Supplementary Material
Sampling
Downwind site dust-condition samples were collected from the windward coasts/points of the
islands and only when the wind was blowing from the east, off the ocean. In the Caribbean, the
Trade Winds blow steadily for days at a time, primarily from the northeast in winter and
southeast in summer. In February 2006, a wind vane directional switch was installed to confine
sampling to a pre-defined direction (NE-SE). Trinidad March and April 2006 samples and
Tobago and VI 2008 samples were collected using the directional switch.
Elemental composition
Fe concentrations ranged from 13,000 – 65,000 ppm in source-region, 2,100 – 32,400 ppm at
downwind sites during dust conditions, and 450 – 2,000 ppm during non-dust periods. La-Sc-Th
ratios separated samples with a Saharan dust origin from those of other origins (Fig. 2). Non-dust
samples from the VI (NVI) and TRIN (NTRIN), TRIN-LC, soil (TOB and VI), Montserrat
volcano ash, and one VI dust condition sample (VI 8 July 2006) did not cluster with Saharan dust
origin samples. A single downwind sample collected from the VI during dust conditions showed
a La-Sc-Th ratio (Fig. 2) similar to volcanic ash from Montserrat volcano (280 km SE). The back
trajectory shows the air mass transited near Montserrat volcano less than 24-hr before reaching
the VI sampling site (Fig. S.2), resulting in Montserrat ash dominating the particles in the air
mass that originated over West Africa. Elemental enrichment factor profiles of atmospheric dust
collected in Mali, TT, VI, and CV were similar and differed from soils from Mali, TT, and VI
i
and Montserrat ash (Fig. S.2). No Cape Verde or Trinidad soil samples were collected. The
apparent depletion of a number of elements in CV samples (Fig. S.2) is most likely a result of
dilution by high loads of sea-salt on the filters during high wind conditions at the site. Kandler et
al. (2011) documented mineral dust, sea-salt, sulfates and soot comprised atmospheric particles
in CV.
Back trajectories
HYSPLIT back trajectories confirmed that air masses for all samples collected during
dust conditions had originated in or transited West Africa, within the SAL and/or the mixing
depth. Conversely, the four downwind non-dust samples (collected in December and January,
when the eastern Caribbean does not normally experience Saharan dust incursions) were from air
masses that had not crossed over Africa, but had transited North America above the boundary
layer, spent days over the Atlantic, and one sample (Fig. S.6) was over western Europe prior to
crossing the Atlantic to the eastern Caribbean. The movement of air from SW Europe directly
across the Atlantic to the Lesser Antilles boundary layer may explain the greater PAH
concentrations than would be expected from a downwind site during a non-dust period (SOCs
426.5 pg/m3).
ii
Figure S.1 Trunk Bay, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands looking north to Jost Van Dyke, British
Virgin Islands 11 km to the north during clear (12 June 2010) and Saharan dust conditions (2
June 2010). Panoramas from spliced images with no color or other correction.
iii
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
a
Mauritania soil (n=4)
Li Be P Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Rb Sr Y NbMo Cd Sb Cs Ba La Ce Pb Th U
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Bamako, Mali dry deposition (n=3)
b
Li Be P Sc Ti V CrMnFe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Rb Sr Y NbMoCd Sb Cs Ba La Ce Pb Th U
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Kati, Mali soil (n=1)
c
Li Be P Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Rb Sr Y Nb Mo Cd Sb Cs Ba La Ce Pb Th U
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Kati, Mali atmospheric particles (n=8)
d
Li Be P Sc Ti V CrMnFe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Rb Sr Y NbMoCd Sb Cs Ba La Ce Pb Th U
iv
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Cape Verde atmospheric particles (n=2)
Li Be P Sc Ti V Cr
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Tobago soil (n=1)
Li Be P Sc Ti V Cr
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Rb Sr Y Nb
e
Cd Sb Cs Ba La Ce Pb Th U
f
Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Rb Sr Y Nb
Tobago atmospheric particles (n=5)
Cd Sb Cs Ba La Ce Pb Th U
g
Li Be P Sc Ti V CrMnFe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Rb Sr Y NbMoCd Sb Cs Ba La Ce Pb Th U
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Virgin Islands soil (n=1)
h
Li Be P Sc Ti V CrMnFe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Rb Sr Y NbMoCd Sb Cs Ba La Ce Pb Th U
v
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Virgin Islands atmospheric particles (n=5)
i
Li Be P Sc Ti V CrMnFe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Rb Sr Y NbMoCd Sb Cs Ba La Ce Pb Th U
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Montserrat ash (n=1)
Li Be P Sc Ti V Cr
j
Fe Co Ni CuZn Ga As Rb Sr Y Nb
Cd Sb Cs Ba La Ce Pb Th U
Figure S.2 Elemental Enrichment Factors of a) Mauritanian soil, b) Bamako (Mali) dry
deposition, c) Kati (Mali) soil, d) Kati atmospheric particles, e) Cape Verde atmospheric
particles, f) Tobago soil, g) Tobago atmospheric particles, h) Virgin Islands soil, i) Virgin Islands
atmospheric particles, j) Montserrat ash collected in the Virgin Islands compared to average
continental crust concentrations (Wedepohl, 1985). “n” indicates number of samples.
vi
Fig. S.3 HYSPLIT back trajectory from
VI 8 July 2006. M indicates approximate
location of Montserrat volcano.
Fig. S.4 HYSPLIT back trajectory from
TRIN 5 July 2005, showing 1000m and
2000 m air masses transiting South America.
Fig. S.5 HYSPLIT back trajectory from VI
1 Dec 2005; air masses transied British VI.
Fig. S.6 HYSPLIT back trajectory from VI
Boundary layer air masses (500 and 1000 m)
transit direct from Europe to the VI.
vii
Resemblance: D1 Euclidean distance
60
Distance
40
20
MB11211
MB20328
MB30405
MB30410
MB30419
MK80412
MK80410
MK80414
MK80402
MK80404
MK40214
MK40217
MK60326
MK80406
MK60328
MK80408
LTR60127
MK60322
MK40220
MK60324
CV50517
CV50515
CV50519
TR50702
CV50510
CV50512
VI50804
VI80818
VI50820
VI60707
NVI51204
TR50628
TR50722
TR40317
TR40515
TR60325
TR50804
NTR51217
TR60401
VI80822
VI50901
NVI51201
TR40723
TR40312
TO80606
TO80609
TO80611
TO80614
VI50729
0
Samples
Fig. S.7 Cluster diagram of all samples, all SOCs, using resemblance Euclidean distance. Red-dotted line indicates no discernible
difference among samples. MB (Bamako, Mali), MK (KATI), CV (Cape Verde), TR (Trinidad), LTR (local contamination Trinidad),
NTR (non-dust Trinidad), TO (Tobago), VI (virgin Islands), NVI (non-dust VI).
viii
BKO
KATI
CV
TOB
TRIN
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
VI
NVI
1
10
2
10
3
4
10
10
5
10
-3
log pg m
Figure S.8 Box plot showing minimum, maximum, 75% and 25% percentile, arithmetic mean
(dashed line) and median sum of PAHs (log pg/m3) by site. Random number between zero and
estimated detection limit substituted for no detection.
ix
Table S.1 Literature values of percent total suspended particles (TSP) composed of particles
<2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and particles <10 μm aerodynamic diameter (PM10).
PM2.5
PM10
Location
Li-Jones and Prospero 1998
43% TSP
Caribbean
D’Almeida and Schutz 1983
5-60% TSP
Sahara
Gillies, Nickling and McTainsh 1996
16% TSP
60% TSP
background Mali
50% TSP
95% TSP
Intense dust, Mali
68% TSP
Nouakchott,
Mautitania
Ozer et al., 2007
Weinzierl et al. 2009
(SAMUM) (airplane)
10-15% TSP
9% TSP
Garrison et al., unpublished
20% TSP
x
Ouarzazate and Zago
Casablanca
68% TSP
Bamako, Mali
Table S.2 Sampling sites, latitude and longitude, elevation, and sampling periods (number and dates).
Bamako, Mali
Escarpment
Kati, Mali
Sal Island
Cape Verde
Latitude
012o37.33’N
012o 41.28’N
Longitude
Elevation
007o 59.81’W
385 m
Sampling
periods
Flagstaff Hill
Tobago
St. Croix
USVI
016o 43.32’N 010o 50.04’N
011o 19.67’N
017o44.73’N
008o 01.65’W
555 m
022o 53.62’W 060o 54.48’W
8m
36 m
060o 32.50’W
329 m
064o 35.15’W
27 m
5
14
5
12
4
9
Dec 2001
Mar-May 2002
Apr, May 2003
Feb 2004
Mar 2006
Apr 2008
May 2005
Mar, May, Jul 2004
Jul, Aug, Dec 2005
Jan, Mar, Apr 2006
Jun 2008
11
Galera Point
Trinidad
Jul-Sep, Dec 2005
Jul 2006
Aug 2008
Table S.3 Descriptive statistics of detected pesticide concentrations (pg/m3) by site; “nd”
indicates analyte not detected, “na” indicates not applicable, and “sd” represents standard
deviation. NVI (non-dust Virgin Islands), VI (Virgin Islands), NTRIN (non-dust Trinidad),
TRIN-LC (local contamination Trinidad), TOB (Tobago), CV (Cape Verde), KATI (Kati, Mali),
and BKO (Bamako, Mali).
Site
analytes
samples
detects
min
max
mean median sd
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
trans - chlordane
trans - chlordane
trans - chlordane
trans - chlordane
trans - chlordane
trans - chlordane
trans - chlordane
trans - chlordane
trans - chlordane
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
2
7
1
1
6
4
3
12
5
0.8
0.7
2.2
4.9
nd
0.9
nd
nd
19
1.6
1.8
na
na
25.9
2.0
0.2
3.6
80
1.2
1.1
na
na
3.6
1.4
0.1
1.3
44
1.2
1.0
na
na
0.7
1.3
0.1
1.0
46
0.6
0.4
na
na
8.0
0.5
0.1
1.2
24
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
cis – nonachlor
cis - nonachlor
cis - nonachlor
cis - nonachlor
cis - nonachlor
cis - nonachlor
cis - nonachlor
cis - nonachlor
cis - nonachlor
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
nd
nd
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.0
nd
nd
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
nd
nd
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
nd
nd
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
na
na
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
trans - nonachlor
trans - nonachlor
trans - nonachlor
trans - nonachlor
trans - nonachlor
trans - nonachlor
trans - nonachlor
trans - nonachlor
trans - nonachlor
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
2
7
1
1
4
4
3
5
3
0.6
0.4
0.1
0.7
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
1.7
na
na
1.8
0.4
0.3
0.9
9.3
0.9
0.9
na
na
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.2
3.8
0.9
0.8
na
na
0.0
0.3
0.2
0.0
3.1
0.4
0.4
na
na
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.3
4.1
NVI
VI
sum chlordanes
sum chlordanes
2
7
2
7
1.4
1.1
2.8
2.9
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.9
1.0
0.7
xii
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
sum chlordanes
sum chlordanes
sum chlordanes
sum chlordanes
sum chlordanes
sum chlordanes
sum chlordanes
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
1
1
6
4
3
12
5
5.6
2.3
0.0
1.2
0.1
0.1
19
na
na
26.7
2.5
0.4
4.1
86
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
1
5
1
1
10
0
3
10
5
0.2
0.4
1.1
19.8
2.1
0.0
0.1
0
3,100
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
Dacthal
Dacthal
Dacthal
Dacthal
Dacthal
Dacthal
Dacthal
Dacthal
Dacthal
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
1
3
1
0
2
1
1
1
1
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
DDX
DDX
DDX
DDX
DDX
DDX
DDX
DDX
DDX
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
NVI
VI
o,p’-DDD
o,p’-DDD
2
7
na
na
0.8
1.6
0.3
1.2
54
na
na
8.3
0.6
0.2
1.3
28
1.6
0.9
4.9
2.4
na
na
na
na
8.3
3.3
0.1
0.0
2.3
1.0
219
44
28,600 9,960
0.9
2.2
na
na
2.4
0.0
0.9
22
3,500
0.9
1.5
na
na
2.0
0.0
1.0
63
11,000
0.1
0.1
0.1
nd
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.3
na
nd
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.2
4.0
0.2
0.2
na
nd
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
1.1
0.2
0.1
na
nd
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.1
na
na
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
1.7
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
10
5
3.1
2.5
nd
nd
1.4
2.3
2.7
1.6
2,450
3.5
4.8
nd
nd
3.1
3.7
3.7
1,010
3,800
3.2
3.6
nd
nd
2.4
3.0
3.1
110
2,900
3.2
3.5
nd
nd
2.4
3.1
2.8
42
2,600
0.4
0.7
na
na
0.5
0.8
0.5
260
590
0
0
0.0
0.2
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.3
xiii
na
na
3.9
1.7
0.2
1.5
48
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
o,p’-DDD
o,p’-DDD
o,p’-DDD
o,p’-DDD
o,p’-DDD
o,p’-DDD
o,p’-DDD
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
nd
nd
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
102
nd
nd
0.7
0.5
0.7
4.9
224
nd
nd
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.7
152
nd
nd
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
154
na
na
0.2
0.2
0.2
1.3
51
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
p,p’-DDD
p,p’-DDD
p,p’-DDD
p,p’-DDD
p,p’-DDD
p,p’-DDD
p,p’-DDD
p,p’-DDD
p,p’-DDD
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
5
0.1
0.1
nd
nd
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.0
173
1.3
2.1
nd
nd
1.7
2.0
1.3
8.0
445
0.7
1.2
nd
nd
0.7
1.0
0.8
1.8
314
0.7
1.1
nd
nd
0.8
0.9
0.7
0.6
354
0.8
0.6
na
na
0.5
0.8
0.4
2.5
122
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
o,p’-DDE
o,p’-DDE
o,p’-DDE
o,p’-DDE
o,p’-DDE
o,p’-DDE
o,p’-DDE
o,p’-DDE
o,p’-DDE
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
5
0.0
0.1
nd
nd
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
68
0.8
1.4
nd
nd
0.7
0.6
0.6
12
103
0.5
0.5
nd
nd
0.4
0.4
0.3
2.5
81
0.5
0.3
nd
nd
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.7
71
0.5
0.5
na
na
0.2
0.2
0.2
3.9
16
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
p,p’-DDE
p,p’-DDE
p,p’-DDE
p,p’-DDE
p,p’-DDE
p,p’-DDE
p,p’-DDE
p,p’-DDE
p,p’-DDE
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
10
5
0.0
0.3
nd
nd
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
803
0.1
0.7
nd
nd
0.7
0.5
0.3
73
1,300
0.1
0.5
nd
nd
0.2
0.4
0.2
25
990
0.1
0.4
nd
nd
0.1
0.4
0.2
19
920
0.0
0.1
na
na
0.2
0.2
0.1
24
190
NVI
VI
o,p’-DDT
o,p’-DDT
2
7
0
0
0.0
0.2
0.5
0.9
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.1
0.2
xiv
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
o,p’-DDT
o,p’-DDT
o,p’-DDT
o,p’-DDT
o,p’-DDT
o,p’-DDT
o,p’-DDT
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
nd
nd
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
357
nd
nd
1.1
0.8
0.9
33
817
nd
nd
0.5
0.4
0.6
3.9
537
nd
nd
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.8
483
na
na
0.3
0.3
0.3
9.1
194
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
p,p’-DDT
p,p’-DDT
p,p’-DDT
p,p’-DDT
p,p’-DDT
p,p’-DDT
p,p’-DDT
p,p’-DDT
p,p’-DDT
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
5
0.0
0.3
nd
nd
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
590
0.5
1.5
nd
nd
0.9
1.3
1.0
21.8
960
0.5
0.8
nd
nd
0.5
0.5
0.5
4.7
810
0.5
0.7
nd
nd
0.5
0.4
0.5
1.0
810
0.0
0.5
na
na
0.3
0.5
0.4
7.4
150
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
Diazinon
Diazinon
Diazinon
Diazinon
Diazinon
Diazinon
Diazinon
Diazinon
Diazinon
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0.2
0.1
nd
nd
0.3
0.9
0.2
0.2
6.0
1.1
1.5
nd
nd
6.6
1.5
1.1
11.5
2,600
0.6
0.7
nd
nd
1.7
1.1
0.7
1.7
810
0.6
0.5
nd
nd
0.8
1.1
0.7
1.0
240
0.6
0.5
na
na
2.2
0.3
0.4
2.9
1100
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
Dieldrin
Dieldrin
Dieldrin
Dieldrin
Dieldrin
Dieldrin
Dieldrin
Dieldrin
Dieldrin
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
1
1
0
3
3
1
4
5
0.2
0.1
na
nd
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
91
0.8
5.2
1.1
nd
21.0
9.8
2.7
47
1,760
0.5
1.1
na
nd
5.1
4.7
0.8
11
1,100
0.5
0.5
na
nd
2.8
4.5
0.3
3.0
1,750
0.5
1.8
na
na
6.5
4.0
1.1
16
840
NVI
VI
Endosulfan I
Endosulfan I
2
7
2
7
5.8
2.4
8.4
22
7.1
11
7.1
12
1.9
7.8
xv
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
Endosulfan I
Endosulfan I
Endosulfan I
Endosulfan I
Endosulfan I
Endosulfan I
Endosulfan I
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
1
8
4
3
14
5
nd
3.5
0.1
1.6
0.4
8.7
9,100
nd
nd
nd
na
na
na
na
na
11.7 5.6
6.3
4.0
4.0
2.6
2.5
1.1
9.4
4.4
3.5
3.5
280
110
110
80
13,400 10,500 10,200 1,700
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
Endosulfan II
Endosulfan II
Endosulfan II
Endosulfan II
Endosulfan II
Endosulfan II
Endosulfan II
Endosulfan II
Endosulfan II
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
14
5
0.7
0.1
nd
nd
0.1
0.3
0.0
7.0
1,960
0.7
0.6
nd
nd
33.4
0.6
0.6
203
3,150
0.7
0.4
nd
nd
4.0
0.4
0.4
60
2,510
0.7
0.4
nd
nd
0.5
0.4
0.5
47
2,390
0.1
0.1
na
na
10.4
0.1
0.2
55
500
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
Endosulfan sulfate
Endosulfan sulfate
Endosulfan sulfate
Endosulfan sulfate
Endosulfan sulfate
Endosulfan sulfate
Endosulfan sulfate
Endosulfan sulfate
Endosulfan sulfate
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
14
5
0.1
0.0
nd
nd
0.0
0.1
0.0
1.6
83
0.1
1.4
nd
nd
3.4
0.3
0.1
23.5
140
0.1
0.4
nd
nd
0.7
0.2
0.0
7.4
100
0.1
0.1
nd
nd
0.1
0.2
0.1
4.5
89
0.0
0.6
na
na
1.3
0.1
0.0
7.1
25
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
α-HCH
α-HCH
α-HCH
α-HCH
α-HCH
α-HCH
α-HCH
α-HCH
α-HCH
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0.2
0.1
nd
nd
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.5
0.7
nd
nd
2.9
1.4
0.4
3.2
3.2
0.4
0.4
nd
nd
0.7
0.9
0.2
0.5
1.7
0.4
0.2
nd
nd
0.3
0.8
0.2
0.3
2.2
0.2
0.3
na
na
0.9
0.6
0.1
0.8
1.2
NVI
VI
γ-HCH
γ-HCH
2
7
1
5
0.2
0.2
4.5
15.7
2.3
7.0
2.3
9.0
3.0
5.6
xvi
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
γ-HCH
γ-HCH
γ-HCH
γ-HCH
γ-HCH
γ-HCH
γ-HCH
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
0
5
4
0
1
0
nd
nd
0.2
30
0.0
0.1
0.1
nd
nd
18
52
0.5
25
2.5
nd
nd
5.9
41
0.2
2.9
1.3
nd
nd
4.2
42
0.1
0.7
1.9
na
na
5.9
9.1
0.2
6.6
1.1
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
Heptachlor
Heptachlor
Heptachlor
Heptachlor
Heptachlor
Heptachlor
Heptachlor
Heptachlor
Heptachlor
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
1
0
1
0
5
3
0
0
0
0.8
0.0
2.5
nd
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.2
5.4
4.0
0.7
na
nd
54
22
0.9
35
17
2.4
0.4
na
nd
14
13
0.6
5.9
13
2.4
0.3
na
nd
7.1
15
0.7
0.8
17
2.2
0.3
na
na
17
9.3
0.3
11
5.5
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
3
6.1
4.2
3.4
6.8
1.8
5.1
5.6
2.3
1.1
7.7
7.4
na
na
41.4
7.1
7.5
110
6.8
6.9
5.5
na
na
7.4
6.0
6.9
17
6.0
6.9
5.5
na
na
4.0
6.0
7.1
8.5
6.0
1.2
1.0
na
na
12.0
0.8
0.8
29
0.8
BKO
Profenofos
5
3
nd
1,700 920
1,290 840
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
Trifluralin
Trifluralin
Trifluralin
Trifluralin
Trifluralin
Trifluralin
Trifluralin
Trifluralin
Trifluralin
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
1
0
0
0
3
1
1
3
1
0.1
0.0
nd
nd
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.2
0.3
nd
nd
2.9
0.7
0.2
1.1
2.4
0.2
0.2
nd
nd
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.7
xvii
0.2
0.2
nd
nd
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.3
1.4
0.1
0.1
na
na
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.9
Table S.4 Descriptive statistics of detected PAH concentrations (pg/m3) by site; “nd” indicates
analyte not detected, “na” indicates not applicable, and “sd” represents standard deviation. NVI
(non-dust Virgin Islands), VI (Virgin Islands), NTRIN (non-dust Trinidad), TRIN-LC (local
contamination Trinidad), TOB (Tobago), CV (Cape Verde), KATI (Kati, Mali), and BKO
(Bamako, Mali).
Site
analytes
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
anthracene
anthracene
anthracene
anthracene
anthracene
anthracene
anthracene
anthracene
anthracene
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
samples
detects
min
max
mean median sd
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
5
5
0.02
0.01
nd
nd
0
0.01
0
0.02
700
0.06
0.05
nd
nd
12
0.05
0.04
79
7,230
0.04
0.03
nd
nd
1.2
0.03
0.02
13
2,600
0.04
0.03
nd
nd
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.05
1,920
0.02
0.02
na
na
3.8
0.02
0.02
25
2,670
anthraquinone
anthraquinone
anthraquinone
anthraquinone
anthraquinone
anthraquinone
anthraquinone
anthraquinone
anthraquinone
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
5
1
nd
nd
nd
0
nd
nd
nd
0.1
4,120
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
256
7,920
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
19
6,310
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.6
6,270
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
68
1,420
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
benzo(a)pyrene
benzo(a)pyrene
benzo(a)pyrene
benzo(a)pyrene
benzo(a)pyrene
benzo(a)pyrene
benzo(a)pyrene
benzo(a)pyrene
benzo(a)pyrene
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
0
0
1
2
1
0
12
3
1.3
0.4
nd
255
0.2
0.3
0.37
0.3
0.2
1.6
1.5
nd
na
30
1.2
1.6
670
1,260
1.5
0.8
nd
na
3.6
0.8
1.0
230
400
1.5
0.7
nd
na
0.7
0.8
1.1
200
280
0.3
0.4
na
na
9.4
0.4
0.5
195
520
non-dust VI
VI
NTRIN
fluoranthene
fluoranthene
fluoranthene
2
7
1
2
7
1
4.7
2.6
5.2
7.2
24
na
6.0
10
na
6.0
7.9
na
1.7
8.6
na
xviii
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
fluoranthene
fluoranthene
fluoranthene
fluoranthene
fluoranthene
fluoranthene
1
10
4
5
14
5
1
9
4
5
14
5
1600
0.3
9.7
8.4
420
9,570
na
na
na
na
143
26
8.5
44
20
17
18
4.6
19
13
1
4.0
4,570 1,810 1,430 1,250
18,090 12,960 11,360 3,360
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
phenanthrene
phenanthrene
phenanthrene
phenanthrene
phenanthrene
phenanthrene
phenanthrene
phenanthrene
phenanthrene
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
2
7
1
1
6
4
5
14
5
67
9.9
17
3800
0.1
148
91
1,000
5,420
126
97
97
147
89
89
na
na
na
na
na
na
234
49
16
215
175
170
667
356
433
6,470 3,200 3,310
29,600 13,450 8,240
42
49
na
na
73
32
252
1,550
10,370
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
pyrene
pyrene
pyrene
pyrene
pyrene
pyrene
pyrene
pyrene
pyrene
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
9.9
5.9
7.2
1,130
0.6
13
6.9
267
7,000
142
76
76
119
40
30
na
na
na
na
na
na
125
29
12
28
21
22
25
16
15
2,940 1,200 928
15,600 10,200 8,430
93
38
na
na
39
7.7
7.6
826
3,420
xix
Table S.5 Descriptive statistics of detected PCBs concentrations (pg/m3) by site; “nd” indicates
analyte not detected, “na” indicates not applicable, and “sd” represents standard deviation. NVI
(non-dust Virgin Islands), VI (Virgin Islands), NTRIN (non-dust Trinidad), TRIN-LC (local
contamination Trinidad), TOB (Tobago), CV (Cape Verde), KATI (Kati, Mali), and BKO
(Bamako, Mali).
Site
analytes
samples detects min
max
mean median sd
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN-LC
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
PCB 101
PCB 101
PCB 101
PCB 101
PCB 101
PCB 101
PCB 101
PCB 101
PCB 101
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
2
1
1
2
0
1
1
0
0.17
0
0.72
4.97
0.09
0.01
0.12
0.06
1.4
0.88
1.56
na
na
8.29
0.84
0.92
17.92
10.3
0.52
0.71
na
na
2.72
0.42
0.46
3.08
5.81
0.52
0.57
na
na
0.94
0.41
0.43
0.64
5.79
0.5
0.53
na
na
3.31
0.34
0.35
5.63
3.91
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN-LC
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
PCB 118
PCB 118
PCB 118
PCB 118
PCB 118
PCB 118
PCB 118
PCB 118
PCB 118
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
1
1
1
8
1
0
12
1
0.02
0
0.23
0.68
0
0.01
0
0.12
0.07
0.04
0.08
na
na
0.03
0.54
0.03
3.55
10.33
0.03
0.03
na
na
0.02
0.24
0.01
0.84
2.58
0.03
0.02
na
na
0.02
0.2
0.01
0.48
0.78
0.01
0.03
na
na
0.01
0.23
0.01
0.95
4.36
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN-LC
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
PCB 138
PCB 138
PCB 138
PCB 138
PCB 138
PCB 138
PCB 138
PCB 138
PCB 138
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
0
0
0
8
1
0
11
3
0
0.04
nd
nd
0.01
0.11
0.03
0.01
0.78
0.07
0.36
nd
nd
2.77
1.81
0.18
12.73
11.88
0.04
0.16
nd
nd
0.56
0.73
0.12
2.41
7.44
0.04
0.11
nd
nd
0.12
0.5
0.12
0.67
10.28
0.05
0.11
na
na
0.91
0.76
0.06
3.7
5.18
NVI
VI
NTRIN
PCB 153
PCB 153
PCB 153
2
7
1
0
0
1
0.11
0.01
0.15
0.13
0.16
na
0.12
0.06
na
0.12
0.05
na
0.02
0.06
na
xx
TRIN-LC
TRIN-LC
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
PCB 153
PCB 153
PCB 153
PCB 153
PCB 153
PCB 153
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
4
2
0
12
1
nd
0.01
0.01
0.06
0.06
0.01
nd
0.54
0.13
0.09
12.53
10.33
nd
0.2
0.07
0.08
2.45
2.09
nd
0.1
0.08
0.08
1.41
0.04
na
0.18
0.03
0.01
3.33
4.6
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN-LC
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
PCB 183
PCB 183
PCB 183
PCB 183
PCB 183
PCB 183
PCB 183
PCB 183
PCB 183
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
1
0.04
0.01
nd
nd
0.01
0
0.01
0.01
59
0.07
0.08
nd
nd
0.06
0.04
0.07
4.02
8.26
0.05
0.03
nd
nd
0.04
0.02
0.04
1.12
2.58
0.05
0.03
nd
nd
0.04
0.01
0.05
0.31
1.43
0.02
0.02
na
na
0.02
0.02
0.02
1.46
3.21
NVI
VI
NTRIN
TRIN-LC
TRIN-LC
TOB
CV
KATI
BKO
PCB 187
PCB 187
PCB 187
PCB 187
PCB 187
PCB 187
PCB 187
PCB 187
PCB 187
2
7
1
1
10
4
5
14
5
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
12
1
0.02
0
nd
nd
0
0.01
0
0.12
0.07
0.04
0.08
nd
nd
0.03
0.54
0.03
3.55
10.33
0.03
0.03
nd
nd
0.02
0.24
0.01
0.84
2.58
0.03
0.02
nd
nd
0.02
0.2
0.01
0.48
0.78
0.01
0.03
na
na
0.01
0.23
0.01
0.95
4.36
xxi