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Not to be cited without prior pennission
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. or. the authors
'International Council For the Exploration of the Sea. Shellfish Coinmittee CM1995 K: 13
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SQUID IN IRISH FISlIERIES
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Colm Lordan 1, Martin Collins 2 *, Gavin Burnell! and Tom
. ....
. _..__.._Cross 1.•
1. Zoology Department, University College, Cork, Ireland.
2. Zoology Dcpartment, Aberdeen University, Tillydron,? Avenue, Abcrdcen, AB9
2TN.
* author to whom correspondence should bc addressed'
.
Abstract
.
The squid catch aI).d by-catchof lrish fisheries has been investigated for the
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years 1991-95 and includes 9 species, the most important of which is Loligo forbesi.
Annual; ;easonal and geographie variation in squid landings in lrish waters'
•
~re
reviewed for ,the years ·1976-1993; official landings of squid were not divided into .
species, but were assumed to be L forbesi since this is the only specics of current
.commercial value on Irish markcts, and h~nce the only species retained by .fishermen.
.
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Variation in squid landings is related to the eurrent knowledge or the lire cycle or L."
".
. forbesi. There weie two components to the L forbesi landings, inshore catchcs which
.-.
. peaked in the autumn and landings from the Rockall Bank, during the summer.. Annual
',' landings flu'ctuated from 7 to 730 tannes, but
we~~ typically
in .nie rangt? 150-300
tonne~. Catehes from ICES area' vi (We~t or Seotland and Rockall Bank) showed
. ' considerab~e annual.vanation, probably due to the unpredictable summer fishery on the
Rockall ~ank.· Landings in coastal areas were comparatively stable. The autumn peak
in landings in inshore areas corresponded to the main period or recruitment or immature
.
.
L.forbesi, and the subsequent drop in catches indicates that the squid had emigrated or
died. The fishery potential or other squi.~ _~p_ccics, particularly thc ommastrephid
squids, in lrish watcrs is discusscd.
1
I
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Introduction
.With thc depletion of stocks of traditional finfish speeies aiterriative resourees'
~ueh as eephalopod~ have ~come the sUbject of incrcascd intercst, and there have bccn
.. sub'stantiai ,increases.iI! ecphalopod l~di.ngs in the last thirty y~ars (W.orms, 19~3;
. Boyle,I?90;,FAO, 1993). In particular ~tiention has tumed to two faI?ilies of squid;
".the Ommastrephidae llild the Loliginidac. The ommastrephid squid arc typically occanic
, ' .
\
'. - or shclf· break species and have primarily bccn exploitcd by far cast nations such as ---- -- .
Japan and Korea, principally by jigging, but also by trawling. The loliginids are.
: coastal specics, typically inhabiting dcpths of less than 4~ m and are of sigi{ificant
, eommercial value in southcm Europcan countrics. Traditionally'thc ccphalopods have
not bcc~ commcrcially cxploited in Bntish and Irish waters, being uscd mostly as bait,
howevcr incrcascd demand from southem Eurorean countries has led to limited
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exploitation iri the last twenty years. '
.,' Two loliginid species, Alloteuthis subulara (Lamarck) and Loligojorbesi
Steenstrup, are apimdant in lrish waters (Massy, 1928). Of these oniy L. jorbesi is of·
current commercial i!ltercst since A. subulata is usually tao small to be retairied by
standrird,coinmercial fishing gear.· L. jorbesi is taken as ä by-eatch. in bott~m trawl and
. seine fisheries'and occasiomilly becomes a target spec~es whe~ abundan~, notably on'
the Rockall Bank, wherc in ccrtäin years there is a targeted fishery durlng the summer
(Ho~ard et aI., 1987; Pierce ~t al., 1992). The biology and ecology ~f L. jorb~si ~as
recently becn investigated (Collins et aI., 1994, 1995a, b, C, d). It is essentiallyan'
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annual speeies, spawning principally in the winter months and
~ying
shortly after
spawning. There is also evidence of some summer spawning.
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...
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Ommastrcphid
~quids
support some
o~
the major squid fisheries around thc
world (c.g.· Illex
argentinus
Castellan-os in the Falklands;
.Todarodes
pacijicus'
.
,
.
,
(Stecnstrup)in the.. Pacific), but
as yet are unexploited in the waters around the British .
.
.Isles. Massy (1928) recorded 3 ommastrep~id species in I~sh, waie~s (Todaropsis
eblenae Ball, Todarodes'sagittatus (Lamarck) aild Sthenoteuthis pteropus (Stccnstrup),
~ .' hut there is little or no publi~hed
data on the abundance or distiibutio~ of these sPeCies
. '
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around the British Isles. T. sagitatus and T. eblanae have reccntly bcen repor:ted in
.Scottish.waters (Joy; 1990;' Hastie et al.~ 1994).
.
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....
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This paper reviews 'the current status and potential of sqi.Jid in lrish fisheries;'
assesses regional, Scasonal ami annual vanations in L/orbesi landin~s in lrish waters'
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and relates them to the biological features of the life-cycle.
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Meuiods
Since 1991, as part of on-g'oing cephalopod research at University College
Cork, sampies of squid have bccn obtaineü from commercial fishing vesscls operating
, in lrish waters. These have been mostly compriscd of the' abundant species, but
,
fishermen have also bccn' encouraged'to land 'rarer
specimens: Squid were identified'
,
arid their and, depth position of capture recorded.
, , ... Offlci:ina-ndirig ~tatistics'for squid from lrish watcrs into lrish ports were
.obtail)ed from the Dcpartment of Marine, Ireland ami from ICES
.
.Officiallandi~gs are divided
statistic~l tablcs.
i~1O iCES areas: a~d th~se are illustr~ted in Figure
1.
, Official statistics record only landings in lrish ports arid do n<;>t include catches by.
vessels fishing in
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'
lri~h
waters' that 'are landed ClsewherC.' Priorto 1976 squid wa~
.
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included in a' mixed shellfish, category and so precise data were not available: For
statistical purposcs laridings from adjacent ICES areas are often combined (e.g. VIIb
and VIIc;
VII~ arid VlIh).
prior to 1990 riö laridings
wer~ recorded
from area
VI~
(Rockall Bank), but these were probably included in area VIa (West of ScoHand) and
. so
landin~s'from arcas VIa ami VIb have ~n combined.' A m~nlhly breakdown of ~he
landings for each ICES urea was only availabl~ for the years
19~7:.. 1989.
Additional monthly landings.data.were ob~ined.from the fishermen's co-'
operative at Dunmore Eas1, County Waterford. w~~ch was the major source of sampies
for investigations into the lifc-cyeIe of L forbesi (Collins et al=, 1994, 1995a, b, c).
Results
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Table 1 lists the squid spccies that wen.~ obtained from fishing ves~ls in lrish
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waters in the years 199i·95~ wlth comments on thefr abu~dance and fishery potential.
.Thc only species frequently caught in commercial catches were L. forbesi, I. coindetii
and T.' eblanae. Of these only L
forbe~i w~ regularly landed, thc otherS usually being
disc·arded. Of tlie other ommastrephids Toclarodes 'sagittatUs waS
frCque~tly
by-caught
iri trawis in deep~r water and occasionally in surface drift riets; eleven Ommastreph~s
bartrami were caught in a bottom trawl on the Rockall Bank in August 1992 and threc
,were caught in turia 'ncts-off the south coast i~ M~y 1994. ,'Thrcc speci,mens o~ the giant
,squid Architeuthis dux (Steenstrup) .were caught in bouom trawls off the west of
lrehöd between April and June of '1995 and a single /iistioteuthis bonnellii (Ferussac)
was caught in a ~wl weSt of Ireland in 'April 1994.
, Annual fltictuations in total squid landings in lrish
. ...waters from 1976 to 1994,
"
divided into the ICES areas, arc illustrated in Figure 2. Although these figures are for
all Squid, for th~ reasons stated above ,they are likCly 10 be' L. forbesi. Total'recorded
l~di~gs fluctua,ted betwccn 7 tonnes in.1976 and 730 tanries in 1986, but were usually,
3 '
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"
bctwccn 150 qnd 300 tonnes. Prio; to 1976 squidwerc rccorded in the mixed s~elIfish
catego,ry
ami
figu.rc ~ay bc low sincc this was thc first year squid wcrc
.
. thc 1976
,..
separately logged The majo~ty of thc squid was landed from areas.Vlab (W~st of.
Scotland arid Rockall Bank) and VIIa (Irish Sca). Laßdings !n arca \lIla have rcmalned
rCIatively consistent through the period, except for ~he years 1990-1993 when landings " ~
were unusually smalI, hut Iandings 'from VIIgh arid .vIIjk"~cr~ higher'duri!1g these '..
year~." Lan~i..:tgs in area VI showed c'onsiderable"annual variation and in years when
total landin~s w~r~ 'h'i'gh' s~ch aso 1986 and' 1989 'th~
. incrcascd landings from area VI.
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Fig~rc 3
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i~c'f~~~~ '~a; i~rgely" due
tC)
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shO\ys thc catch in ICES area VIa (West of Scotland) for .each month
for thc years 1987-:.1989. These flgures almost certainly 'included iandings from the
•
Rockau' B~nk (Vlb), since no specific landings are
r~cordcd from thi~,~rea. I~
i987
and 1989 the highest catches came in June, with additionai peaks in the autumn. In.
'1988 therc was DO summer peak in landings and maximum cate~es came in October.
Monthly landings in areas VIIa-k are illustrated in Figurc 4 f~r the years 19871989..Iri 1987 landings weI-e relatively small; with no obvious seasonal peak·s., In
1988 and 1989 catches were highest ~uring the ~utumri months of September and
· Octöbcr. There was a small sccond peak in: May"1988~
Monthly'landings of L. forbes'i in the po"rt of D~nmore East are illustrated in
· Figu"r~ 5 for,the years 1991-1993. Landings were' highest frofn September until
December, ref1~ting the officiallandings for areaS VIIa-k in previous year~, ""ith only' . "
small quantities of Squid landed from January until August"
Tbe ommastrephid squids 1. coinderii and T. eblanae were caught principaIly
through ~e winter months off the west and south-west co~sts. They first appearcd in
commercial catchcS in September-October, wi~ peak abundance in March~April and :
declirÜng in \h.e early summer. Currently lrish ~essel"s are discarding catehes of these .
species, though some Spanishvesselsoperating in the area are no~ beIie~ed to
retaini~g these species (ic. Flannery, ~ci comm).
. ".
,',.
DlSCUSSlon
For
.,': .
,
~iatistical"pUrPose~ squid landings are not di~ided' into ~pccies"and 'are
reportdd simply
~s 'squi~'~ Alt~ough other species cf ~uid· occur in Irish waters (see
Table 1), it is likely that the vast majority of the squid hmdedare L forbesi. Loligo is
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the only genus currently of coinmercial value iri Ireland, a"nd hence other species when
i.
caught are .usuatly discarded:
vulgaris does o~cur in lrish' waters, but is rare and
· [rom over 4000 LOligo examined from commercial catehcs [rom south coast ports and
the Iosh Sea only one L vulg~ri~ was found (Collins er ~1.,.1995a). Howeve~ should·
ot~er species such as I.' coindetii be commercially exploitecl "it will be important io
"
distinguish ~mmastrephid (short-finned) and loliginid. (long-finned) squid in landing
statistics.
Therc appear to be two main components to the Irish Loligo fishery, with
landings from'coas~l waters peaking'in th~ a~tumn, whilst landings froI? Rockall Bank .
are maximal during the summer. Pierce er ale (1992) identit1ed the same two
co~p6nents in' the Sc~tii~h squid fishery. lrish coastallandi~gs
. re~ained rel~tively-'
.
'
constant during the time for which ~ata were available. but the Rockall Bank fishery
... hasshown consider~ble variation, which" is difficul~' Ufass'ess' accurateI}'; since thc
laridings 'are in~ludcd in area VI. In coastal waters L forbesi is prlncipatly aby-cat~h
. i~ a
mult,i~speci~s tra~l fishe~ and cons~ue~tly annual fluctuations in fi~hing effort
are.-likely to be. smalI,......however on the Rockall Bank L forbesi is frequently targeted
and hence effoit may vary con~iderably. Annual variations i~ total hilldings are thus
d,ue primarily to the unpredictable nature ofthe Rockall fishcry.
.
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•
The annual cycle of landings (Figures 3-5) providcs further evidence of a one
. year lire cyc1e in LIorbesi. The autumnal peak in coastallandings is'compatihle with .
'. '. the ~owledge of\he life cy~le of,i. forbesi in 1rish waters. immature L forbesi
fi~st
appear in commercial trawls in August at 12Q..150 ~m' mantle lerigth. they grow rnpidly
and mature with spawning
comme~cing in November and continuing through the
. winter (Collins 'et. al., ..l995a).
.
. .
7
The. ~o~mercially. caught animals· are' thus .
.'
.
.
predominantly pre - spawning animals. A second period of recruitment was identified
iri commercial catches in th~ Celtic Sea in December 1991-1992 (Collins ~t ~l.• 1995a)' . , .
and a ,second. cohort of L. forbesi was identified iri the irish Sea in the a~tumn '
(Brierley; 1992; Collins et al.', 1995d). but there is Httle evidence from landings of its
recruitffient into' commercial catchcs in irish waters.
. It is not' c1ear how the Rockall Bank squid rclate to the coastal population,
Pierce et ale (1994) and' Brierley et al.' (1995) ,i~urid Üttle
evid'~nce ~f ge~etic or
morphomeUic differences bctwccn the co~tai and Rockall squid; The animals caught
I
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.
' .
,at Rockall in the summer are immature;. but considerably hirger than the L. forbesi
", ~aught inshore at this urne (Collins et al., 1995ä). 1t is riot kno~n if spawning occurs
'- on the Rockall Bank, but the summer caught animals would probably be expected to
spawn
i~ the atit~rim. arid'large amounts of 0ligo spawri are rep6ricd' off the west of
Ireland at this time (K. Flarinery. 'pers. comm.).
,
. , Curren~y there is, no managemerit of L forbesi stocks in lrish waterS or,in ~K.
waters' (Pierce et al.; 1992). This lack of management is unlikely to present problems, .
'sin~e Caddy (i983) suggested that for cephalopods in mixed fish~ries management is
unnccessafy bcca~se ccphalopod stocks a're Iikely to b~ more resistani to overfishing
Pie~e und G~e~a (1994) point out th'at as it is'a by-catch flShing .
'mortality may rcpres~nt a smali proportion of total L. jorbesi mortality.' Howeve.r,·
thari those of finfish.
should L forbesi hethe subject of ":lore inicn~ exploitation then some management of .
,
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,...
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... ·..s_
_
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......
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........._......_........_w._,_ _.._._ _
••
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_"':;'_~.....-
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....
,stocks will be essential. There appears to bc little potential for inercascd exploitation by
trawling in Irish coastal'waters, although given the relatively high value of the specie,s it
may be targeted during the' autumn. There may be potential for inereased exploitation
on the Roekall n;nk; but since
the'rippe~rariee of squid in this area is unpredi~table
- furthcr research is nccessary. .
9ivcn thc exten't o.fftshing·aetivity in the co~tal
.
areas' it is unlikely that there are'
" significant unexploited eephalopod resourees in these ai-eas, however in deeper areas,
~-_. .. - -..... . .. . -.
........ ....
.
_ furthei" offshore there may"be signifieant quanthies of 1."' coindetii; T. 'eblanae änd, L.
-
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forbesi worthy of directed exploi.tation.
. Jigging is commonly used to catch ommastrephid squids and is successfully
.
.
10 ~aptureL. -jarbesi in th~ -Azores (M'artins, 1982),' L. farb~si and L.
vuZgar.i; ~ff the P~rtuguese coas~ (Cu~ha-and Moreno, 1993): and'in Gaiicia~ w~ters
employed
,'
, (Guerr~ et aZ., 1992), and to capture L. vlilgaris reynalldii in South African \vaters, .
(Augustyn et al., 1992). In South Afriean watcrs L. 'vulgaris re}'naudii was caught as
part' of a multi-specic~ trawl fishcrY until a jig fishcry began in 1985, and jigging
:subsequently accounts for 80% of the squid catch (Augustyn et aZ., i992). As well as .
being species spccific jigging produces better quality squid, that.tends to fetch higher
market prices. Smal1 scale jigging trials for Lforbesi have bccn attempted in' Seottish
(Pierce. et aZ., 1992) and,Irish waters (M.C,. unpublished), but with Hule suceess,
however when jigging it is importaßt to first locate conecntrations of squid rather than
,
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,
, , '
'opcrate 'blindly' which may have becri the case in the p~st. Jigging could also be
..
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employed to capture the ommastrephid squids if concentrations of these species are
.. idcntified.
,Ackriowledg~ments ,
. Cephalopod research 3t University College Cork has becn condueted as part of
research studentships with thc flnancial assistance of B.I.M. Thanks to Bemadetttc
.
. .
.
McGuire, Laum Jo Rossiter and Niamh Q'Herelehy at thc Department of Marine and to
'tbc staff of Dunmorc East Fishermens' Co-op for providing data. Thanks to Kevin and
.
' .
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Michael Flannery and thc crcw of thc Shannon for providing many 'spccimens and to
Feter Boyle, Graham pierc"e ~or commcnts on the paper. Martin C~llins is currcntly
.
,
employed under EC contr.act AIR1-~T92.0573.
References
"
Augustyn, C. J., Lipinski~ M. R. and Sauer. W.
H. H.- 1992. Can the Loligo squid
fishery be'managcd cffectivcly? A synthesis of rescare~ on Lolig~ vulgaris
reynaudii. South African Journal ofM~ne Science, 12: 903-918:
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. . . ,-.. _.r-_,..
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.
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."
~arine Biologi?al Association of the UK, 75.
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.
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-,
, Tcchnical Paper No. 335. 'FAO, ~ome. ,136pp. '
7·
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. ,
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.
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.,
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eblanae
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_.
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A.- 1974.
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_... the squid Loligo
., .... _ . . . . .
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'.
M~on,
.
1. 1987. Loligo forbesi: Its present status
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0.. 1., Boyle, P. R., Hastic, L. C. and Howard, F. G.
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.
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. .
. used for cephalopod
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fisheries.. Fisheries Research, 21: 255~286.
Pierce, G. !.~ Thoq,e, R. S., Hast~e, L. C., Brierley, A.
... -
..
c., Guerra, A., 'Boyle, P.
R., Avila,P., Jamieson, R. and Avila, P. 1994. Geographie variation in
.
.
.
.'
-
, Lqligo jorbesi in the northeast Atlantic Occan: analysis of morphometric data'
an~
tests ofcausal hypotheses. Marine Biology, 119: 5~1:'547.
. ,
Rathjen, W. ~~'and Voss, G. L. ~ 1987.' The cc~halopod fisherics: a review. In
. Cephalopod life cycles volumc H. Comparative reviews, pp. 253-275. Ed. by ,
P. R. Boyle. A~ademic Press, London. 441pp.
Worms, J. 1983. World fisheries for cephalopods: A synoptic overview. In'
Advances inassessment 'of world cephalopod rcsources, pp. 1-20. Ed. by J.
F. Caddy. FAO Fisheries TechnicaI Paper No. 231. FAO, Rome. 452pp.
8
_-
.
... _ ~ ~
I.
Species
Abundance
Oepth range
Fishery SlatusIPolential
Loligo forbesi
Seasonally abundant in bOllom trawls
25-400 m
Currentlyexploited
Loligo vulgaris
Uncommon
<200m
None
AllOleuthis subulata
Abundant in research trawls
10-lOOm
None
OmlrUlstrephes bartrami
Occasional by-catch of bottom trawl and >200 m
sJrla.:e
Todarodes sagirrarus
Unlikely
n<:~
Frequent by-catch in bOll lm t: P';, and >100 m
Unlikely
surface nelS on west coast
Todaropsis eblanae
Scasonally abundant in bOllom trawls on >50 m
Potential on west coast
west coast
fllex coindelii
Seasonal1y abundant in boltom trawls on >50 m
Potential on west coast
west coast
ArchiIeuthis dux
Rare by-catch in bo[wm trawls
?
one
Histioteuthis bonnellii
Rarely caught
?
None
Table I. Records of squid species by-caught by lrish fishing vessels berween 1991 and 1995, with commenlS on abundance and fisheries
potential.
800
•
'"
'"
600
•
Vlab
~
VlIa
EI
VTIbc
m
VlIg-k
CI>
cl)
c:
c:
0
t- 400
u
....
'C
cl)
~
200
0\
00
0\
0
0\
0\
0\
0\
<'l
0\
0\
M
0\
0\
Year
Figure 2. Annual landings of squid from lrish waters inta lrish ports for
1976-1994
3‫סס‬oo
Vlb
..--
-,
VIa
2‫סס‬oo
1‫סס‬oo
VHc
0.,................
1988
VIIk
VlIj
Kgs
VlIh
1‫סס‬oo
o
40000
3‫סס‬oo
2‫סס‬oo
1‫סס‬oo
0_-'
Jan Feb M8I Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oel Nov Dcc
Figure I. leES Statistical areas around Ireland.
MONTH
Figure 3. Monthly landings of squid in Irish pons from ICES areas Vlab for
the years 1987-1989.
- I
I
o
lan Feb Mar Apr May lun Jut Aug Sep Oel Nov Dec
MONTH
Figure 4. Monthly landings of squid in lrish ports from leES area VII for the
years 1987-1989.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May lun Jut Aug Sep Oel Nov Dcc
MONTH
Figure 5. Monthly landings of Loligo jorbesi in the port of Dunmore East, County
Waterford for the years 1991-1993.