The Evolution and Formation of
Amicus Curiae Networks
Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier∗
Dino P. Christenson†
Contents
1 Appendix: Supplementary Materials
1.1 Labeled Nodes in Graphs of Egocentric Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 ERGMs by Decade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Bipartite ERGM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
1
1
List of Figures
1
2
3
Egocentric Network of National Wildlife Federation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Egocentric Network of National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers . .
Egocentric Network of American Civil Liberties Union . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
3
4
List of Tables
1
2
ERGMs of Interest Group Coalitions by Decade, 1930s-2000s . . . . . . . . .
Bipartite ERGM of Interest Group Coalitions, 2000-2009 . . . . . . . . . . .
5
6
∗
Vernal Riffe Professor, Department of Political Science, The Ohio State University, 2140 Derby Hall,
154 N. Oval Mall, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (steffensmeier.2@osu.edu).
†
Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Boston University, 232 Bay State Road, Boston,
MA 02215 (dinopc@bu.edu).
1
1.1
Appendix: Supplementary Materials
Labeled Nodes in Graphs of Egocentric Networks
Fig. 4 in the text presents the egocentric networks of three central players: the NWF, the
NACDL and the ACLU. We have annotated the clusters in the graph in the text based on
their issues. Here we present graphs with labeled nodes.
1.2
ERGMs by Decade
We also estimated ERGMs parameterized with measures of density, isolates and 2-stars by
decade to assess the dynamics of each property, controlling for the others. We find that
the results suggest a similar picture to that painted by the more naive univariate network
statistics presented in the text.
1.3
Bipartite ERGM
The data can be built as a time-indexed bipartite network, but we are currently collapsing
over time (by decade) and projecting onto interest groups for theoretical reasons, as discussed
in the text. There are alternative ways to analyze the data including valued-regression, if we
collapsed in time and projected while keeping the edge weights, or bipartite regression, if we
collapsed over time, but did not project (Wang et al. 2009), or TERGMs if we projected, but
did not collapse over time (Hanneke & Xing 2007, Desmarais & Cranmer 2010). Another
interesting approach is Opsahl’s (forthcoming) work, which offers new definitions and calculations for clustering coefficients in two-mode networks. The development of the options for
these relatively new approaches is currently an active area of research. Examining these alternative approaches will lead to a better understanding of all facets of this large dataset, but
it is beyond the scope of our current paper. Below we present the results of the ERGM for
the same network specified with a bipartite structure: interest groups linked to briefs which
may be linked to other interest groups. We find that the inferences are largely consistent
regardless of whether we conceive of the network as bipartite or a one mode projection.
References
Desmarais, B. A. & S. J. Cranmer. 2010. “Analyzing longitudinal networks: the temporal
exponential random graph model.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest
Political Science Association.
Hanneke, S. & E. P. Xing. 2007. Discrete temporal models of social networks. In Statistical network analysis: Models, issues, and new directions. Berlin, Germany: Springer
pp. 115–125.
Wang, P., K. Sharpe, G.L. Robins & P.E. Pattison. 2009. “Exponential random graph (p*)
models for affiliation networks.” Social Networks 31(1):12–25.
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Figure 1: Egocentric Network of National Wildlife Federation
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Figure 2: Egocentric Network of National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers
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NATIONAL.LEGAL.AID.AND.DEFENDER.ASSOCIATION
NATIONAL.HEALTH.LAW.PROGRAM
IMMIGRANT.DEFENSE.PROJECT
PRISONERS.LEGAL.SERVICES.OF.NEW.YORK
ELECTRONIC.PRIVACY.INFORMATION.CENTER
EPILEPSY.FOUNDATION
NATIONAL.EMPLOYMENT.LAW.PROJECT
NARAL.FOUNDATION
AMERICAN.ASSOCIATION.OF.RETIRED.PERSONS
CENTER.FOR.WOMEN.POLICY.STUDIES
MEDICAL.LIBRARY.ASSOCIATION
CONNECTICUT.WOMENS.EDUCATION.AND.LEGAL.FUN
PUBLIC.CITIZEN
NATIONAL.ASSOCIATION.FOR.THE.ADVANCEMENT.OF.COLORED.PEOPLE
LEGAL.AID.SOCIETY
NATIONAL.SENIOR.CITIZENS.LAW.CENTER AMERICAN.CIVIL.LIBERTIES.UNION.OF.NORTHERN.CALIFORNIA
NATIONAL.COUNCIL.OF.NEGRO.WOMEN
PRISON.LEGAL.NEWS
NATIONAL.NETWORK.FOR.WOMENS.EMPLOYMENT
NATIONAL.EMPLOYMENT.LAWYERS.ASSOCIATION
LAWYERS.COMMITTEE.FOR.CIVIL.RIGHTS.UNDER
AMERICAN.ASSOCIATION.OF.LAW.LIBRARIES
IMPACT.FUND
DISABILITY.RIGHTS.EDUCATION.AND.DEFENSE.FUND
EQUAL.JUSTICE.SOCIETY
MEXICAN.AMERICAN.LEGAL.DEFENSE.AND.EDUCATIONAL.FUND
PUBLIC.JUSTICE.CENTER
ELECTRONIC.FRONTIER.FOUNDATION
SPECIAL.LIBRARIES.ASSOCIATION
ASIAN.AMERICAN.LEGAL.DEFENSE.AND.EDUCATION.FUND
PROJECT.GUTENBERG
NATIONAL.ASSOCIATION.OF.WORKING.WOMEN
NEW.YORK.STATE.DEFENDERS.ASSOCIATION
NATIONAL.ASSOCIATION.OF.FEDERAL.DEFENDERS
NATIONAL.WOMENS.LAW.CENTER ASIAN.LAW.CAUCUS
BUSINESS.AND.PROFESSIONAL.WOMEN.USA
FAMILIES.AGAINST.MANDATORY.MINIMUMS
NATIONAL.IMMIGRATION.LAW.CENTER
NATIONAL.PARTNERSHIP.FOR.WOMEN.AND.FAMILIES
NATIONAL.ORGANIZATION.FOR.WOMEN.FOUNDATION
X9TO5.NATIONAL.ASSOCIATION.OF.WORKING.WOMEN
WOMEN.EMPLOYED
ALASKA.CIVIL.LIBERTIES.UNION
ANTI.DEFAMATION.LEAGUE
FLORENCE.IMMIGRANT.AND.REFUGEE.RIGHTS.PROJECT
LAMBDA.LEGAL.DEFENSE.AND.EDUCATION.FUND
CENTER.FOR.DEMOCRACY.AND.TECHNOLOGY
LATINOJUSTICE.PRLDEF
AMERICAN.ASSOCIATION.OF.UNIVERSITY.PROFESSORS
FLORIDA.IMMIGRANT.ADVOCACY.CENTER
WOMEN.WORK
NORTHWEST.WOMENS.LAW.CENTER
AMERICAN.CIVIL.LIBERTIES.UNION.OF.SAN.DIEGO.AND.IMPERIAL.COUNTIES
LEGAL.MOMENTUM
DADS.AND.DAUGHTERS
FEMINIST.MAJORITY
EQUAL.RIGHTS.ADVOCATES
WOMENS.LAW.PROJECT
LEGAL.AID.SOCIETY...EMPLOYMENT.LAW.CENTER
CENTER.FOR.CONSTITUTIONAL.RIGHTS
NATIONAL.ASSOCIATION.OF.CRIMINAL.DEFENSE.LAWYERS
AMERICAN.ASSOCIATION.OF.UNIVERSITY.WOMEN
AMERICAN.CIVIL.LIBERTIES.UNION.OF.SOUTHERN.CALIFORNIA
AMERICAN.JEWISH.COMMITTEE AMERICAN.IMMIGRATION.LAWYERS.ASSOCIATION
COMMITTEE.FOR.PUBLIC.COUNSEL.SERVICES
ASIAN.AMERICAN.JUSTICE.CENTER
PEOPLE.FOR.THE.AMERICAN.WAY
DEFENDING.IMMIGRANTS.PARTNERSHIP
COALITION.OF.LABOR.UNION.WOMEN
NATIONAL.EDUCATION.ASSOCIATION
REPORTERS.COMMITTEE.FOR.FREEDOM.OF.THE.PRESS
NATIONAL.COUNCIL.OF.LA.RAZA
OLDER.WOMENS.LEAGUE
DKT.LIBERTY.PROJECT
CALIFORNIA.WOMENS.LAW.CENTER
TRIAL.LAWYERS.FOR.PUBLIC.JUSTICE
AMERICAN.ASSOCIATION.FOR.JUSTICE
HADASSAH
LEGAL.VOICE
AMERICAN.CIVIL.LIBERTIES.UNION.OF.EASTERN.MISSOURI
DISTRICT.OF.COLUMBIA.EMPLOYMENT.JUSTICE.CENTER
NATIONAL.COUNCIL.OF.JEWISH.WOMEN
NATIONAL.ASSOCIATION.OF.SOCIAL.WORKERS
SOCIETY.OF.PROFESSIONAL.JOURNALISTS
SARGENT.SHRIVER.NATIONAL.CENTER.ON.POVERTY.LAW
AMERICAN.CIVIL.LIBERTIES.UNION.OF.VIRGINIA
WOMENS.BAR.ASSOCIATION.OF.THE.DISTRICT.OF.COLUMBIA
VULCAN.SOCIETY
AMERICAN.CIVIL.LIBERTIES.UNION
SOUTHWEST.WOMENS.LAW.CENTER
WIDER.OPPORTUNITIES.FOR.WOMEN
NATIONAL.JURY.PROJECT
FEMINISTS.FOR.FREE.EXPRESSION
WOMENS.RESEARCH.AND.EDUCATION.INSTITUTE
SOCIOLOGISTS.FOR.WOMEN.IN.SOCIETY
PUBLIC.JUSTICE
RUTHERFORD.INSTITUTE
WOMENS.SPORTS.FOUNDATION
WOMENS.LAW.CENTER.OF.MARYLAND
NATIONAL.ASSOCIATION.OF.COLLEGIATE.WOMEN.ATHLETICS.ADMINISTRATORS
NATIONAL.CAMPAIGN.TO.RESTORE.CIVIL.RIGHTS
NATIONAL.COUNCIL.OF.WOMENS.ORGANIZATIONS
FEDERAL.PUBLIC.AND.COMMUNITY.DEFENDERS.IN.THE.UNITED.STATES
CONNECTICUT.WOMENS.EDUCATION.AND.LEGAL.FUND
PICK.UP.THE.PACE
NATIONAL.ASIAN.PACIFIC.AMERICAN.WOMENS.FORUM
AMERICAN.BOOKSELLERS.FOUNDATION.FOR.FREE.EXPRESSION
NORTHWEST..WOMENS.LAW.CENTER
ASSOCIATION.FOR.GENDER.EQUITY.LEADERSHIP.IN.EDUCATION
CALIFORNIA.ATTORNEYS.FOR.CRIMINAL.JUSTICE
NATIONAL.WOMENS.HISTORY.PROJECT
WOMENS.ADVOCACY.PROJECT
NATIONAL.ASSOCIATION.OF.WOMEN.LAWYERS
RADIO.TELEVISION.NEWS.DIRECTORS.ASSOCIATION
INSTITUTE.FOR.THE.ADVANCED.STUDY.OF.HUMAN.SEXUALITY
NATIONAL.ALLIANCE.FOR.PARTNERSHIPS.IN.EQUITY
AMERICAN.CIVIL.LIBERTIES.UNION.OF.PENNSYLVANIA
PEN.AMERICAN.CENTER
AMERICAN.CIVIL.LIBERTIES.UNION.OF.MARYLAND
MYRA.SADKER.ADVOCATES
UNION.FOR.REFORM.JUDAISM
CONNECTICUT.WOMENS.EDUCATION.AND.LEGAL.DEFENSE.FUND
AMERICANS.UNITED.FOR.SEPARATION.OF.CHURCH.AND.STATE
BUSINESS.AND.PROFESSIONAL.WOMEN
ASSOCIATION.OF.TRIAL.LAWYERS.OF.AMERICA.BUSINESS.AND.PROFESSIONAL.WOMEN.USA
AMERICAN.CIVIL.LIBERTIES.UNION.OF.MASSACHUSETTS
NATIONAL.ASSOCIATION.OF.COMMISSIONS.FOR.WOMEN
CRITTENTON.WOMENS.UNION
AMERICAN.CIVIL.LIBERTIES.UNION.OF.ILLINOIS
WOMENS.BAR.ASSOCIATION.OF.MASSACHUSETTS
MASSACHUSETTS.SOCIETY.FOR.THE.PREVENTION.OF.CRUELTY.TO.CHILDREN
MANA.NATIONAL.LATINA.ORGANIZATION
FIRST.AMENDMENT.PROJECT
NATIONAL.WOMENS.POLITICAL.CAUCUS
UNITED.CHURCH.OF.CHRIST
CALIFORNIA.PRISON.FOCUS
NATIONAL.ALLIANCE.FOR.MEDIA.ARTS.AND.CULTURE
AMERICAN.CIVIL.LIBERTIES.UNION.OF.VERMONT
NATIONAL.FEDERATION.OF.COMMUNITY.BROADCASTERS
NATIONAL.ABORTION.FEDERATION
SIKH.COALITION
AMERICAN.CIVIL.LIBERTIES.UNION.OF.WASHINGTON
AMERICAN.FEDERATION.OF.TELEVISION.AND.RADIO.ARTISTS
AMERICAN.CIVIL.LIBERTIES.UNION.OF.COLORADO
AMERICAN.FRIENDS.SERVICE.COMMITTEE
NEW.YORK.CIVIL.LIBERTIES.UNION
BAPTIST.JOINT.COMMITTEE.FOR.RELIGIOUS.LIBERTY
NATIONAL.COALITION.AGAINST.CENSORSHIP
MINNESOTA.PUBLIC.RADIO.AMERICAN.PUBLIC.MEDIA
AMERICANS.FOR.RELIGIOUS.LIBERTY
AMERICAN.CIVIL.LIBERTIES.UNIONN.OF.NORTHERN.CALIFORNIA
WASHINGTON.AREA.LAWYERS.FOR.THE.ARTS
DIRECTORS.GUILD.OF.AMERICA
CATO.INSTITUTE
Figure 3: Egocentric Network of American Civil Liberties Union
Table 1: ERGMs of Interest Group Coalitions by Decade, 1930s-2000s
1930s
Density
2-stars
Isolates
1940s
Density
2-stars
Isolates
1950s
Density
2-stars
Isolates
1960s
Density
2-stars
Isolates
1970s
Density
2-stars
Isolates
1980s
Density
2-stars
Isolates
1990s
Density
2-stars
Isolates
2000s
Density
2-stars
Isolates
Estimate
Std. Error
-7.58E+19
7.97E+13
3.64E+14
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
-1.56E+05
1.16E-01
3.78E+00
5.08E+00
3.04E-05
4.11E-02
-1.56E+05
7.40E-02
3.92E+00
3.38E+03
3.06E-03
1.75E-01
-1.36E+06
6.11E-02
3.07E+00
3.17E-01
9.04E-04
4.98E-02
-1.59E+07
3.44E-02
3.28E+00
4.59E+04
2.21E-04
2.35E-02
-4.98E+07
1.73E-02
3.24E+00
4.08E-10
9.64E-05
1.29E-02
-6.16E+07
1.35E-02
3.47E+00
0.00E+00
6.93E-04
6.32E-01
-9.54E+07
2.04E-02
3.31E+00
0.00E+00
4.94E-04
3.27E-01
5
Table 2: Bipartite ERGM of Interest Group Coalitions, 2000-2009
Estimate
Edges
-8.351
Interest Group Star 2
0.100
Interest Group Star 3
-0.001
Brief Star 2
0.119
Brief Star 3
-0.002
Budget
-0.020
Employees
-0.026
Sales
-0.017
Founded
0.009
SIC
0.074
Members
-0.125
Plant Size
-0.020
6
MCMC Std. Err.
1.591
0.402
0.008
0.005
0.000
0.006
0.004
0.009
0.006
0.004
0.001
0.004