THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE VULNERABLE
FISHERIES RESOURCE AND ITS COASTAL COMMUNITY IN
CILACAP REGENCY, INDONESIA:
A SET-UP FOR ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION STRATEGY
Indah SuSIlowatI
Waridin
RIZKY YULIANISA
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS & BUSINESS
DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY-INDONESIA
The paper is presented in IIFET 2012 :
Visible Possibilities: The Economics of Sustainable Fisheries, Aquaculture
and Seafood Trade. Hyatt Regency Kilimanjaro, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania:
July 16-20, 2012.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
(1) Our deep appreciation are accorded to the organizer:
- special thanks to ANN SHRIVER & sponsor
(2) Thanks to my employer: Diponegoro University (UNDIP)
& Higher Degree, Ministry of Education & Culture –
the Gov ernment of Indonesia
Due to all of you, we are able to present our paper
in Tanzania, 16 to 20 July 2012
ACEH
INDONESIA
Map of Study
Area
Province: Central Java
Central Java Province
JAVA ISLAND
Cilacap
INTODUCTION
• Significant role: fisheries sector to the
coastal community; and agriculture
sector to the inland/ coastal community,
providing:
- employment
- food supply
- research
- other utilisation: energy, art, etc.
• Problem: Supply < Demand
KEY-WORDS
•IMPACT
•CLIMATE CHANGE
•the Vulnerable Fisheries
•COASTAL COMMUNITY
•CILACAP, INDONESIA
The objective of this study
• To estimate the impact of climate change
in Cilacap and its community; and
• To formulate the adaptation and mitigation
strategy under the climate change
condition.
Affect to:
(1)PRODUCERS
(2)CONSUMERS
7
Vulnerable, perhaps due to:
• Declining in Stock
• Climate Change
• Higher Demand  higher
population
• Environmental Quality deteriorated
• Empowerment is less
• Co-Management: among A-B-G-C ?
8
Demand vs Supply
Price
Inelastic
Elastic
S1
D1
D0
P1 *
P0 *
S0
E1
E
E0
0
Q1* Q0*
Equilibrium
Quantity
FOOD: SECURITY & SAFETY
Agriculture sector
employs: about
30-40%
Table 1
Sectoral Contribution to Gross Domestic Product
For the Periode of 2006 to 2008 (in percent)
No.
Sectors
2006
2007
2008
13.0
13.8
14.7
2
Foodcrops, Veterinary,Forestry, and
Fisheries
Mines
11.0
11.2
11.4
3
Manufacturing Industry
27.5
27.0
27.2
4
Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply
0.9
0.9
0.8
5
Constructions
7.5
7.7
7.9
6
Trade, Hotel, and Restaurant
15.0
14.9
14.4
7
Transportation and Communication
6.9
6.7
6.2
8
Finance, Real Estate, and Other
Service
Service
8.1
7.7
7.4
10.1
10.1
10.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1
9
Total
Source: CBS Indonesia, 2008
2006: 220 Million
Number of Population
by Province (n=33)
Province
CJ: 1/7
2012: 250 million?
1971
1980
1990
1995
2000
2005
119,208,229
147,490,298
179,378,946
194,754,808
205,132,458
218,868,791
11. Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
2,008,595
2,611,271
3,416,156
3,847,583
3,929,234
4,031,589
12. Sumatera Utara
6,621,831
8,360,894
10,256,027
11,114,667
11,642,488
12,450,911
13. Sumatera Barat
2,793,196
3,406,816
4,000,207
4,323,170
4,248,515
4,566,126
14. Riau
1,641,545
2,168,535
3,303,976
3,900,534
3,907,763
4,579,219
15. Jambi
1,006,084
1,445,994
2,020,568
2,369,959
2,407,166
2,635,968
16. Sumatera Selatan
3,440,573
4,629,801
6,313,074
7,207,545
6,210,800
6,782,339
17. Bengkulu
519,316
768,064
1,179,122
1,409,117
1,455,500
1,549,273
18. Lampung
2,777,008
4,624,785
6,017,573
6,657,759
6,730,751
7,116,177
19. Kep. Bangka Belitung
na
na
na
na
899,968
1,043,456
20. Kepulauan Riau
na
na
na
na
1,040,207
1,274,848
31. DKI Jakarta
4,579,303
6,503,449
8,259,266
9,112,652
8,361,079
8,860,381
32. Jawa Barat
21,623,529
27,453,525
35,384,352
39,206,787
35,724,093
38,965,440
33. Jawa Tengah
21,877,136
25,372,889
28,520,643
29,653,266
31,223,258
31,977,968
34. DI Yogyakarta
2,489,360
2,750,813
2,913,054
2,916,779
3,121,045
3,343,651
25,516,999
29,188,852
32,503,991
33,844,002
34,765,993
36,294,280
na
na
na
na
8,098,277
9,028,816
2,120,322
2,469,930
2,777,811
2,895,649
3,150,057
3,383,572
00. Indonesia
35. Jawa Timur
36. Banten
51. Bali
Demand:
Fish Consumption per capita
45
39
kg/pers/yrs
40
35
38
30,5
28
30
22
25
20
17
15
15
10,5
9
10
3
5
0
In
gg
ris
Au
s
Conference ‘People and the Sea: New
Directions in Coastal and Maritime
Studies’; Amsterdam, 7-9 July 2005
tr a
lia
Pa
n
In
ta
iG
ad
in
di
a
M
ek
si
Th
ko
ai
la
nd
Ka
m
bo
La
ja
os
Vi
e
tn
am
In
do
ne
si
a
g
Susilowati, Indah et al. (2005). The Coastal Community Empowerment Model of Micro-And-Small Scales
Fish Processors: Pekalongan, Indonesia. Diponegoro University.
FOOD SECURITY vs FOOD SAFETY:
MY FOOD, WHY SO FRAGILE &
LESS SAFETY....
 PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION &
CONSUMPTION
quantity, quality, diversification, safety
13
Small-Scale Fisheries in Nature...
FISHING GEARS
Gillnet is a kind of net
to catch fish from
surface- and midwater.
Fish and swimming
crab as well as
shrimp will be caught
from its gill onto the
net.
Cantrang is a kind of
Payang net with
modification likely
similar to mini trawl.
Cantrang then has
dual classification due
to new creation made
by fishers & it is
conflicting in category.
Subsidence of Pier and Jetty at Harbour
CLIMATE CHANGE ?
High-tide sea water
Simulation: next 20 years
Innundated area SLR, 16 Cm
HIGH TIDE SEA WATER
Courtesy from Pekalongan Municipality Project
on Climate Change (2012)
Simulation: next 60 years
Innundated area SLR, 48 Cm
Simulation: next 80 years
Innundated area SLR, 64 Cm
Simulation: next 100 years ......wow !
2,63 Km
2,12 Km
2,85 Km
Luas Genangan Mencapai 19.564,2 ha
Supply
n u m b er
Fishing Fleets in Indonesia
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
< 5 GT
5 - 10 GT
10 – 20 GT
20 – 30 GT
30 – 50 GT
50 - 100 GT
100 - 200 GT
2001
2002
2003
2004
year
2005
2006
2007
> 200 GT
Production: by Treatment
Fish Marketing in Indonesia, 2007
3500000
3000000
Marketing Fresh
2500000
Drying/ Salting
2000000
Boiling
1500000
Smooking
1000000
Freshsing
500000
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Susilowati, Indah et al. (2005). The Coastal Community Empowerment Model of Micro-And-Small Scales
Fish Processors: Pekalongan, Indonesia. Diponegoro University.
Materials and Method (Vulnerable)
Study Area:
Cilacap
Data and Sampling:
•
•
•
•
•
Cross-sectional survey
Face-to-face interviews by the
trained enumerators
Instrument: semi-standardized
questionnaire and indepth interview
Respondents:
-Fishers (General): n=73
a>affected by climate
change: n=43
(incl. Severed ones: n=26)
b> not affected: n=30
-Consumer: n=100
Sampling method: Multi-stage
sampling
Tools of Analysis:
- Economic Valuation
- Descriptive statistics (C/R,
etc)
Related Study:
- Empowerment of
Pekalongan Fisheries
(Susilowati, et al. 2004;
2005; 2006)
- Food Security from
components of production,
distribution, and consumption
24
(Achmad Suryana,2003)
Variables and Its Indicators
Variables
Analysis of
Production
Indicators of Variables
Analyzing cost and benefit
resulted from a production
Measurements
Benefit and Cost Analysis
Estimating Revenue, Variable Cost,
Fixed Cost, Total Cost
Profit : Revenue > Total Cost
Loss : Revenue < Total Cost
Economic
Valuation
1. Impact on Production
 Catch
 Length of trip
 Spending
Physical distribution
 Availability (local consumption)
 Affordability
2. Impact on Distribution
3. Impact on Consumption
Variability of
Rainfall Density in
Cilacap, 2006-2008
Variability of
Sea Surface
Temperature
(SST) in
Cilacap 20062008
The Results of Interview with Fishers Respondents (n=73)
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Description
Knowledge about climate change
a) Yes
b) No
Method to predict climate change
a) Constellations
b) Information from BMKG through radio,
television, etc.
c) Information from TPI
Volume of Catch
a) Decrease
b) No decrease / normal
Reason of decrease in catch
a) Season/climate
b) Increasing of fuel-price
c) Others
Length of trip
a) Increase
b) No increase / normal
Additional length of trip
a) 0 days
b) 1 days
c) 2 days
d) 3 days
e) 4 days
f) 7 days
Fuel Usage
a) Increase
b) No increase / normal
Food and Lodging Cost
a) Increase
b) No increase / normal
Increase in Maintenance Cost on Boat
a) Increase
b) No increase / normal
Frequency
Percentage
52
21
71,2
28,8
28
15
30
0
38,4
20,5
41,1
0
68
5
93,2
6,8
61
3
9
83,6
4,1
12,3
67
6
91,8
8,2
6
4
16
26
16
5
8,2
5,5
21,9
35,6
21,9
6,8
67
6
91,8
8,2
68
5
93,2
6,8
62
11
84,9
15,1
Cost and Revenue per Trip for Fishers
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Description
Average of production (kg/trip)
Length of trip (%)
 Less than 15 days
 15 to 30 days
 More than 30 days
Average Total Revenue
Average Total Cost
Average Fixed Cost
 Depreciation of boat
 Depreciation of fishing gears
 Depreciation of engine
 Permit
Average Variable Cost
 Fuel
 Food & Lodging
 Maintenance
 Labor (ABK)
 Fees
Average Profit
R/C Ratio
n=73
3019,64
12
56
5
Share TC
(percent)
16,4
76,7
6,8
60.388.550
53.934.520
5.871.230
4.012.810
81.990
776.440
1.000.000
48.063.290
12.507.530
8.338.360
7.760.270
11.421.990
87.470
6.454.030
1,12
10,89
7,44
0,15
1,44
1,85
89,11
23,19
15,46
14,39
21,18
0,16
Cost and Revenue per Month for Fish Traders
No.
Description
n=43
1.
2.
3.
4.
Production (kg)
Total Revenue (Rp)
Total Cost (Rp)
Fixed Cost (Rp)
3.810,47
1114.313.953,49
87.008.497,72
514.033,37
5.
Variable Cost (Rp)
 Logistic
Fish
 Fees
 Fresh-water
 Ice
 Labor
 Transportations
 Maintenance
6.
7.
Profit (Rp)
R/C Ratio
86.494.464,35
76.209.302,33
6.000,00
245.988,37
106.952,72
6.959.302,33
2.511.395,35
455.523,26
6.454.030
1,31
Share TC
(percent)
0,59
99,41
87,59
0,01
0,28
0,12
8,00
2,88
0,52
FINDINGS
•
•
•
•
Cilacap is the most vulnerable area to climate
change in the southern part of Central Java
There is a decrease in catch and affected
severed losses to the respondents.
Fishers claimed had overspent in fuel, food &
lodging,
repairs
&
maintenance
and
decreased in productivity.
The availability and sustainability of fishstock became questionable. The shocked of
fisheries stock affected the chain of
distribution and consumption and eventually
weaken the food security and the fishers’
quality of live in the region.
•
•
•
26 respondents suffered severe impacts on
climate change and there were changes in
direct use value, which consisted of change in
productivity, change in food and lodging cost,
and change in fuel cost,
average change in productivity, food and
lodging cost, and fuel cost of 26 respondents
with severe impact on climate change were
Rp1.5, Rp1.2 and Rp1.8 millions, while the
average loss was Rp7.2 million per trip
The adaptation and mitigation efforts
(by A-B-G-C) is far from complete
STRATEGY
establishing a better extension
program by:
(set up a new extension institution
who responsible to underdo the
climate change matters
(with main task on ADAPTATION &
MITIGATION
MITIGATION
• PHYSIC: such as, growing vegetation /
plants, such as: mangroves and other
coastal vegetation, or structures that
directly withstand sea level rise, hit a big
wave and rob.
• NON-PHYSIC: need adjustments both
physically and socio-economic and cultural
life
CONCLUSIONS
• In short time, prescription on
adaptation
strategy to cope the climate change in the study
area is indeed needed.
• Ecosystem-based
fisheries
management
perhaps could be proposed as one of the wayouts to manage the vulnerable fisheries in
Cilacap. This scheme seems will shed a light as
a promising new paradigm of fisheries
management in Indonesia.
BOROBUDUR Temple, Central Java-Indonesia
Congratulate to the Organiser:
Karimunjawa Coral Reef, Central Java-Indonesia
THANKS YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTIONS
BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR

•
•
•
•
INDAH SUSILOWATI: is a professor at the Faculty of Economics &
Business, Diponegoro University (UNDIP), Semarang–Indonesia.
She was the head of Research Institute of UNDIP. She is a lecturer in
Faculty of Economics and several postgraduate programs in UNDIP.
She engaged in the Directorate of Higher Education Degree,
Ministry of Education, the Government of Indonesia as reviewer for
research works & accreditation of study program since 2005.
Besides that she also provides consultancy services to several Local
Governments and institutions in the region.
She is a member of Asian Fisheries Society (AFS) and
International Institute of Fisheries Economic and Trade (IIFET). She
also collaborated with Worldfish to promote sustainable fisheries
in the region. She has high commitment in advocating the green
environment, fisheries management and conflict resolution to the
competent communities or stakeholders.
She completed her Master and Ph.D. programs in resource economics from the Faculty of
Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Her dissertation (1998)
entitled “Economics of Regulatory Compliance with Fisheries Regulation in Indonesia,
Malaysia and the Philippines”. She did thesis (1991) entitled :Welfare Impact of Improved
Boat Modernisation (IBMS) in Pemalang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia”. Her B.Sc. was
pursued in the Faculty of Economics, UNDIP where she is attached now.
She had has presented and published papers in national and international forum.
39
•
REPORT ATTENDING IIFET 2012 CONFERENCE
TANZANIA, 16-20 July 2012
•
INDAH SUSILOWATI, 49 years old, female, the academic staff in the Faculty of
Economics, Diponegoro University-Semarang, INDONESIA. My main research
interest is in Resource Economics with major research interest in Fisheries
Economics.
I highly appreciated to the anonymous reviewer to select my paper for oral
presentation and the IIFET committee and organizer for awarding this paper with
grant. I was granted by IIFET in formed of a USD$2000 (cheque from Oregon
University), free conference registration and IIFET membership. The titled of my
paper is “The Impact of Climate Change on the Vulnerable Fisheries Resource and
Its Coastal Community in Cilacap Regency, Indonesia: A Set-up for Adaptation and
Mitigation Strategy”. This paper was presented in oral presentation, July, 20, 2012 in
Lake Victoria room, Hyatt Regency Kilimanjaro Hotel, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
(Session I: 08:45 to 10:15) under track of the economic impact of climate change on
fisheries and aquaculture (Part II) with moderator of Florian Diekert. Please find in
attachment is powerpoint of presentation.
I express my special thanks to Ann Shriver, the Executive Director of International
Institute of Fisheries Economics & Trade (IIFET) at secretariat of IIFET in
Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Oregon State University, USA
for her sustainable communication and support. My thanks to the organizer of IIFET
2012 conference, collegues from University of Dar Es Salam-Tanzania. My high
appreciation for sponsor for providing me a funding mentioned above to attend the
binneal IIFET conference 2012
•
•
•
I attended plenary sessions, various parallel sessions, poster and game
demonstration sessions during the conference of IIFET 2012. I had have
learned much from the conference. Now, I am using the materials, method
and experience gained from the conference to help the government- and
the other stakeholders (academic-Business-Government-Community) in the
fisheries development for Indonesia. Particularly, nowadays, the
Government of Indonesia has a heavy homework to overcome the fisheries
and trade problems. As an academic person and at the sametime as a
researcher, I fully aware to share my contribution and expertise in solving
this problem. Further, by attending this conference, I able to improve
(refresh, update and re-charge) my experience and expertise on fisheries
economics and trade. I got a marvellous chance to interact with the
competent people and able to enlarge my networking around the world.
Furthermore, I hope will be able to disseminate the materials and thoughts
learned from the conference to the direct relevant stakeholders targets
(such as: DoF officers who are pursuing in the postgraduate program in
Diponegoro University, bachelor student as the young generation, fishing/ or
agricultural communities who are under the supervision of Diponegoro
University in the social services program, fishers’s and/ or farmer’s society
union, and the other relevant stakeholders).
•
Report prepared by
Indah Susilowati-The Faculty of Economics & Business.
Diponegoro University - INDONESIA
Email: indah-susilowati@rocketmail.com