Kingdom Monera
Eubacteria
(peptidoglycan)
Archaebacteria
Methanogens
Thermophiles
Swamps, Intestines
Halophiles
Hydrothermal Vents
Autotrophs or
Heterotrophs
Salt Lake, Utah
Prokaryotic Cell
• “before” Nucleus (has no
nucleus)
• No membrane bound
organelles
• 3.5 billion years
• Unicellular
• Circular DNA
• Contain a cell wall
Eukaryotic Cell
•
•
•
•
“true” nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
1.5 billion years
Both unicellular and
multicellular
• Linear DNA
• Some have cell walls, some
don't
Prokaryotic Cell
• “before” Nucleus (has no
nucleus)
• No membrane bound
organelles
• 3.5 billion years
• Unicellular
• Circular DNA
• Contain a cell wall
Eukaryotic Cell
•
•
•
•
“true” nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
1.5 billion years
Both unicellular and
multicellular
• Linear DNA
• Some have cell walls, some
don't
Characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
Prokaryotes
Microscopic (Eukaryotic cells are at least 10x bigger)
Unicellular
DNA is a single circular piece of DNA
Asexual Reproduction
– Binary Fission
• Genetic Exchange
– Conjugation –transfer DNA through contact
– Transformation – acquire DNA from dead bacteria
– Transduction – DNA is transferred from one bacteria
to another using a virus (genetic engineering)
• Metabolism
– Aerobic
– Anaerobic
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072556781/stu
dent_view0/chapter13/animati
on_quiz_3.html
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0/chapt
er13/animation_quiz_2.html
Structure
• Pilus (Pili)- allows them to adhere to surfaces
• Flagellum – movement
• Cell Wall – Made of peptidoglycan; Used in medicine to identify
type of bacterium using Gram Stain (pg. 463)
Gram Stain (pg. 529)
Gram negative
Gram positive
• Gram +  simple walls,
large amount of
peptidoglycan
• Gram -  less
peptidoglycan, outer
membrane contains
lipopolysaccharides
which are often toxic and
provides additional
protection  more
resistant to antibiotics
• Many antibiotics
(penicillens) inhibit
synthesis of cross links in
peptidoglycan and
prevent formation of a
functional wall
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Gram Positive Organisms
Aerobic, Gram-positive cocci
Staphylococcus aureus (fig 1, 2, 3, 4)
Staphylococcus epidermidis (fig 1)
Staphylococcus sp. (Coagulase-negative)(fig 1)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Viridans group)(fig 1, 2, 3)
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)(fig 1)
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)(fig 1, 2)
Enterococcus sp.(fig 1, 2, 3 )
Aerobic, Gram-positive rods
Bacillus anthracis (fig 1, 2 )
Bacillus cereus (fig 1, 2)
Bifidobacterium bifidum (fig 1)
Lactobacillus sp. (fig 1, 2)
Listeria monocytogenes (fig 1, 2)
Nocardia sp.(fig 1, 2)
Rhodococcus equi (coccobacillus)(fig 1)
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (fig 1)
Corynebacterium diptheriae (fig 1, 2)
Propionibacterium acnes (fig 1)
Anaerobic, Gram-positive rods
Actinomyces sp. (fig 1, 2)
Clostridium botulinum (fig 1)
Clostridium difficile (fig 1)
Clostridium perfringens (fig 1, 2, 3)
Clostridium tetani (fig 1, 2)
Anaerobic, Gram-positive cocci
Peptostreptococcus sp. (fig 1)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Gram Negative Organisms
Aerobic, Gram-negative cocci
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (fig 1, 2, 3, 4)
Neisseria meningitidis (fig 1; false color of the bacterium., 2)
Moraxella catarrhalis (fig 1)
Anaerobic, Gram-negative cocci
Veillonella sp. (fig 1)
Aerobic, Gram-negative rods
Fastidious, Gram-negative rods
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
Enterobacteriaceae (glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
Citrobacter sp. (fig 1)
Enterobacter sp. (fig 1)
Escherichia coli (fig 1, 2)
Klebsiella pneumoniae (fig 1, 2)
Proteus sp. (fig 1)
Salmonella enteriditis (fig 1)
Salmonella typhi (fig 1)
Serratia marcescens (fig 1, 2)
Shigella sp. (fig 1)
Yersinia enterocolitica (fig 1)
Yersinia pestis (fig 1, 2)
Oxidase-positive, glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods
–
–
–
–
–
•
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (fig 1)
Acinetobacter baumannii(fig 1 really A. calcoaceticus)
Bordetella pertussis (fig 1, 2)
Brucella sp. (fig 1)
Campylobacter sp.(fig 1)
Capnocytophaga sp.(fig 1, 2)
Cardiobacterium hominis (fig 1)
Eikenella corrodens (fig 1)
Francisella tularensis (fig 1,)
Haemophilus ducreyi (fig 1, 2)
Haemophilus influenzae (fig 1, 2)
Helicobacter pylori (fig 1, 2, 3, 4)
Kingella kingae (fig )
Legionella pneumophila (fig 1, 2, 3)
Pasteurella multocida (fig 1)
Aeromonas sp. (fig 1)
Plesiomonas shigelloides (fig 1)
Vibrio cholerae (fig 1, 2)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (fig 1)
Vibrio vulnificus (fig 1)
Glucose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative rods
–
–
–
Acinetobacter sp. (fig 1)
Flavobacterium sp. (fig 1)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (fig 1, 2)
Nutrition
• Autotrophic
– Photosynthetic
– Chemoautotrophic
(nitrogen fixers)
• Heterotrophic
– Decomposer
– Parasitic
(Treponema pallidum)
Survival of the Fittest!!!
• Bacteria have been around for 3.5 billion years!!
How????
• Cell Walls
• Capsules (surrounds cell wall)
• Endospores : allow them to withstand drought,
high temps., lack of food, etc.
• Super fast reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction, but can still acquire other
genes
• Inhabit every place on Earth
Classification
• Arrangements
– Strept : Chains
– Staph : Clusters
– Diplo : Pairs
• Shapes
– Coccus : Spheres
– Bacillus : Rods
– Spirillum : Spirals
Importance to Humans???
• Bacteria are used to make food
– Pickles, buttermilk, cheese, sauerkraut, olives, vinegar, sourdough
bread, beer, wine
• Bacteria can produce chemicals
– Acetone, Butanol
• Important Recyclers in environment
– Nitrogen cycle
• Bacteria can help clean up chemical spills
• Mining companies harvest copper or uranium by using
Chemoautotrophic
• Bacteria are used to produce medicines
– Insulin
• Bacteria cause disease
– Produce toxins (Clostridium botulinum)
– Metabolize their host (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Disease
Symptoms
Bacterium
Trasmission
Bubonic plague Fever, buboes,
often fatal
Yersinia pestis
Bite from
infected flea
Cholera
Severe diarrhea
& vomiting; fatal
Vibrio cholerae
Contaminated
Water
Cavities
Destruction of
minerals in tooth
Streptococcus
mutans
Collection of
bacteria in mouth
Lyme Disease
Rash, pain,
swelling in joints
Borrelia
burgdorferi
Bite from
infected tick
Chlamydia
Painful urination, Chlamydia
discharge,
trachomatis
abdominal pain
Sexual contact
Gonorrhea
Painful urination, Neisseria
discharge,
gonorrhoeae
abdominal pain
Sexual contact
Syphilis
Chancres, fever,
rash
Sexual contact
Treponema
pallidum
Antibiotic Resistance
• Bacteria acquire genes
that help the cell resist
treatment using
antibiotics
• Arises naturally in
bacteria
• Occurs when weaker
bacteria die off, but
stronger ones survive and
reproduce.
• Overuse and misuse of
Antibiotics has increased
Ab resistance among
bacteria
Internet Resources
•
•
•
•
Life History and Ecology of Bacteria
Bacteria
CELLS alive! Table of Contents
archaebacteria
Compare and contrast Virus
and Bacteria