ICES
T T 7 TV i r
V b» X . u i V l
ICES
International Council for
the Exploration of the Sea
Conseil International pour
l'Exploration de la Mer
A
T " P TL i r
X -L j I V l
International Council for
the Exploration of the Sea
Conseil International pour
l'Exploration de la Mer
I CES C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H R E P O R T
NO. 2 8 9 SPECIAL ISSUE
R A P P O R T D E S R E C H E R C H E S C O LLE C TIV ES
SEPTEMBER 2 0 0 7
ICES Report on Ocean Climate 2006
Prepared by the Working Group on
Oceanic Hydrography
Sarah L. Hughes and N. Penny Holliday, Editors
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
TABLE OF C O N TE N TS
1 In tro d u ctio n
4
1.1 ICES R eport o n O cean C lim ate 2 0 0 6 h ig h lig h ts
4
2 N o rth A tla n tic u p p er o c e a n tem p era tu re o v e r v ie w
5
3 N orth A tla n tic u p p er o c e a n s a lin ity o v e r v ie w
6
4 S u m m a ry o f s u s ta in e d o b se r v a tio n s
7
5 T he N o rth A tla n tic a tm o sp h e r e
13
5.1 N o rth A tla n tic O scillatio n in d e x
13
5.2 N o rth A tla n tic s e a level p re s s u re
14
5.3 N o rth A tla n tic su rfa c e a ir te m p e r a tu r e
15
6 D e ta ile d area d e sc r ip tio n s
16
6.1 In tro d u c tio n
16
6.2 A rea 1 - W e s t G re e n la n d
16
6.3 A re a 2 - N o rth w e s t A tla n tic : S co tian S h elf a n d th e N e w fo u n d la n d a n d L abrador S h elf
19
6.4 A re a 2b - L ab rad o r Sea
24
6.5 A rea 2c - M id -A tlan tic B ight
26
6.6 A rea 3 - Icelan d ic w a te r s
29
6.7 A re a 4 - B a y o f B iscay a n d e a s te r n A tla n tic
32
6.8 A re a 5 - Rockall T ro u g h
24
6.9 A rea 5b - Irm in g e r S ea
36
6.10 A rea 6 - Faroe B ank C h a n n e l a n d Faroe C u rre n t
39
R e c o m m e n d e d fo r m a t fo r p u rp o s e s o f c ita tio n :
H u g h es, S. L., a n d H olliday, N. P. (Eds). 2007. ICES R ep o rt o n O cean
C lim ate 2 0 0 6 . ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch R eport No. 289.55 pp.
6.11 A rea 7 - Faroe S h e tla n d C h a n n e l
41
6.12 A reas 8 a n d 9 - n o r th e r n a n d s o u th e r n N o rth Sea
43
For p e rm is s io n to re p ro d u c e m a te ria l fro m th is p u b lic a tio n , p le a s e
a p p ly to th e G e n e ra l S ecretary.
6.13 A rea 9b - S kagerrak, K atteg a t, a n d th e B altic
47
6.14 A rea 10 - N o rw e g ia n Sea
50
6.15 A re a 11 - B a re n ts Sea
52
6.16 A re a 12 - G re e n la n d Sea a n d F ram S tra it
54
6.17 N ordic Seas D eep W a te rs
56
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer
H.C. A n d e rse n s B o u lev ard 4 4 -4 6
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C ontact in fo r m a tio n
59
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
1. IN T R O D U C T IO N
This re p o rt d e sc rib e s th e p re s e n t (2006)
s ta tu s o f se a te m p e r a tu r e a n d s a lin ity in
th e ICES re g io n o f th e N o rth A tla n tic a n d
N ordic Seas, as w e ll as tr e n d s o b se rv ed . S om e
a d d itio n a l d a ta s e ts a re p ro v id ed , in c lu d in g
th o s e o n se a level p re ssu re , a ir te m p e ra tu re ,
a n d ice cover. A lth o u g h th e fo cu s is o n th e
v a ria tio n s in th e u p p e r o ce a n (the to p 1000 m),
in fo rm a tio n a b o u t c h a n g e s in th e d e e p e r
lay ers o f th e o c e a n is also in c lu d e d in specific
re g io n s o f in te re s t.
A n e w e d itio n o f th e re p o rt is p u b lish e d
a n n u a lly in th e ICES C o o p erativ e R esearch
R eport series.
The N o rth A tla n tic re g io n is u n u s u a l in
h a v in g a re la tiv e ly la rg e n u m b e r o f lo c a tio n s
a t w h ic h o c e a n o g ra p h ic d a ta h a v e b e e n
c o llected fo r se v e ral y e a rs o r e v e n d ecad es.
T he lo n g e s t reco rd s go b a c k m o re t h a n a
c e n tu ry . In th is rep o rt, w e p ro v id e th e v e ry
la te s t in f o rm a tio n fro m p lac e s w h e re th e
o c e a n is c u rre n tly b e in g m e a s u re d reg u larly .
A lth o u g h th e N o rth A tla n tic is rich in
m e a s u r e m e n ts c o m p a re d w ith o th e r p a rts
o f th e g lo b a l o cean , th e r e is still o n ly a th i n
s c a tte r in g o f lo n g reco rd s o f d e e p o c e a n
m e a s u re m e n ts . In th e first p a r t o f th e rep o rt,
w e d ra w to g e th e r th e s p a rs e in fo rm a tio n
a n d give th e b e s t p o ssib le o v e rv ie w o f th e
reg io n . N u m e ric a l m o d e ls u s in g re a l o c e a n
m e a s u r e m e n ts to s im u la te v a ria tio n s o v er
tim e a re c o n tin u a lly b e in g im p ro v e d . In
fu tu re e d itio n s, w e h o p e to d e v elo p th is p a rt
o f th e re p o rt to p re s e n t th e n e w in fo rm a tio n
p ro v id e d b y th e c o m b in a tio n o f m o d e ls a n d
d a ta .
The d a ta p re s e n te d h e re re p r e s e n t a n
a c c u m u la tio n o f k n o w le d g e c o llected b y
n u m e ro u s in d iv id u a ls a n d in s titu tio n s
th r o u g h d e c a d e s o f o b se rv a tio n s . It w o u ld
b e im p o ssib le to list th e m all, b u t a t th e e n d
o f th e re p o rt w e p ro v id e a list o f c o n ta c ts
fo r e a c h d a ta s e t, in c lu d in g e -m a il a d d re s se s
fo r th e in d iv id u a ls w h o p ro v id e d th e
in fo rm a tio n , a n d th e d a ta c e n tre s a t w h ic h
th e fu ll arc h iv e s o f d a ta a re h eld .
2 . N O R T H ATLANTIC U P P E R O CEAN TEM PERATURE O VERVIEW
1.1 ICES Report on Ocean
Climate 2006 highlights
T h e N o rth A tla n tic O cean in 2 0 0 6
T he u p p e r lay ers o f th e N o rth A tla n tic a n d
N ordic Seas w e re w a r m e r a n d m o re s a lin e in
2 0 0 6 t h a n th e lo n g -te rm a v e rag e . The la rg e s t
a n o m a lie s w e re o b se rv e d a t h ig h la titu d e s ;
t h e h ig h e s t te m p e r a tu r e in 100 y e a rs w a s
re c o rd e d a t th e Kola S ectio n in th e B a ren ts
Sea.
T he w a r m su rfa c e a n o m a ly lo c a te d in th e
N o rw e g ia n Sea a n d B a re n ts Sea in 2005
m o v e d in to th e W est S p itsb e rg e n C u rre n t
a n d F ram S trait.
T he N o rth Sea, B altic Sea, a n d Bay o f
B iscay h a d a cold w in te r a n d lo w se a
su rfa c e te m p e ra tu re s , fo llo w ed b y a n
u n u s u a lly w a r m s u m m e r a n d a u tu m n ,
a n d c o rre sp o n d in g ly h ig h se a su rfa c e
te m p e ra tu re s .
T he tr e n d in th e p a s t d e c a d e (1 9 9 6 -2 0 0 6 )
h a s b e e n o f w a r m in g a n d in c re a s in g s a lin ity
in th e u p p e r o cean .
T h e N o rth A tla n tic a tm o sp h e r e in
w in te r 2 0 0 5 /2 0 0 6
T he Ic e la n d Low a n d th e A zores H ig h w e re
b o th w e a k e r t h a n n o rm a l, a n d th e c e n tre of
t h e Ice lan d Low w a s d is p la c e d to w a rd s th e
so u th w e s t to th e e n tra n c e to th e Labrador Sea.
T he m e a n m id -la titu d e w in d s w e re w e a k e r
t h a n n o rm a l, a n d th e s to rm tra c k w a s
d isp la ce d .
T he e a s te r n N o rth A tla n tic a n d N ordic
S eas w in te r su rfa c e a ir te m p e r a tu r e s w e re
n e a r n o rm a l, b u t o v er m u c h o f th e c e n tra l
a n d w e s te r n N o rth A tla n tic su rfa c e a ir
te m p e r a tu r e s w e re m o re t h a n i°C w a r m e r
t h a n n o rm a l.
mm*.*! H
UK
I
* nT r|>
gVihrefHCi"
Figure 1. Overview o f upper ocean temperature anomalies fro m the long-term mean across the North Atlantic. The anomalies
are normalized with respect to the standard deviation (e.g. a value o f +2 indicates 2 standard deviations above normal). The maps
show conditions in 2006 (colour intervals 0.5, reds are positive/warm and blues are negative/cool). See Figure s fo r a larger version
o f the top map.
J
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
ICES Cooperative R esearch R eport No. 28g
3 . N O R T H ATLANTIC U P P E R O CEAN S A L IN IT Y O VE R V IE W
. SU M M A R Y OF S U S T A IN E D O BSERVA TIO NS
This p a rt o f th e re p o rt su m m a riz e s th e
s u s ta in e d o b se rv a tio n s co llected o n o c e a n o ­
g ra p h ic se c tio n s a n d sta tio n s, re p e a te d
a n n u a lly o r m o re fre q u e n tly . The tim e -se rie s
h a v e b e e n e x tra c te d fro m la rg e r d a ta s e ts as
in d ic a to rs o f th e c o n d itio n s in a p a rtic u la r
area. F u rth e r d e ta ils o f e a c h re g io n a re g iven
in S ection 6 o f th is re p o rt. W h e re a p p ro p ria te ,
d a ta a re p re s e n te d as a n o m a lie s to
d e m o n s tra te h o w th e v a lu e s c o m p a re w ith
th e av e ra g e or “n o rm a l” c o n d itio n s (u su ally
th e lo n g -te rm m e a n o f e a c h p a ra m e te r
d u rin g th e p e rio d 1971-2000). For d a ta s e ts
t h a t do n o t e x te n d as fa r b a c k as 1971, th e
av e ra g e c o n d itio n s h a v e b e e n c a lc u la te d
fro m th e s ta r t o f th e d a ta s e t u p to 2 0 0 0 .
The a n n u a l p a tte r n o f se a su rfa c e
te m p e r a tu r e a n o m a lie s fo r 2 0 0 6 m a tc h e s
v e ry closely t h a t fro m th e in s itu d a ta .
T h ere is a la rg e b a n d o f p o sitiv e a n o m a lie s
s tre tc h in g acro ss b o th sid es o f th e N o rth
A tla n tic O cean.
“ s u s t a i n e d o b s e r v a t i o n s ” o r “t i m e -s e r i e s ”
ARE R E G U L A R M E A S U R E M E N T S O F O C E A N
TEMPERATURE A N D SALINITY MADE OVER A L O N G
P E RI OD ( l O - l O O YEARS). M O S T M EA S U R E M E N T S
ARE M A D E B E T W E E N O N E A N D F O U R T I M E S A
YEAR, B U T S O M E ARE T A K E N
MORE FREQUENTLY
“ A N O M A L I E S ” ARE T H E M A T H E M A T I C A L
■
C !lM £i
r
In places, th e sea so n a l cycle h a s b e e n rem o v ed
fro m a d a ta s e t, e ith e r b y c a lc u la tin g th e
av e ra g e s e a s o n a l cycle d u rin g th e p erio d
1971-2000 o r b y d ra w in g o n o th e r so u rces
su c h as re g io n a l clim a to lo g ic a l d a ta s e ts .
S m o o th e d v e rs io n s o f m o s t tim e -s e rie s are
in clu d ed , u s in g a Loess s m o o th e r, a locally
w e ig h te d re g re ssio n w ith a tw o - or fiv e-y ear
w in d o w .
D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N EACH I N D I V I D U A L
M E A S U R E M E N T A N D THE AVERAGE VALUES OF
T E M P E R A T U R E , S A L I N I T Y , O R O T H E R VA RI A B L E S
AT T H A T L O C A T I O N . P O S I T I V E A N O M A L I E S M E A N
W A R M O R S A L I N E C O N D I T I O N S ; N E GA TI VE
AN OMA LI ES M EA N CO O L OR FRESH C O N D I T I O N S .
T H E “ S E A S O N A L CY CL E ” D E S C R I B E S T H E S H O R T ­
TE R M C H A N G E S AT T H E S U R F A C E O F T H E O C E A N
In th e s u m m a r y ta b le s a n d figures,
n o rm a liz e d a n o m a lie s h a v e b e e n p re s e n te d
to allo w c o m p a ris o n o f tr e n d s in th e d a ta
fro m d iffe re n t reg io n s (F igures 1-3 a n d Table
1). The a n o m a lie s h a v e b e e n n o rm a liz e d
b y d iv id in g th e v a lu e s b y th e s ta n d a rd
d e v ia tio n o f th e d a ta d u rin g th e p erio d
1971-2000. A v a lu e o f +2 th u s re p re s e n ts
d a ta (te m p e r a tu re o r sa lin ity ) a t 2 s ta n d a rd
d e v ia tio n s h ig h e r th a n n o rm a l.
fa»*0 1
Sea su rfa c e te m p e r a tu r e s acro ss th e w h o le
N o rth A tla n tic c a n also be o b ta in e d fro m
a c o m b in e d sa te llite a n d in situ g rid d e d
d a ta s e t. Figure 4 sh o w s th e a n n u a l a n d
se a s o n a l s e a su rfa c e te m p e r a tu r e a n o m a ly
fo r 2005 e x tra c te d fro m th e O p tim u m
1 1 .» t u i i
'KLCJH
Figure 2. Overview o f upper ocean salinity anomalies fro m the long-term mean across the North Atlantic. The anomalies are normalized with respect to the
standard deviation (e.g. a value o f +2 indicates 2 standard deviations above normal). The maps show conditions in 2006 (colour intervals o f o.g. oranges are
positive/saline, green are negative/fresh); the curves show selected time-series. See Figure 3 fo r a larger version o f the top map. Note that the colour scale is
opposite to that shown in the previous edition o f this report (ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 280).
I n te rp o la tio n SSÏV2 d a ta s e t, p ro v id e d b y th e
NOAA-CIRES C lim ate D ia g n o stic s C e n te r in
th e USA. In h ig h la titu d e s , w h e re in situ d a ta
are s p a rs e a n d s a te llite d a ta a re h in d e re d
b y clo u d cover, th e d a ta m a y b e less reliable.
R egions w ith ice cover fo r >50% o f th e
a v e ra g in g p erio d a re le ft b lan k .
B R O U G H T A B O U T BY T H E P A S S I N G O F T H E
S E A S O N S ; T H E O C E A N S U R F A C E IS C O L D I N
WINTER A N D WARMS TH R O U G H SPR ING A N D
S U M M E R . THE TEMPERATURE A N D SALINITY
C H A N G E S C A U S E D BY T H E S E A S O N A L CYCLE ARE
US UAL LY M U C H LARGER T H A N TH E P R O L O N G E D
Y E A R - T O - Y E A R C H A N G E S WE D E S C R I B E H E R E .
THE UPPER LAYERS OF THE NOR T H ATLANTIC A N D NOR DI C
SEAS WERE WARMER A N D MORE SALI NE T HA N THE LONGTERM AVERAGE
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
Figure 3. Annual anomalies
in 2006 o f temperature
(upperpanel) and salinity
(lowerpanel) over the North
Atlantic region. The index
numbers can be used to
cross-reference each point
with data in Tables 1 and
2. Unless specified (in Table
2), these are upper layer
anomalies. The anomalies
are normalized with respect
to the standard deviation
(e.g. a value o f +2 indicates
that the data (temperature
or salinity) fo r that year
was 2 standard deviations
above normal). Open circles
indicate th a t no data were
availablefo r 200 6 a t the
tim e o f publication.
- n '1
T able 1. Changes in
temperature (upperpanel)
and salinity (lowerpanel)
a t selected stations in
the North Atlantic region
during th e p a st decade.
The index numbers on the
left can be used to crossreference each p o in t with
information in Figures 1-3
and Table 2. The numbers
in brackets refer to detailed
area descriptions later in
the report. Unless speci­
fied, these are upper layer
anomalies. The anomalies
are normalized w ith respect
to the standard deviation
(e.g. a value o f +2 indicates
th a t the data (temperature
or salinity) fo r th a t year
was 2 standard deviations
above normal). Blank boxes
indicate th a t no data were
available fo r th a t particular
yea r a t the tim e o f publica­
tion. Note th a t no salinity
data a t all are available fo r
regions 5 , 12, and 2g.
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ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
*
Table 2. Details o f the datasets included in Figures 1-3 and Table 1. Blank boxes indicate areas fo r which information was unavailable a t the tim e o f publication.
Index
Description
Area
M easurem ent d ep th
Long-term average
Lat
Lon
M ean T
M ean S
Stdev T
Stdev S
1
Fram Strait - East G reenland Current
Section Average 3°W to Shelf edge
12
50-500 m
1980-2000
78.83
-8.00
0.58
0-39
34.67
0.11
2
Station 4 - Fylla Section Greenland Shelf
1
0 -2 0 0 m
1971-2000
63.88
-53-37
2.86
0.91
33.56
0.29
3
Section AR7W - Central Labrador Sea
2b
0-150 m
1990-2000
57-73
-51.07
3 57
0-43
34.67
0.08
4
Station 27 - N ew foundland
Shelf Temperature - Canada
2
0-175 m
1971-2000
47-55
-52-59
0.28
5
Oleander Section (120-400 km) Mid Atlantic Bight USA
2C
Surface
1978-2000
39.00
-71.50
0.91
6
Georges Bank - M id A tlantic Bight USA
2C
0 -3 0 m
1977-2000
42.00
-70.00
0-54
0.27
7
Emerald Bank Central Scotian Shelf - Canada
2
Near Bottom
1971-2000
44.00
-63.00
0.81
0.14
8
Misaine Bank N ortheast Scotian Shelf- Canada
2
Near Bottom
1971-2000
45.00
-59.00
0.60
0.14
9
Siglunes Station 2 -4 - N orth Iceland Irminger Current
3
50-150 m
1971-2000
67.00
-18.00
3-34
1.01
34.82
0.12
10
Longanes Station 2 -6 - N ortheast
Iceland - East Icelandic Current
3
0 -5 0 m
1971-2000
67.00
-13.00
1.24
0.69
34.70
0.08
11
Selvogsbanki Station 5 Southw est Iceland - Irminger Current
3
0 -2 0 0 m
1971-2000
63.00
-22.00
7.58
0-39
35-15
0.04
12
M alin H ead W eather Station
4b
Surface
1971-2000
55-37
-7-34
10.57
0.46
13
Ellett Line - Rockall Trough - UK
(section average)
5
0 -8 0 0 m
1975-20 0 0
56-75
-11.00
9.21
0.22
35-33
0.03
14
Central Irminger Sea Subpolar Mode W ater
5b
200 -4 0 0 m
1991-2005
59.40
-36.80
3-99
0.38
34.88
0.02
15
Faroe Bank Channel South Faroe Islands
6
Upper layer high
salinity core
1988-2000
61.00
-8.00
8.23
0.18
35.24
0.03
16
Faroe Current - N orth Faroe Islands
(Modified N orth Atlantic Water)
6
Upper layer high
salinity core
1988-2000
63.00
-6.00
7.92
0.29
35.22
0.03
17
Faroe Shetland Channel Shetland Shelf (North A tlantic Water
7
Upper layer high
salinity core
1971-2000
61.00
-3.00
9.61
0.17
35.36
0.03
18
Faroe Shetland Channel - Faroe Shelf
(Modified N orth Atlantic Water)
7
Upper layer high
salinity core
1971-2000
61.50
-6.00
7.85
0.25
35.21
0.04
19
Ocean W eather Station Mike - 50 m
10
50 m
1971-2000
66.00
-2.00
7-49
0-34
35-15
0.04
20
Southern N orwegian S e a Svinoy Section - Atlantic Water
10
50-200 m
1977-2000
63.00
3.00
8.06
0-39
35.23
0.05
21
Central Norwegian Sea Gimsoy Section - Atlantic Water
10
50-200 m
1978-2000
69.00
12.00
6.66
0.37
35-15
0.03
22
Fugloya-Bear Island Section W estern Barents Sea - Atlantic Inflow
11
50-200 m
1977-2006
73.00
20.00
5-35
0-55
35.06
0.04
23
Kola Section - Eastern Barents Sea
u
0 -2 0 0 m
1971-2000
71.50
33.30
3.92
0.48
34.76
0.06
24
Greenland Sea SectionW est of Spitsbergen 76.5°N
12
200 m
1996-2006
76.50
10.50
3.08
0.66
35-05
0.04
25
N orthern N orwegian Sea Sor kapp Section - Atlantic Water
10
50-200 m
1977-2000
76.33
10.00
3.80
0.70
35-05
0.04
26
Fram Strait - W est Spitsbergen Current Section average 5°E to shelf edge
12
50-500 m
1980-2000
78.83
8.00
2.60
0.58
34-99
0.03
27
Santander Station 6 (shelf break) Bay of Biscay - Spain
4
5-300 m
1993-20 0 0
43.70
-3.78
12.72
0.18
35.61
0.05
28
Fair Isle Current W ater (waters
entering N orth Sea from Atlantic)
8 &9
0-100 m
1971-2000
59.00
-2.00
9.84
0.38
34.90
0.11
29
UK Coastal W aters Southern Bight - N orth Sea
8 &9
Surface
1971-2000
54.00
0.00
30
Section average - Felixstowe Rotterdam - 52°N
8 &9
Surface
1971-2000
52.00
3.00
12.14
1.12
34.64
0.21
31
Helogoland Roads - Coastal W aters Germ an Bight N orth Sea
8 &9
Surface
1971-2000
54-19
7.90
10.10
0.68
32.11
0-54
32
Baltic Proper - East of Gotland Baltic Sea
9b
Surface
1971-2000
57-50
19.50
8.57
0.86
7-35
0.24
!
0.24
d
-1
F igure 4. M ap o f annual
(upperpanel) and seasonal
(lowerpanels) sea surface
temperature anomalies (°C)
over the North Atlantic
fo r 2006fro m the NOAA
Optim um Interpolation
SSTV2 dataset , provided by
the NOAA-CIRES Climate
Diagnostics Center; USA.
The colour-coded
temperature scale is the
same in all panels. The
anom aly is calculated
with respect to norm al
conditions fo r the period
1971-2000. The data are
produced on a one-degree
grid fro m a combination
o f satellite and in situ
temperature data.
Regions with ice cover
fo r >50% o f th e averaging
period are left blank.
M n to f -
10/11
5 u f n nrier
A u T u m n - 2ÛQ&
ICES Cooperative R esearch R eport No. 28g
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
5 . THE N O R T H ATLANTIC A T M O SPH ER E
L -H n*>-■■■'>>J- ■
■SU TCY It ID m
M S M "■
5.1 North Atlantic Oscillation
index
The N o rth A tla n tic O scillatio n (NAO) is a
p a tte r n o f a tm o s p h e ric v a ria b ility t h a t h a s
a sig n ific a n t im p a c t o n o cean ic c o n d itio n s.
It a ffects w in d s p e e d , p re c ip ita tio n , a n d
e v a p o ra tio n , a n d th e e x c h a n g e o f h e a t
b e tw e e n th e o c e a n a n d a tm o s p h e re , a n d
its effects a re m o s t s tro n g ly felt in w in te r.
The NAO in d e x is a sim p le dev ice u s e d to
d esc rib e th e s ta te o f th e NAO. It is a m e a s u re
o f th e s tr e n g th o f th e se a level a ir p re s su re
g ra d ie n t b e tw e e n Icelan d a n d th e A zores.
W h e n th e NAO in d e x is positive, th e r e is a
s tr e n g th e n in g o f th e Icelan d ic lo w -p re ssu re
s y s te m a n d th e A zores h ig h -p re s s u re sy s te m .
This p ro d u c e s s tro n g e r m id -la titu d e w e s te r ly
w in d s, w ith co ld er a n d d rie r c o n d itio n s over
th e w e s te r n N o rth A tla n tic a n d w a r m e r
a n d w e tte r c o n d itio n s in th e e a s te r n N o rth
A tla n tic . W h e n th e NAO in d e x is n eg ativ e,
th e r e is a re d u c e d p re s s u re g ra d ie n t a n d th e
effects te n d to b e rev ersed .
¡ g a i ^ il lï ll H l in
lö n
in d e x u n d e r w e n t a la rg e a n d ra p id d e c re a se
d u rin g th e w in te r p re c e d in g 1996. Since th e n ,
th e H u rrell NAO in d e x h a s b e e n fa irly w e a k
a n d a less u se fu l d e s c rip to r o f a tm o s p h e ric
c o n d itio n s (see th e g re e n te x t below ).
THE O CE A N CA N R E S P O N D QUICKLY TO THE
S TATE O F T H E N A O , P A R T I C U L A R L Y I N W I N T E R
W H E N A T M O S P H E R I C C O N D I T I O N S AFFECT THE
O C E A N S O I N T E N S E L Y T H A T T H E E F F EC TS ARE
FELT T H R O U G H O U T T H E F O L L O W I N G YEAR. S O M E
R E G I O N S , S U C H AS T H E N O R T H W E S T A T L A N T I C
A N D T H E N O R T H S E A, ARE M O R E R E S P O N S I V E
T O T H E N A O T H A N O T H E R R E G I O N S , S U C H AS
T H E RO CK AL L T R O U G H . H O W E V E R , T H E N A O IS
N O T THE O NL Y , O R EVEN THE M AI N C O N T R O L
O N O C E A N VA RI ABI LI TY. O V E R T H E A T L A N T I C AS
A W H O L E , T H E N A O STI LL O N L Y A C C O U N T S F O R
O N E - T H I R D O F T H E TOTAL V A R I A N C E IN W I N T E R
S E A LEVEL P R E S S U R E . T H E C H A O T I C N A T U R E O F
A T M O S P H E R I C C I R C U L A T I O N M E A N S T H A T EV E N
D U R I N G P E RI OD S OF S T R O NG LY POSITIVE OR
NEGATI VE N A O WI NT ER S , THE A T M O S P H E R I C
C I R C U L A T I O N TYPI CALLY E X H I B I T S S I G N I F I C A N T
t tt t i o n J I iiim
n » J ^ * U T « a i» n
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vfi
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tv
V.
a
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s i
LO CA L D E P A R T U R E S F R O M T H E I D E A L I Z E D
T h ere a re se v eral slig h tly d iffe re n t v e rs io n s
o f th e NAO in d e x c a lc u la te d b y c lim a te
sc ie n tists . The H u rrell w in te r (DJF) NAO
in d e x is m o s t c o m m o n ly u s e d a n d h a s
p a rtic u la r re le v a n c e to th e e a s te r n N o rth
A tla n tic . F o llow ing a lo n g p e rio d o f in c re a se
fro m a n e x tre m e a n d p e rs is te n t n e g a tiv e
p h a s e in th e 1960s to a m o s t e x tre m e a n d
p e rs is te n t p o sitiv e p h a s e d u rin g th e la te
1980s a n d e a rly 1990s, th e H u rrell NAO
N A O PATTERN.
12/13
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le w
Figures. Maps o f North Atlantic salinity a t io m (left column) and. 3 0 0 m (right column), showing climatology (top), 2006 annual mean (middle), and 2006
anom aly fro m the climatology (bottom). These products are generated by the Coriolis operational oceanography centre, which compiles in situ data (including
Argo flo a t salinity profiles) and satellite data into an ocean circulation model. Maps provided by Fabienne Gaillard, www.coriolis.eu.org/default.htm.
'Î W
w
l-MU
ECO
ECO
a»z
M O*
EGO
Figure 6. The Hurrell winter (DJF) NAO ind exfo r th e p a st lo o years (left panel) and the current decade (right panel). Data fro m Climate Research Unit, UK,
www.cru.uea.ac. uk/~ti mo/projpages/nao_update. h tm
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
5.2 North Atlantic sea level
pressure
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
a) 0 J FM 1971 -2 0 0 0 M e a n
T he NAO in d e x is a n in d ic a to r o f th e
g ra d ie n t o f se a level p re ssu re , b u t m a p s
c a n p ro v id e m o re in f o rm a tio n a b o u t th e
w in d fie ld . W in te r c o n d itio n s d o m in a te th e
o c e a n p ro p e rtie s in p a rtic u la r, so F ig u re 7
sh o w s m a p s o f se a level p re s s u re in w in te r
(D e c e m b e r-J a n u a ry -F e b ru a ry -M a rc h , DJFM).
The to p p a n e l in F ig u re 7 sh o w s th e w in te r
se a level p re s s u re a v e ra g e d o v e r 30 y e a rs
fro m 1971 to 2 0 0 0 . The d o m in a n t fe a tu re s
(“a c tio n c e n tr e s ”) a re th e Ic ela n d Low (th e
p u rp le p a tc h s itu a te d s o u th w e s t o f Iceland)
a n d th e A zores H ig h (th e o ra n g e p a tc h w e s t
o f G ibraltar).
3 *< u ua>
S#: iii*!
w
5.3 North Atlantic surface air
temperature
-¡riol C m i S i
:$?n u jysù
A
b) D JF M
«
1
h
1 m
m ? ;* * * * * ,*
Sc* Li—
Mu-mh*» In*)
2 0 D& M e a n
U«m
NORTH ATLANTIC MEAN W I N D S WERE
WEAKER T H A N N ORMAL
T he m id d le p a n e l in F ig u re 7 sh o w s th e m e a n
se a level p re s s u re fo r w in te r 2 0 0 6 (D e cem b er
2005, J a n u a r y -M a rc h 20 0 6 ) a n d th e b o tto m
p a n e l sh o w s th e 2 0 0 6 w in te r se a level
p re s s u re an o m aly , th e d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n
th e to p a n d m id d le p a n e ls. W e see th a t,
in w in te r 2006, b o th th e Ic e la n d Low a n d
th e A zores H ig h w e re w e a k e r th a n n o rm a l
(h ig h e r c e n tra l p re s s u re in th e Ic e la n d Low,
a n d lo w e r c e n tra l p re s s u re in th e A zores
H igh). Also, th e c e n tre o f th e Ic e lan d Low
w a s d isp la c e d to w a rd s th e s o u th w e s t to th e
e n tr a n c e to th e L ab rad o r Sea. The re s u lts
s h o w th a t th e N o rth A tla n tic m e a n w in d s
w e re w e a k e r t h a n n o rm a l a n d t h a t th e
s to rm tra c k (a p p ro x im a te d b y th e w h ite
a n d b lu e b a n d s in th e m id d le a n d b o tto m
p a n e ls o f Figure 7) w a s d isp la c e d a n d ro ta te d
s o m e w h a t, s ta r tin g f a r th e r s o u th b y N o rth
A m e ric a t h a n u su a l, a n d e n d in g fa r th e r
n o rth o f N o rw a y t h a n u su a l.
THE W I ND .
I» W r
Ü 11 -U
J
~ i[
—iff
I h f
!« T I fe P H
-i
T
b) DJFM 2006 Mean
ï
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M en
14/15
AIR TEMPERATURE WAS MORE T HAN
1°C WARM ER T HA N N ORMAL
D J FM 2 0 0 6 A n o m a l y
■*..........
T " * i.* * »
f t l W
I
C-W I I!P Í !
D JF M
£ 0 0 6 A n o m a ly
D -r ( £ j
t . IH M FHr™* 4 T1 U m z
PM
~ ■j
■h
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n
L
n
si
G E O S T R O P H I C (OR “ G R A D I E N T ”) W I N D
B L O W S PARALLEL W I T H T H E I S O B A R S .
»tpy**
I v t M l * i iC ) C v T i n ' i
WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC SURFACE
EM I . H u
THE CLOSER THE ISOBARS, THE S T R O N G E R
DJFM 1971-2000 Mean
OVER MU CH O F T H E CENTRAL A N D
THE FIGURES S H O W C O N T O U R S OF C O N S T A N T
S E A LEVEL P R E S S U R E ( I S O B A R S ) . T H E
N o rth A tla n tic w in te r m e a n su rfa c e a ir
te m p e r a tu r e s a re s h o w n in Figure 8. The
1971-2000 m e a n c o n d itio n s (Figure 8 to p
p an el) s h o w w a r m te m p e r a tu r e s p e n e tr a tin g
fa r to th e n o rth o n th e e a s t sid e o f th e
N o rth A tla n tic a n d N ordic Seas, c a u se d b y
n o rth w a r d s m o v e m e n t o f w a r m ocean ic
w a te r. The m id d le p a n e l in F igure 8 sh o w s
th e c o n d itio n s in w in te r (DJFM) 2 0 0 6 a n d
th e b o tto m p a n e l sh o w s th e d iffe re n c e
b e tw e e n th e tw o . In w in te r 2006, th e e a s te rn
N o rth A tla n tic a n d N ordic Seas su rfa c e a ir
te m p e r a tu r e s w e re n e a r n o rm a l. In co n tra st,
over m u c h o f th e c e n tra l a n d w e s te r n N o rth
A tlan tic, su rfa c e a ir te m p e r a tu r e s w e re m o re
t h a n i°C w a r m e r th a n n o rm a l in 2 0 0 6 . The
ex c e p tio n s a re th e th r e e o ra n g e /re d areas,
w h ic h s h o w w a r m e r - th a n - n o r m a l c o n d itio n s
(by 6 -1 o°C); th is is th e c o n se q u e n c e o f sea-ice
e d g es r e tr e a tin g in th e n o r th e r n L abrador
Sea, n o r th e a s t G re en lan d , a n d n o r th e a s t of
S valbard. T he b o tto m p a n e l in Figure 8 also
sh o w s t h a t it w a s a cold w in te r over E urope.
a)
Figure 7. W inter (DJFM) sea level pressure fields. Top panel shows sea level pressure averaged
over 30 years fro m 1971 to 2000. M iddle panel shows mean sea level pressure in winter
2006 (December 2003, January-March 2006). Bottom panel shows the winter 2006 sea
level pressure anom aly the difference between the top and middle panels. Images provided
by the NOAA/ESRL Physical Sciences Division, Boulder, Coloradofro m their website at
www. cdc. noa a.gov/.
Figure 8. W inter (DJFM)
surface air temperature
fields. Top panel shows
surface air temperature
averaged over 30 years
fro m 1971 to 2000. Middle
panel shows temperatures
in winter 2006 (December
2003, January to March
2006). Bottom panel shows
winter 2006 surface air
temperature anom aly fro m
1971-2000, the difference
between the top and middle
panels. Images provided by
the NOAA/ESRL Physical
Sciences Division, Boulder,
Colorado fro m their website
a t www.cdc.noaa.gov/.
d « ig ur* iOTi La ¿ÉE4
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ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
6 . DETAILED AREA D E S C R IP T IO N S
6.1 Introduction
T he g e n e ra l p a tte r n o f o ce a n ic c irc u la tio n
in th e N o rth A tlan tic , in re la tio n to th e
a re a s d e sc rib e d h e re , is g iv en in F ig u re
9. In fo rm a tio n a b o u t e a c h a re a h a s b e e n
d is tille d fro m la rg e r d a ta s e ts , w h ic h h a v e
b e e n co lle cte d u n d e r p ro g ra m m e s o f
s u s ta in e d o b se rv a tio n s .
M o st s ta n d a r d se c tio n s o r s ta tio n s a re
r e p e a te d a n n u a lly o r m o re fre q u e n tly . T he
t e x t s u m m a riz e s th e re g io n a l c o n te x t o f th e
se c tio n s a n d sta tio n s, n o tin g a n y sig n ific a n t
re c e n t e v e n ts. Key p a ra m e te r s a re p lo tte d
a g a in s t tim e .
A t Fyllas Bank, th e 2 0 0 6 su b s u rfa c e
te m p e r a tu r e s w e re h ig h , sim ila r to th e w a rm
1960s, b u t lo w e r t h a n a u tu m n 2003, w h e n
te m p e r a tu r e s w e re 2.6g°C ab o v e n o rm a l. The
lo n g -te rm m e a n (1963-1990) fo r th e 0 - 2 0 0 m
la y e r is 2.70°C.
C k u ÍS m i i L -
Figure g. Schematic o f the
general circulation o f the
North Atlantic in relation
to the numbered areas
presented below. The blue
arrows indicate the move­
m ent o f the cooler waters o f
j * the subpolar gyre. The red
arrows indicate the move­
m ent o f the warmer waters
o f the subtropica I gyre.
l ! U n J i l i l h M m J i -J i i
J
Im
W
A t C ape D e so la tio n S ta tio n 3, th e u p p e r la y e r
h a s d e m o n s tra te d a s ig n ific a n t w a r m in g a n d
in creasin g sa lin ity tr e n d since 1983. A t 2 0 0 0 m,
th e first p a rt o f th e tim e -s e rie s sh o w s a
cooling, f r e s h e n in g tr e n d to 1997, b u t sin ce
th e n , th e tr e n d h a s b e e n to w a rd s in c re a s in g
te m p e r a tu r e a n d salin ity .
¡ '■ -fV -a i.a n ’B n ' l ’u - H - B 'iT f a ij f ll
I L a h r i]
E>í
E ' l ■** T l l V l
M i fai
T h -rta fi l i i M V
T f ir .
-1 D
-íe -
- + .D '
---------------------11 ill
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lii»
3 ------------1U IO
11 3 d
I'JH J
—-----------------------—
Itfilf
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Figure io. Area i - W est Greenland. A nnual mean air tem perature observed a t Nuuk.
16/17
if
6.2 Area i - West Greenland
C O L D E R WA T E R T O S T A T I O N 4
( E . G . 19 8 3 , I 9 9 2 ,
A N D 2 O O 2 ) . LOCATED FARTHER O F F S H O R E ,
W E S T G R E E N L A N D LIES AT T H E N O R T H E R N
B O U N D A R Y O F T H E S U B P O L A R G Y R E A N D IS T H U S
S U BJ EC T T O CL I MATI C V A R I A T I O N S WI T H IN T H I S
GYRE. T H E WE S T G R E E N L A N D C U R R E N T F O L L O WS
CAPE D E S O L A T I O N S T A T I ON 3 H A S A 3 O O O - M D E E P WA T E R C O L U M N A N D S A M P L E S T H E W E S T
G R E E N L A N D C U RR EN T A N D THE DEEP B O U N D A R Y
C U R R E N T O F T H E L A B R A D O R S E A.
T H E C O N T I N E N T A L S LOPE O FF WES T
G R E E N L A N D A N D TRAVELS N O R T H W A R D S
T H R O U G H T H E D A V I S S T RAI T . T H E FYLLAS B A N K
S TATI ON 4 , LOCATED O N THE BA NK SLOPE
I N A B O U T 9 O O M O F WA T E R , IS G O V E R N E D
M O S T L Y BY T H E W A R M C O M P O N E N T O F T H E
WE S T G R E E N L A N D C U R R E N T ( BE L OW I 5 0 M ) .
I N S O M E Y E A R S , S H A L L O W S H E L F WA T E R
EXTENDS FARTHER O F F S H O R E , B R I N G I N G
W e st G re e n la n d lies w ith in a n a re a th a t
n o rm a lly e x p e rie n c e s co o ler co n d itio n s
w h e n th e NAO in d e x is p o sitiv e. D e sp ite th e
p o sitiv e NAO w in te r 2 0 0 6 in d ex , h o w ev er, air
te m p e r a tu r e c o n d itio n s a ro u n d G re e n la n d
c o n tin u e d to b e w a r m e r t h a n n o rm a l; m e a n
a ir te m p e r a tu r e s a t N u u k s h o w p o sitiv e
a n o m a lie s .
1«
Figure u . Area i - West Greenland. Fyllas Bank Station 4 autum n temperature (upperpanel) and salinity
(lowerpanel), 0 -2 0 0 m.
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
Figure 12. Area 1 - West
Greenland. Temperature
(upperpanel) and salinity
(lower panel) a t s o m at
Cape Desolation Station 3.
6.3 Area 2 - Northwest
Atlantic: Scotian Shelf and
the Newfoundland and
Labrador Shelf
O C E A N O G R A P H I C C O N D I T I O N S I N T H I S AR EA
ARE D E T E R M I N E D LARGEL Y BY T H E S T R E N G T H O F
THE W IN T ER A T M O S P H E R I C CI RCULATI ON OVER
THE N O R T H W E S T ATLANTI C. IN G E N E R A L , W H E N
T H E N O R M A L C Y C L O N I C C I R C U L A T I O N IS W E A K
l> .« r tr r
j
iK f k .l
K fc in .
C - I II
IJ
I r u w iV - r ir .^ d L r .
P r>
K l . ' n j w * ! . H 1 2- « c * - 1
■
DU RIN G THE WINTER M O N T H S (SOMETIMES
1 1 1 " » ! ?*«
C O R R E S P O N D I N G TO A NEGATIVE N A O I ND EX) ,
WARM A N D SALINE O CE A N C O N D I T I O N S
PREDOMINATE.
S co tia n S h e lf
Figure 13. Area 1 - W est
Greenland. Temperature
(upperpanel) and salinity
(lowerpanel) a t 2000 m at
Cape Desolation Station
3, in the W est Greenland
Current.
The c o n tin e n ta l s h e lf o ff th e c o a st o f
N ova S cotia is c h a ra c te riz e d b y co m p le x
to p o g r a p h y c o n s is tin g o f m a n y o ffsh o re
sh allo w (<100 m) b an k s a n d d eep (>200 m)
m id s h e lf b a sin s. It is s e p a r a te d fro m th e
s o u th e rn N e w fo u n d la n d S h elf b y th e
L a u re n tia n C h a n n e l a n d b o rd e rs th e G ulf
o f M a in e to th e s o u th w e s t. The su rfa c e
c irc u la tio n is d o m in a te d b y a g e n e ra l flo w
to w a rd s th e so u th w e s t, in te r r u p te d b y
clockw ise m o v e m e n t a ro u n d th e b a n k s a n d
an tic lo c k w ise m o v e m e n t a ro u n d th e b asin s,
w ith th e s tr e n g th s v a ry in g seaso n ally .
T e m p e ra tu re a n d s a lin ity c o n d itio n s o v er th e
sh e lf a re la rg e ly d e te r m in e d b y a d v e c tio n
o f w a te r fro m s o u th e r n N e w fo u n d la n d a n d
th e G u lf o f St L aw rence, as w e ll as o ffsh o re
“slo p e ” w a te rs .
-, -,
3I
ÜLÙ
?B
T iaI m P . . . . L X .
I m U
I -
fr a . t ■„ - r - i « - ,
- I b l 'i I b J . I W ■- - I r i b ■
■
R ai
K T *
" ff* H T S H .
In 2006, a n n u a l m e a n a ir te m p e r a tu r e s
o ver th e S co tian Shelf, r e p r e s e n te d b y Sable
Islan d o b se rv a tio n s, w e re ab o v e av e ra g e b y
a p p ro x im a te ly i.4°C (b ased o n 1971 -2000
m e a n v alues), u p o.6°C fro m 2005. W est of
Sable Island, a ir te m p e r a tu r e a n o m a lie s
d e c re a s e d slig h tly to i.3°C o v er th e e a s te rn
G u lf o f M ain e.
" -tai I K .,^ 1 T . i a u l . X f i f r
im
J4 M
3*13
34 H
14 frl
3+ s e
u i»
34 U
34.iT
14 K
34 B
i H
ir m
i -e h
peS
T ai
s
r a »
r a »
The a m o u n t o f se a ice o n th e S c o tian S h elf
in 2006, as m e a s u re d b y th e a re a o f ice
se a w a rd o f th e C ab o t S tra it b e tw e e n N ova
S cotia a n d N e w fo u n d la n d fro m J a n u a r y to
A pril, w a s w e ll b e lo w n o rm a l, c o n tin u in g
th e d o w n w a rd s tr e n d fro m th e e x c e p tio n a lly
la rg e cover in 2003. O verall, th e ice cover
in 2 0 0 6 w a s th e th ir d lo w e st in 38 years,
w h e re a s th e 2003 cover w a s th e sec o n d
h ig h e s t in th e e n tire record.
T o p o g ra p h y s e p a ra te s th e n o r th e a s te r n
S c o tian S h elf fro m th e re s t o f th e shelf.
In th e n o rth e a s t, th e b o tto m te n d s b e
co v ered b y re la tiv e ly cold w a te rs (i~4°C)
w h e re a s th e b a s in s in th e c e n tra l a n d
s o u th w e s te r n re g io n s ty p ic a lly h a v e b o tto m
w a te r te m p e r a tu r e s o f 8-io °C . T he o rig in
o f th e la t te r is th e o ffsh o re slo p e w a te rs ,
w h e re a s in th e n o rth e a s t, th e w a te r co m es
p rin c ip a lly fro m th e G u lf o f St L aw rence.
The in te r a n n u a l v a ria b ility o f th e tw o
w a te r m a s s e s differs. M e a s u re m e n ts of
te m p e r a tu r e s a t 100 m a t th e M isa in e
B ank s ta tio n c a p tu re th e c h a n g e s in th e
n o rth e a s t. T h ey re v eal w a rm e r -th a n - n o rm a l
c o n d itio n s in 2 0 0 6 b y o.6°C, a n in c re a se
fro m n e a r- n o rm a l c o n d itio n s in 2005. In
E m erald B asin, te m p e r a tu r e s in 2 0 0 6 w e re
o.7°C ab o v e n o rm a l a t 100 m, a n in c re a se
o f a p p ro x im a te ly 2.4°C fro m 2005. T here
w a s a slig h t in c re a se (by o.25°C) a t 250 m to
a n n u a l v a lu e s n e a rly o.4°C ab o v e n o rm a l.
The w a r m e r t h a n av e ra g e d e e p te m p e r a tu r e s
c o n tin u e a tr e n d t h a t h a s p e rs is te d sin ce th e
m id-1980s, e x c e p t fo r th e cold y e a r o f 1998.
THE A M O U N T OF SEA ICE WAS WELL
BELOW N OR MA L IN 2006
A n n u a l s e a su rfa c e te m p e r a tu r e a n o m a lie s
w e re h ig h : a b o u t i.2°C over th e e a s te rn , i.25°C
o v er th e c e n tra l a n d o.4°C o v er th e w e s te r n
S c o tian S h elf d u rin g 2 0 0 6 . T he L urcher Shoal
a re a w e s t o f N ova S cotia h a d a n a n n u a l
a n o m a ly o f o.6°C, th e Bay o f F u n d y i.i°C.
The d e n s ity d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n o a n d 50 m
o v er th e S co tian S h elf in c re a s e d o n av erag e
in 2 0 0 6 to ab o v e n o rm a l, a lth o u g h th e r e
w a s c o n sid e ra b le s p a tia l v a ria b ility w ith
s tra tific a tio n b e lo w n o rm a l in so m e areas.
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
Figure 14. Area 2 Northwest Atlantic: Scotian
Shelf. M onthly m eans o f ice
area seaward o f Cabot Strait
(upper panel) and filtered
air temperature anomalies
a t Sable Island on the
Scotian Shelf (lower panel).
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
( U i h - ! . L ■ Cb-1m
j T
S I l'i•! » !- « - lí . J l i
I
u jIi
E rl
h
I
h
i V it
I» l
L
■u i í ' b L
^a
Figure 15. Area 2 Northwest Atlantic: Scotian
Shelf. Near-bottom
temperature anomalies
(upperpanel) and salinity
anomalies (lowerpanel) in
the northeastern Scotian
Shelf (Misaine Bank, 100 m).
.¡ - 'P .
HD
WO
I
1GÙ
_■LÍ.L ii il i LiL J Lii.L J'l JLii.
ir a
00
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J--. ■L'I
L h )iin iiil
¡a j
11t j
j
L m .ml I k i M
I ab a .li
-JULI
ki 1 H I V jlÜ
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M I Y Ï f a i l i* i l L i u i '. LÚ H i . ^ l l i
2 0 /2 1
F ig u re 16. Area 2 Northwest Atla ntic:
Scotian Shelf. Near-bottom
temperature anomalies
(upperpanel) and salinity
anomalies (lowerpanel) in
the central Scotian Shelf
(Emerald Basin, 250 m).
-SO
E b * . P»=-,r.-. , l i l i •
H r Ü.M-J Fb A W
J |4 ;
9-Jb.in i « J ' I K u r H i u L .
H .Í II r .* ii> ^ " ._ 11 ' I' "S Hj i j b i I i-nH \ ■ja .
r u l? X U i
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
ICES Cooperative R esearch R eport No. 28g
1 1 .1 .1 1 ,1 .1 - V . I . , - 1
The NAO in d e x fo r 2 0 0 6 w a s n e g ativ e , a n d
as a re s u lt A rctic o u tflo w to th e N o rth w e s t
A tla n tic w a s w e a k e r th a n n o rm a l. A n n u a l a ir
te m p e r a tu r e s w e re a b o v e n o rm a l a t L ab rad o r
(C a rtw rig h t) a n d N e w fo u n d la n d (St J o h n ’s)
b y i°C to n e a r 3°C. Sea-ice e x te n t o n th e
N e w fo u n d la n d a n d L ab rad o r S h elf fo r 2 0 0 6
w a s b e lo w a v e ra g e fo r th e 12th c o n se c u tiv e
y ear, th e lo w e st o n reco rd d u rin g th e sp rin g
m o n th s . S ea ice also a p p e a re d la te a n d left
e a rly in 2 0 0 6 , re s u ltin g in a s h o r te r ice s e a s o n
th a n n o rm a l.
SEA-ICE EXTENT WAS THE LOWEST
,..l,j ,l.d n
■ -------- 1-
K. I II I V .‘
Il I -, K -j - - I - i 1 l i . i l I . lí .
L . I i m , , . , 1, . , l u i . . .
i'I I I
F ig u re 18. Area 2 Northwest Atlantic:
Newfoundland and
Labrador Shelf Annual
air temperature anomalies
a t Cartwright on the
Labrador Coast.
I
Figure ig. Area 2 Northwest Atla ntic:
Newfoundland and
Labrador Shelf Annual
depth-averaged
Newfoundland Shelf
temperature anomalies
(top panel) and salinity
anomalies (middlepanel),
and spatial exten t o f
cold intermediate layer
(CIL; bottom panel).
The n e a r- b o tto m th e r m a l h a b ita t o n th e
N e w fo u n d la n d a n d L ab rad o r S h elf c o n tin u e d
to w a r m in 2 0 0 6 , w ith b o tto m te m p e r a tu r e s
ra n g in g fro m o.5°C to i°C ab o v e th e lo n g -te rm
m e a n in m a n y area s, a lth o u g h th e y cooled
s u b s ta n tia lly d u rin g la te a u tu m n , p a rtic u la rly
in n o r th e r n area s.
O N RECORD D U R I N G S PRI NG
M O N T H S , WHI LE A N N U A L WATER
TEMPERATURES REACHED A
6 i -y e a r
M. . .
A ro b u s t in d e x o f o c e a n c lim a te c o n d itio n s in
e a s te r n C a n a d ia n w a te r s is th e e x te n t o f th e
cold in te rm e d ia te la y e r (CIL) o f <o°C w a te r
o v e rly in g th e c o n tin e n ta l shelf. This w in te r coo led w a te r re m a in s tr a p p e d b e tw e e n
t h e s e a s o n a lly h e a te d u p p e r la y e r a n d th e
w a r m e r sh e lf-slo p e w a te r th r o u g h o u t th e
s u m m e r a n d a u tu m n m o n th s . D u rin g th e
1960s, w h e n th e NAO w a s w e ll b e lo w n o rm a l
a n d h a d th e lo w e st v a lu e ev e r in th is cen tu ry ,
t h e v o lu m e o f CIL w a te r w a s a t a m in im u m ,
a n d d u rin g th e h ig h NAO y e a rs o f th e e arly
1990s, th e CIL v o lu m e re a c h e d n e a r-re c o rd
h ig h v a lu e s. D u rin g 2 0 0 6 , th e CIL re m a in e d
b e lo w n o rm a l o n th e e a s te r n N e w fo u n d la n d
S h e lf fo r th e 12th c o n se c u tiv e y ear.
N e w fo u n d la n d a n d Labrador S h e lf
HI GH
■4 4
A t th e s ta n d a r d m o n ito r in g site o ff e a s te rn
N e w fo u n d la n d (S ta tio n 27), th e d e p th a v e ra g e d a n n u a l w a te r te m p e r a tu r e
in c re a se d to n e a r i°C, th e h ig h e s t in th e 61y e a r record. S u rface te m p e r a tu r e s a t S ta tio n
27 w e re also a t a 61-year re c o rd h ig h . B o tto m
te m p e r a tu r e s w e re a b o v e n o rm a l b y o.8°C.
In g e n e ra l, o c e a n te m p e r a tu r e s o n th e
N e w fo u n d la n d a n d L ab rad o r S h elf d u rin g
2 0 0 6 in c re a s e d o v er 2005 v a lu e s, re a c h in g
a rec o rd h ig h a t S ta tio n 27, c o n tin u in g th e
w a r m tr e n d e x p e rie n c e d sin ce th e m id to
la te 1990s. S h e lf w a te r sa lin itie s, w h ic h w e re
lo w e r th a n n o rm a l th r o u g h o u t m o s t o f th e
1990s, h a v e in c re a s e d to a b o v e n o rm a l v a lu e s
d u rin g th e p a s t five y ears, a lth o u g h th e r e w a s
c o n sid e ra b le local v a riab ility .
-14
------------------------------ J-------.
LAfc h w h -
.— 1 ----------------------------------------- 1----- 1
------ .
Pi i i i » it'rtfcT I
—-■- H-' H I 'i-lu
1
1
.------ . . .
I . I . H r i - i ' i i r m i l"H.:
43
22/23
41
41
4?
41
44
-4 1
-4 Í
■44
-4 4
IÚOO
LMi l^n iki: Vml~.pi I.' m ii J utn-n I n i i
Figure 17. Area 2 Northwest Atlantic:
Newfoundland and
Labrador Shelf. M onthly
sea-ice areas o ff
Newfoundland and
La brador between 4 s °N
and 55 °N
4
4
...........................................................
Tlhln j » Mi
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S fW l < (3 h i
m ß.
1 uhli
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h i S Uipii ' i Orra Cimi'r .'IV*
................................
[kain.-i^-i i ^ n j
.....................................................................................................
1l-Mfcr-Crm I'l
^;l m f i U n i i b l l r r n i i t i D i n Minim.
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l i l ­
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.smm iLm.sh
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
6.4 Area 2b - Labrador Sea
Scotian Shelf
T H E L A BRA DO R SEA IS L O CATED BETWEEN
G R E E N L A N D A N D T H E LABRADOR C O A S T O F
EAS TERN C A N A D A . C O L D , L O W- S A L I N I T Y WATE RS
O F P OL AR O R I G I N CI RCLE T H E L ABRADOR SEA
IN AN A N T I C L O C K W I S E C U R R E N T S YSTEM T H A T
I N C L U D E S B O T H T H E N O R T H - F L O W I N G WE S T
G R E E N L A N D C U R R E N T O N T H E EAS TERN S I DE
AN D T H E S O U T H - F L O W I N G L ABRADOR C U R R E N T
O N T H E WE S T E R N S I D E . WA R M A N D S AL I NE
WATERS F R O M M O R E S O U T H E R N LATI TUDES
F L O W N O R T H W A R D S I N T O T H E LABRADOR SEA
O N T H E G R E E N L A N D S I DE A N D B E C O M E C O L D E R
A N D F R E S H E R AS T H E Y CI RCULATE.
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
F ig u re 20. Area 2b Labrador Sea. Spring/
early sum m er potential
temperature (upperpanel)
and salinity (lowerpanel)
values fo r 0 -1 5 0 m depth
fro m fo u r stations in the
west-centra I La brador Sea
(centred at56.y°N52.5°W).
A se rie s o f se v ere w in te r s in th e e a rly
19 9 0 s le d to th e m o s t re c e n t p e rio d o f d e e p
co n v e ctio n , w h ic h p e a k e d in 19 9 3-1994.
S u b s e q u e n t w in te r s h a v e g e n e ra lly b e e n
m ild e r t h a n n o rm a l, a n d t h e u p p e r lev els o f
t h e L ab rad o r S ea h a v e b e c o m e w a r m e r a n d
m o re sa lin e . T h e u p p e r 150 m o f t h e w e s tc e n tra l L ab ra d o r S ea h a v e w a r m e d b y m o re
t h a n i°C a n d in c re a s e d in s a lin ity b y m o re
t h a n 0.1 sin c e th e e a rly 1990s. C o n d itio n s in
2 0 0 6 w e re sim ila rly w a r m a n d sa lin e .
T he 2 0 0 6 a n n u a l m e a n s e a su rfa c e
te m p e r a tu r e in th e w e s t- c e n tra l L ab rad o r
S ea w a s w a r m e r t h a n n o rm a l fo r th e 13th
c o n se c u tiv e y e a r. T he la s t fo u r y e a rs (2 0 0 3 2 0 0 6 ) h a v e b e e n e x c e p tio n a lly w a rm .
w j h
■- i i r "
v
i «J
LABRADOR SEA H Y D R O G R A P H I C C O N D I T I O N S
D E P E N D O N A BALANCE BET WEE N H E A T LOS T
TO T H E A T M O S P H E R E A ND HEAT G A I N E D FROM
W A R M , S A L I N E ATLANTI C WA T E R S . SEVERE
WI NTERS U N D ER H I G H NAO C O N D I T I O N S
jis q
LEAD T O GRE A T E R C O O L I N G : IN E X C E P T I O N AL
CASES, T H E R E S U L T I N G I N C R E A S E S IN T H E
S U R F A C E D E N S I T Y CAN LEAD T O C O N V E C T I V E
M I X I N G O F T H E WATE R C O L U M N T O D E P T H S UP
2 4 /2 5
T O 2 KM. M I L D E R W I N T E R S U N D E R L O W N A O
C O N D I T I O N S LEAD T O L O WE R H EAT L O S S E S A N D
m u l'Vi m i n m i
H-.1 -.1 IbJ-W c ■< Q m m m t f * !
I
M 1 b. -
e
ftr f K I S . I n ï" i. IC IS b p r t m
Figure 21. Area 2b Labrador Sea. A nnual mean
sea surface temperature
data fro m the west-cen­
tral Labrador Sea f56.5 °N
52.5 °W). Data obtained
fro m the HadlSSTi.i Global
Sea Surface Temperature
dataset , UK Meteorological
Office, Hadley Centre.
AN I N C R E A S E D P R E S E N C E O F T H E W A R M , S AL I NE
ATLANTI C WATERS.
*
t“
L
ITOU
I «TG
»TW
I U J,
ICES Cooperative R esearch R eport No. 28g
I'M .
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
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F i g u r e 22. Area 2b Labrador Sea. M onthly sea
surface temperature data
fro m the west-central
Labrador Sea (56.5°N
52.5 °W). Data obtained
fro m the HadISSTi.1 Global
Sea Surface Temperature
dataset ; UK Meteorological
Office, Hadley Centre.
h ig h sa lin itie s a c c o m p a n y h ig h te m p e r a tu r e s
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6.5 Area 2c - Mid-Atlantic Bight
THE H Y D R O G R A P H I C C O N D I T I O N S IN THE
W E S T E R N S L O P E SEA, TH E MI D - AT L A N T I C BI G HT ,
A N D THE GULF OF MAI NE D E P E N D U P O N THE
S U P P L Y O F WA T E R S F R O M T H E L A B R A D O R S E A,
BOTH A L O N G THE SHELF A N D A L O N G THE
C O N T I N E N T A L SL OP E . T H E S E WATERS HAVE BEEN
M O N I T O R E D BY M E A N S O F R E G U L A R E X P E N D A B L E
B A T H Y T H E R M O G R A P H ( RET) A N D S U R F A C E
SALINITY O BS E R VA T I O N S FROM COMME R C IA L
A N D F I S H I N G VESSELS S I NC E I 9 7 8 . O N E SECTI ON
R U N S B E T W E E N N E W J ERSEY A N D B E R M U D A A N D
THE O T H E R TRAVERSES THE GULF O F MAI NE
EAST O F B O S T O N . H Y D R O G R A P H I C C O N D I T I O N S
ARE A L S O M O N I T O R E D O N G E O R G E S B A N K .
U N F O R T U N A T E L Y , T H E XB T P R O G R A M M E
A L O N G T H E N E W J E RS E Y - B E RM U D A R O U T E W A S
I N T E R R U P T E D I N 2 0 0 6 , S O T H E R E IS N O T H I N G
T O R E P O R T F R O M T H I S L I N E . I N 2 0 0 J, T H E
P R O G R A M M E W A S B E E N R E - E S T A B L I S H E D , S O WE
s ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n fo r th e 1 9 7 8 -1 9 9 0 period.
It c a n b e s e e n t h a t m o s t a n o m a lie s s p a n th e
e n tire G u lf o f M a in e w h e n th e y occur. The
y e a r 2 0 0 6 w a s w a r m e r t h a n av erag e, a clear
c h a n g e fro m th e m o s tly co o ler p re v io u s
2.5 y e a rs. The G u lf o f M a in e h a s b e e n av erag e
to w a r m fo r th e p a s t t e n y e a rs. The b o tto m
te m p e r a tu r e s a lo n g th is se c tio n d e m o n s tra te
a s o m e w h a t d iffe re n t c h a ra c te r, w ith cooler
p e rio d s o c c u rrin g m u c h less f r e q u e n tly
o n ly in 1 9 9 8 /1 9 9 9 a n d 2 0 0 4 /2 0 0 5 . B ecause
th e b o tto m is r a th e r sh a llo w a t e a c h end,
th e s e re g io n s d e m o n s tra te so m e e v id e n c e
o f b e in g d e c o u p le d fro m th e in te rio r o f th e
G u lf o f M ain e. D u rin g 2 0 0 6 , a s tro n g w a rm
a n o m a ly s p a n n e d th e e n tire se ctio n . B ecause
th e b o tto m w a te r s a re o u t o f c o n ta c t w ith
th e a tm o s p h e re , w e m u s t a s s u m e t h a t th is
v a ria tio n o rig in a te s fro m th e c o n tin e n ta l
s h e lf a n d h a s b e e n a d v e c te d in to th e G ulf
o f M ain e.
ne
m
Figure 23. Area 2 c-M id Atlantic Bight. Upper panel
is a chart showing the area
fro m which expendable
bathythermograph (XBT)
observations are used to
construct the time-series.
Note the distance scale
east fro m the longitude
o f Boston. The 100 and
200 m isobaths are shown.
Sea surface temperature
(middlepanel) and bottom
temperature (lowerpanel)
east o f Boston as a fu n ction
o f tim e since ig j8 shown
as normalized anomalies
fo r the ig jS -ig g o period.
Courtesy J. Jossi, National
Marine Fisheries Service.
.uii.r i
26/27
__________
Id
JilUilMPWIrfiiMiii.
î l f ï m
m
M
n f i i i m
m
HM
S ú r t a t e T e i n ^ e - J L i L A r o i n j I'-j s , E i s L o f S - r n i j n
ui,-'«
■ F 'j i
,
■■
j-ti-Jr.-rffciL J « j P l + J r
ru a ti^ c rt -J1 n V
A N T I C I P A T E I N C L U D I N G A R E P O R T N E X T YEAR.
F ig u re 23 sh o w s th e a re a fro m w h ic h th e
te m p e r a tu r e in f o rm a tio n h a s b e e n co m p iled .
N o te th e d is ta n c e scale in k ilo m e tre s
e a s t o f B o sto n to w a rd s Y arm o u th , N ova
Scotia. F ig u re 23 sh o w s su rfa c e a n d b o tto m
te m p e r a tu r e s fro m XBTs ta k e n a lo n g th e lin e
sin ce th e s ta r t o f th e p ro g ra m m e in 1978. The
lo w e r p a n e ls s h o w a n o m a lie s n o rm a liz e d b y
The Georges Bank surface observations (0 -3 0 m)
all co m e fro m th e re g io n e n c lo se d b y th e
re d p o ly g o n in F ig u re 24. T he d e p th c o n to u rs
a re th e s a m e as b efo re, 100 a n d 2 0 0 m , w ith
a n a d d e d d a s h e d lin e a t 50 m d e p th . The
lo w e r p a n e ls in F ig u re 24 s h o w te m p e r a tu r e
a n d s a lin ity a n o m a lie s . T he a n o m a lie s a re
in o rig in a l u n its re la tiv e to th e m e a n for
t h e 1978-1987 p erio d . N o te th e c o n tin u e d
w a r m e r - th a n - n o r m a l te m p e ra tu re s ; th is is
q u ite c o n s is te n t w ith th e XBT v alu es.
W
B -ttai- TenipeiäUile
E¡n< c* Bd í Tíjh
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
Figure 24. Area 2c M id-Atlantic Bight.
Upper panel is a chart o f
the northwest portion o f
Georges Bank. The 60 and
200 m isobaths (solid)
and 60 m (dashed) are
shown. Lower panels show
time-series plots o f 0 -3 0 m
averaged temperature and
salinity a t Georges Bank.
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
6.6 Area 3 - Icelandic waters
I C E L A N D IS A T A MEETI N G PLACE O F W A R M A N D
C O L D C U R R E N T S . T H E S E C O N V E R G E IN A N AREA
O F S U B M A R I N E R I D G E S ( G RE E N LAN D - S C O T L A N D
R I D G E , R E Y K J A N E S R I D G E , KOLBEI N S E Y R I D G E ) ,
W H I C H FORM NATURAL BARRIERS A G A I N S T THE
4 "
MAIN OCEA N CURRENTS. THE WARM IRMINGER
C U R R E N T , W H I C H IS A B R A N C H O F T H E N O R T H
ATLANTIC C U R R E N T ( 6 - 8 ° C ) , FL OWS FROM
THE S O U T H , A N D THE C O L D EAST G R E E N L A N D
A N D E AS T I C E L A N D I C C U R R E N T S ( ~ 1° C T O 2° C)
FLOW FROM THE N O R T H . DEEP A N D BOTTOM
C U R R E N T S I N T H E S E A S A R O U N D I C E L A N D ARE
In 2 0 0 6 , m e a n a ir te m p e r a tu r e s in th e
s o u th (Reykjavik) a n d n o r th (A kureyri)
w e re ab o v e lo n g - te rm a v erag es. D u rin g th e
year, te m p e r a tu r e a n d s a lin ity s o u th a n d
w e s t o f Ice la n d re m a in e d h ig h . In s p rin g
a n d a u tu m n , so m e in flu e n c e o f s e a ice w a s
re fle c te d in th e n o r th e r n a r e a in th e lo w e s t
te m p e r a tu r e s fo r t e n y ears, a c c o m p a n ie d b y
lo w e r s a lin itie s. T he te m p e r a tu r e a n d s a lin ity
c o n d itio n s h a d c h a n g e d b a c k to v a lu e s ab o v e
lo n g - te rm m e a n s in F e b ru a ry 2007. S a lin ity
a n d te m p e r a tu r e m e a s u r e m e n ts in th e E ast
Icelan d ic C u rre n t in s p rin g 2 0 0 6 w e re ab o v e
av erag e.
PR I NCI PALLY T H E O V E R F L O W O F C O L D WA T E R
F R O M T H E N O R D I C S E A S A N D T H E AR CT I C
O CE A N OVER THE S U B M A R I N E RI DGES I NT O
T H E N O R T H ATLANTIC.
H Y D R O G R A P H IC C O N D I T I O N S I N I C E L A N D I C
W A T E R S ARE G E N E R A L L Y C L O S E L Y RE L A T E D T O
T H E A T M O S P H E R I C O R CLI MATI C C O N D I T I O N S
I N A N D O V E R T H E C O U N T R Y A N D TH E
S U R R O U N D I N G S E A S , M Al N LY TH R O U G H T H E
I CELAND LOW A N D THE H I G H PRESSURE OVER
G R E E N L A N D . T H ES E C O N D I T I O N S IN THE
28/29
A T M O S P H E R E A N D THE S U R R O U N D I N G SEAS
AFFECT BI OLOGI CAL C O N D I T I O N S , EXPRESSED
T H R O U G H T H E F O O D C H A I N IN T H E WAT E R S ,
INC LU D IN G RECRUITMENT A N D AB U N D A N C E
i l- h n jf c - i
•• i l i i I . I l -i
• h . r j-L
b u k li
\ \ \
U r I II ?
¡1PI
r P.
OF CO M ME RC I AL FISH STOCKS
h! i | i r l .r - ! h ¡ o s L l i r u l , 9 J 1 B
-
V J lh l'i Nr-.-Tia
Figure 25. Area 3 Icelandic waters.
Main currents and location
o f standard hydrobiolog ical
sections in Icelandic waters.
■
J vr-
► V o lu n ta ry o b s e r v in g s h ip s
F x -9
Many o f the data presented here are collected from commercial vessels th at voluntarily make ocean m e a su re m e n ts along their
journeys. The results from monthly sa m pling o f surface and bottom tem p e ra tu res for nearly three d e ca d es reveal the power o f
systematic or repeat sam pling from m erchant marine vessels. A n u m b e r o f vessels are now operating a utom a te d syste m s to
sa m ple tem p e ra tu re and salinity while under way. The key to su ccess with th ese is to ensure th at the data becom e available as
so o n as the vessel m akes a port call. There is a pre ssing need for m erchant marine-optimized tech niqu es to track and report
data from the oc ean in a timely fashion.
I Sb-5
The section east o f Boston has d e pende d upon observations from various vessels, including th o se from Eimskipafelag,
Caribou Seafoods, the US Coast Guard, and H ans Speck and Son. Their cooperation is greatly appreciated.
15'
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
ELB
Figure 26. Area 3 Icelandic waters.
M ean annual air
tem perature a t Reykjavik
(upperpanel) and
Akureyri (lowerpanel).
*Kl£
H r^ iU C h u
Figure 28. Area 3 Icelandic waters.
Temperature (upperpanel)
and salinity (lowerpanel)
between o and 200 m at
Station Sbs in South
Icelandic waters.
KBBJ
Bi
d*
ft
Pi
74
?3
Pi
KB
Ekéu h u i *J*r 11*: -
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ii i*
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34 iG
30/31
Figure 27. Area 3 Icelandic waters.
Temperature (upperpanel)
and salinity (lowerpanel)
a t 5 0 - 1 5 0 m depth at
Stations SÍ2-4 in North
Icelandic waters.
T t iifv a r tfH
-------- <-■: y
44
f
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ISvu
MW
Figure 2g. Area 3 Icelandic waters.
Temperature (upperpanel)
and salinity (lowerpanel)
between o and 50 m in
the East Icelandic Current
(Station Lna2-6).
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
6.7 Area 4 - Bay of Biscay and
eastern Atlantic
T H E BAY O F BI S C A Y IS L O C A T E D I N T H E E A S T E R N
PART O F T H E N O R T H A T L A N T I C . ITS G E N E R A L
CI RCULATI ON FOLLOWS THE SUBTROP ICAL
A N T I CYC LO N IC GYRE A N D IS RELATI VELY WE A K
( 1 - 2 C M S ' ) . I N T H E S O U T H E R N PART O F T H E
BAY O F B I S C AY , E A S T - F L O W I N G S H E L F A N D
S L O P E C U R R E N T S ARE C O M M O N IN A U T U M N A N D
W I N T E R A S A R E S U L T O F WE S T E R L Y W I N D S . IN
S P R I N G A N D S U M M E R , EAS TE RL Y W I N D S ARE
D O M I N A N T , A N D COASTAL U P WE L L I NG EVENTS
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
B e tw e e n 1998 a n d 2001, fre s h e n in g w a s
o b se rv e d in th e w a te r fro m o to 3 0 0 m.
In 2002, th is tr e n d w a s re v e rse d d u rin g
a p erio d o f th e ep iso d ic Ib e ria n P o lew ard
C u rre n t. F rom 2003 to 2 0 0 6 , a n in c re a se in
s a lin ity w a s o b se rv e d in th e u p p e r 3 0 0 m .
T he s a lin ity is re la te d to b o th a tm o s p h e ric
fo rc in g in th e f o r m a tio n a re a o f th e ENACW
(p re c ip ita tio n a n d e v a p o ra tio n ) a n d th e
Ib e ria n P o lew ard C u rren t. T he m a rk e d
in c re a se in s a lin ity in th e ENACW in 2005
a n d 2 0 0 6 is also o b se rv e d b e tw e e n 3 0 0 m
a n d 6 0 0 m.
I J u u l i - .. .k .
k /tl-U
¡U f-j-ia M J u . V i . i i - i j l-Y**-.!
H*c H 1 ■«
, H I Ä £ * p . tfl ■
4b
rm t \
.'IP B.
F ig u re 30. Area 4 Bay o f Biscay and eastern
Atlantic. Sea surface
temperature (upperpanel)
and air temperature (lower
panel) a t San Sebastian
(43 °i8 .fN 02 °2.37'W).
HD
■■ i . h
IW
i
IvV i
h
> • I- -
-
I HUI
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-
.................................................
I E-7ÏI
!M &
'BQB
O T tt
V rw
ARE F R E Q U E N T .
IM * l ^ n i k r W ! I K l I îïW î
i
*tfw "
Kr K I
! K 1=^ H ip -ii ‘l i b r a ( i i n i r
I S O - ...................................................................................
■ ■
The a n n u a l m e a n a ir te m p e r a tu r e in th e
s o u th e r n Bay o f Biscay d u rin g 2 0 0 6 h a s
e x c e e d e d i5.5°C, m o re t h a n i°C o v e r th e
1 9 6 1 -2 0 0 0 a v erag e, m a k in g 2 0 0 6 o n e o f th e
w a r m e s t y e a rs o f th e p a s t th r e e d ec ad e s. As
in re c e n t y ears, h o w ev er, th e a n n u a l a v e ra g e
d isg u ise s u n u s u a lly cold w in te r s a n d w a rm
s u m m e rs . In fact, fo r 2 0 0 6 , e a rly w in te r w a s
e sp e c ia lly cold w h ile Ju ly w a s e x tre m e ly
w a rm . A sim ila r p a tte r n w a s s e e n in th e
se a su rfa c e te m p e r a tu r e ; th e a v e ra g e v a lu e
fo r 2 0 0 6 is th e h ig h e s t o f th e tim e -se rie s
(i7 4 3 °C).
3 2 /3 3
THE A N N U A L AVERAGE DI S GUI S ES U NUS UALL Y COLD WI NTERS A N D WARM S U MME R S
In 2 0 0 6 , a cold w in te r a n d w a r m s u m m e r
a n d a u tu m n p ro d u c e d a h ig h s e a su rfa c e
te m p e ra tu re , b u t in th e s u b s u rfa c e w a te r
c o lu m n ( 0 - 3 0 0 m), th e cold, d eep , w in te r
m ix e d la y e r fro m th e p re v io u s y e a rs
re m a in e d . The d e e p e n in g o f th e m ix e d lay er
t h a t w a s th e m a in fe a tu re d u rin g 2005
o c c u rre d a g a in in 2 0 0 6 . T he cold se a su rfa c e
te m p e r a tu r e a n d s tro n g w in d s c o m b in e d
w ith th e lo w s tra tific a tio n fro m th e p re v io u s
y e a r to p ro d u c e a n e w ly v e n tila te d m ix e d
la y e r 3 0 0 m d eep . This e v e n t effectiv ely
re v e rse d th e re c e n t w a r m in g tr e n d o f th e
u p p e r lay ers o f th e E a ste rn N o rth A tla n tic
C en tral W a te r (ENACW). M oreover, re lativ e ly
lo w p re c ip ita tio n a n d riv er ru n -o ff k e p t
th e s a lin ity h ig h in th e w a te r s b e lo w th e
se a s o n a l th e rm o c lin e .
Figure 31. Area 4 Bay o f Biscay and eastern
Atlantic. Potential
temperature (upperpanel)
and salinity (lowerpanel)
a t Santander Station 6
(5-300 m).
il A
D u l ^ i h r ILE! - Ia u c u e -I j j b A jI d f ¡Chcj» | i jCu - !Y?wii4i U w u r ¡ s T th n K y n g + f
Kil lí l >
K I h H r p -n i w ï h m ■. ' i t u h -
14 e*
» W
i ■1
l i *5
IWÈ
i, . i t
11 r. -.
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
Figure 32. Area 4 Bay o f Biscay and eastern
Atlantic. M onthly potential
tem perature a t Santander
Station 6 (5-300 m).
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
Figure 33. Area 5 Rockall Trough.
Temperature (upperpanel)
and salinity (lowerpanel)
fo r the upper ocean
(0 -8 0 0 m).
D il i r > .i i J .i H U - Lm i i s -j I
J . ''k i j ■d¡ J i ■- b f u i n i i l-tiiia ji -a' O rsi.■ ■ diutri
S c! : K E S l H O f r C E ï ù k - c I ■■ O n u C F n * j f l b
24 D
I ^ T ü ii r
320
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Uii H UJSntfl. K feSBqnri
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6.8 Area 5 - Rockall Trough
T H E R OCKAL L T R O U G H IS S I T U A T E D W E S T O F
B R I T A I N A N D I R E L A N D , A N D IS S E P A R A T E D
F R O M T H E I C E L A N D B A S I N BY T H E H A T T O N A N D
ROCKAL L B A N K S , A N D F R O M T H E N O R D I C S E A S
BY T H E S H A L L O W ( 5 O O M) WYVI L L E - T H O M S O N
e d g e c u rre n t (at 9°W) h a d p e rs is te n tly h ig h
sa lin itie s. T e m p e ra tu re s o n ce a g a in re a c h e d
reco rd levels, th o u g h m o s t o f th e a d d itio n a l
w a r m in g sin ce 2005 w a s c o n fin e d to th e
u p p e r 4 0 0 m . U p p e r o c e a n te m p e r a tu r e s
( 0 - 8 0 0 m ) w e re o.8°C a n d s a lin ity 0 .0 4
a b o v e th e lo n g -te rm m e a n (1975-2000).
3 4 /3 5
R I D G E . IT A L L O W S W A R M N O R T H A T L A N T I C U P P E R
W A T E R T O RE A C H T H E N O R W E G I A N S E A, W H E R E
Figure 34. Area 5 Rockall Trough.
Temperature (upperpanel)
and salinity (lowerpanel)
o f Labrador Sea Water
(depth 1800-2000 m).
WARM A N D SALI NE C O N D I T I O N S
IT IS C O N V E R T E D I N T O C O L D , D E N S E O V E R F L O W
W A T E R AS PART O F T H E T H E R M O H A L I N E
PERSISTED
O V E R T U R N I N G I N TH E N O R T H A T L A N T I C . T H E
U P P E R WA T E R C O L U M N IS C H A R A C T E R I Z E D BY
P O L E W A R D S - M O V I N G EASTERN N O R T H ATLANTIC
WA T E R , W H I C H IS W A R M E R A N D S ALTI E R T H A N
WATERS OF T HE I CE LAN D B A S I N ( THAT AL S O
C O NT R I BU T E TO THE N O R D I C SEA I N F L O W ) .
T H I S A L S O C O N T R I B U T E S T O T H E N O R D I C SEA
I N F L O W . B E L O W 1200 M, T H E I N T E R M E D I A T E
WA T E R M A S S , T H E L A B R A D O R S E A WA T E R , IS
T R A P P E D BY T H E S H A L L O W I N G T O P O G R A P H Y T O
THE N O R T H , W H I C H P REVENTS TH R O U G H - F L O W ,
BUT ALLOWS RECIRCULATION W I T H I N THE BASI N.
In 2 0 0 6 , th e w a r m a n d s a lin e c o n d itio n s
p e rs is te d in th e u p p e r o c e a n o f th e Rockall
T rough, th o u g h s a lin ity h a s b e e n d e c re a s in g
sin ce a p e a k in 2003. The n o ta b le d e c re a se
in m e a n s a lin ity in 2 0 0 6 w a s c a u se d b y
th e p re s e n c e o f fre s h e r w a te r b e tw e e n th e
A n to n D o h rn S e a m o u n t (n°W ) a n d th e
Rockall B an k (i3°W); h o w e v e r, th e s h e lf
The tim e -s e rie s o f su rfa c e o b se rv a tio n s a t
th e M a lin H e a d c o a sta l s ta tio n (th e m o s t
n o rth e rly p o in t o f Irelan d ) d e m o n s tra te a
sim ila r p a tte r n in th e u p p e r la y e r o p e n o ce a n
m e a s u re m e n ts . The c o a sta l s ta tio n is in s h o re
o f c o a sta l c u rre n ts a n d in flu e n c e d b y ru n -o ff.
Since th e la te 1980s, te m p e r a tu r e s h a v e b e e n
in c re a sin g , w ith th e m id -2 0 0 0 s b e in g th e
h ig h e s t re c o rd e d sin ce th e reco rd s b e g a n in
i9 6 0 . The s e a s o n a l cycle o n th e Irish S h elf is
illu s tra te d b y d a ta fro m th e M i w e a th e r b u o y
w e s t o f G alw ay.
The core o f th e d e e p L ab rad o r Sea W a te r
d e m o n s tra te d c o n tin u e d cooling, a tr e n d
th a t h a s d o m in a te d th e e n tire tim e -se rie s.
The s a lin ity in 2 0 0 6 w a s lo w e r t h a n t h a t in
2005, a n d th e lo n g -te rm fre s h e n in g tr e n d
h a s c o n tin u e d . The core o f th e w a te r m a s s is
d e fin e d h e re as th e p a r t o f th e w a te r c o lu m n
w ith th e lo w e st stra tific a tio n .
B rl
IS®
TOS-
1HQ
139S
ll I V iS s i" ■ l l T S
2™
. A I k r i a Í Y ra sa l. Ï I
sm
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
¡kit. fnfca&f Hrf-wt t
Figure 35. Area 5 Rockall Trough.
Temperature a t th e Malin
Head coastal station
(55-39°N 738°W).
Uri Fn-«r« 1-4«i frf KaBQffifc ITSÍ»f« 1 e*CWwÍV-» ¡SW*
F rom 1600 to 2 0 0 0 dbar, a cold a n d low s a lin ity core w a s o b se rv e d in th e Irm in g e r
Sea d u rin g th e e a rly 1990s. This w a s th e
re s u lt o f th e p re s e n c e o f d e e p L abrador Sea
W a te r fo rm e d in th e p erio d 1988-1995. Since
s u m m e r 1996, th is L abrador Sea W a te r core
h a s b e e n in c re a s in g in te m p e r a tu r e a n d
sa lin ity as it m ix e s w ith s u r ro u n d in g w a te r
m a s se s. The s a lin ity in c re a se lev elled o ff in
2002 a n d r e m a in e d c o n s ta n t u n til 2005; it
in c re a se d a g a in in 2 0 0 6 to th e h ig h e s t v a lu e
o b se rv e d sin ce 1991.
► U n d e r s ta n d in g p a tte r n s o fv a r ia b ility
i d -- f t i ■ 11F K- in - r I- 1
« d ICESOBÏI ICES'3™ I ( I n . * HKft
O iV i
Figure¡6. Area 5 Rockall Trough. M onthly
temperature (¡eftpanel)
and salinity (rightpanel)
at the Mi weather buoy
west o f Galway Ireland.
The ocean at any one location varies on many tim escales from hours and days, to decades, centuries and millennia. In this
report, we aim to identify variations on a tim escale o f m o n th s to decades, so when we interpret time-series that sam ple the
ocean only a few tim e s per year, o r even once per year, we need to understand how the shorter tim escales or higher frequency
chan ge s might affect the results. A good example is the apparently erratic behaviour o f the annual time-series from deep water
in the Irminger Sea. A new set o f daily m e a su re m e n ts with a m oored se n so r system over three years (2 00 3 -2 0 0 6 ) reveals that
the erratic annual time-series is, in fact, a poor re presentation o f variability within each year. This is known as “aliasing" and is
a significant problem in interpreting long-term changes.
M .T
U fl
M um
11 . 0
f
M azlin i D rm jlnw
M n Mm
/
IEÚ
//
/
MD
13«
l í«
A
¡fr
11 «
//
*■
35. u
\V
V
\ \
\
3 S.5
354
J5 Í
35.1
I««
V b m h M 2 » t-3 V /S
J
-
M
A
V*Y A I
3S 3
V
1
9«
U
j
J
The s a lin ity a n d p o te n tia l te m p e r a tu r e o f th e
D e n m a rk S tra it O verflow W a te r (DSOW) n e a r
C ape F arew ell d e m o n s tra te c o n sid e ra b le
w e ll-c o rre la te d in te r a n n u a l v a ria tio n s
b e tw e e n 1991 a n d 2 0 0 6 (c o rre la tio n = 0.7).
The lo n g -te rm tr e n d s o f sa lin ity a n d
te m p e r a tu r e sin ce 1991 a re h a rd ly s ig n ific a n t
(te m p e ra tu re ) or n o t sig n ific a n t (salinity).
The lo n g -te rm s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s of
te m p e r a tu r e a n d s a lin ity a re o.i5°C a n d
0.014, respectively. The h ig h e s t DSOW
te m p e r a tu r e sin ce 1991 w a s o b se rv e d in
2 0 0 6 a n d th e se c o n d h ig h e s t in 1991.
A
S
i
J
W
D
Figure 37. Area 5b Irminger Sea. Temperature
(upperpanel) and salinity
(lower panel) o f Subpolar
M ode Water (averaged
over 2 0 0 -4 0 0 m).
■
H w
M ö è Sj JHéï).
S lin iH ií Dei u ln ri
—
^ lih M
,
i ii
33 a
F
U
A
U
J
J
A
3
□
H
O
il.w b
M l
fc-J
*
. ---- «-----,---- . ---- . ---- t-----I---- . ---- «----
EUb h i l l i n ’ a'l-■■!
■-----■-----
S ^ J W lu L UkOUi Vi'rri I h l ^ J i t JH /fV
■---- k-----“
~WTÎi
i~l
---- “---- “-----“
lijj«
---- ■-----
■-----------■
i.-ri U i H ru 'a i H
Sl'fc y ï l l T 1. 1 1 1 S flLI|'a a l l A f f e d U L i a l u t i ¡1 'I ■■
6.9 Area 5b - Irminger Sea
T H E I R M I N G E R S E A IS T H E O C E A N
BETWEEN S O U T H E R N
BASIN
G R E E N L A N D , THE
REYKJANES RI DGE , A N D
ICELAND. THIS
AREA F O R M S PART O F T H E
NO RT H ATLANTIC
S U B A R C T I C A N T I C Y C L O N IC G Y R E . B E C A U S E O F
T H I S GYRE, T H E E X C H A N G E O F WAT ER B ETW EEN
THE IRM IN GE R SEA A N D
LA B R A D O R SEA
IS R E L A T I V E L Y F A S T . I N T H E B O T T O M
LAYERS O F
THE IRM IN GE R SEA COLD WATER, O RIG IN A T IN G
IN T HE
(SUB)ARCTIC SEAS FLOWS FROM THE
D E N M A R K STRAIT S O U T H W A R D S O VE R THE
C O N T IN E N T A L SLOPE OF G R E EN LA N D .
T he S u b p o la r M o d e W a te r in th e c e n tre o f
t h e Irm in g e r Sea, in th e p re s s u re in te rv a l
2 0 0 - 4 0 0 d b ar, re a c h e d its h ig h e s t
te m p e r a tu r e a n d s a lin ity sin c e 1991 in 2004.
Since t h e n a slig h t co o lin g a n d fr e s h e n in g
h a s o ccu rred . A lth o u g h c o n v e c tio n t h a t
re a c h e d d e p th s o f m o re t h a n 6 0 0 m in th e
fo llo w in g w in te r s re d u c e d te m p e r a tu r e
a n d s a lin ity slig h tly th e v a lu e s o f th e s e
p a ra m e te r s fo r th e S u b p o la r M o d e W a te r in
s u m m e r 2005 w e re still c o n sid e ra b ly h ig h e r
t h a n th o s e o b se rv e d b e fo re 1998. Thus, th e
t r e n d o f in c re a s in g te m p e r a tu r e a n d s a lin ity
t h a t s ta r te d in 1995/1996 se e m s to h a v e
c o n tin u e d d u rin g 2 0 0 6 .
3i W ,
^
I M
ƒ
\
3413.
341Í
A
u til
/
/
\
\
j
n j K'
3J.JL'
3J «
/
"
^11
:h
m
'
■p.o
iw i
'
a sa
rt»
ÏM
HI GHE S T DEN MAR K STRAIT OVERFLOW WATER TEMPERATURE WAS OBSERVED IN 2006
36/37
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
Figure 38. Area 3b Irminger Sea. Temperature
(upperpanel) and salinity
(lower panel) o f Labrador
Sea Water (averaged over
1600-2000 m).
6.10 Area 6 - Faroe Bank
Channel and Faroe Current
ONE
BRANCH
OF THE NO R T H ATLANTIC CURRENT
C R O S S E S T H E C RE E N L A N D - S C O T L A N D R I D G E
ON
BOTH SIDES OF THE FAROES
THROUGH
NORTH
tMiKmntvr k.r|4Jlv.Hv!
^i-i
Húi E T S a U T i , PCT A K ú p i-n - n i V . j r i I . i v k
iXtr
¿p ^ A n W i
! ■’M-*k r w l
(TO T H E S O U T H
T H E FAROE B A N K C H A N N E L , TO THE
IN T HE FAROE C U R R E N T ) .
Since 1988, te m p e r a tu r e a n d s a lin ity o f th e
u p p e r w a te rs h a v e b e e n s te a d ily in c re a sin g .
V alues w e re slig h tly d o w n fro m 2004, b u t
re m a in e d h ig h e r t h a n th e av e ra g e v a lu e fo r
th e tim e -se rie s.
-a i
H-UQ
BA
Figure 40. Area 6 -Faroe
Bank Channel. Temperature
(upperpanel) and salinity
(lowerpanel) fro m the layer
100-300 m deep a t two
standard stations
in the channel.
M i*«
■fill-
=¡JÍ*
BÍS** -itÎ WD
n0
:i
38/39
«
El*
Figure 39. Area 3b Irminger Sea. Temperature
(upperpanel) and salinity
(lower panel) o f Denmark
Strait Overflow Water on
the East Greenland Slope.
1 -4 1—
54 hW
11
1l r
45-30
11
1D
35- »
au
31»
DUÚï
Cu. h.-.-ir fcr,J
P r i K t i í U P ’ p»
!4 * U k iid U V ..» iU ln « iJ n ;n
SA.1UI. i.i.dfa I.V1» ËnnhK
L im i: ¿ J »
M «
V-rar
W S. W
■ -.- ..r
i ...................
.- ..y ,,
u i
M Ihi.h i ' -
..............................
2- sr ■hvp .pBv J P u
..'in
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
ICES Cooperative R esearch R eport No. 28g
Figure41. Area 6 -Faroe
Bank Channel. Temperature
(upper panel) and salinity
(lowerpanel) in the core o f
the Faroe Current (maxi­
m u m salinity averaged over
a layer so m in depth.
6.11 Area 7 - Faroe Shetland
Channel
THE C O N T IN E N T A L SLOPE CUR RE NT FLOWS
ALONG THE EDGE OF THE
NORTHWEST
EUROPEAN SHELF, ORIGINATING
SOUTHERN
ROCKALL T R O U G H .
IN T H E
IT C A R R I E S W A R M ,
SALI N E A T L A N T I C W A T E R I N T O T H E F A R O E
SHETLAND CH ANNEL. A PROPORTION OF THIS
ATLANTIC WATER CRO SSE S O N T O THE SHELF
I TSELF A N D
■l J I'l 111Ml 1 f i l l
■m i h i ■■
IriA rnr, I x h ■ J ..- ,
I,
Erl 111-
I I I « . H .-,. .1 M il L r . i I I . . . .
ilif ,
E N T E R S T H E N O R T H S E A , W H E R E IT IS
DILUTED WITH COASTAL WATER A N D EVENTUALLY
LEAVES T H A T A R E A IN T H E N O R W E G I A N C O A S T A L
CURRENT. THE R E M A IN DE R ENTERS THE
N O R W E G IA N SEA TO BECOME TH E N O R W E G IA N
ATLANT IC C U R R E N T . C O O L E R , LESS S AL IN E
ATLANT IC WATER A L S O E NT ER S THE FAROE
?+
S H E T L A N D C H A N N E L FR OM THE N O R T H , AFTER
•r.
CIRCULATING A R O U N D THE FAROE ISLANDS. THIS
i t LÜ
S E C O N D B RANC H O F ATLANTIC WATER JOINS THE
WATERS O R IG IN A T IN G
» s o
IN T H E S L O P E C U R R E N T
A N D ALSO ENTERS THE N O R W E G IA N
SEA.
Sir*
PH
Figure 42: Area 6 Faroe Bank Channel.
M onthly temperature data
fro m the Faroe coastal
stations Mykines (igi4~ig6g,
6g.io°N7.66°W) and
Oyrargjogv (iggi onwards,
62.12 °N 7.17°W).
SlnM I'll- 'ill ■' P r. i i j ■ I -j L ■ i. i 'j i'i a l - I J l . r - I
f e l '. IL liik S J J " 1! l l 'I . S H r p ' “ - '3 I Ä o n C f l ■ ■ t r Ï P Î !
I n tii.-' I J i H i r i
T he su rfa c e w a te r s o f t h e F aroe S h e tla n d
C h a n n e l h a v e g e n e ra lly in c re a s e d in
te m p e r a tu r e a n d s a lin ity o v e r th e p a s t tw o
d ecad es, w ith reco rd h ig h te m p e r a tu r e s
o b se rv e d in 2003. B oth te m p e r a tu r e a n d
s a lin ity h a v e d e c lin e d slig h tly sin c e 2003.
A lth o u g h s a lin ity v a lu e s w e re h ig h in 2003,
th e y h a v e b e e n a t th is lev el in t h e p a st.
40/41
■i o
■*
In th e d e e p e r layers, th e p ro p e rtie s a t 8 0 0 m
a re th e s a m e as th o s e o f N o rw e g ia n Sea
D eep W a te r a s it p a s s e s th r o u g h th e c h a n n e l
b a c k in to t h e N o rth A tla n tic . T he s a lin ity a t
8 0 0 m h a s r e m a in e d re la tiv e ly s ta b le sin ce
t h e e a rly 1990s, a fte r a p e rio d o f d eclin e. The
te m p e r a tu r e h a s in c re a s e d slig h tly sin ce
2 0 0 0 , b u t is still lo w e r t h a n te m p e r a tu r e s
o b se rv e d d u rin g t h e 1960s.
!!■?► f c i n j v r iTii'.-
m
S Li n i i i d f c V r n t - . m
S l a v V im
»»
/ /
JFy .
7D
h x
/ /
^ ^ 7
TEMPERATURE A N D SALINITY HAVE
DECLI NED SLIGHTLY SI NCE 2O O 3
b&
ES
A t t ie / i n j H t i m f ' I f ¡ 4
4-a
j
f-
m
/•
t.1 j
j
Uva*
a
Ü
o
i* ^ --
n
ij
► Since 1970, the sam pling frequency in the Faroe Shetland Channel has increased and, over that period, a decadal scale cycle o f
tem p e ra tu re and salinity has em erged in the properties o f the Atlantic Water, th o u g h t to be related to wider scale chan ge s in
a tm o sph eric and oceanic circulation. This pattern is not so clear in th e Modified North Atlantic Water, which travels into the
Faroe Shetland Channel from around the north o f Faroe.
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
Figure 43. Area 7 Faroe Shetland Channel
Temperature anom aly
(upperpanel) and salinity
anom aly (lowerpanel) in
the Atlantic Water in the
Slope Current
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
20
Figure 45. Area 7 Faroe Shetland Channel.
Temperature (upperpanel)
and salinity (lowerpanel)
a t 800 m in the Faroe
Shetland Channel.
I &
I Ù
01
□0
-06
-I Û
*15
-30
liM tilfe -i L ki I R n
I . JwTh -
Vi -ii «.r-
H tm l* « !
LK
H .i i n
-h S S T I-k H
\J. R i p ^ n
C H m ü S f lf ',
l» - a IV rn iV - P l f i ■ P H J tc n n I
Ö Ä I -----------------------------------!---------------------------------------------------------------S--------P-------- ¡-----------------------------------------------------1-------- I---------------
3* «
:
h
k
b V i> « -n - ^ H n i n - I h
■
.
P H II I ïf K J T k . P rV it-r ^ w l
. .
i Ii m
t
S i« !
U M j.
3* «
JA»
4 2 /4 3
6.12 Areas 8 and 9 - northern
and southern North Sea
Figure 44. Area 7 Faroe Shetland Channel.
Temperature anom aly
(upperpanel) and salinity
anom aly (lowerpanel)
in the M odified Atlantic
Water entering the Faroe
Shetland Channelfro m
the north after circulating
around Faroe.
N O RT H SEA O C E A N O G R A P H I C C O N D I T I O N S
ARE D E T E R M I N E D BY T H E I N F L O W O F S A L I N E
A T L A N T I C W A T E R A N D T H E O C E A N —A T M O S P H E R E
HEAT EXCH ANG E. THE INFL O W T H R O U G H THE
NORTHERN
ENTRANCES
( A N D , TO A LESSER
DEGREE, T H R O U G H THE E NGLISH C H A N N E L )
-06
C A N BE S T R O N G L Y I N F L U E N C E D BY T H E N A O .
NUM ERICAL M O D E L SIM U L A T IO N S ALSO
-I P
DEMONSTRATE STRONG
-I 6
D IF F E R E N C E S IN THE
N O RT H SEA CIRCULATION, D E P E N D I N G O N THE
Oh
i w i J r r PITS ■ P i^ h c n n V K v t b i m r r i
^ ^ n k n -lP i
P H N 'l
P
iv lk ffli W
m ét
S n-
STATE O F T H E N A O . T H E A T L A N T I C W A T E R M I X E S
G»
W I T H T H E RIVER R U N - O F F A N D
LOWER SALINITY
0 45
BALTIC O U T F L O W A L O N G T H E N O R W E G I A N
0 lú
COAST. A BALANCE OF TIDAL M IXING A N D
HEATING
LOCAL
FORCES THE DE VE L OPM EN T OF A
■DCS.
S EA SO N A L STRATIFICATION
0 «
FROM APRIL/M AY TO
D u rin g th e first tw o m o n th s o f 2006, th e
m e a n se a su rfa c e te m p e r a tu r e s in th e
N o rth Sea clea rly e x c e e d e d th e lo n g -te rm
m e a n (0 .7 -0 .8°C), b e c a u se o f th e w a rm
te m p e r a tu r e s in a u tu m n 2005. B e tw e e n
M arch a n d Ju n e th e v a lu e s w e re c o m p a ra b le
w ith th e clim a to lo g ic a l m e a n s (1971-1993).
F rom July o n w a rd s, th e s e a su rfa c e
te m p e r a tu r e s e x c e e d e d th e clim ato lo g ical
m e a n s ig n ific a n tly w ith O c to b er a n d
D e c e m b e r (2.4 a n d i.7°C ab o v e th e lo n g ­
te r m m e a n ) b e in g th e w a r m e s t sin ce th e
b e g in n in g o f th e s e o b se rv a tio n s in 1971.
The A u g u s t su rfa c e te m p e r a tu r e s alo n g
th e e a s te r n c o a st o f th e N o rth Sea w e re
a p p ro x im a te ly 3°C h ig h e r t h a n in 2005, a n d
a lo n g th e o p e n n o r th e r n b o u n d a ry a lo n g
6o°N th e y w e re a p p ro x im a te ly i°C h ig h e r
t h a n in 2005.
S E P T E M B E R IN M O S T PARTS O F T H E N O R T H SEA.
- Ol Ö- o ia ■
-0ÍP ■
i*Q
i»™
19»
i
M«]
A re a -a v e ra g e d se a su rfa c e te m p e r a tu r e s o f
th e N o rth Sea hav e b e e n in c re a sin g since Ju n e
2001. The v eg eta tio n period (prim ary production)
w a s m u c h lo n g e r t h a n u s u a l in 2006.
The H e lg o la n d R oads s ta n d a r d s ta tio n
d e m o n s tra te s th a t, sin ce th e cold w in te r
o f 1996, s e a su rfa c e te m p e r a tu r e h a s b e e n
ab o v e th e 3 0 -y ear m e a n (1971-2000), w ith
p o sitiv e a n o m a lie s o f o.5-i.o°C . In 2006,
M arch a n d A pril re v e a le d n e g a tiv e a n o m a lie s
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
u p to —i°C, b u t p o sitiv e a n o m a lie s e x c e e d e d
i°C c o n tin u o u s ly fro m Ju n e to D ecem b er,
w ith m a x im u m a n o m a lie s o f 2r¡°C in O cto b er
a n d 2.3°C in D ecem b er.
THE VEGETATI ON PERI OD ( PRIMARY
P R O D U C T I O N ) WAS MU CH LONGER
T HA N US UAL
The se a su rfa c e s a lin ity p a tte r n in 2 0 0 6
w a s c o m p a ra b le w ith t h a t in 2005, b u t th e
3 5 -iso h alin e p e n e tr a te d f a r th e r s o u th in to
th e c e n tra l N o rth Sea, co v e rin g a la rg e r area.
The 3 4-iso h alin e, w h ic h m a rk s th e b o u n d a ry
b e tw e e n th e s a lin e N o rth S ea w a te r a n d th e
less sa lin e w a te r m o d ified b y th e B altic a n d
riv er o u tflo w s, w a s clo ser to th e c o a st th a n it
w a s in 2005. N e a r th e b o tto m , th e s o u th e rn
N o rth Sea w a s fre s h e r th a n in th e p re c e d in g
y ear; th e to ta l N o rth Sea sa lt c o n te n t
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
T e m p e ra tu re a n d s a lin ity a t tw o p o sitio n s in
t h e n o r th e r n N o rth Sea illu s tra te c o n d itio n s
in th e A tla n tic in flo w (Figure 47). The first
(L ocation A) is a t th e n e a r b o tto m in th e
n o r th w e s te r n p a r t o f th e N o rth Sea, a n d
t h e se c o n d (Location B) is in th e core o f th e
A tla n tic W a te r a t th e w e s te r n s h e lf e d g e o f
t h e N o rw e g ia n T ren ch . T he m e a s u re m e n ts
w e re c a rrie d o u t d u rin g s u m m e r a n d
re p r e s e n t th e p re v io u s w in te r ’s co n d itio n s.
T he a v e ra g e te m p e r a tu r e a t L ocation A w a s
1—2°C lo w e r t h a n t h a t a t L ocation B, a n d
t h e s a lin ity w a s also slig h tly lo w er. In b o th
p laces, th e r e w e re h ig h te m p e r a tu r e s a n d
sa lin itie s in 2005. This w a s th e re s u lt o f th e
h ig h s a lin ity o f th e in flo w in g A tla n tic W a te r
a n d th e effect o f a m ild w in te r (th o u g h th e
re la tiv e ly cold w in te r a n d sp rin g o f 2005 led
to less e x tre m e te m p e r a tu r e s in th e d e e p
lay ers t h a n in 2004).
d e c re a s e d fro m 1.153 ~1012 to n n e s in A u g u st
2005 to 1.138 - i o 12to n n e s in A u g u s t 2 0 0 6 .
In 2005 a n d 2 0 06 , ru n -o ff fro m th e rivers
Elbe a n d W e se r w e re close to th e lo n g -te rm
m e a n a fte r a m in im u m ru n -o ff in 2004.
T h ere w a s a n e x tre m e Elbe ru n -o ff in A pril
2 0 0 6 , h o w ev er, c a u se d b y e x tra o rd in a ry
s n o w fa ll in th e w in te r o f 2 0 0 5 /2 0 0 6 .
^
In the Skagerrak, in addition to overall increased tem perature, the length o f the w arm seaso n has increased significantly
over the last few years (conditions in the Skagerrak are th o u g h t to be representative o f conditions thro u g h o u t the North
Sea). This is unlike m o st o f the past 45 years, thou gh similar c onditions were observed around 1990. The result is th at cold
water, previously observed during large parts o f the year, has now been abse n t for several years. Together with the high
tem p e ra tures, this will have significant effects on ecosystem dynamics in th e North Sea and the Skagerrak.
Figure 46. Area 8 Northern North Sea.
Modelled annual mean
(bold) and m onthly mean
volum e transport o f
Atlantic Water into the
northern and central North
Sea, southwards between
the Orkney Islands and
Utsira, Norway
Figure 47. Area 8 Northern North Sea.
Temperature (upperpanel)
and salinity (lowerpanel)
near the seabed in the
northwestern pa rt o f the
North Sea (Location A) and
in the core o f Atlantic Water
a t the western sh e lf edge
o f the Norwegian Trench
(Location B) during the
sum mers o f 1975-2006.
um
C h u F h if e k i l*IH ■ I i i i i « iT SLi i i k
■ ■ ■ ! ■ ■
SSJfii
■
j
■
( h i M'd’H S r T j. i n . l I r p - n
■ ■ |^ j ■ ■ ■ ■
1
> *v
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ajjfi
A
rid nue J ' "
.
1
.
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1' *
41
4
(11.34
1
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/ ,
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U JO
M
■
a
y
t
.
jh u i
V
V/
V
/
V
y\
■-------
\1
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v \,
» III
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Í
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lille i □
11
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___■
it»
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-___I___L_-------------------------------------------------i-------------- —
rira
19TZ-
itn
1—
iw
.-------------------------- —
'Cm
_
im
mo
ta »
Vu
44/45
Figure 48. Area 8 Northern North Sea.
Temperature anom aly
(upperpanel) and salinity
anom aly (lowerpanel)
in the Fair Isle Current
entering the North Sea
fro m the North Atlantic.
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
Figure 4g. Area 9 Southern North Sea.
Annual m ean surface
temperature (upperpanel)
and salinity (lowerpanel)
a t Station Helgoland Roads.
I X i Li I W i i l r r
Í>1 11J r -■j
11 ri
I
1
1 r-
: I
111. . 111
u iJ
11;■-J 11 ■11. ■14 11-.-
I M i
Stein
i l l Hi Fl I « lll* . H
I V. m l . *
01 ®
Mit t h
ilf - 'iJ l
i-C k iiilii^
Figure51. Areas 8 and 9
-N o rth ern and southern
North Sea. North Sea
area-averaged sea surface
temperature annual cycle;
m onthly means based
on operational weekly
North Sea sea surface
tem perature maps.
tí 0
■c. a
/
BflIn u
kH I ¡
'.V - 1 • >.il N p it J
ln -ir u
5 \ k r f iK «■ L k . — 1.1.« d h r ¿ U Íh
/
*
J
i %-ir-4
»0
W IJS -.'* ItffHlJ S'iWI- ZUTiTi
-
■
-
J
F
■ ■ ■-------
U
A
M
p
J
- T
J
1
■
A
-P- •
3
—
0
■
N
■
D
Mm é
6.13 Area 9b - Skagerrak,
Kattegat, and the Baltic
m
m
THE SEAS A R O U N D S W E D E N ARE C H A RA CT ER I Z E D
BY L A R G E S A L I N I T Y V A R I A T I O N S . I N T H E
SKAGERRAK, WATER MASSES FROM
Figure 50. Area 9 Southern North Sea.
Normalized sea surface
tem perature anom aly
(upperpanel) and salinity
anom aly (lowerpanel)
relative to the period
ig ji-2 0 0 0 measured along
S2°N, a regularferry at
six standard stations.
The time-series reveals the
seasonal section average
(DJF, MAM, JJA, SON) o f
the normalized variable.
DIFFERENT
PARTS O F T H E N O R T H SEA ARE P R E S EN T. THE
3I!
K A T T E G A T IS A T R A N S I T I O N A R E A B E T W E E N
T H E BALTIC A N D T H E S K A G E R R A K . T H E W A T E R
J
IS S T R O N G L Y S T R A T I F I E D W I T H A P E R M A N E N T
Q ii!
HALOCLI N E ( S H A R P C H A N G E
I N S A L I N I T Y AT
V III
DEPTH). THE
D E E P W A T E R IN T H E BALTIC P R O P E R ,
-ni - »
WHICH
-1 J -
ENTERS T H R O U G H
S O U N D , CAN
1.1
T H E BELTS A N D T H E
BE S T A G N A N T F O R L O N G
PERIODS
IN T H E I N N E R B A S I N S . IN T H E RELATIVELY
"H-
S H A L L O W AREA S O U T H
-isl
OF S W E D E N , SMALLER
I N F L O W S P A S S RELATIVELY Q U I C K L Y , A N D T H E
In u
I Y .- .k k r - lh A S
M
k 1 ^ 3 i " . M j \ k .T .
fo llo w ed b y a m u c h w a rm e r -th a n - n o rm a l
D ecem b er. T he p re c ip ita tio n over S w ed en
w a s ab o v e m e a n d u rin g a u tu m n , esp e c ia lly
o n th e w e s t coast, w h e re th e r e w a s so m e
flooding .
Sea su rfa c e te m p e r a tu r e s w e re close to
n o rm a l a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e y e a r b u t
th e cold p e rio d in M arch in th e s o u th e rn
p a rts o f th e a re a lo w e re d th e te m p e r a tu r e s
b e lo w n o rm a l in S kagerrak, K atteg a t, a n d th e
s o u th e r n B altic Sea. S u m m e r te m p e r a tu r e s
w e re ab o v e n o rm a l in th e w h o le reg io n .
The b e g in n in g o f a u tu m n w a s close to
n o rm a l, w h ile in O cto b er th e s e a su rfa c e
te m p e r a tu r e s w e re h ig h e r t h a n n o rm al,
esp e c ia lly in th e B altic Sea.
f r
CONDITIONS
—•—
%mluus
=^= ■ 8 jr
IN T H E D E E P W A T E R ARE VERY
V A R I A B L E . T H E S U R F A C E S A L I N I T Y IS V E R Y L O W
IWii
IN T H E BALTIC P R O P E R A N D T H E
GULF OF
B O T H N I A . T H E LATTER A R E A IS I C E - C O V E R E D
D UR ING WINTER.
I'M!
141
INI
U ii
S ift
The m e a n a tm o s p h e ric te m p e r a tu r e w a s
h ig h e r th a n n o rm a l fo r th e y e a r 2006, ca u se d
b y a n u n u s u a lly w a r m se c o n d h a lf o f th e
y ear. The w in te r w a s cold a n d p ro lo n g e d in
th e so u th , b u t m ild e r in th e n o rth . M arch
w a s co ld er t h a n n o rm a l in g e n e ra l. The
s u m m e r a n d a u tu m n w e re w a rm , w ith
m a n y te m p e r a tu r e reco rd s s e t in S ep tem b er.
A s h o rt p erio d o f cold w e a th e r a t th e e n d o f
O cto b er a n d b e g in n in g o f N o v e m b e r w a s
In th e A rch ip elag o Sea a n d th e N o rth e rn
O uark, th e v a lu e s re a c h e d reco rd h ig h s fo r
th e p a s t 30 y e a rs. A fte r a n o rm a l N ovem ber,
D e c e m b e r w a s a g a in ab o v e m e a n , b u t
m a in ly so in S k ag errak a n d K atteg a t.
The slig h t in c re a se in th e y e a rly m e a n
su rfa c e s a lin ity a t S ta tio n BY15 c a m e to a n
end , a n d th e fiv e-y ear ru n n in g m e a n h a s
lev elled o u t (Figure 52).
T h ere w e re se v eral in flo w s to th e B altic
d u rin g a u tu m n 2 0 0 6 . The first one, la s tin g
fro m 20 O c to b er to 15 N o v em b er, tr a n s p o r te d
a b o u t 4 0 k m 3 o f w a te r th r o u g h th e Q resu n d .
D u rin g th e first h a lf o f D ecem ber, a n o th e r
46/47
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
30 k m 3 e n te r e d th e B altic th is w ay . T h e re w a s
n o re n e w a l o f th e b o tto m w a te r, h o w e v e r.
T he re a s o n fo r th is is t h a t t h e K a tte g a t w a te r
w a s u n u s u a lly w a r m a n d , c o n se q u e n tly , th e
in flo w in g w a te r w a s n o t d e n s e e n o u g h to
re a c h t h e d e e p e r p a r ts o f th e Baltic. L ater
e x p e d itio n s re v e a le d a slig h t in c re a s e in th e
o x y g e n v a lu e s a t in te r m e d ia te lev els in th e
B altic p ro p er.
T he fre e z e -u p w a s q u ite la te d u rin g th e
w in te r 2 0 0 5 /2 0 0 6 , b u t th e ice e x te n t w a s
m u c h la rg e r t h a n t h e p re v io u s y e a r a n d th e
ice w in te r w a s c lassified a s n o rm a l/s e v e re .
T he m a x im u m ice e x te n t w a s re a c h e d o n 15
M arch . In F ig u re 57, th e ice e x te n t sin c e 1961
is sh o w n .
■I u
F ig u re 54. Area gb &
ID D
-'S *Ff*J I
,îi
^
SD
* -i
t
L- ■ »
« j
I
‘1\
■
* ■
MI %
¡
'
-!" B If
BD
I (
%û
ih
M
1 L
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î
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ï D1
AD
•
t
i
y
AA
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1
■.
¡
■
j
| t ;
, ï ■
-
V ■]
,
^
Skagerrak, Kattegat, and
the Baltic. Salinity a t Station
LLj in the Gulf ofFinland.
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A
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V. V Hi"-**#?i W t ë l
j
j f \ -J '
1
y 11 hf
i
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i,
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t
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fMKAl 1.1
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ú ï i. F . " M W f¡, V .
1,‘
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. 1I
r j - i -..
i ' t i l l f f
«D
f r u P n * i * r EMI II
K.-
îsàrd b h M üvw ricykni >4# I f r lw f r tf o l l i - ic ? *
'v x -
l i " M l a w * I I T S R i k l i i ¡ n d r u i •" í í i - . i r 3 K X ,
'w i
ppw
m
f 5
Figure53. Area gb Skagerrak, Kattegat, and
the Baltic. M onthly surface
tem perature (leftpanel)
and salinity (rightpanel)
a t Station BY15 (east o f
Gotland) in the Baltic proper.
U y
S iK . I . i i f . r y u i . '.u ih lji.l IV .IÉH D
S b h 'M in
74
"
■ ,
M
14
\
!f
r /
1ƒ
i f .
l &Q
\
■\
V
■\ '
+ y
i f /
A.
-
UNUS UALL Y WARM S E C O N D HALF OF THE YEAR
jV ~ : "
Ï 3
i-
\
\
* V
70
^
\
—■—»tC
V
I El 0
7
'
thfei
A c
■ IliM
I ■■»w.* Ii-ji-bl- rrf
»i* r a f
M r-H -w rH
¡fcrf B gJs*
h 'L l H
P<p^t t
r i h w
]!»■*■
f t i kÉ
Figure 55. Area c
Skagerrak, Kattegat, and
the Baltic. Salinity a t Station
B03 in the Bothnian Bay.
4 «
É
SO
\
4 fjp
— “ 3GOfe5a J i r t ï
‘hánA inJ D ikiUm j*
U u iM h
Ah'riKt|IH| F>VUV|- l"*PP 1
F
M
A
J
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*
<02 -*—»■
.—*■
IS
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—
-
,—
M
-
.
J
D
J
F
V
.
*
*l«*ih
.
M
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—■
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’H+m1, H H ita
■«
— N
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j, n
r-* * *
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f, 1 ■■ V V
V \ J■
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1
1
F ig u re 52. Area gb -
Skagerrak, Kattegat, and
the Baltic. The surface
temperature (upperpanel)
and surface salinity (lower
panel) a t Station BY15
(east o f Gotland) in the
Baltic proper.
, ^ r[i.
-
i*
i1
D
^
1
>1
Vr ,v A
i
SSW
T ci
f oi u
¡Ht#
v^nir
iju p i
Hr* HI
i. » i
M -w tt h i wmih ■
M
jf i
H ii'i I I n $
1■ f j ^
F ig u re 56. A re a g b -
1II H
?a
h
‘■f
?Q
im
10»
«rt û
ÎOÙO
"
y
Sr
J ^
Skagerrak, Kattegat, and
the Baltic. Salinity a t Station
5 ^ 5 1n the Bothnian Sea.
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
Figure57. Area gb Skagerrak, Kattegat, and
the Baltic. The ice extent
in the Baltic starting fro m
ig6i. The last value isfro m
21 March 2007.
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
L U i H i n .iirr V U lI l
'v a -.h ün 4L-h-.a ri,-r . -rf i .-iJ I - i * i - l . r i jd l n ^ - n r
fltt01* « * , - p - 1 - - , p ,1 . I
A
UH
V, ,
n
'
1
J\
m v
i*.*!-
\
/
I
\ J
/
r .
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L
...... A. / . . . L
l * ( - ..................................................
I
I
f
I
IM flh rn illi
iiiii
iii
M N l-* u > 4 ttf
h A
\J
A L. a J
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y
V
— 1---------------1
ih K >
6.14 Area 10 - Norwegian Sea
T H E N O R W E G I A N S E A I S C H A R A C T E R I Z E D BY
WARM ATLANTIC WATER O N THE EASTERN SIDE
A N D C O L D ARCTIC WAT ER O N T H E W E ST E RN
1
»
\ .
\
iïîo
A
®ô-
Éö »
w M,
y
■ m
H
■
■
I
AJ
— -------— ------- -------------- — “
"
7ä l
\
1/1
\
.
Figure 58. Area 10 Norwegian Sea. Average
temperature (upperpanel)
and salinity (lowerpanel)
above the slope a t three
sections, Svin0y (63 °N),
Gims0y (6g°N), and
S0rkapp (7Ó0N).
Pü-
\
ƒ
m et I
p6 ö
H I' i i q i v l n . l i . . - u L l i i u l r i-11 h
-T-J
É—
i ^
■*'V ' T" ■" ■ + ""‘H
I
1— 1-----------------------------------— ■--------
i m
i
u
2Q
L P ..-L .b , n w
iií.jv iíU b .ip W
j.í.
p rf
i. r w . - p . ......... ..
i . . * * J im i
t o t
th e lo n g -te rm m e a n fo r th e tim e -s e rie s in
th e Svin0y, G im s0y, a n d S 0 rk ap p S ections,
resp ectiv ely . The h ig h s a lin ity v a lu e s reflect
sa ltie r A tla n tic W a te r in th e F aroe S h e tla n d
C h a n n e l.
M »
S I D E , S E P A R A T E D BY T H E A R C T I C F R O N T .
ATL ANTIC WAT ER E NT ER S T H E N O R W E G I A N SEA
THROUGH
THE
FAROE S H E T L A N D C H A N N E L
A N D BETWEEN THE FAROES A N D
ICELAND
VIA T H E FAROE F R O N T . A S MA LL ER B R A N C H ,
THE N O R T H
ICELANDIC IRM IN GE R CURRENT,
O c e a n W e a th e r S ta tio n “M ik e” lo c a te d a t
66°N 2°E re v e a le d th e 2005 te m p e r a tu r e a n d
s a lin ity a t 50 m to b e ab o v e th e lo n g -te rm
m e a n , a lth o u g h th e r e w a s a slig h t d e c re a se
in b o th fro m 2 0 0 4 v alu es.
50/51
ENTERS THE N O R D IC SEAS O N THE WESTERN
SIDE OF ICELAND. THE ATLANTIC WATER FLOWS
N O R T H W A R D S AS THE N O R W E G I A N ATLANTIC
70
CURRENT, W HICH
l i ­
NORTHERN
SPLITS W H E N
NORWAY; SOME
IT R E A C H E S
ENTERS THE
l i
B A RE NT S SEA, W H I L E T H E
NORTHWARDS
REST C O N T I N U E S
01
I N T O THE ARCTIC O C E A N AS
THE WEST SPITSBERGEN CURRENT.
PO
-û i
T h ree se c tio n s fro m s o u th to n o r th in
th e e a s te r n N o rw e g ia n Sea s h o w th e
d e v e lo p m e n t o f te m p e r a tu r e a n d s a lin ity
in th e core o f th e A tla n tic W a te r (Svinpy,
G im spy, a n d S prkapp). In g e n e ra l, th e r e h a s
b e e n a n in c re a se in te m p e r a tu r e a n d s a lin ity
in all th r e e se c tio n s fro m th e m id -1 9 9 0 s to
th e p re s e n t. In 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 4 a n ¿ 2 0 0 6 , th e
te m p e r a tu r e s in th e S v in p y S ectio n w e re
h ig h e s t in th e tim e -se rie s.
The te m p e r a tu r e in c re a se c a n also be
o b se rv e d in th e o th e r tw o sec tio n s. In 2006,
th e te m p e r a tu r e a n d sa lin itie s w e re o.8°C,
i.o°C, a n d i.i°C a n d 0 .0 8 , 0 .0 9 , a n d 0 .0 9 ab o v e
-10
-II
”.7 0
H I G H SALI NI TY VALUES REFLECT
SALTIER ATLANTI C WATER
Figure 5g. Area io Norwegian Sea.
Temperature anom aly
(upperpanel) and salinity
anom aly (lowerpanel)
a t 5 0 m a t Ocean Weather
Station “Mike"(66°N2°E).
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
Figure 60. Area io Norwegian Sea. M onthly
tem perature (left panel)
and salinity (rightpanel)
a t so m a t Ocean Weather
Station “Mike"(66°N2°E).
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
Figure 61. Area 11 Barents Sea. Temperature
anom aly (upperpanel) and
salinity anom aly (lower
panel) in the Fugl0ya-Bear
Island Section.
D ala Ib iii'iiJ ri: ijc iip J iv b ic ii lí 1hI ila le - Uifiri n v ily u f B e rg e n — K iiiv -ly
Her: H -'li-SlItin'i H1LS R jqH ri oti Û » m Cl In o ta 3Û M
n.U-j
3S3M raii
Jl ITr". Ï t fTï£Kr .„ B. ,
,
[hitatti
I!ftft
M ui
r
ftO
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B0
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6.15 Area 11 - Barents Sea
T H E B A R E N T S S E A IS A S H E L F S E A , R E C E I V I N G
AN
S m iij
H.1 HnjtdMTHlTLV l-U^-n -a* , Í 1, mu ; ■«■.
ö« I
"C r' «
— -
INFL O W OF WARM ATLANTIC WATER FROM
THE WEST. THE INFL O W D EM O NSTRATES
CONSIDERABLE SEASONAL A N D
INTERANNUAL
F L U C T U A T I O N S IN V O L U M E A N D WATER M A S S
PR OP ER TI ES, PARTICULARLY IN H EA T C O N T E N T
AND, CONSEQUENTLY,
I CE C O V E R A G E .
A fte r a p e rio d w ith h ig h te m p e r a tu r e s in
th e first h a lf o f th e 1990s, te m p e r a tu r e s in
th e B a re n ts S ea d ro p p e d to v a lu e s slig h tly
b e lo w th e lo n g -te rm a v e ra g e o v er th e
w h o le a re a in 1996 a n d 1997. F rom M arch
1998, th e te m p e r a tu r e in th e w e s te r n a re a
in c re a se d to ju s t a b o v e th e av erag e, w h ile
th e te m p e r a tu r e in th e e a s te r n a re a s sta y e d
b e lo w th e a v e ra g e d u rin g 1998. From
th e b e g in n in g o f 1999, th e r e w a s a ra p id
te m p e r a tu r e in c re a se in th e w e s te r n B are n ts
Sea th a t also sp re a d to th e e a s te r n p a r t o f th e
B a re n ts Sea. Since th e n , th e te m p e r a tu r e h a s
sta y e d ab o v e av erag e.
In th e s o u th e r n B a re n ts Sea, th e w a te r
te m p e r a tu r e a n o m a lie s in 2 0 0 6 w e re
a b o u t i°C ab o v e th e lo n g -te rm m e a n s . In
th e c o a sta l w a te rs , th e p o sitiv e a n o m a lie s
g ra d u a lly d e c re a s e d fro m i.5°C a t th e
' «HI
b e g in n in g o f th e y e a r to o.7°C a t th e e n d of
t h e y ea r. The te m p e r a tu r e o f th e A tla n tic
W a te r w a s o .8 - i .7°C h ig h e r th a n th e n o rm a l
th r o u g h o u t th e y ear, d e p e n d in g o n tim e
a n d place. In th e B a re n ts Sea, 2 0 0 6 w a s th e
w a r m e s t y e a r ev er o b se rv e d . The to ta l ice
e x te n t o f th e se a w a s m u c h lo w e r t h a n th e
lo n g -te rm a v e ra g e th r o u g h o u t th e y ear,
a n d d u rin g w in te r, se a ice w a s n o t o b se rv e d
s o u th o f 76°N.
5 2 /5 3
Figure 62. Area 11 Barents Sea. Temperature
(upperpanel) and salinity
(lowerpanel) in the Kola
Section (0-200 m).
C u rre n t m e a s u r e m e n ts re v e a le d a s tro n g
in flo w o f A tla n tic W a te r in J a n u a r y a n d
F e b ru a ry 2005, a n d a fte r a s h o r t p e rio d w ith
lo w inflow , th e in flo w d u rin g s u m m e r a n d
e a rly a u tu m n 2005 w a s ab o v e av erag e.
T
J. ¡ I V Sr-JI*i-J IM A
I Mi ISinuta« nSHII
2 0 0 6 IS THE WARME S T YEAR EVER
OBS ERVED
T he w a te r te m p e r a tu r e in th e B a re n ts Sea in
2007 is e x p e c te d to b e h ig h e r th a n th e lo n g ­
te r m m e a n , b u t p ro b a b ly lo w e r th a n t h a t in
2006.
I '.I
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
6.16 Area 12 - Greenland Sea and
Fram Strait
F R A M S T R A I T IS T H E N O R T H E R N
BORDER OF
T H E N O R D I C S E A S . IT I S T H E D E E P E S T P A S S A G E
C O N N E C T I N G T H E ARCTIC TO T H E REST O F
THE W O RL D O C E A N , A N D O N E OF THE MAIN
ROUTES W HEREBY ATLANTIC WATER ENTERS THE
A R C T I C ( T H E O T H E R IS T H E B A R E N T S S E A ) . T H E
Figure 63. Area 12 Greenland Sea and Fram
Strait. Temperature (upper
panel) and salinity (lower
panel) a t 200 m in the
Spitsbergen Section
C u rre n t re m a in e d sim ila r to th o s e rec o rd ed
in 2005, still s ig n ific a n tly e x c e e d in g th e
lo n g -te rm a v erag e. A sm a ll d e c re a s e in th e
m e a n te m p e r a tu r e a n d s a lin ity in th e R e tu rn
A tla n tic C u rre n t (re c irc u la tio n d o m a in )
re s u lte d fro m th e p o sitio n o f th e ice edge,
w h e n a tr a n s ie n t sea-ice to n g u e d e v e lo p e d
to w a rd s th e m id d le p a r t o f th e F ram S trait
d u rin g th e m e a s u r e m e n t cru ise.
(j 6°3 o 'N).
A T L A N T I C W A T E R IS C A R R I E D N O R T H W A R D S BY
THE WEST SPITSBERGEN CURRENT, A N D VO LUM E
AND
HEAT FLUXES DEM O NSTRATE STR O N G
SEASONAL A N D
INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS. A
S I G N I F I C A N T PART O F T H E AT LA NT IC WATER
AL S O RECIRCULATES W I T H I N T H E FRAM STRAIT
AND
RETURNS SOUTHW ARDS
(RETURN ATLANTIC
WAT E R) . PO LA R W ATER FR O M THE ARCTIC O C E A N
FLOWS S O U T H W A R D S
IN T HE
EAST G R E E N L A N D
C U R R E N T A N D AFFECTS WATER M A S S E S IN THE
N O R D IC SEAS.
In 2 0 0 6 , a v e ry s tro n g in c re a se in
te m p e ra tu re , a n d e sp e c ia lly in s a lin ity
w a s o b se rv e d in th e R e tu rn A tla n tic W ater.
A lth o u g h m e a n p ro p e rtie s o f th e A tla n tic
W a te r a t th e e a s te r n b o u n d a ry re m a in e d
sim ila r to th o s e o b se rv e d in 2005, th e y
w e re still m u c h h ig h e r th a n th e i r lo n g ­
te r m av e ra g es. A t th e w e s te r n b o u n d a ry
in 2 0 06 , th e s a lin ity o f th e R e tu rn A tla n tic
W a te r re a c h e d its m a x im u m v a lu e sin c e th e
b e g in n in g o f o b se rv a tio n s (Snw = 35.106)
a n d te m p e r a tu r e w a s th e se c o n d h ig h e s t.
A fte r a fe w y e a rs o f co ld e r a n d le ss sa lin e
c o n d itio n s, th e te m p e r a tu r e a n d s a lin ity of
R e tu rn A tla n tic W a te r in th e la s t th r e e y e a rs
h a v e r e tu r n e d to th e h ig h v a lu e s o f th e m id 1990s, r e s u ltin g in p o sitiv e a n o m a lie s fro m
th e lo n g -te rm m e a n .
In th e F ram S tra it a t 78°5o’N, th r e e
c h a ra c te ristic a re a s c a n b e d is tin g u is h e d
in re la tio n to th e m a in flow s: th e W est
S p itsb e rg e n C u rre n t b e tw e e n th e s h e lf ed g e
a n d 5°E, th e R e tu rn A tla n tic C u rre n t b e tw e e n
3°W a n d 5°E, a n d P olar W a te r in th e E ast
G re e n la n d C u rre n t b e tw e e n 3°W a n d th e
G re e n la n d Shelf. In 2 0 0 6 , th e te m p e r a tu r e s
a n d sa lin itie s re c o rd e d in th e W est
S p itsb e rg e n C u rre n t w e re h ig h e r th a n th o s e
in 2005, re a c h in g th e i r m a x im a fo r th e w h o le
tim e -s e rie s (T
v max = 4“ .7' Js ° C a n d S max =35.10).
->J '
M e a n p ro p e rtie s in th e E ast G re e n la n d
T he in c re a se o f te m p e r a tu r e a n d s a lin ity
w h ic h h a s b e e n o b se rv e d in th e R e tu rn
A tla n tic C u rre n t a n d E ast G re e n la n d C u rre n t
sin c e 2003, is re la te d to th e w e s tw a r d sh ift
o f th e b o u n d a ry b e tw e e n th e re c irc u la tin g
A tla n tic W a te r a n d P o lar W ate rs. In 2006,
a lth o u g h ice c o n d itio n s p re v e n te d s a m p lin g
o f th e w e s tw a r d lim it o f th e re c irc u la tin g
A tla n tic W ater, th e o b se rv e d A tla n tic W a te r
la y e r th ic k n e s s a t th e w e s te r n e n d o f th e
se c tio n s u g g e s te d t h a t it c o n tin u e d e v e n
f a r th e r w e s t. M e a n te m p e r a tu r e a n d s a lin ity
v a lu e s in th e 5 0 - 5 0 0 m la y e r in th r e e
d o m a in s w e re all h ig h e r t h a n th e lo n g p erio d
a v e ra g e a n d h a v e c o n tin u e d to in c re a se sin ce
2003. The n o rth w a r d flow, a n d c o n s e q u e n tly
t h e v o lu m e tr a n s p o rt, o b se rv e d in w in te r
2 0 0 5 /2 0 0 6 in th e W est S p itsb e rg e n C u rre n t
fro m m o o rin g d a ta , w a s s ig n ific a n tly lo w e r
t h a n t h a t th e w in te r b efo re, b u t, b a la n c e d
b y w a r m e r te m p e ra tu re s , th e h e a t flu x in
2 0 0 5 /2 0 0 6 re m a in e d h ig h a n d sim ila r to
t h a t o b se rv e d in 2 0 0 4 /2 0 0 5 .
..* L r
H - I f I b - . 1i i l l i r i 'L h , r j n - ñ r ||i I 'lrii-h 1. j i n i i i > n
rL
P W
R hI I C E * M T k N T S
f U - J I J S ih
54/55
A4
Figure 64. Area 12 Greenland Sea and Fram
Strait. Temperature (upper
panel) and salinity (lower
panel) anomalies o f the
Atlantic Water (AW) and
F etum Atlantic Water
(RAW) in the Greenland
Sea Section a t 75 °N. A W
properties are 30-130 m
averages a t 10-13 °£ The
RAW is characterized by
the tem perature and
salinity m axim um below
5 0 m averaged over three
stations west ofn.s°W .
H
u
U
HEAT FLUX IN 2 O O 5 /2 O O 6
R E MA I N E D HI GH
*0
u
u
u
T he h y d ro g ra p h ic p ro p e rtie s o f th e A tla n tic
W a te r (d efin ed as w a te r m a s s w ith T >2°C
a n d S >34.92) re v e a l a c le a r tr e n d o v er th e
p a s t se v e n y ears, w ith m e a n te m p e r a tu r e
a n d s a lin ity v a lu e s in c re a s in g sin ce 1997. The
a re a o f th e cross s e c tio n o c c u p ie d b y A tla n tic
W a te r (a p ro x y fo r th e a m o u n t o f A tla n tic
W a te r in th e F ram Strait), w h ic h v a rie d
s tro n g ly in th e e a rly y e a rs o f m e a s u re m e n ts ,
h a s e x p a n d e d s te a d ily sin c e 2002. The
p ro p o rtio n o f w a r m A tla n tic W a te r T >2°C)
in th e to ta l A tla n tic W a te r (T >0°C) a t th e
se c tio n h a s b e e n also c o n tin u o u s ly g ro w in g
sin c e 2002.
tJb
14
P 4 4 1 P r..<U . .
B i(|
I
h'.VI
I
fa*
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I
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-
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I
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
Figure 65. Area 12 Greenland Sea and Fram
Strait. Temperature (upper
panel) and salinity (lower
panel) anomalies in Fram
Strait (j8°5o'N), in th e West
Spitsbergen Current (WSC)
between the sh elf edge and
5 % F etum Atlantic Current
(FAC) between 3 °W and 5 °Er
and Polar Water in the East
Greenland Current (EGC)
between 3°W and the
Greenland Shelf fo r
the layer 50-500 m.
a n d sa lin itie s, c h a n g in g o v er 14 y e a rs b y
o.i7°C a n d 0.0115, respectively.
G re e n la n d Sea d e e p w a te r u s e d to in clu d e
a sm a ll a d m ix tu r e o f su rfa c e fre sh w a te r
th r o u g h th e co n v ectiv e process, a n d
th e r e fo re h a d a lo w e r s a lin ity t h a n th e A rctic
o u tflo w w a te rs . T he o b se rv e d in c re a se in th e
1
- l - T
■
, Fl i n j n
AW !
A lfta ! Ü
4
M
f " ’— i U m ™ *
1
I--Hr— .
»
.
.
.
E rf l O S S P L l C E i
.
ÖHM H - í- í ¡ m
------ lU o C 't ú ."
r
!■
1 m a^m
•— — m m
¡Ht
II
s a lin ity o f G re e n la n d Sea d e e p w a te r is likely
to b e a n a d ju s tm e n t to th e A rctic o u tflo w in
th e c o n tin u e d a b s e n c e o f d e e p co n v ectio n .
It is n o t c le a r t h a t th e r e h a s b e e n a n y
c o rre s p o n d in g s a lin ity tr e n d in N o rw e g ia n
Sea d e e p w a te r in re c e n t d ecad es. Icelan d Sea
d e e p w a te r s a lin ity is n o t sh o w n .
,
--- e_' "*
__
■
mm.
,,
Figure 66. Area 12 Greenland Sea and Fram
Strait. W inter convection
depths (upperpanel) and
temperature (middlepanel)
and salinity (lowerpanel)
a t 3000 m in the Greenland
Sea Section a t 75°N.
i* * -* * '
'■
■
„
■■ ■'
■
I
.
■
"
11» 0
,
>BSC
►SÖS.
M B
■ h in il
*
,
ÆMS
■un o
tea
5 6 /5 7
6.17 Nordic Seas Deep Waters
The G re en la n d , Iceland, a n d N o rw e g ia n Sea
d e e p w a te rs a re all w a rm in g . T he lo n g e s t
tim e -s e rie s (th e N o rw e g ia n Sea) rev eals
w a r m in g fro m th e m id -1 9 8 0 s. The w a rm in g
ra te s a re o.i2°C p e r d e c a d e (G re e n la n d
Sea), o.o6°C p e r d e c a d e (N o rw e g ia n Sea),
o.o6°C p e r d e c a d e (Icelan d Sea). B o tto m w a te r re n e w a l b y d e e p c o n v e c tio n u s e d to
d e te r m in e th e d e e p h y d ro g ra p h ic c o n d itio n s
in th e G re e n la n d Sea. Since th e la te 1980s, no
b o tto m - w a te r re n e w a l h a s ta k e n place. The
so u rc e o f th e w a r m in g is th e A rctic O cean
D eep O utflow , a so u th -g o in g c u rr e n t fo u n d
o n th e w e s t sid e o f th e F ram S trait, c e n tre d
a t 2 0 0 0 m d e p th , w h ic h h a s a te m p e r a tu r e
o f a p p ro x im a te ly -o.5°C. T he G re e n la n d Sea
d e e p w a te r is w a r m in g f a s te s t b e c a u se it
is m o s t d ire c tly in c o n ta c t w ith th is A rctic
o u tflo w . The Ic e lan d a n d N o rw e g ia n Seas,
w h ic h a re m o re d is ta n t fro m th e A rctic
o u tflo w , a re w a r m in g m o re slo w ly b e c a u se
th e y a re p ro d u c ts o f m ix in g b e tw e e n th e ir
o w n a m b ie n t w a te rs w ith G re e n la n d Sea
d e e p w a te r a n d A rctic o u tflo w w a te r.
T he c e s s a tio n o f d e e p c o n v e c tio n in th e
G re e n la n d S ea h a s led to th e d o m in g
s tru c tu r e in th e G re e n la n d G yre b e in g
re p la c e d b y a tw o -la y e re d w a te r m a ss
a rr a n g e m e n t, w ith a d e n s ity in te rfa c e
t h a t h a s d e s c e n d e d m o re t h a n 1 0 0 0 m
sin c e th e b e g in n in g o f m e a s u r e m e n ts in
1993. The w in te r c o n v e c tio n d e p th v a rie s
b e tw e e n 7 0 0 a n d 1 6 0 0 m, e x c e p t in sm allscale co n v ectiv e ed d ies, w h e re it h a s b e e n
fo u n d to b e s ig n ific a n tly d e e p e r. In w in te r
2 0 0 5 /2 0 0 6 , th e m a x im u m c o n v e c tio n d e p th
w a s e s tim a te d to b e 1200 m . A t th e s ta n d a rd
se c tio n a t 75°N, th e d e e p w a te r p ro p e rtie s
h a v e c h a n g e d to w a rd s h ig h e r te m p e r a tu r e s
c ■.
t a m d r AWI - Ainu Wd|«ir Ih h lu
t - r f -a f k j J i i J T , * f i . k r p ' i m i X i H
.................
i
W íl
I OH
iw:
»aí
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
ICES C ooperative R esearch R eport No. 289
CONTACT IN F O R M A T IO N
Figure 67. Area 3 Icelandic Waters.
Temperature at 1500-1800 m
in the Iceland Sea
(68 °N i2°4o'W).
Tim e-series
C ontact
In s titu te
1
W est G reenland
N uuk Air T em perature
M anfred Stein
(m anfr e d .ste in @ish .bfa-fish .de )
D anish M eteorological Institute, Copenhagen,
a n d Se ew e tte ram t, H am burg
1
W est G reenland
Fylla Section a n d Cape
D esolation Section
M anfred Stein
(m anfre d .ste in @ish .bfa-fish .de )
In stitu t fü r Seefischerei, (Institute for Sea Fisheries)
G erm any
-Ú M
2
N orthw est A tlantic
Scotian Shelf
Brian Petrie
(Petrie B@m a r.d f o-m po .gc.ca)
BIO (Bedford In stitu te of Oceanography),
Fisheries an d Oceans Canada
-O M
2
N orthw est A tlantic
N ew foundland an d
Labrador Shelf
Eugene Colbourne
(colbour n @df0- m p 0. gc .ca)
N o rth w est A tlantic Fisheries Centre,
C anada
2b
Labrador Sea
AR7W
Ross H endry
(he n d ry r @d f 0- mpo. gc .ca)
BIO (Bedford In stitu te of Oceanography),
Fisheries an d Oceans Canada
2c
M id-A tlantic Bight
O leander Section (east o f Boston)
Tom Ross by (trossby@ gso.uri.edu)
N ational M arine Fisheries Service (NOAA), USA
2c
M id-A tlantic Bight
Georges Bank
David M o u n tain
(d m o u n tain @w h s u m .wh .whoi, e du)
W oods Hole O ceanographic Institute, USA
3
Icelandic W aters
Air te m p eratu res an d stations
H edinn V aldim arsson
(hv@ hafro.is)
H afrannsoknastofnunin, (M arine Research
Institute), Iceland
4
Bay o f Biscay
S an tan d er Station 6 an d
San Sebastian air te m p eratu re
Alicia Lavin
(alicia.lavin@ st.ieo.es)
IEO (Instituto Español de Oceanografía),
Spanish In stitu te of O ceanography
4
Bay o f Biscay
San Sebastian te m p eratu re
Victor Valencia
(w a le ncia@ pas.azti.es)
AZTI a n d A quarium of San S ebastián (SOG)
5
Rockall Trough
M alin H ead W eather Station
G lenn Nolan
(Gle n n .Nolan @m ar in e .ie )
M arine In stitu te/M e t Eireann, Ireland
5
Rockall Trough
M: M arine W eather Buoy
S heena Fennell
(Sheena.Fennell@ m arine.ie)
M arine Institute, Ireland
5
Rockall Trough
Ellett Line
N. Penny Holliday
(nph@ noc.soton.ac.uk)
N ational O ceanography Centre S outham pton
a n d Scottish A ssociation for M arine Science, UK
5b
Irm inger Sea
All d ep th s
H. M. v an Aken
(aken@ nioz.nl)
Royal NIOZ (N ederlands In stitu t Voor O nderzoek
d er Zee), N etherlands In stitu te for Sea Research
6
Faroe Bank C hannel
FBC an d Faroe C urrent
Bogi H ansen
(bogihan@ frs.fo)
Fiskirannsoknarstovan,
(Faroese Fisheries Laboratory), Faroe Islands
6
Faroe Bank Channel
Faroe Coastal O yrargjogv
Karin M arg reth a Larsen
(KarinL@frs.fo)
Fiskirannsoknarstovan,
(Faroese Fisheries Laboratory), Faroe Islands
7
Faroe Shetland C hannel
l u i . Pi . . L i
I Li i
A rea
M u i ■ H.i- b
-o Ti
■0 HQ
-OM-
Figure 68. Area 10 Norwegian Sea.
Temperature (upperpanel)
and salinity (lowerpanel)
a t 2000 m a t Ocean
W eatherstation "Mike"
(66°N 2°E).
-flUS
- I co
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H ir
3* 95«
H fi
34 »
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i- ■f llli.gr. *
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E 'T - J h i r i I lT - , Ë i p i i
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All d ep th s
S arah H ughes (s.hughes@ m arlab.ac.uk)
FRS (Fisheries Research Services), Aberdeen, UK
8&9 N orth Sea
M odelled N orth Sea Inflow
M o rten Skogen (m orten@ im r.no)
IMR (Institute of M arine Research), N orway
8&9 N orth Sea
N orth Sea U tsira A a n d B
Einar Svendsen (einar.svendsen@ im r.no)
IMR (Institute of M arine Research), N orway
8&9 N orth Sea
Fair Isle C urrent W ater
S arah H ughes (s.hughes@ m arlab.ac.uk)
Fisheries Research Services, A berdeen, UK
8&9 N orth Sea
H elogoland Roads
K aren W iltshire
(kw iltshir e @aw i- b r e m e r have n .de )
AWI/BAH (A lfred-W egener-Institut/
Biologische A nstalt Helgoland), G erm any
8&9 N orth Sea
Felixstowe to R otterdam
Section
S tephen Dye
(stephen.dye@ cefas.co.uk)
CEFAS (Centre for Environm ent Fisheries an d
A quaculture Science), UK
8&9 N orth Sea
Sea Surface Tem perature
Peter Lowe
(pe te r .loewe @bs h. de )
B u n d esam t fü r Seeschifffahrt u n d
H ydrographie (BSH ), G erm any
9b
Baltic Sea
East o f G otland an d sea ice
K arinB orenas
(karin.borenas@ sm hi.se)
SMHI (Swedish M eteorological an d
H ydrological Institute), Sweden
9b
Baltic Sea
Stations LL7, BO3 an d SR5
Pekka Alenius (pekka.alenius@ fim r.fi)
FIMR (Finnish In stitu te of M arine Research), Finland
10
N orw egian Sea
Svin0y, Gims0y,
a n d S0rkapp Sections
Kjell Arne Mork
(kjell.arne .mork@ imr.no)
IMR (Institute of M arine Research), N orway
10
N orw egian Sea
O cean W eather S tation Mike
Svein 0 sterh u s
(Sve in.Osterhus@ gfi.uib.no)
G eophysical Institute, University of Bergen,
Norway
11
B arents Sea
Fugl0ya-Bear Island Section
H arald Loeng
(harald.loe n g @im r .no)
IMR (Institute of M arine Research), N orway
11
B arents Sea
Kola S ectio n Eastern Barents Sea
Dr Oleg V. Titov Research Director
(titov@ pinro.ru)
PINRO (Knipovich Polar Research Institute
o f M arine Fisheries an d O ceanography), Russia
12
G reenland Sea
an d Fram Strait
W est of Spitsbergen 76.5 °N
W aldem ar Walczowski
(walczows @iopan.gda.pl)
IOPAS (Institute o f Oceanology, Polish
A cadem y o f Sciences), Poland
12
G reenland Sea and
an d Fram Strait
Fram Strait
A. Beszczynska-Möller
(abeszczynska@ aw i-brem erhaven.de)
AWI (Alfred W egener In stitu te
for Polar a n d M arine Research), G erm any
12
G reenland Sea
an d Fram Strait
G reenland Sea Section a t 75°N
G. Budeus
(Gereon.Budeus@ awi.de)
AWI (Alfred W egener In stitu te for Polar and
M arine Research), G erm any
5 8 /5 9