Eutrophication Monitoring
in situ
1- M onitoring requirements for
eutrophication: w hat to measure
RV Endeavour
W eym outh (125)
Lowestoft (375)
2-Design o f an adaptive m onitoring
programme: how and where to
measure
3- Synthesis o f in situ, model and EO
observations
Rodney Forster,
Cefas, Lowestoft, UK
Eutrophication indicators
WFD ecological s:atus
Sad
G SPAR CC M PP41
P oor
M o d e ra te
P ro b le m Area + +
Indicator
Criterion 5.1: Nutrient levels
5.1.1 - Nutrients in the w ater column
5.1.2 - N utrient ratios (silica, nitrogen and
phosphorous), where appropriate
Criterion 5.2: Direct effects o f nutrient enrichment
5.2.1 - Chlorophyll concentration in the
w ater column
5.2.2 - W ater transparency
N/Y
Criterion 5.3: Indirect effects o f nutrient enrichment
5.3.2 - Dissolved oxygen in bottom waters
Benthic animal kills?
High
Non P ro b le m Area --
Non Problem Areas
5.2.4 - Species shift in floristic
composition
Good
N
N
Problem Areas
"core" indicator set under OSPAR
Section 1 - OSPAR Common Indicators: proposed 2014 update
'OSPAR-wide' common indicators
Cl/6 BentHab2
M u lti-m e tric indices
D5 n u tr eone
w in te r n u trie n t co n ce ntra tio n s
D5 ch lo ro p h yl
C hlorophyll co n ce n tra tio n
D5 oxygen
Oxygen
D8 m etals (biota )
M eta l (Hg, Cd, Pb) co n ce ntra tio n s in biota
D8 m etals (sëdlim
M a ta i (I lg, Cd, Pb) lu i icy I i li'¿liu i i in se d im e n t
D8 PCBs (biota)
PCB co n ce n tra tio n s in biota
D8 PCBs (sedim )
PCB co n ce n tra tio n s in sedim ents
D8 PAHs (sedim )
PAHs co n ce n tra tio n s in sedim ents
D8 PAHs (biota)
PAHs concentrations in biota other than fish
D8 O rganotin (sedim )
O rganotin co n ce ntra tio n s in sedim ents
D8 PBDE (biota )
PBDE co n ce ntra tio n s in biota
D8 PBDE (sedim .)
PBDE co n ce ntra tio n s in sedim ents
D8 im posex
Im po se x/in te rse x
DIO on beach
Beach litte r
DIO on seabed
Litter on the seabed
D l l impulsive noise
Impulsive noise
Region II - G reater N orth Sea
D1 Mammals 2
Distributional range and pattern o f cetaceans species regularly present
D1 M am m als 3
Abundance o f grey and h a rb o u r seal at h a u l-o u t sites & w ith in b reeding colonies
D1 Mammals 4
Abundance a t the relevant tem poral scale o f cetacean species regularly present
D1 M am m als 5
H arbour seal and Grey seal pup p ro d u ctio n
D1 M am m als 6
N um bers o f in d ivid u a ls w ith in species being bycaught in re la tio n to p o p u la tio n
D1 Birds 1
Species-specific tren d s in re la tive abundance o f non -b re ed in g and breeding m arin e bird
species___________________________________________________________________________________
D l/6 Birds3
Breeding success/failure o f marine birds
D1 Fish Ceph 1
P opulation a b u nd ance/biom ass o f a suite o f selected species
£11
fii h n | f t r r
r r r * r ri n o n fm
ni i i i [ i fi h (i n ]
D1 PelHab 2
Plankton biomass a n d /o r abundance
D5 in p u t w a te r
W a te rb o rn e n u trie n t in p u ts
D5 in p u t air
A tm o sp he ric n u trie n t in p u ts
D5 Phaeocystis
Species s h ift/in d ic a to r species: Nuisance species Pha
“TTipLit 111Ltui L
DIO in Fulm ar
Fulm ar litte r ingestion (im p a ct and flo a tin g litte r)
Broader sets of pelagic indicators under MSFD
1. B iological
diversity maintained
4. Protect trophic and
reproductive functioning
Structure
4.3. Abundance/distribution o f key trophic
groups/species (includes 4.2. Proportion o f
selected species at the top o f the foodweb)
i.
Biomass o f Trophic guilds
ii.
Mean weight o f Zooplankton
Integrated size-based indicators
iii.
iv.
Proportion o f large fish (large fish
indicator, LFI)
Mean length o f surveyed community'
Function
4.1. Productivity (production per unit
biomass) o f key species or trophic groups
v.
vi.
vii.
Primary production
Seabird breeding success
Mean weights at age o f predatory
fish
W h ere to measure
Overall regions of dominant rho stratification in 1996 1998
latitude [de?
N|
f f i
V
?
permanently stratified
seasonally stratified
permanently mixed
ROFl
-5
0
longitude (dcg. E|
ïiffo ra
onoo
ino OTE.
:
n
How to measure
Period
Area
Para m eter
90
From 1913-07-09
?
To
?
2013-07-09
-130
Map
180
?
-90
O th er
Submit
C ountry Any
Ship
CTD
T emperature/Salinity
Oxygen
Phosphate
T otal. Phosphorus
Reset
Any
Submit
Search results
Select period,, area, parameter(s), country and ship and click 'Submit'
Statistics
C T D s ta tio n s p e r y e a r in d a t a b a s e
1-1000
1 2000
1 0000
Traditional
3000
6000-4000-
oceanographic
2000
0
1970
1975
1 980
1 985
1 990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
declining
P ro file s ta tio n s p e r y e a r in d a t a b a s e
35000—
21 0 0 0 -
7000—
1910 1920
1 930 1 940 1950 1960
1 970 1 980 1990 2000
measurements are
201 0 2020
In situ marine monitoring
v ..\w
r*.
Station Loc ation s of the La tes t Argo Profiles of 2 0 1 3 - 0 7 —10
9ÛN
AOML f 3 5 4 >
BODC ( 1 0 )
:
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SON
•
INCOIS^O)
MED5
JMA (0 )
Q th a r
C0RI0US(20)
KMA(0)
CSIO (0)
KORDI(G)
(G)
fc
•
« CSIRO (0}
æ
•
*
% w4 & r . •
3QN
•
<X
..
30 S
SOS
S D IS /N O D C
1 00 E
ZOE
Î56 8 Active Floats
• « haimei)
®
AUSTRALIA (3BS)
•
IIRA7.il. (7 )
•
M IL L A R IA (3 )
100W
1S0
fbancbp«)
e
IRELAND (1 0 )
•
ITALY (17)
• GERMANT (1 5 7 )
•
(AFAN (231 )
• IN D IA (9 7 )
•
KFNVA (3 )
CIIINA (R 7)
® GALION ( t )
•
ECUADOR (3 )
&
FINLAND (4 )
•
SOUTH KOREA (SO)
2 OW
•
NORWAY (2 )
•
SRI LANKA ( I )
•
POLAND_ (0)
_______
•
IIN ITFD KINGDOM „___
(1 3 3 )
_______________
® NETHERLANDS (3 5 )
•
SOUTH AFRICA (2 )
•
IINÍTFD STATES (1 0 2 3 )
•
•
SPAIN (3 0 )
• _ ___________
MAURITIUS (4 )
NEW ZEALAND (IO )
February 2013
European in situ monitoring systems
Svalbard
* Finished
* Ongoing
* Unknown-
EMODNET-Physics + SeaDataNet + MyOcean in situ TAC + national
Kate Collingridge (Cefas)
European in situ monitoring systems
ER ICO
Jerico Fixed Platform s
Sea tem perature
45“ W
40" W
^ g £ j M | i i| n | n |
35" W 3 0 ° W 2 5 “ W
Svalbard
60*
N
55*
N
50*
N
45*
N
40*
N
35*
N
30 *
437.5
875
Kilometers
N
European in situ monitoring systems
Jerico Fixed Platform s
Nutrients
JERICO
UK in situ monitoring systems
UK
/
Systems
A CEPAS SmartBuoy
AÇÉFAS WaveNet
ACFFAS Temperature /
A Channel Coastal Observatory
Liverpool Coastal Observatory
/ A European Sites
Global Sea Level .
A National Tide and
• AFBI Coastal
/
• Marine Scotland Ecosystem 0
• Marine Scotland Temperature
Western Channel Observatory
" SAMS
/
• Met Office
P a ra m eter ty p e s
] Biológica®
I Physical
I Chemical
• Oil Platforms'
• O th e r
K ilo m e te rs
in situ monitoring systems: SmartBuoy
•
Fibreglass hull
•
316 Stainless Steel Frame
•
Instruments
•
-
ESM2 logger (CT, OBS, Flu, PAR, DO, etc...)
-
NAS-3X N utrient Analyser
-
W M S -2 W a te r sampler
-
ORBCOM M te le m e try
-
G PSMML mooring locator
-
Echomax Radar Reflector
-
Navigation Light (5 y e llo w /2 0 seconds)
M ooring - single point below buoy
w ire/chain, 900kg sinker
h ttp://cefasm apping.defra.gov.uk/S m artbuoy/M ap
Location
Start
End
Thames (Warp)
Nov 2000
Ongoing
Outer Thames
(Gabbard)
Dec 2000
Ongoing
Dutch Coast
Mar 2000
April 2002
Oyster Ground
Mar 2006
Ongoing
Liverpool Bay
Nov 2002
Ongoing
North Dogger
Feb 2007
Sept 2008
Dowsing
Oct 2008
Ongoing
Celtic Sea
April 2009
Ongoing
(Noordwijk)
Tim e series of chlorophyll at SmartBuov sites
Liverpool Bay
2007-
West Gabbard
0
2008
2007
2003-
2002-
SmartBuoy for satellite validation
4.0
Irish Sea
10
Southern North Sea
3.5
—
• Eastern Channel
W estern Channel & Celtic Sea
3.0
— Northern North Sea
9
8
7
6
5
Chlorophyll a (mg m 3)
4
2.5
3
2
1
2.0
0
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
C h lo ro p h yll (mg tr f')
S m a rtB u o y
A
A
□
0.5
W arp Anchorage
W est Gabbard
Oyster Grounds
+
X
Liverpool Bay
North Dogger
1:1
V alid ated chlorophyll tim e series
using m ix o f s a te llite (MERIS,
M O D IS , S entinel) and in situ (buoys,
0.0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
fe rry b o x, ships, CPR)
in situ monitoring systems: FerryBox_RV
Flow Cytometer
Variable Fluorescence
Nutrients
Passive sampler
Acoustics: Fish +Zooplankton
Automatic plankton sampler
Properties of ideal indicators fo r ecosystem-based management of marine resources:
quantifiable in unambiguous, standard units; measurable rapidly, low cost
im plem entation; high repeat frequency; m ultiple uses fo r the same indicator; and
capable of im plem entation in many locations using same methodology.
Platt and Sathyendranath (2008)
in situ monitoring systems: FerryBox_RV
6-crofw
4‘oo"w
rao-w
ow
CHL2_2010_08
Value
I
I
2-cron/v 1 W W
I
tw o -
I
I
I
I
!
roxrE 2-crcrE a-acrE 4-»crE 5-octe 6-acrE 7-ffcrE etro-E
Integrated assessment of w a te r quality
S'CTE
I
’*
•*. •
56<TN-
*
¿
. / *'
./
'
-55'CTN
-
i on
5 Ct
MERIS/MODIS
□
•”
West Gab b9rd SB
••• Thames TH1 SB
D
-» -s *p
- - O - * SmartBuoy
2002 2004 2005 2008 2010 2012 2014
0
2000
2004
2008
»
2012
In situ monitoring must be adaptive
Adaptive monitoring
Set i • - ms
i
Design a monitoring approach for the
ecosystem to answer question*
Cot 1er t data
New or
restated
questions
lo r i
initial
q u e s tio n s
addressed
Analysis and interpretation
Understanding
Question changes or evolves
Into a new question
Analytical approach
changes or evolves
New technology
TRENDS in t a m » & Evolution