Contents__________________________________________________________
Section 1—Alaska: Past, Present, and Future...................................................................................3
Wilderness Insights From Alaska: Past, Present, and Future......................................................................................... 5
Deborah L. Williams
A History of Alaska Wilderness........................................................................................................................................ 10
Frank Norris
The Virtues of Localism and Arctic Wilderness Politics................................................................................................ 14
James N. Gladden
A GIS-Based Method to Evaluate Undeveloped BLM Lands in Alaska......................................................................... 19
Jason Geck
Subsistence, Tourism, and Research: Layers of Meaning in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve..................... 29
Karen Gaul
Economics of Wild Salmon Ecosystems: Bristol Bay, Alaska...................................................................................... 35
John W. Duffield, Christopher J. Neher, David A. Patterson, and Oliver S. Goldsmith
Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Applying Principles of Sustainability to Wilderness
Resource Management.................................................................................................................................................. 45
Nancy C. Ratner and Davin L. Holen
Section 2—Connections Between Wilderness and Communities.................................................51
People and Watersheds: The Case of the Totem Fish of the North Pacific.................................................................. 53
Gus diZerega
Wild Cemeteries?............................................................................................................................................................... 59
Les Wadzinski
Community Involvement in Planning and Management for Outdoor Recreation in New Zealand
Protected Areas.............................................................................................................................................................. 65
Steve Sutton and Gordon Cessford
Two Countries, One Forest: Working Beyond Political Boundaries in the Northern
Appalachian/Acadian Forest.......................................................................................................................................... 74
James Sullivan
Community Conservation Adjacent to Ruaha National Park, Tanzania........................................................................ 75
Sue Stolberger
The Heritage Park Model: A Partnership Approach to Park Expansion in Poor Rural Areas..................................... 78
Charles Ndabeni, Maretha Shroyer, Willie Boonzaaier, Gabriel Mokgoko, and Sam Mochine
Making Connections Beyond the Choir........................................................................................................................... 87
David Johns
Creating Institutions of Care: The Case for Democratic Forest Trusts........................................................................ 90
Gus diZerega
Friends of the Inyo: Eastern Sierra Wilderness Stewardship Project.......................................................................... 96
Paul McFarland and Jamie Anderson
Socio-Ecosystems and Urban Habitats........................................................................................................................... 98
Margarita V. Alario
Citizen Monitoring and Restoration: Volunteers and Community Involvement in Wilderness Stewardship.......... 101
Laurie Yung
Section 3—Values to Local and Distant Society of Wilderness Protection................................107
Balancing Conservation Management and Tourism Development With Wilderness Stewardship in the
Kruger National Park, South Africa............................................................................................................................. 109
F. J. (Freek) Venter
Wild Mountains, Wild Rivers: Keeping the Sacred Origins..........................................................................................112
Linda Moon Stumpff
Economic Value of Ecosystem Conservation in Japan: Reduction of Starting Point Bias by
Bid Effect Function........................................................................................................................................................116
Mitsuyasu Yabe
Wilderness Values: Perspectives From Non-Economic Social Science.................................................................... 123
Daniel R. Williams and Alan E. Watson
Between Wilderness and the Middle Landscape: A Rocky Road................................................................................ 134
Lisi Krall
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Wilderness Discount on Livestock Compensation Costs for Imperiled Gray Wolf Canis lupus............................. 141
J. Christopher Haney, Timm Kroeger, Frank Casey, Alysa Quarforth, Gina Schrader, and Suzanne Asha Stone
Arctic and Wilderness Travel—Hosts and Guests: The Territory of Nunavut, Canada............................................. 152
Wilfred E. Richard
Managing Recreational Experiences in Arctic National Parks: A Process for Identifying Indicators..................... 162
Stephen F. McCool, Paul R. Lachapelle, Heather Gosselin, Frances Gertsch, and Vicki Sahanatien
Advocating for Antarctic Wilderness: Short-term Visits and Human Values............................................................. 170
Patrick T. Maher
Studying Boat-Based Bear Viewing: Methodological Challenges and Solutions..................................................... 178
Sarah Elmeligi
Tourism in Rural Alaska.................................................................................................................................................. 185
Katrina Church-Chmielowski
Special Offer—7 Days Fly and Drive Antarctica: The Role of Wilderness Protection in Deciding Whether
(Semi) Permanent Tourist Facilities in Antarctica Should be Prohibited................................................................ 190
Kees Bastmeijer
Section 4—Establishing Priorities and Developing Policies for Wilderness Protection...........197
Land Claims as a Mechanism for Wilderness Protection in the Canadian Arctic..................................................... 199
Vicki Sahanatien
Prospects for Natural World Heritage Sites in the Northwest Pacific Region........................................................... 204
Jim Thorsell
Wilderness and the Paradox of Individual Freedom.................................................................................................... 205
Randy J. Tanner
NatureLinks: Protected Areas, Wilderness, and Landscape Connectivity in South Australia, Australia................ 212
Adrian Stokes and Greg Leaman
Conservation Planning in a Tropical Wilderness: Opportunities and Threats in the Guianan
Ecoregion Complex...................................................................................................................................................... 218
Jan Schipper, Gary Clarke, and Tom Allnutt
A Proposal for a Pamir International Peace Park......................................................................................................... 227
George B. Schaller
Action Toward Wilderness Protection in Australia....................................................................................................... 232
Keith Muir
Tanzania Wilderness Areas............................................................................................................................................. 239
M. G. G. Mtahiko
Transboundary Protected Area Proposals Along the Southern Andes of Chile and Argentina:
Status of Current Efforts.............................................................................................................................................. 244
Peter Keller
Some Biodiversity Points and Suggestions for the Myanmar Protected Area System............................................ 249
Daniel H. Henning
Transboundary Natural Area Protection: Broadening the Definition of National Security....................................... 254
Haven B. Cook
Challenges of Nature Conservation in Postsocialist Bulgaria: A View From the Rhodope Mountains.................. 258
Barbara A. Cellarius
Rewilding in England and Wales: A Review of Recent Developments, Issues, and Concerns................................ 267
Steve Carver
Designating Wilderness Areas: A Framework for Examining Lessons From the States.......................................... 273
Gary Bryner
Identifying Core Habitat and Connectivity for Focal Species in the Interior Cedar-Hemlock Forest of
North America to Complete a Conservation Area Design......................................................................................... 281
Lance Craighead and Baden Cross
Section 5—Wilderness Stewardship Challenges in a Changing World......................................297
Developing Additional Capacity for Wilderness Management: An International Exchange Program
Between South Africa and United States Wilderness Rangers................................................................................ 299
Pierre van den Berg and Ralph Swain
Managing Consumptive and Nonconsumptive Use in the United States Largest Wilderness................................ 302
Vicki Snitzler and Barbara Cellarius
Expansion of the Wilderness Values Scale With Three Sub-Scales: Personal Maintenance,
Expression and Learning, and Societal Maintenance............................................................................................... 308
Rudy M. Schuster, Ken Cordell, and Gary T. Green
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Commander Islands as the Significant Point for Monitoring Some Dangerous Changes in the
Beringia Ecosystem..................................................................................................................................................... 314
Vladimir Sevostianov
Use of Stock to Maintain and Construct Trails in the Eastern United States............................................................. 316
Eric Sandeno
Identifying Threats, Values, and Attributes in Brazilian Wilderness Areas................................................................ 319
Teresa Cristina Magro, Alan Watson, and Paula Bernasconi
A Look Inside the Dynamics of Trust: A Guide for Managers...................................................................................... 323
Adam Liljeblad, Alan E. Watson, and William T. Borrie
Wilderness Stewardship Challenges in the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park World Heritage Site.......................... 326
Sonja Krüger
Inter-Observer Agreement of a Multi-Parameter Campsite Monitoring Program on the
Dixie National Forest, Utah.......................................................................................................................................... 331
Nicholas J. Glidden and Martha E. Lee
Protecting the Protectors of Wilderness....................................................................................................................... 339
Juan Carlos Gambarotta
Using the Minimum Requirement Concept to Manage Research in the Yosemite Wilderness ............................... 349
Mark Fincher
Measurement of Water Quality of High-Altitude Wilderness Streams: Cloud Peak Wilderness,
Bighorn National Forest, Wyoming............................................................................................................................. 355
Karen Ferguson
Shrinking Wild Lands: Assessing Human Intrusion in the Highlands of Scotland, 1870 to 2004,
Using Geographical Information Systems................................................................................................................. 357
Steve Carver and Mark Wrightham
Wilderness Recreation Participation: Projections for the Next Half Century............................................................ 367
J. M. Bowker, D. Murphy, H. K. Cordell, D. B. K. English, J. C. Bergstrom, C. M. Starbuck, C. J. Betz,
G. T. Green, and P. Reed
Visitors’ Experience and Lack of Knowledge of Minimum Impact Techniques in the Highlands of
Brazil’s Itatiaia National Park....................................................................................................................................... 374
Maria Isabel Amando de Barros and Teresa Cristina Magro
Tracking Progress: Applying the Forest Service 10 Year Wilderness Stewardship Challenge as a
Model of Performance Management........................................................................................................................... 380
Liese C. Dean
Section 6—Encouraging Stewardship Through Education..........................................................385
Wilderness Education: The Ultimate Commitment to Quality Wilderness Stewardship.......................................... 387
Gregory F. Hansen and Tom Carlson
Nature is the Home of Culture—Friluftsliv is a Way Home.......................................................................................... 393
Nils Faarlund, Boerge Dahle, and Aage Jensen
Restoring Youth: Restoring Relationships to Wildlife and Wild Places..................................................................... 397
Linda Moon Stumpff
Paddling the Big Sky: Reflections on Place-Based Education and Experience........................................................ 402
Phil Mullins and Patrick T. Maher
Comparing the Wilderness Message of U.S. Land Management Agencies ...............................................................411
C. Griffin, S. Januchowski, J. Hooker, E. Isely, E. Daniels, C. Lucas, R. Feuerstein, and M. Bosma
Outdoor Programs and Environmental Beliefs: Investigating the Stability of Outcomes and
Levels of Salience......................................................................................................................................................... 416
Alan Ewert, Alison Voight, David Calvin, and Aya Hayashi
Historic Voyage as a Catalyst for Inspiring Change..................................................................................................... 422
Ann Melinda Bell
Section 7—Place and Spirit: Commitment to Wilderness............................................................429
Spiritual Revelation in Wilderness Under Down-Under............................................................................................... 431
Peter Ashley
Crossing The Divide........................................................................................................................................................ 438
Florence Rose Shepard
The “Wilderness Knot”.................................................................................................................................................... 441
Haydn G. Washington
White Lions: Reintroduction to Their Natural and Spiritual Homelands.................................................................... 447
Linda Tucker
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Is This a One-night Stand or the Start of Something Meaningful? Developing Relationships to
Place in National Park Backcountry........................................................................................................................... 451
Jeffrey J. Brooks, George N. Wallace, and Daniel R. Williams
Defining Values in Place: A Practical Application for Visitor Management in Protected Areas............................... 460
Gordon Cessford, and Mike Edginton
Relationships to Place in Wildland Resources Management: Developing an Effective Research Approach........ 470
Neal Christensen, Alan Watson, and James Burchfield
Psychophysiological Responses and Restorative Values of Wilderness Environments......................................... 479
Chun-Yen Chang, Ping-Kun Chen, William E. Hammitt, and Lisa Machnik
Section 8—Protecting Ecological Integrity of Wilderness...........................................................485
Toda Relationship With Nature as an Indication of Ecosystem Health...................................................................... 487
Tarun Chhabra
Living in Interesting Times: Selected Implications of Landscape Ecology for Conservation Science................... 496
John Shultis
Managing for Ecological Integrity in Protected Wildlands: Key Management Challenges and
Research Priorities in British Columbia..................................................................................................................... 501
Pamela A. Wright
Ecological Restoration of Degraded Wilderness Ecosystems: Removing Exotic Plants and
Introducing Prescribed Fire to Restore Natural Diversity in Two National Park Wilderness Areas .................... 506
Gary Vequist
Wilderness and Wild Lands in the Northern Appalachian Region of North America:
An Ecological Perspective........................................................................................................................................... 510
Stephen C. Trombulak
Protecting Biodiversity in situ in the Amazonian Region of Brazil............................................................................. 515
Claudia Sellier
Some Practical Considerations in Restoration of Wilderness Geodiversity: Insights From
Lake Pedder, Tasmania................................................................................................................................................ 519
Kevin Kiernan
Wilderness Restoration: Bureau of Land Management and the Student Conservation Association
in the California Desert District .................................................................................................................................. 526
J. Dan Abbe
Section 9—Wilderness, Water, and Wisdom..................................................................................531
Salmon Theology: Return to Traditional Reasoning.................................................................................................... 533
Joseph Clair
Wilderness, Water, and Quality of Life in the Bitterroot Valley................................................................................... 537
Kari Gunderson and Clint Cook
Are Wildland Watersheds Safest and Best?................................................................................................................. 545
Lawrence S. Hamilton
Field Testing Existence Values for Riparian Ecosystems............................................................................................ 550
John W. Duffield, Chris J. Neher, David A. Patterson, and Patricia A. Champ
Three Rivers: Protecting the Yukon’s Great Boreal Wilderness................................................................................. 558
Juri Peepre
Use of Clostridium perfringens as a Fecal Indicator to Detect Intertidal Disposal at Backcountry
Marine Campsites in Prince William Sound, Alaska.................................................................................................. 565
Gino Graziano, Paul Twardock, Rusty Myers, Roman Dial, and David Scheel
How the National Marine Sanctuaries Act Diverged from the Wilderness Act Model and Lost Its
Way in the Land of Multiple Use.................................................................................................................................. 573
William J. Chandler and Hannah Gillelan
Leatherback Sea Turtle Stewardship to Attain Local, Regional, and Global Marine Conservation
and Management........................................................................................................................................................... 579
Randall Arauz and Todd Steiner
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