Presentation Plus! Understanding Psychology
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Developed by FSCreations, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
Send all inquiries to:
GLENCOE DIVISION
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8787 Orion Place
Columbus, Ohio 43240
CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 What Are Psychological
Disorders?
SECTION 2 Anxiety Disorders
SECTION 3 Somatoform and
Dissociative Disorders
SECTION 4 Schizophrenia and Mood
Disorders
SECTION 5 Personality Disorders
and Drug Addiction
CHAPTER SUMMARY
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
3
Click a hyperlink to go to the corresponding section.
Press the ESC key at any time to exit the presentation.
Chapter Objectives
Section 1: What Are Psychological
Disorders?
• Explore how psychologists draw the line
between normal and abnormal behavior
by looking at deviance, adjustment, and
psychological health. 
Section 2: Anxiety Disorders
• Describe how anxiety disorders are
marked by excessive fear, caution, and
attempts to avoid anxiety.
4
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display
the information.
Chapter Objectives (cont.)
Section 3: Somatoform and Dissociative
Disorders
• Explain how dealing with anxiety and
stress can bring about somatoform and
dissociative disorders in some people. 
Section 4: Schizophrenia and Mood
Disorders
• Explain how schizophrenia involves
confused and disordered thoughts, and
mood disorders involve disturbances in the
experience and expressions of depression.
5
Chapter Objectives (cont.)
Section 5: Personality Disorders and
Drug Addiction
• Determine how personality disorders and
drug addiction prohibit normal
relationships.
6
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Reader’s Guide
Main Idea
– Psychologists draw the line between normal and
abnormal behavior by looking at deviance,
adjustment, and psychological health. 
Objectives
– Define psychological disorder. 
– Distinguish between the concepts of normality
and abnormality. 
Vocabulary
– DSM-IV
Click the Speaker button
to listen to Exploring
Psychology.
8
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information. Section 1 begins on page 447 of your textbook.
Introduction
• It is often difficult to draw a line between
normal and abnormal behavior. 
• Behavior that some people consider
normal seems abnormal to others.
9
Defining and Identifying
Psychological Disorders
• There are a number of ways to define
abnormality, none of which is entirely
satisfactory. 
– We will look at the most popular ways of
drawing the line between normal and
abnormal in terms of deviance, adjustment,
and psychological health. 
– Then we will look at the application of these
principles in legal definitions of abnormality. 
– Finally, we will consider the criticism that in all
these models people are arbitrarily labeled
mentally ill.
10
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Deviation From Normality
• One approach to defining abnormality is
to say that whatever most people do is
normal. 
• Abnormality, then, is any deviation from
the average or from the majority. 
• The deviance approach, however, as
commonly used as it is, has serious
limitations. 
• Because the majority is not always right or
best, the deviance approach to defining
abnormality is not by itself a useful
standard.
11
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Adjustment
• Another way to distinguish normal from
abnormal people is to say that normal
people are able to get along in the world–
physically, emotionally, and socially. 
• By this definition, abnormal people are the
ones who fail to adjust. 
• Not all people with psychological
disorders are violent, destructive, or
isolated–sometimes, a person’s behavior
may seem normal. 
• The cultural context of a behavior must
also be taken into consideration.
12
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Psychological Health
• The terms mental illness and mental
health imply that psychological
disturbance or abnormality is like a
physical sickness. 
• Some psychologists believe that the
normal or healthy person would be one
who is functioning ideally or who is at
least striving toward ideal functioning. 
• Personality theorists such as Carl Jung
and Abraham Maslow have tried to
describe this striving process, which is
often referred to as self-actualization.
13
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Psychological Health (cont.)
• According to this line of thinking, to be
normal or healthy involves full acceptance
and expression of one’s own individuality
and humanness. 
• American psychologist Thomas Szasz
(1962) argued that most of the people
whom we call mentally ill are not ill at all. 
• They simply have “problems in living”–
serious conflicts with the world around
them.
14
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Psychological Health (cont.)
• Yet instead of dealing with the patients’
conflict, psychiatrists simply label them as
“sick” and shunt them off to hospitals. 
• The ones who lose are the patients, who
by being labeled “abnormal” are deprived
both of responsibility for their behavior
and of their dignity as human beings. 
• As a result, Szasz claimed, the patients’
problems intensify. 
• The fact that it is difficult to define
abnormality does not mean that such a
thing does not exist.
15
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Psychological Health (cont.)
• It should also be kept in mind that mild
psychological disorders are common. 
• It is only when a psychological problem
becomes severe enough to disrupt
everyday life that it is thought of as an
“abnormality” or “illness.”
16
The Problem of Classification
• For years psychiatrists have been trying
to devise a logical and useful method for
classifying emotional disorders. 
• In 1952 the American Psychiatric
Association agreed upon a standard
system for classifying abnormal
symptoms, which it published in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, or DSM.
17
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
The Problem of Classification (cont.)
• The most recent revision, the DSM-IV,
was published in 1994. 
• This has been revised four times as the
DSM-II (in 1968), the DSM-III (in 1980),
and the DSM-III-Revised (1987). 
• Before 1980, the two most commonly
used diagnostic distinctions were neurosis
and psychosis.
DSM-IV
the fourth version of the American
Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders
18
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
The Problem of Classification (cont.)
• The conditions originally identified under
neurosis and psychosis have been
expanded into more detailed categories,
including: 
– anxiety disorders 
– somatoform disorders 
– dissociative disorders 
– mood disorders 
– schizophrenia
19
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
DSM-IV: New Ways to Categorize
Mental Illness
• Within each diagnostic category of the
DSM-IV, the following descriptions are
included: 
1. essential features of the disorder–characteristics
that “define” the disorder 
2. associated features–additional features that are
usually present 
3. information on differential diagnosis–that is, how to
distinguish this disorder from other disorders with
which it might be confused 
4. diagnostic criteria–a list of symptoms, taken from
the lists of essential and associated features, that
must be present for the patient to be given this
diagnostic label.
20
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
DSM-IV: New Ways to Categorize
Mental Illness (cont.)
• These more precise diagnostic criteria
reduce the chances that the same
patient will be classified differently by
different doctors. 
• The DSM-IV also recognizes the
complexity of classifying people on the
basis of mental disorders. 
• In early classification systems, it was
difficult to give a patient more than one
label.
21
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
DSM-IV: New Ways to Categorize
Mental Illness (cont.)
• The DSM-III-R and now the DSM-IV have
overcome this problem by using five major
dimensions, or axes, to describe a person’s
mental functioning. 
• Each axis reflects a different aspect of a
patient’s case. 
• Axis I is used to classify current symptoms
into explicitly defined categories.
22
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
DSM-IV: New Ways to Categorize
Mental Illness (cont.)
• Axis II is used to describe developmental
disorders and long-standing personality
disorders or maladaptive traits. 
• Axis II is also used to describe specific
developmental disorders for children,
adolescents, and, in some cases, adults. 
• It is possible for an individual to have a
disorder on both Axis I and Axis II.
23
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
DSM-IV: New Ways to Categorize
Mental Illness (cont.)
• Axis III is used to describe physical
disorders or medical conditions that are
potentially relevant to understanding or
managing the person. 
• Axis IV is a measurement of the current
stress level at which the person is
functioning. 
• Axis V is used to describe the highest
level of adaptive functioning present
within the past year.
24
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
DSM-IV: New Ways to Categorize
Mental Illness (cont.)
• Adaptive functioning refers to three major
areas: 
– Social relations–refers to the quality of a
person’s relationships with family and friends. 
– Occupational functioning–involves functioning
as a worker, student, or homemaker and the
quality of the work accomplished. 
– Use of leisure time–includes recreational
activities or hobbies and the degree of
involvement and pleasure a person has in
them.
25
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
DSM-IV: New Ways to Categorize
Mental Illness (cont.)
• This five-part diagnosis may be extremely
helpful to researchers trying to discover
connections among psychological
disorders and other factors such as stress
and physical illness. 
• Although it is helpful, the DSM-IV “labels” a
person, which may have negative
influences on that person in the long run.
26
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
DSM-IV: New Ways to Categorize
Mental Illness (cont.)
• It is important to note that many people
develop a disorder listed in the DSM-IV
at some point in their lifetimes. 
• In effect, many people who qualify for a
disorder as diagnosed according to the
DSM-IV are not very different from
anyone else.
27
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
DSM-IV–Major Psychological
Disorders of Axis I
28
DSM-IV–Major Psychological
Disorders of Axis I (cont.)
29
Section Assessment
Review the Vocabulary What is
the DSM-IV? How do psychologists
use it?
The DSM-IV is the fourth version of
the American Psychiatric
Association’s Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders used to classify abnormal
symptoms as part of diagnosing
psychological disorders.
30
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Visualize the Main Idea Using a
diagram like the one on page 454 of
your textbook, identify and describe
three approaches psychologists use
to identify psychological disorders.
Your diagrams should reflect an
understanding of the approaches
used to distinguish normal and
abnormal behavior.
31
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recall Information What are the
advantages and disadvantages of
categorizing people by the DSM-IV?
Advantages–more precise diagnostic criteria,
recognizes the complexity of identifying and
classifying psychological disorders, allows
multiple psychological disorders to be
identified , recognizes differences in severity
of psychological disorders and the ability to
function in everyday life.
Disadvantages–labels may become
permanently affixed to a person.
32
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Think Critically Many people may
suffer from mild psychological
disorders. When do you think it is
necessary for them to seek help?
Seeking help when the symptoms are
relatively mild may help people with
psychological disorders continue to
function relatively well in everyday
life.
33
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Make charts listing the five
dimensions of mental functioning
and the aspect of a person’s
functioning that is identified by
each axis of the DSM-IV.
34
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Reader’s Guide
Main Idea
– Anxiety disorders are marked by excessive
fear, caution, and attempts to avoid anxiety. 
Objectives
– Identify the behavioral patterns that
psychologists label as anxiety disorders. 
– Explain what causes anxiety disorders.
36
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information. Section 2 begins on page 455 of your textbook.
Reader’s Guide (cont.)
Vocabulary
– anxiety 
– phobia 
– panic disorder 
– post-traumatic stress disorder
Click the Speaker button
to listen to Exploring
Psychology.
37
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information. Section 2 begins on page 455 of your textbook.
Introduction
• Anxiety is a general state of dread or
uneasiness that a person feels in
response to a real or imagined danger. 
• People suffering from anxiety disorders
suffer from anxiety that is out of proportion
to the situation provoking it. 
• This intense anxiety may interfere with
normal functioning in everyday life. 
• Fifteen percent of adults have endured
symptoms typical of anxiety disorders
(Regier et al., 1988).
38
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Introduction (cont.)
• These disorders share certain
characteristics, including feelings of
anxiety and personal inadequacy and an
avoidance of dealing with problems. 
• People with anxiety disorders often have
unrealistic images of themselves. 
• Anxious people often have difficulty
forming stable and satisfying
relationships.
39
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Introduction (cont.)
• In the DSM-IV, the anxiety disorders
discussed include: 
– generalized anxiety disorder 
– phobic disorder 
– panic disorder 
– obsessive-compulsive disorder 
– post-traumatic stress disorder
40
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• A severely anxious person almost always
feels nervous for reasons he or she
cannot explain. 
• Anxiety is a generalized apprehension–a
vague feeling that one is in danger. 
• Some people experience a continuous,
generalized anxiety.
anxiety
a vague, generalized
apprehension or feeling that
one is in danger
41
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (cont.)
• People who experience generalized
anxiety often have trouble dealing with
their family and friends and fulfilling their
responsibilities, and this adds to their
anxiety. 
• They are trapped in a vicious cycle. 
• Often the experience of generalized
anxiety is accompanied by physical
symptoms such as muscular tension. 
• Because anxious people are in a constant
state of apprehension, they may have
difficulty sleeping.
42
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (cont.)
• Some theorists stress the role of learning
in producing anxiety. 
• Other research suggests that anxiety
disorders may be partly inherited. 
• Environmental factors, such as
unpredictable traumatic experiences in
childhood, may also predispose someone
to developing an anxiety disorder. 
• The uncertainties of modern life also may
help explain the high incidence of
generalized anxiety.
43
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Phobic Disorder
• When severe anxiety is focused on a
particular object, animal, activity, or
situation that seems out of proportion to
the real dangers involved, it is called a
phobic disorder, or phobia. 
• A specific phobia can focus on almost
anything.
phobia
an intense and irrational fear
of a particular object or
situation
44
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Phobic Disorder (cont.)
• Victims of social phobias fear that they
will embarrass themselves in a public
place or a social setting. 
• Phobic individuals develop elaborate
plans to avoid the situations they fear.
• Phobias range in intensity from mild to
extremely severe. 
• One common form of treatment for
phobias involves providing the phobic
person with opportunities to experience
the feared object under conditions in
which he or she feels safe.
45
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Phobias
46
Panic Disorder
• Another kind of anxiety disorder is panic
disorder. 
• Panic is a feeling of sudden, helpless terror.

• During a panic attack, a victim experiences
sudden and unexplainable attacks of
intense anxiety leading the individual to
feel a sense of inevitable doom.
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder that
manifests itself in the form of
panic attacks
47
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Panic Disorder (cont.)
• Panic disorder may be inherited, in part. 
• The disorder may also be the result of
interpreting physiological arousal, such as
an increased heart rate, as disastrous.
48
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• A person suffering from acute anxiety
may find himself thinking the same
thoughts over and over. 
• Such an uncontrollable pattern of
thoughts is called obsession. 
• A person also may repeatedly perform
irrational actions, which is called a
compulsion. 
• The neurotic person may experience both
these agonies together–a condition called
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
49
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (cont.)
• Everyone has obsessions and
compulsions. 
• Striving to do something “perfectly” is
often considered to be a compulsion. 
• Psychologists consider it a problem only
when such thoughts and activities
interfere with what a person wants and
needs to do. 
• Although most people with obsessivecompulsive disorder realize that their
thoughts and actions are irrational, they
feel unable to stop them.
50
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
• Post-traumatic stress disorder is a
condition in which a person who has
experienced a traumatic event feels
severe and long-lasting aftereffects. 
• The event that triggers the disorder
overwhelms a person’s normal sense of
reality and ability to cope.
post-traumatic stress disorder
disorder in which victims of
traumatic events experience the
original event in the form of
dreams or flashbacks
51
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (cont.)
• Typical symptoms include involuntary
“flashbacks” or recurring nightmares during
which the victim reexperiences the ordeal,
often followed by insomnia and feelings of
guilt. 
• Post-traumatic stress disorder can be
extremely long-lasting. 
• Social support may protect a victim of
trauma from the psychological
aftereffects.
52
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Section Assessment
Review the Vocabulary Explain
how excessive anxiety may lead
to phobias or panic disorders.
Excessive anxiety of a particular
object, activity, or situation may result
in a phobia. Excessive anxiety may
also be exhibited in the form of panic
attacks in which the person senses
doom or death.
53
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Visualize the Main Idea Using a
diagram similar to the one found
on page 459 of your textbook, list
five symptoms of generalized
anxiety disorders.
1. a vague feeling of danger
2. a fear of the unknown that prevents one
from making decisions
3. difficulty with social relationships
4. physical symptoms
5. sleep disturbances
54
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recall Information What is
anxiety? When is it normal?
Abnormal?
Anxiety is a vague, generalized
apprehension or feeling that one is in
danger. It is normal when it does not
prevent someone from leading a
normal life and abnormal when it
inhibits the ability to maintain good
social relationships or manifests itself
with physical symptoms.
55
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Think Critically How would you
differentiate between someone
who is simply a perfectionist and
someone who is suffering from
obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Striving for perfection becomes a
problem only when such thoughts and
activities interfere with what a person
wants and needs to do in everyday
life.
56
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Bring in pictures from newspapers
and magazines showing recent
traumatic events. Describe the
signs of anxiety seen on the faces
of the people. 
What are the possible long-term
consequences of experiencing
traumatic events?
57
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Reader’s Guide
Main Idea
– Dealing with anxiety and stress can lead to
somatoform and dissociative disorders. 
Objectives
– Identify the behavioral patterns that
psychologists label as somatoform disorders. 
– Describe the symptoms of dissociative
disorders.
59
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information. Section 3 begins on page 460 of your textbook.
Reader’s Guide (cont.)
Vocabulary
– somatoform disorder 
– conversion disorder 
– dissociative disorder 
– dissociative amnesia 
– dissociative fugue 
– dissociative identity disorder
Click the Speaker button
to listen to Exploring
Psychology.
60
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information. Section 3 begins on page 460 of your textbook.
Introduction
• Somatoform disorders are characterized
by physical symptoms brought about by
psychological distress. 
• Psychologists may challenge conversion
patients, attempting to force them out of
the symptoms.
61
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Somatoform Disorders
• Anxiety can create a wide variety of
physical symptoms for which no physical
cause is apparent. 
• This phenomenon is known as a
somatoform disorder, or hysteria. 
• Two of the major types of somatoform
disorders that psychologists identify are
conversion disorders and hypochondriasis.
somatoform disorder
physical symptoms for which
there is no apparent physical
cause
62
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Conversion Disorders
• A conversion disorder is the conversion
of emotional difficulties into the loss of a
specific physiological function. 
• While the loss of functioning is real, no
actual physical damage is present. 
• A conversion disorder is not simply a brief
loss of functioning due to fright, it persists.
conversion disorder
changing emotional difficulties
into a loss of a specific
voluntary body function
63
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Conversion Disorders (cont.)
• When a person accepts the loss of
function with relative calm–called la belle
indifférence–it is one sign that a person
is suffering from a psychological rather
than a physiological problem. 
• Most psychologists believe that people
suffering from conversion disorders
unconsciously invent physical symptoms
to gain freedom from unbearable conflict. 
• Conversion disorders are comparatively
rare.
64
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Hypochondriasis
• Conversion disorders must be
distinguished from hypochondriasis, in
which a person who is in good health
becomes preoccupied with imaginary
ailments. 
• Hypochondriasis occurs mainly during
young adulthood, equally in men and
women. 
• According to psychoanalytic theory,
hypochondriasis occurs when an individual
represses emotions and then expresses
them symbolically in physical symptoms.
65
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Dissociative Disorders
• A dissociative disorder involves a more
significant breakdown in a person’s
normal conscious experience, such as a
loss of memory or identity. 
• These psychological phenomena
fascinate many people, so we hear a
good deal about amnesia and “multiple
personalities” though they are very rare.
dissociative disorder
a disorder in which a person
experiences alterations in
memory, identity, or
consciousness
66
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Dissociative Disorders (cont.)
• Memory loss that has no biological
explanation, or dissociative amnesia,
may be an attempt to escape from
problems by blotting them out completely. 
• This amnesia should be distinguished
from other losses of memory that result
from physical brain damage, normal
forgetting, or drug abuse.
dissociative amnesia
the inability to recall important
personal events or information;
usually associated with
stressful events
67
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Dissociative Disorders (cont.)
• In dissociative fugue, another type of
dissociative reaction, amnesia is coupled
with active flight to a different
environment. 
• A fugue state may last for days or for
decades. 
• When the individual comes out of it, they
will have no memory from the interim.
dissociative fugue
a dissociative disorder in which a
person suddenly and unexpectedly
travels away from home or work
and is unable to recall the past
68
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Dissociative Disorders (cont.)
• Fugue, then, is a sort of traveling amnesia,
and it probably serves as escape from
unbearable conflict or anxiety. 
• In dissociative identity disorder
(previously known as multiple personality
disorder), a third type of dissociative
disorder, someone seems to have two or
more distinct identities, each with its own
way of thinking and behaving.
dissociative identity disorder
a person exhibits two or more
personality states, each with its
own patterns of thinking and
behaving
69
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Dissociative Disorders (cont.)
• These different personality states may
take control at different times. 
• Some psychologists believe that this
dividing up of the personality is the result
of the individual’s effort to escape from a
part of herself that she fears. 
• It is an extremely rare disorder and people
diagnosed with this disorder usually
suffered severe physical, psychological,
or sexual abuse during childhood.
70
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Section Assessment
Review the Vocabulary Define and
describe three dissociative
disorders. Explain how these
disorders differ from one another.
Dissociative amnesia is the inability to
recall important personal events and
information. In dissociative fugue, the
person unexpectedly leaves his or her
home or work and is unable to recall
the past. Dissociative identity disorder
causes a person to exhibit two or more
separate personalities.
71
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Visualize the Main Idea Use a
graphic organizer similar to the
one on page 463 of your textbook
to list dissociative disorders.
dissociative amnesia
dissociative fugue
dissociative identity disorder
72
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recall Information What is the
difference between a conversion
disorder and hypochondriasis?
In conversion disorder, physiological
symptoms such as partial paralysis
are caused by emotional difficulties.
Hypochondriasis is a disorder in
which a healthy person imagines
various ailments.
73
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Think Critically Besides anxiety,
how might you realize that you are
suffering from a somatoform or
dissociative disorder?
Dissociative disorders could be
recognized by “waking up” someplace
that is unfamiliar or having someone
accuse you of actions taken for which
you have no memory. Somatoform
disorders may be recognized by
unexplainable physical ailments.
74
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Write an “Unsolved Mysteries”
style story about one of the
disorders discussed in this
section.
75
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Reader’s Guide
Main Idea
– Schizophrenia involves disordered thoughts.
Mood disorders involve disturbances in the
experience and expressions of depression. 
Objectives
– Describe the disorder of schizophrenia.

– Describe several theories that try to explain
mood disorders.
77
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information. Section 4 begins on page 465 of your textbook.
Reader’s Guide (cont.)
Vocabulary
– schizophrenia 
– delusions 
– hallucinations 
– major depressive disorder 
– bipolar disorder
Click the Speaker button
to listen to Exploring
Psychology.
78
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information. Section 4 begins on page 465 of your textbook.
Introduction
• Sufferers of schizophrenia often have
difficulty using language to communicate.
• This confused language may result
because schizophrenia affects the
working memory, which is used to form
sentences. 
• Psychologists are making progress in
furthering our understanding of
schizophrenia–the most complex and
severe psychological problem we
encounter.
79
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.

What is Schizophrenia?
• Schizophrenia is a problem of cognition,
but it also involves emotion, perception,
and motor functions. 
• Schizophrenia affects 1 in 100 people
worldwide (British Columbia
Schizophrenia Society, 1997), but the
odds increase to 1 in 10 if schizophrenia
is already in the family.
80
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
What is Schizophrenia? (cont.)
• Schizophrenia involves confused and
disordered thoughts and perceptions. 
• With schizophrenia, a person’s thought
processes are somewhat disturbed, and
the person has lost contact with reality to
a considerable extent. 
• Schizophrenia is not a single problem; it
has no single cause or cure.
schizophrenia
a group of disorders
characterized by confused
and disconnected thoughts,
emotions, and perceptions
81
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
What is Schizophrenia? (cont.)
• Schizophrenia is a collection of
symptoms that indicates an individual
has serious difficulty trying to meet the
demands of life. 
• Many people with schizophrenia
experience delusions and
hallucinations. 
• A person with schizophrenia may show a
number of other symptoms as well.
delusions
a false belief that a person
maintains in the face of
contrary evidence
82
hallucinations
perceptions that have no
direct external cause
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
What is Schizophrenia? (cont.)
• One other symptom is incoherence, or a
marked decline in thought processes. 
• Another symptom is disturbances of
affect, or emotions that are inappropriate
for the circumstances. 
• An individual with schizophrenia may
display severe deterioration in normal
movement, which may occur as slowed
movement, nonmovement, or as highly
agitated behavior. 
• They may also show a marked decline in
previous levels of functioning.
83
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Types of Schizophrenia
• Psychologists classify schizophrenia into
several subtypes. 
• The paranoid type, involves hallucinations
and delusions, including grandeur. 
• People with the catatonic type may remain
motionless for long periods. 
• Symptoms of the disorganized type include
incoherent language, inappropriate
emotions, giggling for no apparent reason,
generally disorganized motor behavior,
and hallucinations and delusions.
84
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Types of Schizophrenia (cont.)
• The diagnostic label remission type is
applied to anyone whose symptoms are
completely gone or still exist but are not
severe enough to have earned a
diagnosis of schizophrenia in the first
place. 
• The undifferentiated type encompasses
the basic symptoms of schizophrenia. 
• Schizophrenia is a very complex
condition, and treatment is long-term and
usually requires hospitalization.
85
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Types of Schizophrenia (cont.)
• Long-term institutionalization sometimes
leads to a patient who is burned out–one
who is unlikely to function normally in
society. 
• Although recovery from schizophrenia is
possible, no real cure for schizophrenia
exists.
86
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Causes of Schizophrenia
• There are many theories on the cause of
schizophrenia, and just as certainly,
there is disagreement. 
• In all likelihood, the ultimate cause is an
interaction of environmental, genetic, and
biochemical factors.
87
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Biological Influences
• Genetics is almost certainly involved in
causing schizophrenia since the odds of
developing it are ten times greater if it is
already in the family. 
• Psychologists cannot specify the exact
contribution hereditary factors make to
schizophrenia (Carson & Sanislow, 1992).
88
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Biochemistry and Physiology
• Some psychologists believe that
psychosis is due largely to chemical
imbalances in the brain. 
• Chemical problems may also be involved in
schizophrenia. 
• The dopamine hypothesis suggests that
an excess of dopamine at selected
synapses is related to a diagnosis of
schizophrenia. 
• It is hard to tell whether these chemical
imbalances are the cause of schizophrenia
or the result of it.
89
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Biochemistry and Physiology (cont.)
• The use of CAT and MRI scans has led
to the discovery that the brains of people
with schizophrenia often show signs of
deteriorated brain tissue (Pearlson et al.,
1989).
90
Family and Interactions
• From Freud onward, it has been
tempting to blame the family situation in
childhood for problems that develop
during adulthood. 
• Studies show that families of individuals
who later develop schizophrenia are often
on the verge of falling apart. 
• Another frequent finding is that family
members organize themselves around the
very unusual, demanding, or maladaptive
behavior of one member of the family.
91
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Family and Interactions (cont.)
In Summary
• At this point, psychologists do not know
which of these theories is correct. 
• The diathesis-stress hypothesis states
that an individual may have inherited a
predisposition toward schizophrenia. 
• Explaining the causes of schizophrenia is
perhaps the most complex research
problem psychologists face.
92
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Mood Disorders
• We all experience mood swings and
even occasional depression is a common
experience. 
• These individuals often get the sense that
their depression will go on forever and
that there is nothing they can do to
change it. 
• As a result, their emotions hamper their
ability to function effectively. 
• In extreme cases, a mood may cause
individuals to lose touch with reality or
seriously threaten their health or lives.
93
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Major Depressive Disorder
• Individuals suffering from major
depressive disorder spend at least two
weeks feeling depressed, sad, anxious,
fatigued, and agitated, experiencing a
reduced ability to function and interact with
others. 
• To be diagnosed as depression, these
feelings cannot be attributed to
bereavement (the loss of a loved one).
major depressive disorder
severe form of depression
that interferes with function,
concentration, and mental and
physical well-being.
94
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Major Depressive Disorder (cont.)
• This disorder is marked by at least four
of the following symptoms: 
– problems with eating, sleeping, thinking,
concentrating, or decision making 
– lacking energy 
– thinking about suicide 
– feeling worthless or guilty 
95
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Bipolar Disorder
• One type of mood disorder is bipolar
disorder, in which individuals are
excessively and inappropriately happy or
unhappy. 
• These reactions may take the form of
high elation, hopeless depression, or an
alternation between the two.
bipolar disorder
disorder in which an individual
alternates between feelings of
mania (euphoria) and
depression
96
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Bipolar Disorder (cont.)
• In the manic phase, a person
experiences elation, extreme confusion,
distractibility, and racing thoughts. 
• In the depressive phase, the individual is
overcome by feelings of failure,
sinfulness, worthlessness, and despair. 
• Some people experience occasional
episodes of a manic-type or depressivetype reaction, separated by long intervals
of relatively normal behavior.
97
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Bipolar Disorder (cont.)
• Others exhibit almost no normal behavior,
cycling instead from periods of manic-type
reactions to equally intense depressivetype reactions. 
• Some theorists have speculated that the
manic periods serve as an attempt to
ward off the underlying hopelessness of
the depressive periods. 
• Others believe that mania can be traced
to the same biochemical disorder
responsible for depression.
98
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Seasonal Affective Disorder
• There are people who develop a deep
depression in the midst of winter. 
• These people are victims of seasonal
affective disorder, or SAD. 
• People suffering from SAD tend to sleep
and eat excessively during their depressed
periods. 
• Researchers have proposed that the
hormone melatonin may play a role.
99
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Seasonal Affective Disorder (cont.)
• The less light available (in winter), the
more melatonin is secreted by the brain’s
pineal gland. 
• Many SAD sufferers can be treated by
sitting under bright fluorescent lights
during the evening or early morning
hours.
100
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Explaining Mood Disorders
• Psychological factors underlying mood
disorders include certain personality
traits, amount of social support, and the
ability to deal with stressful situations. 
• Beck (1983) believes that depressed
people draw illogical conclusions about
themselves–they blame themselves for
normal problems. 
• As described in Chapter 9, Martin
Seligman (1975) believes that depression
is caused by a feeling of learned
helplessness.
101
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Explaining Mood Disorders (cont.)
• Psychologists developed theories to
provide a physiological or biological
explanation of depression. 
• Researchers are currently searching for
the neurotransmitters that cause mood
disorders. 
• They are also looking at genetic factors
and faulty brain structure and function as
possible causes. 
• Many causes of depression may result
from an interaction of biological and
psychological factors.
102
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Suicide and Depression
• Not all people who commit suicide are
depressed, and not all depressed people
attempt suicide. 
• People may take their lives for any
number of reasons. 
– It may be to escape from physical or emotional
pain. 
– It might be an effort to end the torment of
unacceptable feelings, to punish themselves
for wrongs they think they have committed, or
to punish others who have not perceived their
needs (Mintz, 1968).
103
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Suicide and Depression (cont.)
• Statistics show that every year more than
32,000 Americans end their lives–about
1 every 16 minutes. 
• More women than men attempt suicide,
but more men than women succeed. 
• Suicide is most common among the
elderly but also ranks as the second most
common cause of death among college
students. 
• Contrary to popular belief, people who
threaten suicide or make an unsuccessful
attempt usually are serious.
104
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Rates of Suicide
105
Section Assessment
Review the Vocabulary Define
schizophrenia and list five
symptoms of the disorder.
Schizophrenia is a group of disorders
characterized by confused and
disconnected thoughts, emotions, and
perceptions. Symptoms include delusions,
hallucinations, incoherence, disturbances
of affect, deterioration in normal movement,
decline in previous levels of functioning,
and diverted attention.
106
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Visualize the Main Idea Use a
graphic organizer similar to the
one on page 473 of your textbook
to identify types of schizophrenia.
Types of schizophrenia are paranoid
types, disorganized type, remission
type, undifferentiated type, and
catatonic type.
107
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recall Information What is the
diathesis-stress hypothesis? How
does it explain the development of
schizophrenia?
It theorizes that an individual may
have inherited a predisposition
toward schizophrenia that will only
develop if exposed to an environment
of certain stressors.
108
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Think Critically Recall the last
time you failed or did not do well at
something. What kind of
explanation did you offer for your
failure? Was this explanation
pessimistic or optimistic? Explain.
How did your explanation affect
your mood or feelings?
Answers will vary. Explore the
differences between a pessimistic
and an optimistic outlook.
109
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Brainstorm ways in which the
spiral describes mood disorders.
110
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Reader’s Guide
Main Idea
– Personality disorders and drug addiction prohibit
normal relationships and normal functioning. 
Objectives
– Describe how personality disorders differ
from other psychological disorders. 
– Explain how drug abuse is a psychological
problem.
112
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information. Section 5 begins on page 474 of your textbook.
Reader’s Guide (cont.)
Vocabulary
– personality disorders 
– antisocial personality 
– psychological dependence 
– addiction 
– tolerance 
– withdrawal
Click the Speaker button
to listen to Exploring
Psychology.
113
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information. Section 5 begins on page 474 of your textbook.
Introduction
• Lack of constraint is a sign of a
personality disorder, specifically an
antisocial personality disorder.
114
Personality Disorders
• Personality disorders are different from
the problems we have been discussing. 
• Psychologists consider people with
personality disorders “abnormal” because
they seem unable to establish meaningful
relationships with other people, to assume
social responsibilities, or to adapt to their
social environment.
personality disorders
maladaptive or inflexible ways
of dealing with others and
one’s environment
115
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Personality Disorders (cont.)
• This diagnostic category includes a wide
range of self-defeating personality
patterns, from painfully shy, lonely types
to vain, pushy show-offs. 
• In this section we focus on people with
antisocial personalities, who in the past
were referred to as sociopaths or
psychopaths.
antisocial personalities
a personality disorder
characterized by irresponsibility,
shallow emotions, and lack of
conscience
116
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Types of Personality Disorders
117
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Antisocial Personality
• Individuals with antisocial personalities
exhibit a persistent disregard for and
violation of others’ rights. 
• Intolerant of everyday frustrations and
unable to save or plan or wait, they live for
the moment. 
• Many individuals with antisocial
personalities can get away with destructive
behavior because they are intelligent,
entertaining, and able to feign emotions
they do not feel.
118
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Antisocial Personality (cont.)
• According to one theory, individuals with
antisocial personalities have simply
imitated their own antisocial parents. 
• Psychologists are still investigating the
relationship between genes and antisocial
behavior. 
• Those with antisocial personalities never
seem to learn to anticipate punishment
and remain calm while committing
antisocial acts.
119
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Drug Addiction
• In American society, drug abuse has
become a major psychological problem.
• Abuse of drugs invariably involves
psychological dependence. 
• People can become psychologically
dependent on a wide variety of drugs,
including alcohol, caffeine, nicotine,
cocaine, marijuana, and amphetamines.
psychological dependence
use of a drug to such an
extent that a person feels
nervous and anxious without it
120
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.

Drug Addiction (cont.)
• When deprived of the drug, a
psychologically dependent person
becomes restless, irritable, and uneasy. 
• In addition to psychological dependence,
drugs can lead to physiological addiction. 
• Just as dependence causes a
psychological need for the drug, addiction
causes a physical need.
addiction
a pattern of drug abuse
characterized by an overwhelming and compulsive desire
to obtain and use the drug
121
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Drug Addiction (cont.)
• Once a person is addicted to a drug, he
develops tolerance. 
• If the addict does not get the drug, he is
likely to go through withdrawal. 
• Withdrawal is a state of physical and
psychological upset during which the body
and the mind revolt against and finally get
used to the absence of the drug.
tolerance
physical adaptation to a drug
so that a person needs an
increased amount in order to
produce the original effect
122
withdrawal
the symptoms that occur after
a person discontinues the
use of a drug to which he or
she has become addicted
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Alcoholism
• This country’s most serious drug problem
is alcoholism. 
• More than half of the students entering
high school have already tried alcohol; by
the time of graduation, 92 percent have
tried it. 
• Fifty percent or more of the deaths in
automobile accidents each year can be
traced to alcohol; in half of all murders,
either the killer or the victim had been
drinking.
123
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Alcoholism (cont.)
• In small doses, alcohol might be called a
social wonder drug since the first
psychological function that it slows down
is our inhibitions. 
• It is for this reason that many people
consider alcohol a stimulant, when it is
really a depressant. 
• As the number of drinks increases, one by
one, the person’s psychological and
physiological functions begin to shut
down.
124
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Alcoholism (cont.)
• If enough alcohol accumulates in the
body, it leads to unconsciousness and, in
some cases, coma and death. 
• It all depends on how much and how
rapidly alcohol enters the bloodstream–
which, in turn, depend on a person’s
weight, body chemistry, how much he or
she drinks and how quickly, and his or her
past experience with drinking. 
• Alcohol can produce psychological
dependence, tolerance, and addiction.
125
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Alcoholism (cont.)
• One researcher (Jellinek, 1960) has
outlined three stages of alcoholism. 
– In the first stage, the individual discovers that
alcohol reduces her tensions, gives her selfconfidence, and reduces social pressures. 
– In the second stage, the beverage becomes a
drug. 
– In the final stage, she drinks compulsively,
beginning in the morning.
126
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Alcoholism (cont.)
• Alcoholism may develop from both
environmental and genetic factors. 
• The first step in treating the alcoholic is to
help her through the violent withdrawal–
called delirium tremens–typical of alcohol
addiction and then to try to make her
healthier. 
• She may be given a variety of treatments,
from drugs to psychotherapy. 
• Some alcoholics must turn to medical
treatment.
127
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Alcoholism (cont.)
• Some doctors prescribe Antabuse to
alcoholics (Peachey & Naranjo, 1983). 
• When alcoholics take a daily Antabuse
pill, they become violently sick if they
have a drink of alcohol. 
• The threat of the violent sickness may
become an effective prevention. 
• There is, however, no certain cure for
alcoholism.
128
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Section Assessment
Review the Vocabulary How are
addiction, tolerance, and
withdrawal related to drug abuse?
Addiction is the psychological
dependence on drugs. Tolerance is a
physical adaptation to the drug.
Withdrawal is the psychological and
physical symptoms that result when
drug use is discontinued.
129
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Visualize the Main Idea Use an
outline similar to the one on page
478 of your textbook to list
characteristics of an antisocial
personality.
Characteristics of an antisocial
personality include a pattern of
disregard and violation of others’
rights with no feelings of remorse,
treating people as objects,
intolerance of everyday frustrations,
and living for the moment.
130
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recall Information What are the
three stages of alcoholism? How
can alcohol lead to psychological
dependence?
The stages are (1) drinking makes
the person feel better, (2) drinking
becomes a drug to the point that a
person believes he or she has to hide
the habit, and (3) drinking becomes
compulsive. The person comes to
depend on alcohol to get through
tough situations.
131
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Think Critically How do
personality disorders differ from
other psychological disorders?
People with personality disorders do
not suffer anxiety or bizarre behavior.
Their problems involve the inability to
establish and maintain meaningful
social relationships or adapt to their
social environment.
132
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Review Raymond Cattell’s 16
personality source traits (Figure
14.16 on page 400 of your
textbook).
Using these traits, rate a person
suffering from antisocial
personality disorder or one of the
the other personality disorders
listed in Figure 16.15 on page 475
of your textbook.
133
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Section 1: What Are Psychological
Disorders?
• One approach to defining abnormality is to
say that whatever most people do is
normal and any deviation from the majority
is abnormal. 
• Abnormality can be viewed as an inability
to adjust to getting along in the world–
physically, emotionally,
and socially. 
• Psychiatrists use the DSM-IV to help them
classify psychological disorders.
135
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Section 2: Anxiety Disorders
• Generalized anxiety is often accompanied
by physical symptoms. 
• Other anxiety disorders include phobic,
obsessive-compulsive, post-traumatic
stress, and panic disorders.
136
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Section 3: Somatoform and
Dissociative Disorders
• Somatoform disorders are psychological
problems in which symptoms are focused
on the body. 
• Dissociative disorders involve a breakdown
in a person’s normal conscious experience.
137
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Section 4: Schizophrenia and
Mood Disorders
• Schizophrenia is a collection of symptoms
relating to impairments in cognition,
emotion, perception, and motor
movement. 
• Psychologists have classified several types
of schizophrenia. 
• Types of mood disorders are major
depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and
seasonal affective disorder.
138
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Section 5: Personality Disorders
and Drug Addiction
• People with personality disorders seem
unable to establish meaningful
relationships with other people or to adapt
to their social environment. 
• Abuse of drugs often involves
psychological dependence, addiction,
tolerance, and sometimes withdrawal.
139
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the information.
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Reviewing Vocabulary
Use the correct term or concept to complete the following
sentences.
1. An extreme fear of crowds is an example of a(n)
phobia
__________.
2. A mood disorder in which individuals are
excessively and inappropriately happy or unhappy
is called a(n) _____________.
bipolar disorder
3. A person who experiences severe and longlasting aftereffects of a traumatic event is suffering
from _________________________.
post-traumatic stress disorder
DSM-IV is a standard system for
4. The __________
classifying abnormal behavior.
141
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answers.
Reviewing Vocabulary (cont.)
Use the correct term or concept to complete the following
sentences.
5. During __________,
withdrawl an addicted person’s body
and mind revolt against and finally get used to the
absence of a drug.
Hallucinations are perceptions in the absence of
6. ____________
corresponding sensations.
7. A psychological disorder in which there is no
apparent physical cause for certain physical
symptoms is known as a(n) _________________.
somatoform disorder
8. People suffering from schizophrenia sometimes
delusions or false beliefs
experience __________,
maintained in the face of contrary evidence.
142
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answers.
Reviewing Vocabulary (cont.)
Use the correct term or concept to complete the following
sentences.
9. A person who is experiencing a generalized
apprehension is suffering from __________.
anxiety
10. People with a(n) _________________
antisocial personality are
generally irresponsible and immature.
143
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answers.
Recalling Facts
In what way does the system
psychologists currently use to
classify abnormal behavior differ
from the one that preceded it?
The DSM-IV is less vague than the
DSM-II. The conditions originally
identified under neurosis and psychosis
have been expanded into more detailed
categories. Anxiety disorders,
somatoform disorders, dissociative
disorders, mood disorders, and
schizophrenia are now included.
144
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Recalling Facts
Describe the symptoms associated
with anxiety. Give two explanations
for the occurrence of anxiety.
Symptoms associated with anxiety include
muscular tension, inability to relax,
furrowed brow, strained face, poor
appetite, indigestion, diarrhea, frequent
urination, and difficulty sleeping. Learned
behavior, physiological factors, and
suppression of unconscious desires are
causes of anxiety.
145
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Recalling Facts
What is a dissociative fugue? What
psychological function might it
serve? How does it differ from
dissociative amnesia?
A dissociative fugue is a reaction in
which amnesia is coupled with active
flight to a different environment. It
serves as an escape from unbearable
fear or anxiety. A dissociative fugue
involves a different location and life
apart from the prior life.
146
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Recalling Facts
Use a diagram similar to the one on
page 481 in your textbook to list and
explain three possible causes of
schizophrenia.
Three possible causes of
schizophrenia are inherited
predisposition, chemical imbalance
in the brain, and/or long-term
exposure to unhealthy family life.
147
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Recalling Facts
How would you describe someone
who is classified as having an
antisocial personality disorder?
They could be described as
irresponsible, immature, emotionally
shallow, and thrill-seeking.
148
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Building Skills
Interpreting a Graph
Review the graph below, then answer the questions that follow.
149
Building Skills
According to the graph, what is the most
common anxiety disorder reported in the
United States?
The most common
disorder reported is
social phobia.
150
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Building Skills
What percentage of the United States
population reports any anxiety disorder?
25 percent of the
population reports
any anxiety
disorder.
151
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Building Skills
Do you think that suffering from an
anxiety disorder is a common or rare
occurrence? Explain.
Since the graph
shows that 1 out of
4 people have
suffered from an
anxiety disorder, it is
a relatively common
occurrence.
152
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
I am one of the five major
dimensions used by the DSM-IV that
describes the highest level of
functioning experienced during the
past year. What am I?
I am Axis V.
153
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar
to display the answer.
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the
Understanding Psychology Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites
correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web
site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://psychology.glencoe.com
What is a phobia? Write its definition as well
as the definition of the following terms in
your journal: acrophobia, xenophobia,
agoraphobia. Use a dictionary to help you
with the assignment.
Examine Thomas Szasz’s argument that the
mentally ill simply have “problems in living.”
Then write a paragraph agreeing with Szasz’s
point of view and a second paragraph
disagreeing with his point of view.
Write about a time in which the same
thought kept recurring. Explain how you
overcame the thought or moved on to
other things.
Write about a dissociative experience that
you have had.
After reading the various theories of the
causes of schizophrenia, write an
explanation of what causes schizophrenia
for a friend whose brother has just been
diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Write a description of a television or movie
character who exhibits one of the
personality disorders described in section
five of your textbook.
Munchausen’s
Syndrome
Read the case study presented on
page 464 of your textbook. Be
prepared to answer the questions that
appear on the following slides. A
discussion prompt and additional
information follow the questions.
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on page 464 of your textbook.
Munchausen’s
Syndrome
What is Munchausen’s Syndrome?
It is a serious disorder in which people will go to
extreme lengths to avoid emotional pain. They
may create both physical and psychological
symptoms to have a physician take care of them.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 464 of your textbook.
Munchausen’s
Syndrome
What are some possible causes of
Munchausen’s Syndrome?
A possible cause may be an all-caring or allrejecting parental relationship that the person
attempts to re-create with the physician.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 464 of your textbook.
Munchausen’s
Syndrome
Critical Thinking Why might a physician or
psychologist suspect that someone is suffering from
Munchausen’s Syndrome? What is the danger in
misdiagnosing this disorder?
A physician may suspect the presence of this disorder when a
person seeks treatment but refuses to fully cooperate. It may
also be suspected when there are a series of self-defined or
self-induced symptoms for which the person attempts to be
admitted to the hospital. Munchausen’s patients have a
tendency to hide their methods poorly. If the disorder is
diagnosed but is not really present, the person may not be
treated for actual ailments. If the disorder is missed, the
person may permanently injure himself or herself.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 464 of your textbook.
Munchausen’s
Syndrome
Discuss the following:
What caused Goodman to suspect
Munchausen’s? What types of things do
patients do to convince physicians that
their symptoms are real? What evidence
do they tend to leave of their deceit?
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on page 464 of your textbook.
Munchausen’s
Syndrome
In 1994, Kathleen Bush was lauded in a
White House ceremony by First Lady
Hillary Clinton as an outstanding
example of a mother with a very sick
child and no medical insurance.
Less than two years later, Kathleen Bush
was arrested for child abuse.
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on page 464 of your textbook.
Munchausen’s
Syndrome
– Her daughter, Jennifer, then 8 years old, had been
hospitalized more than 200 times and had undergone
40 operations. 
– Some accused her of having a disorder known as
Munchausen’s by Proxy, which is the creation of
physical symptoms in one’s child. 
– The parent, usually the mother, appears to be
seeking attention and sympathy from family, friends,
and physicians.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information. This feature is found on page 464 of your textbook.
Munchausen’s
Syndrome
– In this case, Kathleen Bush was accused of poisoning
and infecting her daughter. 
– Her daughter was put in protective custody by the state
and improved rapidly after being removed from her
mother’s care.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information. This feature is found on page 464 of your textbook.
Continued on next slide.
Continued on next slide.
Answers:
1. The three areas of
adaptive functioning
are social relations,
occupational
functioning, and use
of leisure time. 
2. A teenager has a low
level of adaptive
functioning in the
area of social
relations. 
3. It would include them
to help identify and
diagnose the
psychological
problems someone is
dealing with.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the answers.
Continued on next slide.
Answers:
1. The person on
the left suffers
from the fear of
heights, also
called
acrophobia. 
2. Answers will vary;
one way might be
to experience
heights under
safe conditions. 
4. Veterans, natural
disaster survivors,
and victims of
human aggression
are common
suffers of PTSD.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the answers.
3. Some common
symptoms are
flashbacks,
recurring
nightmares,
insomnia, and
feelings of guilt. 
Continued on next slide.
Answers:
1. The picture
demonstrates a
normal, temporary
loss of memory. 
2. A disorder is
different from an
experience in that
there is a long term
loss versus a short
term loss, and in an
experience the
persons identity is
not affected. 
3. Answers could
include dissociative
amnesia,
dissociative fatigue,
and dissociative
identity disorder.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the answers.
Continued on next slide.
Answers:
1. The phrases are
connected by random
associations. 
2. They have difficulty
using language to
communicate. 
3. Schizophrenia seems
to affect the working
memory.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the answers.
Continued on next slide.
Answers:
1. People could
begin because it
reduces tension,
makes them feel
confident, and
reduces
pressure. 
2. It distorts
perceptions and
sensations, slurs
speech, and
causes sluggish
reactions. 
3. Possible help
includes AA
psychological
treatment, and
Antabuse. 
4. Answers will
vary.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the answers.
The Grief Brigade
Introduction
Use the Reader’s Dictionary that appears
on the next slide to help explain unfamiliar
terms as you read the article on pages
482–483 of your textbook. Be prepared to
answer the questions that follow.
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on pages 482–483 of your textbook.
The Grief Brigade
Reader’s Dictionary
parlance: manner of
talking
immemorial: going back
beyond the reach of
memory or record;
timeless
astronomical: extremely
large
debriefing: asking
questions immediately after
an event to get as much
information as possible
seminal: an original work
that defines an author
consolation: act of being
comforted
calamity: catastrophe, an
event that causes distress
bereavement: the loss of a
loved one by death
This feature is found on pages 482–483 of your textbook.
Continued on next slide.
The Grief Brigade
Analyzing the Article
What is the purpose of trauma
counseling?
Trauma counseling helps people put into words
the deep, emotional feelings that accompany a
trauma. Trauma counselors handle the
immediate aftershocks of disaster. They try to
get people to open up and explore their thoughts
and feelings about what happened.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on pages 482–483 of your textbook.
The Grief Brigade
Analyzing the Article
How is the grief of children different
from adults’ grief?
Children are often fearful, have trouble falling
asleep, and have difficulty concentrating and
carrying on normal daily activities. Some
children deny the experience, telling the story as
if it happened to someone else. Some children
may appear to be hyperactive.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on pages 482–483 of your textbook.
The Grief Brigade
Analyzing the Article
CRITICAL THINKING Why is grief
counseling controversial? Do you think
that it’s better to express grief or hold it
in? Why?
Grief counseling is controversial because some studies
do not support the theory that talking about the traumatic
event helps people recover.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on pages 482–483 of your textbook.
The Grief Brigade
Discussion
With national media coverage of
traumatic events, how are we, as a
society, affected by events such as the
Columbine High School massacre and
the Oklahoma City Bombing?
Use this question to explore how you react to
reports of traumatic events on the news.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on pages 482–483 of your textbook.
The Grief Brigade
Discussion
Do you think that parents of preschool
and early elementary school children
should shield their children from seeing
news reports of traumas? Why or why
not?
Answers will vary.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on pages 482–483 of your textbook.
Psychological Disorders
From the Classroom of Jerry Agner
Marion Harding High School, Marion, OH
Select an individual who has appeared
(now or in the past) on the cover of a
national magazine that you consider
“abnormal.”
Select one of the approaches to defining
abnormality that appears in this chapter.
Use it to explain why and what is
abnormal behavior exhibited by
the individual.
One In Seven Will Seek Help
Mad as A Hatter
Click a hyperlink to go to the corresponding slide.
In the United States, one person in seven will
seek help for a psychological disorder at
some time during his or her lifetime.
The phrase “mad as a hatter” became widely
used because hatmakers suffered from
tremors, slurred speech, and confusion.
Scientists discovered that this condition was
caused by mercury-laden vapors inhaled by
the hatmakers while they worked on felt hats.
Tell students that in her books I’m Eve and A
Mind of My Own, the full story of Chris
Costner Sizemore is revealed. She suffered
from her mental illness from age two and had
a total of 22 separate personalities until she
was properly treated and brought to full
integration by Dr. Anthony Tsitos in 1977.
In April 1997, the world was shocked by the
mass suicide of Marshall Applewhite and 38
followers of the Heaven’s Gate cult.
Psychologists identify Applewhite and many
other cult leaders as schizophrenic. Many of
his followers had borderline personalities.
In ancient times, Egyptians and Babylonians
believed that mental illness was due primarily to
evil spirits. Archaeologists frequently find
evidence of a practice known as terphining,
which involved drilling an opening in the skull to
let evil spirits escape.
Researchers at the Institute for Basic Psychiatry
Research at the Aarhus University Hospital in
Denmark analyzed 2,669 people diagnosed with
schizophrenia. They examined several risk factors
including family history of mental illness, time of the
year that the people were born, and where the
people lived during their childhoods. The study
confirmed that a family history of schizophrenia was
the primary risk factor.
Continued on next slide.
The study also found that those born in February
and March and those living in urban environments
ran a higher risk of developing schizophrenia.
Researchers concluded that the time and place
factors lend support to the viral theory of
schizophrenia by saying, “Viruses are more
abundant in winter and are more likely to spread in
crowded urban environments.”
Source: Talan, J. (1999, February 25) New schizophrenia risks found. Newsday, A24.
The prevalence of antisocial personality
disorder is approximately 3 to 4 percent in
the United States, Canada, Australia, and
New Zealand. However, the rate in Taiwan is
only 0.5 percent. Psychologists speculate
that a culture emphasizing close family ties
may be responsible for the lower incidence
in Taiwan. Further research is needed to
confirm this hypothesis.
Help for Primary
Care Physicians
In the current U.S. health care system, many people
are required by their health insurers to see a primary
care physician first. The primary care physician makes
an initial diagnosis and can refer patients to specialists.
Since most primary care physicians are not
psychiatrists, the DSM-IV-PC has been developed. It
helps primary care physicians make the basic
diagnosis needed to refer patients to the proper
specialists. It uses the same basic approach as the
DSM-IV but is limited to the most common disorders
and simplifies the diagnosis procedure.
Bipolar Disorder
A study published in the May 1999 issue of the
Archives of General Psychiatry indicates that
omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil may relieve
the symptoms of bipolar disorder. The study
involved a small sample of people being treated
for bipolar disorder at the Brigham and
Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts.
Researchers acknowledge that further research
using larger samples is needed before a theory
can be proposed.
Effects of Diagnosis
on Treatment
• In the early 1970s, David Rosenhan and seven other
researchers became pseudopatients at
psychiatric hospitals. 
• All were admitted to hospitals after complaining of
hearing disembodied voices and were diagnosed as
schizophrenic. 
• Stays in the hospital ranged from one week to
two months. 
• After admission, none exhibited any abnormal
behaviors, yet none of the hospital staff ever
recognized them as normal.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information.
Effects of Diagnosis
on Treatment
• Interestingly, many of the patients in the hospitals
suspected that the pseudopatients did not belong. 
• What does this research study indicate about the
effect of diagnosis on how a person is treated? 
• How can a diagnosis become a self-fulfilling
prophecy?
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information.
Mental illnesses have been a common topic for films.
View one pair of the following films: 
– Bipolar disorder: Blue Sky (1994) and A Fine
Madness (1966) or Mr. Jones (1991) and The
Snake Pit (1947) 
– Schizophrenia: Awakenings (1990) and Possessed
(1947) 
After viewing the films, write an essay comparing and
contrasting the treatment of the characters and
society’s view of the disorder.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information.
• Read the Psychology and You feature on
page 473 of your textbook. 
• Discuss the following:
How can allowing a person to talk
about their feelings help them
overcome suicidal thoughts?
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information.
Abraham Maslow
1908–1970
Click the picture to listen to
a biography on Abraham
Maslow. Be prepared to
answer questions that
appear on the next three
slides.
This feature is found on page 451 of your textbook.
Abraham Maslow
1908–1970
Why did Maslow
upset behaviorists?
He contradicted their theories
with the belief that individuals
had freedom to choose their
actions, that they did not simply
respond to rewards and
punishments meted out by their
environments.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 451 of your textbook.
Abraham Maslow
1908–1970
How did Maslow describe
human motivation?
He described it as a
hierarchy of needs from basic
biological needs to selfactualization.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 451 of your textbook.
Abraham Maslow
1908–1970
How did Maslow believe
psychological conflicts
were resolved?
He felt they were resolved by
attending to the unfulfilled
needs of individuals.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 451 of your textbook.
End of Custom Shows
WARNING! Do Not Remove
This slide is intentionally blank and is set to auto-advance to end custom
shows and return to the main presentation.
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.