Participatory Design —
Scandinavian tradition
Tone Bratteteig,
February 6., 2002
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
A) Systems Development Approaches
readings:
• Ehn
• Bansler
• Lyytinen & Iivari
+ Bødker, Kensing & Simonsen
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Florence
• aimed to build an information system
• for nurses
• based on nursing as a profession and as work
• SYDPOL (SYstem Development environment and Profession
Oriented Languages)
• as co-designers and decision makers
• mutual learning
• techniques for user participation in design
• focus: profession, organization, work place
Bjerknes & Bratteteig, 1987
• with nurses
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
(1983-1987)
2
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
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...
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The Work Sheet System
(the Florence pilot system)
...
3
Mutual learning:
Bratteteig, 1997
• Observations vs. interviews
• Work practice is personal and situated. Is practice
more “correct” than standard routines?
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
Nurses don’t do what they say that they do
4
Mutual learning:
Bratteteig, 1997
• Learning by experiencing mistakes (trial & error)
• Mutual learning is based on a willingness to listen
• but the ability to listen is in turn based on knowledge.
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
Our nurses refused our prototype
5
Mutual learning:
Bratteteig, 1997
• Mutual respect goes both ways, the balance is difficult
• The mutuality can be difficult to communicate if the
differences between traditions and cultures are large
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
Nurses’ acknowledgement of informaticians
6
Mutual learning:
•
•
•
•
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
Our nurses were responsible for training
Sharing of rights and duties in the project
The nurses responsible for introducing the pilot system
including training their colleagues in using the system
The introduction was smooth and utilized
characteristics of the work organization that we did
not think of.
7
Mutual learning:
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
Our nurses designed the pilot system
• After “mutual learning” the nurses worked out a list of
suggestions for computer system support in their work
• We all agreed on their #1, then they made a design
sketch
• The learning provided them with technological fantasy
• The design sketch was very well suited for
communicating about the system and its functionality
8
Mutual learning:
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
Who are the designers?
• Our nurses decided on the design
• because we, the researchers in the project, gave them the
power to do so
• Giving away power to decide on the design was
difficult for us as researchers and as informaticians
• Both roles imply possible differences—and even
conflicts—with the ways that nurses evaluate computer
systems:
• Nurses like simple and well-functioning systems that
everybody can learn—technical brilliance or utilization of
the latest technologies is of less interest.
9
(Some) Research projects
• with Norwegian Computing Centre (Nygaard, Bergo)
• results: data agreements (Viking Askim 1973), text books, training ++
• DEMOS (1975-1979): DEMOkratiske Styringssystemer
• Ehn & Sandberg, negotiations (”Företagsstyrning och löntagermakt”)
• DUE (1977-1980): Demokrati, Udvikling og Edb
• UTOPIA (1981-1984): Utbildildning, Teknik, och Produkt I
Arbetskvalitetsperspektiv
• Ehn, Kyng, Sundblad, Bødker: trade unions (graphical workers), tools
• Florence (1983-1987): <nursing profession: Florence Nightingale>
• Nygaard, Bjerknes, Bratteteig, Kaasbøll, Sannes, Sinding-Larsen:
profession, work place (organization), use context
• SYDPOL (SYstem Development environment and Profession
Oriented Languages: 1982-1988)
Bjerknes & Bratteteig, 1995
Ehn, 1991
• Kyng, Mathiassen: trade unions, education (DUE kursus)
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
• NJMF (1971-1973): Norsk Jern- og MetallarbeiderForbund
10
+++
Bjerknes & Bratteteig, 1995
• MARS (1984-1987): Metodiske Arbejdsformer i
Systemudvikling
• Andersen, Kensing, Lassen, Lundin, Mathiassen, MunkMadsen, Sørgaard: systems development as work & practice,
professionalization of systems development (theory indep. of
methodology)
• FIRE (1992-1994): Functional Integration through REdesign
• Bjerknes, Bratteteig, Braa, Kaasbøll, Smørdal, Øgrim:
use & development contexts, organization
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
(Some more) Research projects
11
”The Scandinavian approach”
organization
as a whole
situation
the LO/NAF
Cooperation
projects
Integration and
redesign (FIRE)
NJMF
special interest
groups
DUE
DEMOS
Cooperative
UTOPIA
design
Bjerknes & Bratteteig, 1995
florence
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
institution
12
levels of action:
1) work situation
• NJMF, DUE, DEMOS, Florence, Cooperative design
2) work place
• SocioTechnique, FIRE
3) inter-organizational relations
• between org.: EDI
• between interest groups: UTOPIA; Florence
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
Strategies for
user participation
4) work life
• legislation; NJMF, DUE, DEMOS
13
Bansler on SD research traditions:
engineering, cybernetics, technology optimism:
systems thinking
Langefors (60’s): infology≈ >ISAC
2) sosio-technical
human factors, psycho-social work environment, balance
technical—social system:
systems thinking, analysis of variances
Thorsrud (LO/NAF; 60/70’s), UK: ETHICS, ≈ SSM
politically based critique, alternative solutions, trade unions,
technology as tool (autonomy & control):
critical & political philosophy, studies of use (and development)
Nygaard (70’s): social science methods / theories, techniques for
SD as a social work process
Bansler, 1989
3) critical
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
1) system theoretical
14
1. infological approach
2. formal approaches
3. socio-technical approach
4. trade unionist approach
5. socio-cybernetic approach
6. language action approach
7. professional work practice approach
8. object-oriented approaches
9. activity theory approach
10. structuration theory approach
Iivari & Lyytinen, 1998
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
Iivari & Lyytinen [1998]
15
infology
socio-technics
sociocybernetics
dialectics/critical theory
trade union
prof. SD
work
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
systems thinking
16
infology
socio-technics
sociocybernetics
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
systems thinking
formal:
CASE
dialectics/critical theory
trade union
prof. SD
work
objectorient.
17
infology
socio-technics
sociocybernetics
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
systems thinking
dialectics/critical theory
trade union
prof. SD
work
objectorient.
formal:
CASE
language action
activity theory
18
infology
socio-technics
sociocybernetics
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
systems thinking
dialectics/critical theory
trade union
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formal:
CASE
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19
DEMOS (1975-79): DEMOkratiske Styringssystemer
• interdisciplinary team, 4 enterprises
UTOPIA (1981-84): Utbildn., Teknik, och Produkt I Arbetskval.perspektiv
• graphical workers’ trade unions in Scandinavia
• the tool perspective
Philosophical foundation for skill-based participatory design
• Dreyfus; Winograd & Flores (Heidegger and Gadamer)
• Wittgenstein
• language games
• Polanyi
• tacit knowledge
⇒ design as a learning process
⇒ design as creation of
language-games
⇒ system descr. for discussion
⇒ design-by-doing
Ehn 1993
• language as action
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
Ehn [1993]: design for democracy at work
20
Scandinavian approach to
• user participation in systems development
• co-designers
• SD as organizational, technical, human change process
is different from
• participatory design
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
User participation and Participatory design
USA based
• in software production
• HCI (Human Computer Interaction)
• participative design / development
UK/ Australia
• development of local communities
(not technical)
21
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
Scandinavian culture
rich social democracies, relatively small
use technology to a large extent, very fast diffusion
small and medium sized organizations
equity and equal rights very important
democratic work life (employees repr. in boards etc.)
high percentage of trade union membership (increasing)
protestant ethics
Boland [1998]:
• nature
• equality
• irony
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• respect for the user as an expert in his/her own work
• physical and social-psycological work environment
important for health and productivity —
”glade griser smaker best” ≈ ”happy pigs taste better”
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
Scandinavian characteristics
• worries about
• the quality of the system (the toolness)
• uncertainties connected to use and implementation
(introduction)
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• conflict – harmony
as strategy for development
• politics – ethics
how do we regulate quality process and product
• control of the product – continuous change and learning
perspective on systems development implemented in
methods and methodologies
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
and some differences within
”the Scandinavian approach”
24
• is established as valuable (techn./practic. & politic.)
• theory differs from praxis
• degrees of involvement
Scandinavian characteristics:
• democratic work life
• respect for users’ expertice
• vary with respect to politics and interdisciplinarity
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
User participation in
systems development
⇒ users participate in many phases of systems development,
as co-designers
Challenges:
def. systems developm. + arena & degree of involvement
25
FIRE
(Functional Integration through REdesign)
• design pronciples, techniques and guide lines for
redesign of IT-based systems in a way that makes the
systems functionally integrated for (groups of) users
• FI: when using several systems: to experience the use
of the systems as a whole, integration problems
• RE: systems development as continuous, planned
redesign of systems in a context
• focus: organization, use & development context
Bratteteig et al., 1992
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
(1992-1994)
26
Tone Bratteteig
“Participatory design — Scandinavian tradition”
Feb. 6 2002 -- IN364
$
FIR E
FIRE:
Organization ⇔ technology
• arbeidsoppgaver
• brukergrensesnitt
• funksjonalitet
basis
SW&HW
• arkitektur
•
•
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