Table of Contents
SUSTAINABLE ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
PHILOSOPHICAL, HISTORICAL, AND CULTURAL CONTEXT
Plenary Session Summary
W. Wallace Covington, Chair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
Sustainable Ecological Systems and Cultural Change
Thadis W. Box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2
A Brief History of American Consen-ation Philosophy
J. Baird Callicott . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 10
Aldo Leopold and the Evolution of Ecosystem Management
Susan Flader. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
Normative Conflicts and Obscurantism in the Definition of Ecosystem Management
Michael Soule'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF LAND AND WATER USE CHANGES
Biodiversity and Land Use
Neil E. West ................................................................ , 21
Sustaining and Restoring Western Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems Threatened by or
Affected by Water Development Projects
David J. Cooper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27
Potential Effects of Timber Han-est and Water Management on Streamflow Dynamics
and Sediment Transport
C.A. Troendle and W. K. Olsen .... , ..... , " .... " .............................. 34
THE BIOLOGY OF RARE AND DECLINING SPECIES AND HABITATS
Session Summary
William M. Block, Chair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42
Broad-Scale Population Declines in Four Species of North American Quail: An
Examination of Possible Causes
Leonard A. Brennan........ , .................................................. 44
Conservation Planning: Lessons from the Spotted Owl
R. J. Gutierrez ..................................... '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51
What We Know and Don't Know About Amphibian Declines in the West
Paul Stephen Com ........................................................... , 59
Threats to and Sustainability of Ecosystems for Freshwater Mollusks
Patricia Mehlhop and Caryn C. Vaughn ......................................... , 68
Hypotheses Concerning Population Decline and Rarity in Insects
Kathtyn J. Schaeffer and Stacey L. Kiser ........................................ , 78
How Forest Fragmentation Hurts Species and What To Do About It
Daniel Simberloff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 85
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND RESTORATION ECOLOGY
Session Summary
W. Wallace Covington, Chair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 91
Implications for Ponderosa PinelBunchgrass Ecological Systems
W. Wallace Covington.......................... , " ............................ 92
Toward a Definition of Sustainability
T. F. H. Allen and Thomas W. Hoekstra .......... , .............................. 98
Social and Political Issues in Ecological Restoration
Thomas M. Bonnicksen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 108
Restoration of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Ecosystems With Fire
Stephen Sackett, Sally Haase, and M.G. Harrington................................ 115
Conservation ~iology, Restoration Ecology and a Navajo View of Nature
Victoria Yazzie Pilla and W. Wallace Covington .................................. 122
DEVELOPING AND APPLYING ECOLOGICAL THEORY
TO MANAGEMENT OF ECOSYSTEMS
Session Summary
W.H. Moir, Chair ............................................................ 125
Landscape Ecology and Ecosystem Management
Dean L. UIban. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127
Continuous and Discontinuous Change in a Southwestern Woodland
Donald A. Jameson .......................................................... 137
Unsustainability: The Shadow of Our Future
W.H. Moir and H. Todd Mowrer .............................................. , 143
Ecosystem Management: From Theory to Practice
Hal Salwasser and Robert D. Pfister . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 150
Incorporating Landscape Ecology Concepts in Forest Management: Forest Landscape
Analysis and Design
Nancy M. Diaz and Dean Apostol ...................................... , ....... 162
A Distant Perspective: Approaching Sustainability in a Regional Context
Carol A. Wessman and Elizabeth M. Nel ........................................ 169
Multicultural Dimensions in Ecosystem Sustainability
Celedonio Aguirre-Bravo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 178
SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEMS AND FOREST HEALTH
Session Summary
Michael R. Wagner and Jill L. Wilson, Chairs .................................... 184
The Healthy Multiple-Use Forest Ecosystem: An Impossible Dream
Michael R. Wagner .......................................................... 185
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An Ecosystem-Centered View of Insect and Disease Effects on Forest Health
T.D. Schowalter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 189
Status of Insects and Diseases in the Southwest: Implications for Forest Health
J.L. Wilson and B.M. 'Ikacz ........... , ............. , .......... " ., ........... 196
Use and Abuse of Insect and Disease Models in Forest Pest Management: Past, Present,
and Future
A.M. Liebhold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 204
Research Approaches to Understanding the Roles of Insect Defoliators in Forest
Ecosystems
Karen M. Clancy ......................................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 211
SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEMS TO RESPOND TO HUMAN NEEDS
Modern Forest Management: It's About Opening Up, Not Locking Up
W. Bruce Shepard ............................................... , ........... 218
A Political-Economic Perspective on Sustained Ecosystem Management
Thomas C. Brown and George L. Peterson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 228
The Human Dimensions of National Forest Ecosystem Management
Greg Super and Gary Elsner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 236
The Aesthetic Experience of Sustainable Forest Ecosystems
Paul H. Gobster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 246
Declining Southwestern Aquatic Habitats and Fishes: Are They Sustainable?
John N. Rinne . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 256
Landscape Aesthetics, Ecology, and Human Health: In Defense of Instrumental Values
Russ Parsons, Teny C. Daniel, and Louis G. Tassinruy ............................ 266
A Planning and Analysis Process for Including Social and Biophysical Considerations in
Sustainable Ecosystem Management
B. L. Driver, Brian Kent, and John G. Hof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 281
POSTERS
The Biosocial Perspective (Banquet Address)
Thomas M. Bonnicksen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 292
Restoration Ecology of Coastal Riparian Areas: An Applied Approach
Adaptive Cope Team. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 297
Enhancing the Suitability of Habitats for the Endangered Stephens' Kangaroo Rat:
A Long-Term Experimental Study
Mark C. Andersen and Michael J. 0' Farrell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 300
Regional Mitigation: A Means for Restoring Forested Ecosystems in Florida
B.F. Birkitt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 302
Fire in Southwestern Riparian Habitats: Functional and Community Responses
D.E. Busch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 304
Multi-Purpose Development of the Gila Drain Floodway
J. Dillon, J.H. Brock, and R.S. Gordon .......................................... 306
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Exotic Species and Sustainable Ecosystem Management
Tom L. Dudley and Carla M. D' Antonio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 307
Relationships Between Forest Songbird Populations and Managed Forests in Idaho
Diane M. Evans and Deborah M. Finch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 308
Distribution and Abundance of Plants in Colorado Plateau Hanging Gardens
James F. Fowler and Nancy L. Stanton ... " ..................................... 315
Inonotus (pheUinus) weirii: Origins, Nomenclature, and Pathogenesis in Western
Ecosystems
M. 1. Larsen, G. I. McDonald, and A. E. Harvey .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 321
Maintaining and Restoring Aquatic Habitats to Benefit Water Quality
Michael D .. Marcus and Clayton S. Creager ...................................... 322
Evaluation of a Restoration System for Sandhills Longleaf Pine Communities
K.W. Outcalt. ...... " ................ " ... , .... " ........................... 326
Sustaining Rangelands: Application of Ecological Models to Evaluate the Risks of
Alternative Grazing Systems
Mark E. Ritchie and Michael L. Wolfe .............................. ~ . . . . . . . . . .. 328
The Potential Effects of Increased Temperatures and Elevated Ambient Carbon Dioxide
on Loblolly Pine Productivity: Results From a Simulation Model
David Arthur Sampson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 337"
Impact of Large Ungulates in Restoration of Aspen Communities in a Southwestern
Ponderosa Pine Ecosystem
Wayne D. Shepperd and M.L. FailWeather ............................. , ......... 344
Assessing the Impacts of Timber HalVest on a Northern Arizona Rare Plant, Clematis
hirsutissima var. arizonica, Through Canopy Manipulation and Matrix Demographic
Analysis
Edward Bennett Smith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 348
Preservation of a Rare Annual Grass, Puccinellia parish ii, in Native American
Agricultural Fields
M. Tremble and B. Hevron... " ........ " ....................... , ............. 354
Characteristics of Managed Forest Habitat Selected for Nesting by Merriam's Turkeys
Brian F. Wakeling and Harley G. Shaw .. " ........ " ................ " ......... 359
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