Presentation Plus! Understanding Psychology
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CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 What is Psychotherapy?
SECTION 2 Psychoanalysis and
Humanistic Therapy
SECTION 3 Cognitive and Behavior
Therapies
SECTION 4 Biological Approaches to
Treatment
CHAPTER SUMMARY
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
3
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Chapter Objectives
Section 1: What Is Psychotherapy?
• Describe psychotherapy and how it is the
general term for several approaches used to
treat psychological disorders. 
Section 2: Psychoanalysis and
Humanistic Therapy
• Explain how psychoanalysis is an analysis of
the conscious and unconscious mind based
on the theories of Sigmund Freud, while
humanistic therapy is designed to help
people reach their full potential.
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the information.
Chapter Objectives (cont.)
Section 3: Cognitive and Behavior
Therapies
• Describe how cognitive and behavior
therapies help clients develop new ways
of thinking and behaving. 
Section 4: Biological Approaches
to Treatment
• Explain how biological approaches to
treatment rely on methods such as
medication, electric shock therapy, and
surgery to help clients.
5
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Reader’s Guide
Main Idea
– Psychotherapy is a general term for the several
approaches used by mental health professionals
to treat psychological disorders. 
Objectives
– Explain the nature of psychotherapy. 
– Describe the role of a therapist.
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information. Section 1 begins on page 485 of your textbook.
Reader’s Guide (cont.)
Vocabulary
– psychotherapy 
– eclectic approach 
– placebo effect 
– empathy 
– group therapy
Click the Speaker button
to listen to Exploring
Psychology.
8
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information. Section 1 begins on page 485 of your textbook.
Introduction
• When people become dissatisfied or
distraught with life and suspect that the
reason lies within themselves, they often
seek therapy, which refers to treatment of
behavioral, bodily, or psychological
disorders. 
• Mental health professionals who have been
trained to deal with the psychological
problems of others include psychologists,
psychiatrists, and social workers. 
• The special kind of help they provide is
called psychotherapy.
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Introduction (cont.)
• Psychotherapy involves three things: 
– verbal interaction between a therapist and
client 
– the development of a supportive and trusting
relationship 
– an analysis by the therapist of the client’s
problems, including suggestions for
overcoming those problems
psychotherapy
any treatment used by
therapists to help troubled
individuals overcome their
problems
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The Nature of Psychotherapy
• In early times people often thought that
psychological disturbances represented
some sort of moral or religious problem. 
• Psychological disorders slowly came to be
thought of as diseases, and the term
mental illness was applied to many
psychological problems. 
• That psychological disturbance is seen as
the symptom of a disease has helped
reduce the stigma associated with such
problems.
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Functions of Psychotherapy
• One of the functions of psychotherapy is
to help people realize that they are the
only ones who can really solve their
problems. 
• The major task of the therapist is to… 
– help people examine their way of living. 
– understand how their present way of living
causes problems. 
– help people start living in new, more beneficial
ways.
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Main Kinds of Therapy
• There are many different kinds of
therapy, only a few of which will be
described in this chapter: 
– psychoanalysis 
– humanistic approaches to treatment 
– cognitive approaches to treatment 
– behavioral approaches to treatment 
– biological approaches to treatment
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Main Kinds of Therapy (cont.)
• Some psychotherapists stick rigorously
to one style and consider the others
useless. 
• Other psychotherapists use an eclectic
approach to therapy, choosing methods
from many different kinds of therapy and
using the one that works best.
eclectic approach
method that combines various
kinds of therapy or
combinations of therapies
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Types of Psychotherapies
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Goals of Therapy
• The primary goal of psychotherapy is to
strengthen the patient’s control over his
or her life. 
• One of the most important factors in
effective treatment is the patient’s belief or
hope that he can change. 
• The influence that a patient’s hopes and
expectations have on his improvement is
often called the placebo effect.
placebo effect
the influence that a patient’s hopes
and expectations have on his or
her improvement during therapy
16
Goals of Therapy (cont.)
• The placebo effect does not imply that
problems can be solved simply by fooling
the patient. 
• Therapy goes beyond the placebo effect. 
• It combines the patient’s belief that he can
change with hard work and professional
guidance.
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Who Are Therapists?
• In American society, there are many
people who practice psychotherapy. 
• Some, like clinical neuropsychologists,
are trained in psychology and physiology;
others, like counseling psychologists,
have different forms of formal training.
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Kinds of Therapists
19
Kinds of Therapists (cont.)
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What Makes a Good Therapist?
• There are three characteristics found in
effective therapists. 
– A therapist needs to be psychologically
healthy. 
– Another important characteristic is empathy, a
capacity for warmth and understanding. 
– A good therapist must be experienced in
dealing with people and understanding their
complexities.
empathy
capacity for warmth and
understanding
21
Group Therapies
• In some forms of therapy, the patient is
alone with the therapist. 
• In group therapy, however, they are in
the company of other patients.
group therapy
patients work together with
the aid of a leader to resolve
interpersonal problems
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Group Therapies (cont.)
• There are several advantages to this
situation. 
– Patients have a chance to see how other people
are struggling with problems similar to their own,
and they discover what other people think of
them. 
– The patients can correct their views of
themselves and others (Drum, 1990). 
– The patients can see other people with similar
problems recovering, giving them a hope of
recovery. 
– One therapist can help a large number of
people.
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Family Therapy
• Therapists often suggest, after talking to
a patient, that the entire family unit
should work at family therapy. 
• The family therapist can point out what is
happening from an objective viewpoint and
can suggest ways of improving
communication and fairness in the family. 
• Some of the most successful examples of
family therapy are provided in
nonprofessional organizations, such as
self-help groups.
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Self-Help Groups
• An increasing number of self-help groups
have emerged in recent years. 
• These voluntary groups, composed of
people who share a particular problem,
are often conducted without the active
involvement of a professional therapist. 
• The best-known self-help group is
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), which was
founded in 1935. 
• The purpose of Alcoholics Anonymous is
“to carry the AA message to the sick
alcoholic who wants it.”
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Self-Help Groups (cont.)
• There are also AA groups for family
members for mutual support. 
• Mutual
encouragement,
friendship, and an
emphasis on
personal
responsibility are
used to keep an
individual sober.
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Does Psychotherapy Work?
• In 1952 Hans Eysenck concluded that
psychotherapy was no more effective
than no treatment at all. 
• According to Eysenck only 44 percent of
the psychoanalytic patients improved with
treatment, while 64 percent of those given
eclectic psychotherapy were “cured” or had
improved.
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Does Psychotherapy Work? (cont.)
• Eysenck argued that this did not
demonstrate the effectiveness of
psychotherapy, since it has been
reported that 72 percent of a group of
hospitalized neurotics improved without
treatment. 
• Allen Bergin (1971) countered with the
argument that precise criteria for
“improvement” are difficult to define and
apply.
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Does Psychotherapy Work? (cont.)
• Mary Lee Smith and Gene V. Glass (1977)
found that therapy is generally more
effective than no treatment. 
• They also found that on the average most
forms of therapy have similar effects; that
is, therapy may improve the quality of life
for the patients. 
• Smith and Glass were able to show that
for some specific clients and situations,
some forms of therapy would be expected
to have a greater effect than others.
29
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Section Assessment
Review the Vocabulary Cite and
describe two examples of group
therapy and how these types of
therapy help patients.
Family therapy helps families who
are dealing with communication or
family structure issues. Self-help
groups such as AA allow people to
help one another work through
problems shared in common.
30
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Visualize the Main Idea In a diagram
like the one shown on page 492 of
your textbook, list and describe the
characteristics that make a good,
effective therapist.
Therapists should be psychologically
healthy. They should have empathy.
They should be experienced in dealing
with people and understanding their
complexities.
31
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Recall Information What are the
goals of therapy? What is the
eclectic approach to therapy?
The primary goal of psychotherapy is
to strengthen the patient’s control
over his or her life. The eclectic
approach uses a variety of methods
to help each patient achieve that
goal.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Think Critically When should a
person seek psychotherapy?
Explain your answer.
Many may suggest that psychotherapy
is needed when a person is facing a
crisis or transition in life or cannot
function in everyday life. Explore
cultural or social barriers to seeking
psychotherapy that may exist.
33
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Using several of the psychological
disorders discussed in Chapter 16,
identify the type(s) of therapy that
could effectively treat the disorder.
34
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Reader’s Guide
Main Idea
– Psychoanalysis is an analysis of the conscious
and unconscious mind based on the theories of
psychiatrist Sigmund Freud. Humanistic therapy
helps people reach their full potential. 
Objectives
– Describe psychoanalysis and its aims. 
– Explain humanistic therapy and its goals.
36
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information. Section 2 begins on page 493 of your textbook.
Reader’s Guide (cont.)
Vocabulary
– psychoanalysis 
– insight 
– nondirective therapy 
– free association 
– active listening 
– resistance 
– unconditional positive
regard
– dream analysis 
– transference 
– humanistic therapy 
– client-centered
therapy 
Click the Speaker button
to listen to Exploring
Psychology.
37
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information. Section 2 begins on page 493 of your textbook.
Introduction
• Psychoanalysts use information–such as
dream interpretation–to help people
understand the psychological dilemmas.
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What Is Psychoanalysis?
• For a long time psychoanalysis was the
only formalized psychotherapy practiced
in Western society. 
• Psychoanalysis is based on the theories of
Sigmund Freud. 
• According to Freud, psychological
disturbances are due to anxiety about
hidden conflicts among the unconscious
components of one’s personality.
psychoanalysis
therapy aimed at making
patients aware of their
unconscious motives so that
39
they can gain control over
their behavior
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What Is Psychoanalysis? (cont.)
• Psychoanalysts believe that if patients
can understand their unconscious
motives, they have taken the first step
toward gaining control over their
behavior and freeing themselves of their
problems. 
• Such understanding is called insight.
insight
the sudden realization of the
solution to a problem
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Free Association
• Psychoanalysis is a slow procedure–
sometimes taking years of 50-minute
sessions several times a week to show
results. 
• It begins with the analyst telling the
patient to relax and talk about everything
that comes into his or her mind. 
• This method is called free association.
free association
a method used to examine the
unconscious; the patient is
instructed to say whatever
comes into his or her mind
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Free Association (cont.)
• The patient, understandably reluctant to
reveal painful feelings and to examine
lifelong patterns that need to be changed,
is likely to unconsciously try to hold back
the flow of information. 
• This phenomenon–in fact, any behavior
that impedes the course of therapy–is
called resistance.
resistance
the reluctance of a patient either
to reveal painful feelings or to
examine longstanding behavioral
patterns
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Free Association (cont.)
• By analyzing the patient’s resistances,
both the therapist and the patient can
understand how the patient deals with
anxiety-provoking material.
43
Dream Analysis
• Freud believed that dreams express
unconscious thoughts and feelings. 
• In a technique known as dream analysis,
the psychoanalyst interprets the client’s
dreams to find out about unconscious
thoughts and feelings.
dream analysis
a technique used by
psychoanalysts to interpret
the content of patients’
dreams
44
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Dream Analysis (cont.)
• Freud believed that dreams contain
manifest and latent content. 
– Manifest content refers to what you remember
about your dream. 
– Latent content refers to the hidden meanings
represented symbolically in the dream that the
therapist interprets from the manifest content.
45
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Transference
• Sooner or later, the analyst begins to
appear in the patient’s associations and
dreams. 
• The patient may begin feeling toward the
analyst the way she feels toward some
other important figure in her life. 
• This process is called transference.
transference
the process, experienced by
the patient, of feeling toward
an analyst or therapist the
way he or she feels or felt
46
toward some other important
figure in his or her life
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Transference (cont.)
• Often, the patient begins acting toward
the therapist in the same way he or she
used to act toward the important person,
usually one of his or her parents. 
• Remaining impersonal and anonymous,
the therapist always directs the patient
back to them. 
• By understanding why he or she is
engaging in transference, the patient
becomes aware of his or her real feelings
and motivations.
47
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Transference (cont.)
• The purpose of psychoanalysis is to
show the role of the unconscious and to
provide insight for the client. 
• There are many versions available today
of this classical psychoanalysis. 
• For example, short-term dynamic
psychotherapy is a shortened version of
psychoanalysis. 
• The therapist uses a direct and more
active approach in identifying and
resolving the problems.
48
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Humanistic Therapy
• The goal of humanistic therapy is to help
people fulfill their human potential. 
• Humanistic psychology has given rise to
several approaches to psychotherapy,
known collectively as client-centered
therapy.
humanistic therapy
focuses on the value, dignity,
and worth of each person;
holds that healthy living is the
result of realizing one’s full
potential
49
client-centered therapy
reflects the belief that the
client and therapist are
partners in therapy
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Client-Centered Therapy
• Client-centered therapy (also called
person-centered therapy) is based on the
theories of Carl Rogers (1951, 1977). 
• According to Rogers, an equal
relationship between the therapist and the
individual seeking help reflects three
therapeutic components: 
– positive regard 
– empathy 
– genuineness
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Client-Centered Therapy (cont.)
• Client-centered therapists assume that
people are basically good and that they
are capable of handling their own lives. 
• One of the goals of therapy is to help him
recognize his own strength and
confidence. 
• In this way, he can learn to be true to his
own standards and ideas about how to
live effectively.
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Client-Centered Therapy (cont.)
Techniques of Client-Centered Therapy
• In the course of an interview, the client is
encouraged to speak freely about
matters that may be bothering him. 
• This method is called nondirective
therapy because the therapist does not
direct it.
nondirective therapy
the free flow of images and
ideas, with no particular
direction
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Client-Centered Therapy (cont.)
Techniques of Client-Centered Therapy
• The therapist tries to echo back, as
clearly as possible, the feelings the client
has expressed. 
• This communication technique is called
active listening.
active listening
empathetic listening; a listener
acknowledges, restates, and
clarifies the speaker’s
thoughts and concerns
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Client-Centered Therapy (cont.)
Techniques of Client-Centered Therapy
• Client-centered therapy is conducted in
an atmosphere of emotional support that
Rogers calls unconditional positive
regard. 
• The therapist’s main responsibility is
creating a warm and accepting
relationship between herself and her
client.
unconditional positive regard
a therapist’s consistent
expression of acceptance for
the patient, no matter what the
patient says or does.
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Client-Centered Therapy (cont.)
Techniques of Client-Centered Therapy
• As he reduces his tensions and releases
his emotions, the client feels that he is
becoming a more complete person. 
• The client’s movement toward
independence signals the end of the need
for therapy–he can assume the final steps
to independence on his own. 
• Although client-centered therapy has
proved more effective than no treatment,
it seems to be no more or less effective
than other types of therapy.
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Section Assessment
Review the Vocabulary Cite and
describe the techniques involved
in client-centered therapy.
Client-centered therapy uses
nondirective therapy and active
listening in an atmosphere of
unconditional positive regard.
56
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Visualize the Main Idea In a chart
similar to the one on page 497 of
your textbook, list and describe
the main processes involved in
psychoanalysis.
Psychoanalysis uses free association and
dream analysis techniques to understand
unconscious thoughts and motives.
Psychoanalysts will look for ways to overcome
resistance to the free flow of information.
Transference occurs when the client feels
toward the therapist the same way that he or
she feels toward some important figure in his
or her life.
57
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Recall Information What is the
purpose of dream analysis? How
do therapists use it?
Dream analysis helps identify
unconscious thoughts, feelings, and
motives. Therapists use the latent
content to help identify these
unconscious thoughts.
58
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Think Critically What are the
main differences between
psychoanalysis and humanistic
theory?
Psychoanalysis places the therapist in
the role of interpreter of a client’s
unconscious and gives the power to
the therapist. Humanistic therapy
seeks to make the client responsible
for his or her own change. The
therapist serves primarily as a
facilitator.
59
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Carl Rogers originally called his
therapy client-centered. He later
changed it to person-centered to
indicate his belief that the same
principles employed in counseling
applied to all human interactions.
Use unconditional positive regard,
empathy, and genuineness for 24
hours and report on the results.
60
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Reader’s Guide
Main Idea
– Cognitive and behavior therapies help clients
develop new ways of thinking and behaving. 
Objectives
– Describe cognitive therapies and their aims. 
– Explain the processes and goals of behavior
therapy.
62
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Reader’s Guide (cont.)
Vocabulary
– behavior modification 
– cognitive therapy 
– rational-emotive therapy (RET) 
– behavior therapy 
– systematic desensitization 
– aversive conditioning

– contingency management 
– token economy 
– cognitive-behavior therapy
Click the Speaker button
to listen to Exploring
Psychology.
63
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information. Section 3 begins on page 499 of your textbook.
Introduction
• To achieve a goal, behavior modification
may be used. 
• In this section we will examine behavior
and cognitive therapies.
behavior modification
systematic method of
changing the way a person
acts and feels
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Cognitive Therapy
• The goal of cognitive therapies focuses
on changing the way people think (Beck,
1991). 
• Basic assumptions that cognitive
therapies share are that faulty cognitions
distort our behaviors, attitudes, and
emotions, and to improve our lives, we
need to change our thinking patterns.
cognitive therapy
using thoughts to control
emotions and behaviors
65
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Cognitive Therapy (cont.)
• According to some psychologists (Ross,
1977), all of these theories follow one or
more of the three principles: 
– disconfirmation–clients may be confronted with
evidence that directly contradicts their existing
beliefs 
– reconceptualization–clients work toward an
alternative belief system to explain their
experiences or current observations 
– insight–clients work toward understanding how
they derived these new or revised beliefs
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Rational-Emotive Therapy
• Albert Ellis developed a form of therapy
called rational-emotive therapy (RET)
(1973). 
• Ellis believed that people behave in
deliberate and rational ways, given their
assumptions about life. 
• Emotional problems arise when an
individual’s assumptions are unrealistic.
rational-emotive therapy (RET)
aimed at changing unrealistic
assumptions about oneself
and other people
67
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Examples of Irrational Thinking
68
Rational-Emotive Therapy (cont.)
• The goal of rational-emotive therapy is to
correct false and self-defeating beliefs. 
• To teach the individual to think in realistic
terms, the RET therapist may use a
number of techniques including: 
– role playing 
– modeling 
– humor 
– simple persuasion
69
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Rational-Emotive Therapy (cont.)
• Ellis liked to teach that behaviors are the
result of the ABCs. 
– A refers to the Activating event. 
– B is the person’s Belief system about the
event. 
– C refers to the Consequences that follow. 
• Ellis claimed it is not the event that
causes trouble but rather the way a
person thinks about the event.
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Rational-Emotive Therapy (cont.)
• Ellis believes that the individual must
take three steps to cure or correct
himself. 
– He must realize that some of his assumptions
are false. 
– He must see that he is making himself disturbed
by acting on false beliefs. 
– He must work to break old habits of thought and
behavior.
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Ellis’s ABCs
72
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
• Aaron T. Beck (1967, 1970) introduced
another form of cognitive therapy that is
similar to Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy. 
• The primary difference in Beck’s therapy is
the focus on illogical thought processes. 
• Beck has therapists–through using
persuasion and logic to change existing
beliefs–also encourage clients to engage
in actual tests of their own beliefs. 
• Beck’s work has been very successful with
people who are depressed.
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Beck’s Cognitive Therapy (cont.)
• The goal of Beck’s cognitive therapy is to
change the way people think. 
• The therapist’s job is to determine the
pace and direction of the therapy and to
help the client detect negative thinking
patterns. 
• Therapists also help the client use more
reasonable standards for self-evaluation.
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Beck’s Maladaptive Thought Patterns
75
Behavior Therapies
• In behavior therapy there is emphasis
on one’s behavior rather than one’s
thoughts, as in cognitive therapy. 
• The goal of behavior therapy is behavior
modification. 
• The idea is that a disturbed person is one
who has learned to behave in an
undesirable way and that any behavior
that is learned can be unlearned.
behavior therapy
changing undesirable
behavior through conditioning
techniques
76
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Behavior Therapies (cont.)
• The therapist’s job, therefore, is to
“reeducate” the patient. 
• Once these behaviors have been
targeted, a program to correct these goals
is developed. 
• To bring about such changes, the
therapist uses certain conditioning
techniques first discovered in animal
laboratories.
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Counterconditioning
• One behavioral technique used by behavior
therapists is counterconditioning. 
• This technique pairs the stimulus that
triggers an unwanted behavior (such as
the fear of snakes) with a new, more
desirable behavior.
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Counterconditioning (cont.)
• Counterconditioning is a three-step
process: 
– the person builds an anxiety hierarchy with the
least feared situation on the bottom and the
most feared situation on top 
– the person learns deep muscle relaxation 
– the person imagines or experiences each step
in the hierarchy while learning to be relaxed
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Counterconditioning (cont.)
• Systematic desensitization is a
counterconditioning technique used to
overcome irrational fears and anxieties the
patient has learned (Wolper, 1961). 
• The goal of systematic desensitization
therapy is to encourage people to imagine
the feared situation while relaxing, thus
extinguishing the fear response.
systematic desensitization
a technique to help a patient
overcome irrational fears and
anxieties
80
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to display the information.
Counterconditioning (cont.)
• Flooding refers to another treatment in
which a therapist exposes the client to a
feared object or situation. 
• When you realize that you have survived
this test–you have faced your fear. 
• Behavior therapists also use modeling to
teach a client to do something by
watching someone else do it. 
• The client watches and then tries to
imitate the behavior.
81
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to display the information.
Losing Fears
82
Counterconditioning (cont.)
Aversive Conditioning
• In aversive conditioning, the goal is to
make certain acts unpleasant so that
they will be avoided. 
– For example, alcoholics can be given
medication that will make them sick when they
take alcohol. 
– The relearning process is to try to associate
the aversive (negative) feeling with taking the
alcohol and hence reduce its appeal and use.
aversive conditioning
links an unpleasant state with an
unwanted behavior in an attempt
to eliminate the behavior
83
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to display the information.
Operant Conditioning
• Operant conditioning is based on the
assumption that behavior that is
reinforced tends to be repeated. 
• It also assumes that behavior that is not
reinforced tends to be extinguished. 
• In contingency management the therapist
and patient decide what undesirable old
behavior needs to be eliminated and what
desirable new behavior needs to appear.
contingency management
undesirable behavior is not
reinforced while desirable
behavior is reinforced
84
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to display the information.
Operant Conditioning (cont.)
• In its simplest form, contingency
management consists of the therapist
agreeing with the patient: “If you do X, I will
give you Y.” 
• This form of agreement is similar to
systems of reward that people often use
on themselves or parents use on children.
• Contingency management is used in
prisons, mental hospitals, schools, army
bases, and with individual patients.
85
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to display the information.
Operant Conditioning (cont.)
• In these situations it is possible to set up
whole miniature systems of rewards,
called token economies. 
• These methods are successful in inducing
patients to begin leading active lives.
token economy
desirable behavior is reinforced
with valueless objects or points,
which can be accumulated and
exchanged for various rewards
86
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to display the information.
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
• Many therapists combine aspects of
cognitive and behavior therapies. 
• Cognitive-behavior therapy focuses on
setting goals for changing a client’s
behavior and then placing more emphasis
on changing the client’s interpretation of
his or her situation.
cognitive-behavior therapy
based on a combination of
substituting healthy thoughts
and beliefs and changing
87
disruptive behaviors in favor
of healthy behaviors
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to display the information.
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (cont.)
• This type of therapy is aimed at trying to
help clients differentiate between
serious, real problems and imagined or
distorted problems. 
• Many self-help programs use this
approach. 
• Cognitive-behavior therapies are
becoming increasingly widespread and
have proven effective for treating a wide
range of symptoms.
88
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to display the information.
Section Assessment
Review the Vocabulary How does
cognitive therapy differ from
behavior therapy?
Cognitivists seek to change beliefs
that will change the way people feel
about events. Behaviorists seek to
change behaviors to resolve
problems.
89
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to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Visualize the Main Idea In a
diagram similar to the one on page
505 of your textbook, list and
describe rational-emotive therapy
techniques.
Role playing allows the person to see how
his beliefs affect his relationships. Modeling
demonstrates other ways of thinking and
acting. Humor can point out the absurdity of
his beliefs. Specific homework assignments
and simple persuasion can challenge the
person to act more reasonably.
90
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to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recall Information How does
aversive conditioning work?
Aversive conditioning associates a
negative feeling or result with an
undesired behavior to allow the
person to begin to change a
behavior.
91
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to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Think Critically Sheila was not picked to
be a basketball captain in gym class.
She thought the gym teacher didn’t pick
her because Sheila is short. Sheila
became angry with the teacher and
acted rudely in gym class. Explain this
senario using what psychologist Albert
Ellis calls the ABCs.
A: Sheila was not chosen.
B: She was not chosen because she is
short. The teacher doesn’t want short
basketball players in class.
C: Sheila felt slighted and unwanted,
therefore she acted up.
92
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to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram showing how
each of the counterconditioning
methods discussed in the text
works.
93
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Reader’s Guide
Main Idea
– Biological approaches to treatment rely on
methods such as medications, electric shock,
and surgery to help clients. 
Objectives
– Explain biological approaches to treatment. 
– Give examples of treatment medicines and
their effects on patients.
95
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information. Section 4 begins on page 506 of your textbook.
Reader’s Guide (cont.)
Vocabulary
– drug therapy 
– antipsychotic drugs 
– antidepressants 
– lithium carbonate 
– antianxiety drugs 
– electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 
– psychosurgery 
– prefrontal lobotomy
Click the Speaker button
to listen to Exploring
Psychology.
96
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information. Section 4 begins on page 506 of your textbook.
Introduction
• Some experts believe that biological
therapies, such as medications, should
be reserved for people who fail to
respond to psychotherapy. 
• Other experts believe that a combination
of psychotherapy and biological therapy is
the answer for many patients.
97
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to display the information.
Biological Therapy
• Biological approaches to treatment assume
there is an underlying physiological reason
for the psychological disorder. 
• Biological therapy uses methods such as
medication, electric shock, and surgery to
help people with psychological disorders. 
• Since these treatments are medical in
nature, physicians or psychiatrists must
administer them.
98
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to display the information.
Drug Therapy
• The most widely used biological therapy
for psychological disorders is drug
therapy. 
• Drug therapy involves four main types of
medications: antipsychotic drugs,
antidepressant drugs, lithium, and
antianxiety drugs. 
• Often, drugs treat only the symptoms; drug
therapy does not remove the causes of the
disorder.
drug therapy
biological therapy that uses
medications
99
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to display the information.
Drug Therapy (cont.)
Antipsychotic Drugs
• Today patients with schizophrenia are
usually prescribed antipsychotic drugs. 
• These medicines inhibit dopamine
receptor sites. 
• While these drugs reduce the symptoms
of schizophrenia, there can be unpleasant
side effects, such as muscular rigidity,
impaired coordination, and tremors.
antipsychotic drugs
medication to reduce
agitation, delusions, and
hallucinations by blocking
100
the activity of dopamine in
the brain; tranquilizers
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to display the information.
Drug Therapy (cont.)
Antidepressant Drugs
• Another class of drugs, called
antidepressants, relieves depression. 
• These drugs are also used for cases of
anxiety, phobias, and obsessivecompulsive disorders. 
• Antidepressants may have unpleasant
side effects, such as dizziness, fatigue,
forgetfulness, and weight gain.
antidepressants
medication to treat major
depression by increasing the
amount of one or both of the
101
neurotransmitters
nonadrenaline and serotonin
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to display the information.
Drug Therapy (cont.)
Lithium Carbide
• The chemical lithium carbonate is widely
used to return manic-depressive people to
a state of equilibrium in which extreme
mood swings disappear. 
• Lithium is a natural chemical element that
controls levels of norepinephrine. 
• Lithium can cause side effects if it is not
administered under proper medical
supervision.
lithium carbonate
a chemical used to treat mood
swings of bipolar disorder
102
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to display the information.
Drug Therapy (cont.)
Antianxiety Drugs
• Commonly known as sedatives or mild
tranquilizers, antianxiety drugs are used
to reduce excitability and cause
drowsiness. 
• These drugs are effective for helping
normal people cope with difficult periods
in their lives.
antianxiety drugs
medication that relieves
anxiety and panic disorders
by depressing the activity of
the central nervous system
103
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to display the information.
Drug Therapy (cont.)
Antianxiety Drugs
• They are also prescribed for the
alleviation of various anxiety-based
symptoms, psychosomatic problems,
and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. 
• These drugs do reduce anxiety but the
best use seems to be not for chronic
anxiety but for dealing with acute (onetime) anxiety (Mellinger, Balter, &
Uhlenhuth, 1985).
104
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to display the information.
Electroconvulsive Therapy
• “Shock treatment,” as electroconvulsive
therapy (ECT) is commonly called, has
proved extremely effective in the
treatment of severe depression, although
no one understands exactly how it works
(Kalinowsky, 1975). 
• It involves administering, over several
weeks, a series of brief electrical shocks.
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
an electrical shock is sent
through the brain to try to
reduce the symptoms of
mental distrurbance
105
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to display the information.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (cont.)
• The shock induces a convulsion in the
brain similar to an epileptic seizure that
may last up to a minute. 
• As it is now applied, electroconvulsive
therapy entails very little discomfort for the
patient. 
• Even with these improvements, however,
electroconvulsive therapy is a drastic
treatment and must be used with great
caution.
106
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to display the information.
Psychosurgery
• Brain surgery that is performed to treat
psychological disorders is called
psychosurgery. 
• The most common operation–prefrontal
lobotomy–involves destruction of the
front portion of the brain, just behind the
forehead.
psychosurgery
surgery that destroys part
of the brain to make the
patient calmer and freer
of symptoms
107
prefrontal lobotomy
a radical form of psychotherapy
in which a section of the frontal
lobe of the brain is severed or
destroyed
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to display the information.
Psychosurgery (cont.)
• This part of the brain, the frontal lobe,
contains most of the nerve connections
that control a person’s emotions. 
• The practice of prefrontal lobotomies
decreased significantly, though, when
newly developed drugs offered alternative
treatments in the mid-1950s. 
• At the same time, mounting evidence
appeared that showed that lobotomized
patients showed an inability to plan. 
• Today the use of psychosurgery is
controversial and rare.
108
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to display the information.
Deinstitutionalization
109
Section Assessment
Review the Vocabulary Describe
how antipsychotic drugs,
antidepressants, and antianxiety
drugs work as therapy.
These approaches to treatment
assume that there is an underlying
physiological reason for the disturbed
behavior. They treat only the
symptoms of the disorders; they do
not remove the causes of the
disorders.
110
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to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Visualize the Main Idea In a
graphic organizer similar to the
one on page 510 of your textbook,
explain the biological approaches
to treatment.
Drug therapy treats symptoms of
various disorders. ECT causes a
convulsion and can help those with
severe depression. Psychosurgery
reduces aggressiveness and violent
behavior in people with certain
severe psychological disorders.
111
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to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recall Information Why is
psychosurgery controversial?
Why is it used?
It cannot be reversed and may have
unintended results . It may be used in
extreme cases that have not
responded to other forms of
treatment.
112
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to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Think Critically Describe a
situation in which you believe a
therapist would suggest biological
therapy involving psychosurgery
for a patient.
A person who has lost contact with
reality and cannot obtain insight from
psychotherapy or a person who is
suicidal or has a severe psychological
disorder and has not responded to
psychotherapy or drug therapy may be
a candidate for psychosurgery.
113
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to display the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Compare the effectiveness of
biological therapies to other forms
of treatment discussed in the
chapter.
114
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to display the answer.
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Section 1: What Is Psychotherapy?
• Mental health professionals who have
been trained to deal with the psychological
problems of others include counseling and
clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and
social workers. 
• An important function of psychotherapy is
to help people realize that they are
responsible for their own problems and that
they are the only ones who can really solve
these problems.
116
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to display the information.
Section 2: Psychoanalysis and
Humanistic Therapy
• A main goal of a psychoanalyst is to help
make patients aware of the unconscious
impulses, desires, and fears that are
causing their anxiety. 
• Humanistic psychology has given rise to
several approaches to psychotherapy
known as client-centered therapy. 
• Client-centered therapists believe that
psychological problems arise when the true
self becomes lost and the individual comes
to view himself or herself according to the
standards of others.
117
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to display the information.
Section 3: Cognitive and Behavior
Therapies
• Cognitive therapists focus on changing the
way people think. 
• Behavior therapists concentrate on
determining what is specifically troubling
with a patient’s life and taking steps to
change it.
118
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to display the information.
Section 4: Biological Approaches
to Treatment
• Biological approaches to treatment
assume there is an underlying
physiological reason for the disturbed
behavior, faulty thinking, and inappropriate
emotions an individual displays. 
• Drug therapy involves four main type of
medications: antipsychotic drugs,
antidepressant drugs, lithium, and
antianxiety drugs.
119
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to display the information.
Section 4: Biological Approaches
to Treatment
• Electroconvulsive therapy is a drastic
treatment and must be used with
great caution. 
• Psychosurgery involves destroying part of
the brain to free the patient of symptoms.
120
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to display the information.
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Reviewing Vocabulary
Use the correct term or concept to complete the following
sentences.
1. Some psychotherapists use a(n) _______
eclectic
approach to therapy, using many different
________
methods.
2. Patients with schizophrenia are often treated with
________________.
antipsychotic drugs
3. A technique in which people are urged to imagine
a feared situation in order to extinguish the fear is
systematic desensitization
called ______________________.
active
4. In a communication technique called ______
_________,
listening the client-centered therapist tries to
echo back the feelings the client has expressed.
122
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to display the answers.
Reviewing Vocabulary (cont.)
Use the correct term or concept to complete the following
sentences.
Insight or people’s understanding of their
5. ______,
unconscious motives, is the first step toward
gaining control over their behavior.
empathy or a
6. An effective psychotherapist has ________,
capacity for warmth and understanding.
7. In a technique called _________________,
aversive conditioning
individuals learn to associate negative feelings
with the behavior they want to avoid.
8. Talking about everything that comes to mind is
free association
called _____________.
123
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to display the answers.
Reviewing Vocabulary (cont.)
Use the correct term or concept to complete the following
sentences.
9. Client-centered therapy is conducted in an
atmosphere of emotional support called
unconditional positive regard
________________________.
carbonate is often used to bring manic10. Lithium
______________
depressive people to a state of equilibrium.
124
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to display the answers.
Recalling Facts
How do self-help groups help people
deal with problems?
They allow people to participate
voluntarily and help one another work
through problems shared in common.
125
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to display the answer.
Recalling Facts
What is the goal of psychoanalysis?
What does the therapist do to
achieve this goal?
The goal of psychoanalysis is to make
the client aware of unconscious
motives, desires, and fears that are
causing anxiety. The psychoanalyst
uses free association, dream analysis,
and talk over a long period of time.
126
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to display the answer.
Recalling Facts
Using a diagram similar to the one
on page 512 of your textbook,
describe the main techniques of
client-centered therapy.
127
Recalling Facts
What steps does rational-emotive
therapy expect the client to take to
solve his or her problems?
Steps the client should take to solve
his or her problems include the
realization of false assumptions and
an awareness of how these
assumptions affect behavior.
128
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to display the answer.
Recalling Facts
Identify the effects of antipsychotic
drugs, antidepressants, and
antianxiety drugs.
Antipsychotic drugs reduce agitation,
delusions, and hallucinations by decreasing
dopamine activity. Antidepressants are used
to treat major depression by regulating
levels of serotonin and norepinephrine.
Antianxiety drugs relieve anxiety and panic
disorders by depressing activity of the
central nervous system by stimulating the
neurotransmitter GABA.
129
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to display the answer.
Building Skills
Interpreting a Graph
Review the graph below, then answer the questions that follow.
130
Building Skills
Interpreting a Graph
What percentage of psychologists uses
behavior therapies? Client-centered
therapies?
11% use behavior therapies and 6% use
client-centered therapies.
131
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to display the answer.
Building Skills
Interpreting a Graph
Which type of psychotherapy is used by
the greatest percentage of psychologists?
Why do you think this is so?
The eclectic approach is used by the
greatest number. It allows the therapist to
tailor a treatment
program to the
many different
needs of the
patients.
132
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to display the answer.
Building Skills
Interpreting a Graph
Psychodynamic therapy (or short-term dynamic
psychotherapy) is an approach that is similar to
psychoanalysis. Why do you think more
therapists practice psychodynamic therapy rather
than classical psychoanalysis?
Under managed care
where the cost drives
the decision,
psychodynamic
therapy is preferred
because it takes less
time than traditional
psychoanalysis.
133
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to display the answer.
Building Skills
Interpreting a Graph
How popular do you think biological
approaches are? Why do you think so?
Investigate this question and report your
findings to the class.
Answers will vary. Drug therapy will likely
grow in importance
because it is
relatively
inexpensive and
reasonably effective
at treating the major
symptoms of
disorders.
134
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to display the answer.
I am the psychologist who
questioned Hans Eysenck’s view
that psychotherapy is no more
effective than no treatment at all.
Who am I?
I am Allen Bergin.
135
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to display the answer.
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the
Understanding Psychology Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites
correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web
site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://psychology.glencoe.com
Recommend a treatment for the following
problems: compulsive overeating, inability
to finish work, severe depression. Write your
recommendations in your journal.
One goal of psychotherapy is to help people
realize that they can resolve their own
problems. Make a list of the ways a therapist
can help someone find solutions to his or
her problems.
In client-centered therapy, the client is
ultimately responsible for making positive
changes. Explain how this approach is
similar to or differs from traditional
psychoanalysis.
Write down the irrational thoughts you have
had recently. Analyze the statements and
rewrite them in a rational way.
A doctor has recommended to a family
member that he or she receive ECT to treat
severe depression. Write a series of
questions that the family member should
ask before agreeing to the treatment.
The Case of
Rat Man
Read the case study presented on
page 498 of your textbook. Be
prepared to answer the questions that
appear on the following slides. A
discussion prompt and additional
information follow the questions.
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on page 498 of your textbook.
The Case of
Rat Man
Why did Rat Man seek therapy?
He sought therapy in an attempt to overcome his
paralyzing fears, obsessions, and compulsions.
These symptoms had prevented him from
completing his university studies and attaining
success at work.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 498 of your textbook.
The Case of
Rat Man
What was Freud’s strategy in treating
Rat Man?
Freud used traditional psychoanalysis including
free association. Freud hypothesized that Rat
Man had unconscious thoughts that were
disturbing him. He helped Rat Man overcome
resistance. Eventually Rat Man’s unconscious
thoughts surfaced and Freud helped him gain
insight from them.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 498 of your textbook.
The Case of
Rat Man
Critical Thinking How did Rat Man
demonstrate transference? How did
this transference help in therapy?
Rat Man transferred his anger toward his father
onto Freud. Freud used this to help Rat Man
recognize and understand his feelings of fear and
anger toward his father.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
answer. This feature is found on page 498 of your textbook.
The Case of
Rat Man
Discuss the following:
What was Rat Man’s fantasy? What was
Freud’s original hypothesis? Did Freud’s
hypothesis change during the course of the
treatment? How do you see Rat Man
overcoming resistance to his
deepest feelings?
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on page 498 of your textbook.
The Case of
Rat Man
One of the cases that Sigmund Freud
studied extensively to develop
psychoanalysis was the case of Anna O.
Anna experienced what would now be
called conversion disorder, including
hysterical blindness and partial paralysis.
She was treated by Josef Breuer, a
contemporary of Freud.
Continued on next slide.
This feature is found on page 498 of your textbook.
The Case of
Rat Man
– During the treatment, Anna was encouraged to talk
about herself. 
– As she discovered repressed memories, her physical
condition improved. 
– Although Breuer did not call his process free
association, the term describes the basic technique he
used with Anna. 
– Anna also experienced transference.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information. This feature is found on page 498 of your textbook.
The Case of
Rat Man
– Breuer did not know how to deal with these intense
feelings and eventually terminated treatment. 
– When the sessions were terminated, not all of her
symptoms had been relieved. 
– She did, however, eventually recover.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the
information. This feature is found on page 498 of your textbook.
Continued on next slide.
Continued on next slide.
Answers:
1. In individual therapy, you
have the therapist’s full
attention. In group
therapy, clients learn by
interrelating with other
group members. 
2. They can see how others
react to them. 
3. They can see more
clients, and they can
avoid problems with
transference.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the answers.
Continued on next slide.
Answers:
1. Dream analysis might
be used to discover
unconscious thoughts
and feelings. 
2. A sports car is climbing
a steep winding road. 
3. Answers will vary. One
might interpret this
dream as a symbol of
moving forward but in
in an uncertain or
insecure direction. It
might also symbolize a
fear that someone is
coming to get
the dreamer.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the answers.
Continued on next slide.
Answers:
1. Read the speech
aloud in front of a
mirror. 
2. Both people are
seated, making it
seem less like a
speech. 
3. Possible answers
include success at
previous steps or
relaxation
techniques.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the answers.
Continued on next slide.
Answers:
1. The four types of
drugs are: antidepressants,
antipsychotics,
antianxiety
drugs,and lithium
carbonate. 
2. The biological
approach
assumes that
there is a
biological cause to
the problem. 
3. Possible answers include:
depression, schizophrenia,
anxiety, psychosomatic
disorders, obsessive-compulsive
disorder, and bipolar disorder.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the answers.
Attitudes About Therapy
From the Classroom of Cindy Giglio
Kelly High School, Beaumont, TX
You will be developing and administering a
survey to find out about people’s attitudes
regarding the use of therapy to treat
psychological problems.
As a class, brainstorm a series of
statements that would help you learn about
people’s attitudes concerning therapy.
Continued on next slide.
Attitudes About Therapy
From the Classroom of Cindy Giglio
Kelly High School, Beaumont, TX
Some examples are: “Therapy only works if
the client really wants it to.” “It is better to
treat psychological disorders with drugs,
rather than therapy.”
From the brainstormed list, select 15
statements to include in a survey. Then
prepare the survey form. At the top of the
form, include a place for participants to
specify their gender and age range.
Continued on next slide.
Attitudes About Therapy
From the Classroom of Cindy Giglio
Kelly High School, Beaumont, TX
For each statement, participants should be
able to select from a range of five responses:
Strongly Agree, Somewhat Agree, Neither
Agree nor Disagree, Somewhat Disagree, and
Strongly Disagree. Reproduce enough forms
so that every one can gather five samples.
Compile the results and prepare a graphical
analysis of the data. Then discuss the
following questions.
Continued on next slide.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
Attitudes About Therapy
From the Classroom of Cindy Giglio
Kelly High School, Beaumont, TX
What general attitudes about therapy are
apparent? 
How does a person’s age affect his or
her attitude? 
How does a person’s gender affect his or
her attitude?
Psychiatric nurses dispense medication or act
as the “contacts” in the long hours between
counseling sessions. The nurses’ words and
gestures help clients deal with the day-to-day
problems of emotional recovery. They are in a
very real sense “the therapy in between
the therapy.”
Crisis intervention programs, such as
telephone hot lines, take an active approach
to mental health. Counselors in such
programs listen, provide encouragement,
help people assess their situations
realistically, and help people work out
adaptive ways of coping with present and
future crises.
The Jack Brown Center treats Native American
clients with substance abuse problems. One type of
therapy it employs is art therapy. It describes the
concept of art therapy as follows: “… all the marks
we make on paper, all the colors and graphic
gestures we choose and use, are extensions of
ourselves and of what we think and feel. Art therapy
is especially valuable for those to whom words come
too easily or too hard.”
Source: Cherokee Nation Behavioral Health Service at www.cherokee.org/Jack%20Brown.asp
In the United States, the American Psychiatric
Association supports the use of ECT for
severe mood disorders and other specific
cases. It is not generally regarded as a useful
treatment for schizophrenia. In India, ECT is
frequently used to treat schizophrenia.
Source: Shukla, G.D. (1989). Electroconvulsive therapy: A review. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 97–115.
Bioenergetic
Psychotherapy
The connection between the mind and the body
has long been studied and debated. Today,
bioenergetic psychotherapy seeks to treat both
the mind and the body to relieve psychological
problems. In addition to traditional talk therapy,
a bioenergetic psychotherapist may prescribe
specific exercises to help the client change
patterns of repressed emotions or feelings.
Group Therapy
• In the world of managed care and limited coverage of
psychological services by most health insurers, group
therapies have increased in popularity. 
• Group therapies allow one therapist to treat more
clients and make better use of time. 
• Many group therapy sessions last for relatively brief
periods, with 6 to 12 sessions common. 
• Some insurers cover group therapy; others do not. 
• Should psychological services be covered as a
standard part of all health plans?
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information.
• Imagine that a friend has come to you upset
about the way her boss at a part-time job
treats her. 
• She is thinking about quitting her job, but other
than the boss’ criticisms, she really likes her job
and her coworkers. 
• Suggest specific techniques of either rationalemotive therapy (RET) or cognitive therapy
that may help the friend deal with the situation.
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information.
• Read the Psychology and You feature on
page 508 of your textbook. 
• Discuss the following:
What services besides food and
shelter should society provide to the
homeless?
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information.
Dorothea Dix
1802–1887
Click the picture to listen to
a biography on Dorothea
Dix. Be prepared to
answer questions that
appear on the next three
slides.
This feature is found on page 487 of your textbook.
Dorothea Dix
1802–1887
For what is Dorothea Dix
best remembered?
She is best remembered as
an activist for the rights of
the mentally ill.
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answer. This feature is found on page 487 of your textbook.
Dorothea Dix
1802–1887
How did she raise
awareness of the plight
of the mentally ill?
After seeing the inhumane
condition in which the
mentally ill were forced to
live, she reported what she
saw to the public and to
state legislatures.
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answer. This feature is found on page 487 of your textbook.
Dorothea Dix
1802–1887
What were the results
of her efforts?
Her efforts resulted in reforms
in the prison systems and in
the treatment of those with
psychological disorders.
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answer. This feature is found on page 487 of your textbook.
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