b
i
d
e
r
c
e
k
a
m
o
t
e
s
i
t
r
e
p
x
e
n
a
f
o
h
g
u
o
n
e
… ”
.
s
n
o
i
t
a
v
i
t
o
m
s
'
l
a
m
i
n
a
e
h
t
:
y
a
s
t
'
n
o
D
:
x
E
"
.
s
l
a
u
d
i
v
i
d
n
i
"
n
a
e
m
u
o
y
n
e
h
w
"
s
l
a
m
i
n
a
"
r
o
"
s
e
i
c
e
p
s
"
e
s
u
t
'
n
o
D
d
a
e
rs
t
e
f
n
e
I
r
p
"
)s
.
s
l
e
a
e
m
r
i
t
n
a
n
e
yl
l
n
a
a
m
f
re
r
o
(
d
n
su
e
i
n
c
e
e
d
p
s
o
t
yr
n
a
e
m
f
e
ap
r
n
a
t
e
n
m
o
o
M
s
e
nl
i
i
h
sw
r
a
,
e
s
b
e
v
ya
l
c
z
z
n
i
i
r
g
g
n
gi
n
n
o
n
m
e
A
d
"
n
i
g
n
i
n
n
e
d
r
e
f
e
r
p
s
l
a
u
d
i
v
i
d
n
i
y
n
a
m
a
n
a
t
n
o
M
n
i
s
r
a
e
b
y
l
z
z
i
r
g
g
n
o
m
A
"
:
y
a
s
"
.
s
e
e
r
t
n
e
l
l
a
f
r
e
d
n
u
n
e
d
o
t
r
e
f
e
r
p
e
m
o
s
e
l
i
h
w
,
s
e
v
a
c
9
”
“
fl
o
s
a
e
ddv
s
a
i
a
a
B
v
e
e
r
d
r
u
c
.
n
gesi
nh
k
ite
y
t
t
ifei
rosl
wsha
cstt
ierr
fnoo
irnm
te
ntea
ethc
iiti
cbfP
s
o
g
:
ln
e
aisl
mvrp
riom
ogia
r
r
fo
r
x
a
f
e
nn
w
iu
d
yo
s
ndno
oniG
iat
t
p,,
ihe.
rsvs
crad
sard
ehbo
d,ef
ekso
saet
oehs
ilte
db,t
n
s
a
aer
e
rhe
r
gtt
g
n
,ni
e
yIw
h
t
h:nt
ge
r
t
il
e
s
lp
h
n
fm
t
i
dara
ixog
oena
v
A
“
”
.
s
r
e
t
n
i
w
e
r
e
v
e
s
e
r
o
m
g
n
i
r
u
d
”
”
“
”
“
”
“
”
“
”
“
t
n
a
c
i
f
i
n
g
i
s
y
l
l
a
u
t
c
a
s
t
i
e
r
u
s
e
r
a
u
o
y
s
s
e
l
n
u
)f
d
e
o
t
)
ydcs
a
e
l
p
t
t
t
m
c
c
n
i
a
a
e
p
p
u
ti
m
m
q
o
i
e
n
r
(
t
f
o
s
n
yid(
e
de
h
t
n
t
c
s
u
e
t
o
er
f
c
s
f
e
g
u
a
f
a
f
t
c
e
f
e
e
o
r
b
S
a
e
h
,
st
s
e
.ny
o
l
d
i
d
c
e
t
u
i
t
a
t
t
c
l
s
r
e
u
a
f
p
n
f
o
a
la
p
c
a
n
s
r
nnr
r
u
a
o
e
o
e
h
h
j
m
c
g
r
n
dyo
a
ee
w
hre.
s
P
e
t
e
s
i
R
a
v
n
.
c
e
e
t
i
r
h
.p
i
w
n
r
non
e
e
doio
t
p
e
a
p
g
t
r
m
n
tc
o
o
i
s
a
t
l
m
o
p
s
p
r
m
m
x
a
niuew
o
i
y
l
l
e
i
a
ds
n
o
b
n
u
e
o
u
s
h
yg
l
o
i
w
b
f
m
”
“
y
l
t
n
a
c
i
f
i
n
g
i
s
d
r
o
w
e
h
t
d
i
o
v
A
a
e
y
ouh
l
o
t
t
n
y
o
d
s
m
s
i
r
m
s
o
e
o
e
v
f
c
l
a
e
n
r
m
u
,
r
y
ydl
o
l
f
e
r
l
d
a
a
e
i
l
u
h
o
i
s
t
v
m
u
a
i
m
o
eS
tb
r
n
f
.
e
o
e
r
e
t
c
e
t
n
f
a
y
a
f
i
l
c
i
v
l
i
d
e
a
f
d
yri
e
n
l
t
n
g
t
s
e
i
n
u
g
s
a
m
c
e
l
i
u
r
a
f
o
a
c
i
y
i
n
s
t
g
n
e
s
i
e
s
i
s
h
a
t
w
r
a
dht
e
p
s
n
s
a
a
et
c
s
u
teo
e
h
b
n
n
T
a
a
o
c
g
i
s
.n
f
i
5
i
i
0
k
.
n
s
.
l
e
g
i
0
a
v
i
h
i
s
T
rts
e
y
u
,d
l
l
t
e
n
l
c
c
c
u
a
n
a
n
u
o
p
e
ec
t
c
m
i
u
i
c
l
a
s
a
d
v
e
r
d
nr
o
i
I
p
a
w
o
v
A
Don't use vague descriptive phrases about research, such as "Many studies have been done
on…." or "Research has been performed looking at cougars." First, every time you are
referring to any research YOU NEED TO CITE! Second, you should instead simply state
specific research findings and cite them, unless it there is a particular reason to know how
much has been published on a particular topic. Example: “There is little published on the life
history of the Foresman shrew (Sorex foresmanii) because they are a rarely-seen fossorial
species (Rogers 1982).”
“
”
’
“
”
“
”
“
d
l
u
o
h
s
s
s
a
l
c
s
i
h
t
r
o
f
d
e
n
g
i
s
s
a
e
r
a
u
o
y
e
n
o
e
h
t
e
k
i
l
s
r
e
p
a
p
w
e
i
v
e
R
:
L
L
A
E
V
O
B
A
m
,
o
s
r
h
e
fli
t
ag
p
gme
e
nit
d
ina
yar
n
imp
t
ooes
ndch
te
an
ad
v
mrefi
sot
o
raa
c
ryu
f
ehrd
dbpoo
atr
e
ntrsp
ioaie
anphr
g
dre,
elofs
gu
ia
do,ll
u
ehc
lsilm
par
w
otoro
nItef
n
k
rel
f.aga
t
oel
ruan
e
suc
itied
satb
,
err
heats
ttpit
n
ni
ylade
lm
s
etue
eluor
vbohu
iabss
a
sla
ei
re
hasom
ovtN
e
cac
z
a
def.i
eh
os
rtfw
u
oty
d
tf
conro
u
oob
rsi
titrg
sscen
yepi
allat
alps
eno
i
bacal
l
er
ge
ae
pp
0l
1l
-u
8f
n5
a1
t
rs
oa
Fe
.
ct
ia
p
od
tn
a
st
is
sr
ee
hd
tn
u
l
ad
rn
ta
n
ed
ca
e
rr
u
od
yl
u
oo
th
s
t
nu
eo
ny
i
ts
ri
eh
pt
ts
oa
n
h
sc
gu
ns
i
hr
te
p
ra
op
.
r
e
b
m
u
n
e
l
b
a
n
o
s
a
e
r
e
r
o
m
a
e
b
d
l
u
o
w
0
3
0
2
h
g
u
o
h
t
l
a
,
s
n
o
i
t
a
c
i
l
b
u
p
d
e
w
e
i
v
e
r
0
1
s
p
i
T
r
e
p
a
P
m
r
e
T
n
o
i
t
c
e
S
d
e
t
i
C
e
r
u
t
a
r
e
t
i
L
y
e
fk
oy
yi
f
t
e
t
i
n
c
e
o
d
S
i
no
w
a
c
l
i
e
r
b
e
m
s
A
e
l
em
p
h
t
a
x
ye
b
e
dT
h
e
t
p
.
o
s
d
n
a
o
i
na
t
o
i
t
i
t
c
n
e
e
v
r
n
u
o
t
c
a
r
ee
h
t
t
i
wl
o
r
l
o
l
f
o
f
s
t
os
t
i
g
do
e
l
e
a
n
m
m
ua
o
M
Y
r
e
p
ea
h
p
tTr
n
u
f
e
o
o
c
y
e
nf
r
o
nio
t
i
y
c
d
e
ds
o
n
b
u
y
o
e
h
f
h
p
eat
r
b
e
g
c
noa
i
a
p
l
c
s
b
sie
b
e
l
l
b
e
p
u
h
m
o
t
a
d
x
n
e
t
i
s
lru
a
m
o
n
o
y
u
i
g
o
t
o
y
i
l
d
a
h
d
m
g
A
m
u
a
o
.M
h
s
T
n
f
o
o
.
i
a
t
n
la
a
a
t
t
n
i
n
r
c
o
u
M
o
eJ
s
f
e
h
eo
t
h
s
t
l
nf
a
i
m
m
soa
t
s
M
n
e
e
m
d
m
u
l
e
l
i
l
o
W
e
v
d
e
c
a
p
s
e
l
g
n
i
s
e
b
l
l
i
w
n
o
i
t
c
e
s
d
e
t
i
C
e
r
u
t
a
r
e
t
i
L
e
h
t
n
i
d
e
t
i
c
s
e
c
n
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
h
t
.
h
c
a
e
n
e
e
w
t
e
b
e
c
a
p
s
l
a
n
o
i
t
i
d
d
a
n
a
h
t
i
w
h
t
aw
i
m
m
o
d
yec
e
l
l
t
e
d
ac
i
t
d
a
i
s
r
r
e
m
u
o
r
c
h
a
d
c
t
n
a
u
s
a
a
r
e
o
t
b
l
h
s
a
t
r
ti
n
u
s
o
a
f
u
i
mnt
l
a
dein
d
h
n
d
o
t
a
a
i
t
td
e
i
nnr
d
aaa
d
t
a
re
e
omr
e
pae
h
mnh
t
i
t
t
d
s
sa
fa
n
il
I
d
r
oy.o
e
ibc
h
r
t
edau
pepa
s
t
di
y
ncar
asya
m
,ibi
ardr
mo
e
p
mh
t
ot
a
e
cu
r
h
a
t
,ap
eye
r
cr
s
e
aa
t
pm
ha
f
si
c
yrad
rpee
ee,t
vh
s
r
ET
l
e
a
s
n
.ii
t
d
i
e
n
s
s
i
i
u
d
e
w
o
l
l
o
f
s
i
e
m
a
n
t
s
a
L
.
e
m
a
n
t
s
a
l
n
e
h
t
d
n
a
s
e
m
a
n
e
l
d
d
i
m
d
n
a
t
s
r
i
f
f
o
s
l
a
i
t
i
n
i
.
d
o
i
r
e
p
a
y
b
d
e
w
o
l
l
o
f
e
t
a
d
e
h
t
n
e
h
t
d
o
i
r
e
p
a
y
b
:
k
o
o
b
a
n
i
r
e
t
p
a
h
c
a
m
o
r
f
n
e
k
a
t
l
a
i
r
e
t
a
M
n
i
.
9
7
3
9
8
2
.
p
P
.
s
t
n
e
d
o
r
d
i
o
r
u
M
.
4
8
9
1
.
r
e
s
s
u
M
.
G
.
G
d
n
a
,
.
D
.
M
,
n
o
t
e
l
r
a
C
d
n
a
s
r
e
d
r
O
,
s
e
n
o
J
.
K
.
J
d
n
a
n
o
s
r
e
d
n
A
.
S
(
.
dr
k
l
r
o
o
Y
w
w
eN
e
h
t
,
fn
s
o
o
sS
l
a
&
m
m
y
a
e
m
l
i
tW
n
e
n
c
h
e
o
r
J
f.
)
o
s
se
d
e
l
i
,
m
.
a
r
f
J
c
i
t
r
a
f
o
s
n
o
i
t
c
n
u
f
l
a
c
i
g
o
l
o
i
s
y
h
p
n
i
n
o
i
t
a
i
r
a
v
l
a
n
o
s
a
e
S
.
0
6
9
1
.
J
.
R
,
k
c
o
H
s
l
e
r
r
i
u
q
s
d
n
u
o
r
g
n
a
m
.
y
s
L
t
t
.s
e
P
u
.c
h
C
a
.s
s
I
(
a
M
n,
o
i
e
t
g
a
d
n
i
r
r
e
b
b
m
i
a
h
C
ny
,
a
i
t
l
i
a
s
m
r
m
e
a
v
M
i
n
nU
i
d
1a
r
7
1
v
r
5
a
5
H
1
)
.s
.
p
P
d
e
.,
s
r
e
a
w
e
a
b
D
kR
.
c
a
l
.
b
A
dn
d
n
a
a
:
s
l
a
n
r
u
o
j
d
e
w
e
i
v
e
r
r
e
e
p
m
o
r
f
s
e
c
n
e
r
e
f
e
r
l
a
r
e
n
e
G
n
i
k
n
u
k
s
d
e
t
t
o
p
s
e
i
r
i
a
r
p
e
h
t
f
o
t
n
e
m
e
g
a
n
a
m
d
n
a
y
g
o
l
o
c
e
e
h
T
.
8
4
9
1
.
D
.
W
,
b
b
a
r
C
.
a
w
o
I
.
2
3
2
1
0
2
:
8
1
h
p
a
r
g
o
n
o
M
l
a
c
i
g
o
l
o
c
E
s
u
o
r
o
v
i
t
c
e
s
n
i
f
o
s
e
c
i
e
o
p
s
f
o
n
o
i
t
i
n
g
o
c
e
R
.
1
8
9
1
.
l
l
e
B
.
P
.
G
d
n
a
,
.
B
.
M
,
n
o
t
n
e
F
y
b
s
t
a
b
1
1
.
3
4
2
3
3
2
:
2
6
y
g
o
l
a
m
m
a
M
f
o
l
a
n
r
u
o
J
.
s
l
l
a
c
n
o
i
t
a
c
o
l
o
h
c
e
r
i
e
h
t
:
s
k
o
o
B
d
w
e
N
,
s
n
o
S
&
y
e
l
i
W
n
h
o
J
.
d
e
n
2
.
a
c
i
r
e
m
A
h
t
r
o
N
f
o
s
l
a
m
m
a
m
e
h
T
.
1
8
9
1
.
R
.
E
,
l
l
a
H
.
k
r
o
Y
,
g
r
u
b
s
i
r
r
a
H
,
y
n
a
p
m
o
C
e
l
o
p
k
c
a
t
S
e
h
T
.
a
c
i
r
e
m
A
h
t
r
o
N
f
o
k
l
e
e
h
T
.
1
5
9
1
.
O
,
e
i
r
u
M
.
C
.
D
,
n
o
t
g
n
i
h
s
a
W
,
e
t
u
t
i
t
s
n
I
t
n
e
m
e
g
a
n
a
M
e
f
i
l
d
l
i
W
d
n
a
a
i
n
a
v
l
y
s
n
n
e
P
:
s
n
o
i
t
a
t
r
e
s
s
i
D
d
n
a
s
e
s
e
h
T
,
s
u
d
u
a
c
i
,
g
o
n
i
o
r
l
a
t
s
n
u
O
t
o
n
r
r
c
e
i
t
M
s
e
,
W
e
l
f
o
o
v
y
d
t
e
i
l
s
i
r
a
e
t
v
i
g
n
n
U
o
l
,
s
e
i
h
s
t
e
h
f
T
o
.
y
S
r
.
o
M
t
s
.
i
a
h
t
r
e
e
f
b
i
l
L
A
.
n
5
r
8
e
9
t
1
s
e
.
w
A
h
t
.
u
V
o
s
,
n
e
w
o
n
L
i
.
a
d
a
n
a
C
,
o
i
r
a
t
n
O
,
n
o
d
n
o
L
.
D
.
h
P
.
n
o
i
t
a
l
u
p
o
p
r
e
e
d
e
l
u
m
.
n
e
a
i
m
r
e
i
z
a
o
r
B
p
,
a
y
t
f
i
o
s
r
y
e
g
v
o
i
l
n
o
U
c
E
e
t
.
a
6
t
8
S
9
1
,
a
n
n
.o
a
K
i
t
t
n
.t
a
o
A
rM
,s
e
d
o
s
i
od
W
:
r
o
h
t
u
a
e
m
a
s
e
h
t
y
b
e
c
n
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
o
n
a
h
t
e
r
o
m
f
o
s
n
o
i
t
a
t
i
C
n
r
e
t
s
a
.
e
2
9
f
2
o
1
s
8
t
2
i
:
b
5
a
5
h
e
d
c
o
n
o
e
F
i
c
.
S
1
8
t
9
s
1
e
w
.
h
s
t
s
r
o
o
r
N
C
.
.
s
P
i
s
.
y
S
l
a
d
n
n
a
a
t
,
a
r
c
e
s
s
a
d
M
n
a
.
C
h
c
.
a
r
m
J
o
t
,
s
.
O
n
.,o
J
s
d
t
e
,a
s
r
ba
e
k
nb
a
o
t
g
i
e
h
r
W
O
d
e
r
d
e
n
h
a
t
a
f
n
o
i
l
d
o
o
r
o
a
F
C
.
1
.
h4
1
7
t
9
r
9
o
8
1
N
0
4
.
,:
t
p
7
t
m
3
e
a
1
g
w
d
S
t
a
s
P
l
i
a
l
.
m
a
M
s
r
i
u
.
D
t
T
a
t
N
d
a
n
e
d
a
r
n
G
a
,
l
e
e
d
s
h
i
o
t
M
r
n
n
.
i
a
K
c
r
i
.
e
r
R
t
e
n
m
,
i
A
.
w
r
e
J
nT
h
i
,
.
,
.
s
O
a
si
i
u
l
.r
n
a
J
i
u
e
g
i
r
,s
r
o
r
i
ab
e
V
L
k
a
t
,
i
t
h
a
W
b
s
r
e
p
a
P
m
r
e
T
y
g
o
l
a
m
m
a
M
g
n
i
t
i
d
E
r
o
f
s
p
i
T
.
n
o
i
t
a
t
n
e
s
e
r
p
n
i
y
t
i
r
a
l
c
d
n
a
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
r
e
v
o
r
o
f
r
e
p
a
p
d
a
e
R
)
1
.
r
e
p
a
p
e
h
t
f
o
y
d
o
b
e
h
t
n
i
d
e
c
n
e
r
e
f
e
r
y
l
r
e
p
o
r
p
s
i
l
a
i
r
e
t
a
m
f
i
e
n
i
m
r
e
t
e
D
)
2
2
1
s
e
ea
t
r
u
d
s
l
ea
l
b
on
d
t
a
rn
e
p
o
a
i
p
t
c
es
e
h
t
d
ft
e
o
i
yc
d
o
e
b
r
u
ea
t
h
t
r
e
ni
t
i
l
de
e
t
h
i
t
c
n
ei
c
n
d
e
e
r
d
e
u
f
l
e
c
r
n
i
hs
c
a
i
e
t
ki
c
e
t
h
a
C
h
`
t
.
a
s
a
n
o
i
t
c
e
s
d
e
t
i
c
e
r
u
t
a
r
e
t
i
l
e
h
t
n
i
f.
f
o
t
x
et
e
s
e
h
e
t
h
t
kn
c
e
i
h
c
m
e
It
h
.r
t
c
e
e
t
r
n
r
u
o
o
c
c
n
ee
r
a
I
s
u
h
t
t
s
i
l
e
c
n
e
r
e
f
e
r
a
t
o
n
,
n
o
i
t
c
e
s
d
e
t
i
c
e
r
u
t
a
r
e
t
i
l
a
s
i
s
i
h
T
.
b
.
d
e
t
i
c
e
b
t
s
u
m
d
e
t
s
i
l
g
n
i
h
t
y
r
e
v
e
sa
t
a
h
lt
hl
t
e
e
o
w
t
b
a
s
c
ea
i
b
d
,i
n
d.
l
c
u
t
y
o
e
l
h
d
s
n
e
o
t
si
a
i
t
e
h
a
p
t
u
e
t
r
;c
t
n
e
x
u
d
e
p
a
t
m
f
no
s
o
i
s
sn
r
t
o
o
n
i
r
e
t
r
m
c
e
m
e
o
r
n
c
r
a
o
lc
f
a
I
i
,
r
s
.
o
n
t
t
o
n
i
i
e
d
t
t
e
c
n
e
o
er
c
t
r
a
o
n
i
c
o
r
p
l
s
o
a
n
r
c
o
p
i
i
p
t
t
a
a
c
m
e
em
r
k
a
r
a
r
o
M
g
c
)
3
t
n
a
w
l
l
i
w
u
o
y
s
e
m
i
t
e
m
o
S
.
r
e
p
a
p
e
h
t
t
u
o
h
g
u
o
r
h
t
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
e
b
o
t
s
d
e
e
n
s
i
h
t
t
i
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
o
t
w
o
h
d
n
a
g
n
o
r
w
s
i
t
a
h
w
m
e
h
t
w
o
h
s
o
t
e
c
n
e
t
n
e
s
a
e
t
i
r
w
e
r
o
t
a
r
i
d,e
g
e
n
h
d
i
t
i
s
v
u
n
o
f
o
r
n
p
o
s
i
ech
v
s
t
a
i
h
e
t
uti
n
o
e
r
y
m
w
e
rer
t
e
a
t
t
o
f
s
t
A
m
.re
i
r
e
h
e
h
t
p
t
a
t
p
te
c
rap
h
i
t
x
e
e
h
e
t
t
d
n
eaa
c
t
i
i
d
t
r
n
c
w
i
e
e
r
r
yo
r
olc
p
t
n
m
i
i
us
o
r
y
no
ta,
c
c
d
e
e
u
p
d
o
x
r
y
e
o
tpw
l
ne
y
o
l
hr
d
eo
Il
o
p
.
t
tt
n
u
ro
w
io
b
l
’
e
r
r
r
a
e
e
p
t
;
a
r
t
p
o
r
h
o
m
s
f
r
f
d
e
h
e
i
t
c
l
u
ho
A
m
t
s
n
?i
s
o
+
e
m
0
t
1
a
r
3
d
e
y
p
al
o
a
l
t
p
sa
t
r
p
e
n
e
u
h
e
n
t
s
e
s
e
g
e
f
r
(
c
i
p
n
e
s
e
;
r
e
r
h
c
e
t
cn
f
g
i
e
e
n
p
r
r
e
o
e
l
t
f
e
eh
n
er
t
i
h
t
e
e
s
t
r
e
fu
a
a
g
o
a
q
;
p
ee
)
g
d
m
0
a
a
u
1
r
m
e
d
i
8
v
n
n
o
a
i
e
c
m
b
e
et
a
d
h
a
l
t
i
e
u
r
r
o
fp
a
h
i
o
s
r
s
ep
e
s
n
p
c
i
i
a
n
h
m
e
t
r
e
r
e
r
e
e
t
e
f
k
e
h
e
i
D
t
r
l
)
4
.
d
e
r
i
u
q
e
r
e
r
a
)
s
e
c
n
e
r
e
f
e
r
y
l
b
a
b
o
r
p
d
n
a
(
k
r
o
w
l
a
n
o
i
t
i
d
d
a
t
a
h
t
e
t
a
c
i
d
n
i
f
o
s
e
n
i
l
e
d
i
u
g
e
h
t
w
o
l
l
o
f
y
e
h
t
t
a
h
t
e
r
u
s
e
b
o
t
y
l
l
u
f
e
r
a
c
s
e
c
n
e
r
e
f
e
r
k
c
e
h
C
)
5
s
s
e
i
t
g
h
c
n
t
,
e
a
n
r
h
;o
r
c
)
i
o
k
t
C
r
o
a
a
o
u
.
l
b
t
t
i
c
u
m
yn
o
i
m
u
s
e
nps
e
i
o
e
k
h
a
ett
m
l
d
p
r
tt
o
m
a
n
a
g
i
x
e
o
m
e
r
p
e
h
nh,t
a
t
e
i
d
l
ew
a
l
e
m
e
s
r
t
(
e
e
t
r
n
se
t
a
e
t
h
s
l
s
t
i
r
g
e
o
d
o
h
r
n
l
t
r
a
a
e
m
o
s
m
t
r
e
a
o
c
M
d
n
n
e
i
e
fw
m
r
o
o
e
l
y
f
yl
l
e
t
o
n
r
e
f
o
i
l
c
e
f
a
o
b
I
r
S
e
d
.
v
nl
c
e
a
u
t
s
.
c
o
e
t
i
h
t
u
r
s
,
s
o
e
g
r
h
m
t
n
i
g
A
a
i
f
u
m
c
o
eo
r
a
e
r
h
p
h
h
t
fs
t
t
f
o
l
l
d
a
r
e
u
v
sy
o
i
s
e
e
c
r
n
e
d
i
r
d
a
g
u
n
o
di
y
l
n
u
r
t
o
u
a
h
t
h
s
et
ur
s
o
o
e
y
f
i
e
p
pb
o
u
c
o
r
r
e
d
g
p
e
a
t
rp
i
u
d
o
re
y
u
o
e
my
h
o
t
r
e
f
t
n
i
i
kr
c
w
n
a
e
r
b
r
u
sdt
r
n
o
e
a
s
p
l
a
la
p
i
a
t
re
t
s
u
o
du
m
y
n
.
u
ei
p
o
v
u
i
s
Y
o
e
t
r
c
n
.g
e
e
t
r
m
f
r
m
a
u
uc
o
r
o
o
d
y
y
r
l
m
ei
a
o
c
e
n
r
n
h
i
O
t
f
f
3
1