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!BSTRACTˆ4HETRADITIONAL7ESTERN!PACHEHOMELIESLARGELYWITHINTHE-ADREAN!RCHIPELAGO
4HENATURALRESOURCESOFTHEREGIONMAKEUPTHEBASISOFTHE!PACHEHOMEANDCULTURE0ROFOUND
LANDSCAPECHANGESINTHEREGIONHAVEOCCURREDOVERTHEPASTYEARS!SURVEYOFTRADITIONAL
7ESTERN!PACHEPLACENAMESDOCUMENTSMANYOFTHESECHANGES!NANALYSISOFTHEHISTORYAND
!PACHE PLACES IN THE 7HEATlELDS AREA IN SOUTHEASTERN!RIZONA ILLUSTRATES THE LOSS OF!PACHE
NATURALRESOURCES4RADITIONAL!PACHEELDERSATTRIBUTETHELOSSOFTHESERESOURCESTODISRESPECTFUL
LANDMANAGEMENTPRACTICESRESULTINGINDIRECTHARMTO!PACHECOMMUNITIES
)NTRODUCTION
&ORTHEPASTTHIRTEENYEARSTHEAUTHORSHAVEWORKEDEXTEN
SIVELYWITH!PACHEELDERSFROMTHE3AN#ARLOS!PACHE4RIBE
THE7HITE-OUNTAIN!PACHE4RIBETHE4ONTO!PACHE4RIBEAND
THE9AVAPAI!PACHE.ATION-UCHOFTHISWORKHASCENTERED
ONGATHERINGTRADITIONAL!PACHEINFORMATIONABOUTTHENATURAL
WORLD INCLUDING lELD WORK DOCUMENTING TRADITIONAL PLACE
NAMES AND PLANT USES4HE!PACHE INFORMATION INCLUDED IN
THISPAPERCOMESFROM!PACHEELDERSINTERVIEWEDDURINGTHE
COURSEOFTHISWORK
4HE TRADITIONAL 7ESTERN!PACHE HOME ENCOMPASSES A
LARGEAREAOFCENTRALANDEASTERN!RIZONASEElGURE4RADE
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THE2IO'RANDEANDEAST-EXICOTHE'ULFOF#ALIFORNIATHE
COASTOFSOUTHERN#ALIFORNIAANDTHE'RAND#ANYONNORTHWARD
!PACHESHAVELIVEDINTHISREGIONFORCENTURIESANDTRADITIONAL
KNOWLEDGEOFTHISREGIONISPROFOUNDINITSDEPTHANDSPECIlC
ITY-ANY!PACHESONGSANDSTORIESDESCRIBESPECIlCNATURAL
ELEMENTS AND PROCESSES IN THIS REGION FROM THE TIME BEFORE
HUMANSEXISTED0RIORTOTHEESTABLISHMENTOFTHERESERVATIONS
!PACHES DEPENDED TOTALLY ON THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THIS
REGIONFORTHEIRLIVELIHOOD
.ATIVE!MERICANSHAVELIVEDINTHISREGIONFORTHOUSANDS
OFYEARSEXPLOITINGRESOURCESTOSURVIVE!PACHESDIDNOTLIVE
INAPRISTINELANDSCAPEUNALTEREDBYHUMANHANDS(OWEVER
!PACHES CONSCIOUSLY LIMITED THEIR IMPACT ON THE LAND IN
PRERESERVATION TIMES ATTEMPTING TO LIVE WITHIN TRADITIONAL
PARAMETERS GOVERNING THEIR OWN POPULATION SIZE HARVEST
INGOFWILDRESOURCESANDAGRICULTURALTECHNIQUES!PACHES
TRADITIONALLYUNDERSTOODTHENEGATIVECONSEQUENCESOFLIVING
BEYOND THESE TRADITIONAL PARAMETERS AND MISUSING NATURAL
RESOURCES
4HE ECOSYSTEMS OF THE 7ESTERN!PACHE HOMELAND HAVE
SUFFERED PROFOUND CHANGES SINCE )NAH %UROPEANS OR %URO
!MERICANSARRIVEDINTHESTOTRAPBEAVER$OBYNS
AND ESPECIALLY AFTER AS )NAH AGRICULTURAL AND MINING
PRACTICESALTEREDTHENATURALWORLDINAVERYSHORTPERIODOF
TIME .UMEROUS AUTHORS HAVE DESCRIBED THE ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTSOFTHISPERIODINCLUDING$OBYNS"AHRE
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THISCHANGEASASERIESOFSPEEDYANDVIOLENTTRANSFORMATIONS
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DRYLANDSWATERSOURCESDIMINISHINGORDISAPPEARINGALTOGETHER
THELOSSOFTOPSOILINGENERALTRANSFORMATIONOFGRASSLANDSINTO
WOODLANDSORSHRUBLANDSTRANSFORMATIONOFOPENFORESTSTO
CHOKEDFORESTSNONNATIVEPLANTSANDHUMANSDISPLACINGNA
TIVESANDNATURALPLACESTRANSFORMEDINTOINDUSTRIALORURBAN
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4HEONGOING7ESTERN!PACHE0LACE.AMES0ROJECTHASTO
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AWEALTHOFKNOWLEDGEOFTHEREGIONINCLUDINGDESCRIPTIONS
OF THE LAND PRIOR TO )NAH ACTIVITIES AND SETTLEMENT /VER PLACESHAVEBEENDOCUMENTEDSOFARWHOSETRADITIONALNAMES
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h%MORY /AK &LATv AN IMPORTANT TRADITIONAL
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SAMEELDERREFERREDTOTHEREGIONOFTHATTIMEAShAN!PACHE
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"USKIRK ESTIMATED THAT THE TRADITIONAL DIET OF MANY
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ING LEGALLY SEPARATED FROM THEIR TRADITIONAL OFF2ESERVATION
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/FTEN!PACHESMUSTSNEAKUNDERFENCESTOHARVESTTRADITIONAL
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ORINDITCHESSOTHATNOONEWILLSEETHEMGATHERINGIMPORTANT
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ELDERSWANTLANDMANAGERSTOUNDERSTANDTHATWHATTHEYDOON
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