^Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk* jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ dh ,d =kSekfld if=kdk
gSA bl if=kdk dk eq[; mís'; gS f'k{kdksa] f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa] 'kSf{kd iz'kkldksa rFkk 'kks/drkZvksa dks
,d eap iznku djuk] f'k{kk ds fofHkUu vk;keksa tSlsµf'k{kkn'kZu] f'k{kk euksfoKku] f'k{kk dh
ledkyhu leL;k,a] ikB~;Øe ,oa izfof/ lacaèkh uohu fodkl] varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij f'k{kk dk
Lo:i] fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa f'k{kk dh fLFkfr vkfn ij ekSfyd rFkk vkykspukRed fparu dks izksRlkfgr
djuk vkSj f'k{kk ds lq/kj vkSj fodkl dks c<+kok nsukA ys[kdksa }kjk O;Dr fd, x, fopkj muosQ
vius gSaA vr% ;s fdlh Hkh izdkj ls ifj"kn~ dh uhfr;ksa dks izLrqr ugha djrs blfy, bl laca/ esa
ifj"kn~ dk dksbZ mÙkjnkf;Ro ugha gSA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ izdk'ku izHkkx osQ dk;kZy;
vdknfed laiknd
jktjkuh
vdknfed laikndh; lfefr
jatuk vjksM+k
;ksxs'k oqQekj
fdju okfy;k
vuqie vkgwtk
,e-oh- Jhfuoklu
lquhrk oqQekjh ukxj ( ts-ih-,iQ-)
izdk'ku izHkkx osQ lnL;
foHkkxkè;{k
v'kksd JhokLro
eq[; laiknd (lafonk lsok) ujs'k ;kno
lgk;d laiknd
mRiknu lgk;d
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil
Jh vjfoan ekxZ
u;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011&26562708
108, 100 iQhV
jksM
gkssLosQjs gYyh ,DlVsa'ku
cuk'kadjh III LVst
casxyq# 560 085
iQksu % 080&26725740
uothou VªLV Hkou
Mkd?kj uothou
vgenkckn 380 014 iQksu % 079&27541446
lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil
/udy cl LVkWi osQ lkeus
ifugVh
dksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033&25530454
gseUr oqQekj
izdk'kohj flag
lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl
ekyhxk¡o
xqokgkVh 781021
iQksu % 0361&2674869
vkoj.k
lk,ek
ewY;
,d izfr % ` 50
okf"kZd % ` 200
ifj"kn~ dh ^Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk* ,oa ^izkFkfed f'k{kd*
=kSekfld if=kdkvksa ds xzkgdksa] ikBdksa rFkk ys[kdksa ls fuossnu
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ dh mijksDr nks =kSekfld if=kdk,a f'k{kk
txr esa jk"Vªh; Lrj rFkk jkT; Lrj ij gks jgs vusd iz;ksxksa] vuqla/kuksa] dk;ZØeksa o
xfrfof/;ksa dks ikBdksa rd igq¡pkus osQ lqxe ekè;e gSaA bu if=kdkvksa dk izdk'ku
fo'ks"k :i ls fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa dk;Zjr f'k{kkfonksa] f'k{kdksa] f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa
rFkk ikB~;Øe fuekZrkvksa dks lefiZr gSA buosQ izR;sd laLdj.k esa ,sls uohure ys[kksa
osQ izdk'ku dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gS tks 'kSf{kd uhfr;ksa ls lacafèkr gksa] xq.kkRed
lqèkkj dh fn'kk esa mYys[kuh; iz;ksx gkas] vf/xe dks lq#fpiw.kZ rFkk xzkg~; cukus dh
fn'kk esa futh vuqHko vFkok 'kks/ dk;Z gksa] fofHkUu 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa osQ fooj.k gksa]
f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k laca/h izHkkoh lkexzh gksA 'kSf{kd mi;ksfxrk ls ;s if=kdk,¡ vR;ar
egRoiw.kZ gSa rFkk ifj"kn~ bUgsa ewy ykxr ls Hkh cgqr de dher ij ikBdksa dks miyC/
djkrh gSA
bu if=kdkvksa ds fy, mRÑ"V Lrj osQ f'k{kkizn izHkkoh ys[k lg"kZ Lohdkj fd,
tkrs gSa rFkk muosQ izdk'ku osQ mijkar leqfpr ekuns; nsus dh Hkh O;oLFkk gSA ys[k dh
fo"k;oLrq 2500 ls 3000 'kCnksa esa ;k vf/d Vafdr :i esa gksuk okaNuh; gSA ;fn
ys[kd vius ys[kksa osQ lkFk lhMh vkSj Lo;a dk bZ- esy dk irk Hkst losaQ rks lqfoèkk
gksxhA Ñi;k vius ys[k fuEu irs ij Hkstsa µ
foHkkxkè;{k (if=kdk izdks"B)] izdk'ku izHkkx
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
Jh vjfoUn ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016
vè;{k] izdk'ku izHkkx }kjk jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoUn ekxZ] u;h fnYyh
110 016 osQ fy, izdkf'kr rFkk Jh o`na kou xzkfiQDl izk- fy-] bZ&34] lSDVj&7] uks,Mk 201301 (m- iz-)
}kjk eqfnzrA
ISSN 0972-5636
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk
o"kZ
vad
32
vDrwcj
2
2011
bl vad esa
laikndh;
3
fo|ky;] f'k{kd vkSj lekt osQ lanHkZ esa
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ ipkl o"kZ
& ,- osQ- 'kekZ]
fganh vuqokn&½pk
5
f'k{k.k vfèkxe izfozQ;kvksa esa tsMa j foHksnhdj.k %
,d vkykspukRed vè;;u
& 'kkjnk oqQekjh
25
Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd n'kZu
& 'kadj 'kj.k
35
f'k{kd&çf'k{kdksa dk lwpuk ,oa lapkj çkS|ksfxdh
osQ çfr n`f"Vdks.k ,oa bldh lqxerk
& jktsUnz iky
41
yksdekU; ckyxaxkèkj fryd dh 'kSf{kd fopkjèkkjk
& jf'e JhokLro
50
,sls djsa vkRefujh{k.k
& nqxsZ'k ufUnuh
59
eqDr f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa xf.kr fo"k; dh Lo&vuqns'ku & lR;ohj ,oa vfuy oqQekj
lkexzh ij vfèkxedksa dh çfrfØ;kvksa dk vè;;u
64
vkèkqfud lanHkZ esa izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk n'kZu
76
& Hkos'k oqQekj
f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj % ,d fo'ys"k.k
& iznhi oqQekj flag
86
ekuoh; ewY;ksa ls lefUor vè;kid
f'k{kk dh vko';drk
& vk'kk 'kekZ
93
f'k{kd ,slk gks!
& ftrsUæ oqQekj ikVhnkj
103
tsaMj vlekurk % ,d ,sfrgkfld vè;;u
& vuqt oqQekj
112
D;k vPNk fnu gS\
& ljkst ;kno
118
laikndh;
fiz; ikBdksa] gesa vkidks ;g lwfpr djrs gq,
g"kZ dk vuqHko gks jgk gS fd jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd
vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ fo|ky;h vkSj
f'k{kd f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa dk;Z djrs gq, vius
ipkl o"kZ iwjs dj pqdh gSA 1961 esa dbZ
osQa nzh; 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa dks lekosf'kr dj LFkkfir
gqbZ ;g laLFkk jk"Vªh; vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj Ikj
,d ,slh laLFkk gS tks fo|ky;h f'k{kk ,oa
f'k{kd f'k{kk nksuksa {ks=kksa esa IkkB~;p;kZ] IkkB~;ozQe
rFkk IkkB~;lkexzh osQ fodkl] 'kksèk] Ikzf'k{k.k rFkk
foLrkj dk dk;Z djrh gSA ;gh ugha] O;kolkf;d
f'k{kk] lekos'kh f'k{kk] f'k{kk esa tsaMj osQ eqís]
'kSf{kd Ikzk|
S ksfxdh vFkkZr~ f'k{kk ls tqMs+ yxHkx
gj Ikgyw Ikj dke djus okys vius ladk;
lnL;ksa osQ ny osQ lkFk ;g laLFkk bu lHkh
Ikgyqvksa Ikj jkT;ksa dh {kerkvksa dk Hkh fuekZ.k
vkSj fodkl djus dk vFkd Ikz;kl djrh gSA
vkt bu Ikz;klksa dk gh urhtk gS fd ns'k osQ
yxHkx lHkh jkT; ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- }kjk fodflr
jk"Vªh; IkkB~;p;kZ dh :Ikjs[kk&2005 dk vuqdj.k
djrs gq, IkkB~;p;kZ lqèkkjksa dh vksj vxzlj gSaA
;gh ugha] ;g laLFkk ekuo lalkèku fodkl
ea=kky; }kjk le;&le; Ikj 'kSf{kd vfHk;kuksa
vkSj ;kstukvksa dh 'kq#vkr ls muosQ fozQ;kUo;u
rd esa 'kkfey jgrh gS vkSj blesa Hkh ;g jkT;ksa
dks Ikwjk lg;ksx Ikznku djrh gSA
vius Ikk¡p {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ;Fkk vtesj]
Hkksiky] eSlwj] Hkqous'oj vkSj f'kykax_ osaQnzh;
'kSf{kd Ikzk|
S ksfxdh laLFkku] u;h fnYyh_ Ikf.Mr
lqUnj yky 'kekZ osQUnzh; O;kolkf;d f'k{kk
laLFkku] Hkksiky_ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk laLFkku] u;h fnYyh
osQ lkFk ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ
{ks=k esa vxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA ipkl o"kZ
osQ bl xgu vuqHko dks fy, gq, bl laLFkk us
vkRekoyksdu djuk vkjaHk dj fn;k gSA
Hkfo"; esa fo|ky;h f'k{kk vkSj f'k{kd f'k{kk
osQ {ks=k esa mHkjrh pqukSfr;ksa us Hkh bls vkxkg
fd;k gS fd ;g bu {ks=kksa esa u;h lksp vkSj
uokpkjksa dks izkFkfedrk ns rkfd Ikkjaifjd 'kSf{kd
Ikzfofèk;ksa esa cnyko ykdj fofoèk Ik`"BHkwfe;ksa
ls fo|ky;ksa esa Ikzos'k dj jgs cPpksa dks LowQyh
f'k{kk esa liQyrk osQ vuqHko fn, tk losaQA
;g rks Fkk ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh osQ Ikpkl o"kks±
dk ,d laf{kIr Ikfjp;A ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ
HkwriwoZ funs'kd IkzksI+ksQlj ,- osQ- 'kekZ us bl
laLFkk osQ Lo.kZ t;arh lekjksg osQ volj ij
4
fn, x, laHkk"k.k osQ ”kfj;s bl ifjp; dks ,d
fo'ys"k.kkRed foLrkj fn;kA ikBdksa osQ fy,
bl laHkk"k.k dk fgUnh vuqokn bl vad esa
'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
bl laHkk"k.k osQ lkFk gh IkzLrqr gSa oSfoè;
dks lesVs gq, vU; dbZ ys[kA ;Fkk & ^f'k{k.k
vfèkxe izfozQ;kvksa esa tsMa j foHksnhdj.k % ,d
vkykspukRed vè;;u*_ ^Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd
n'kZu*_ ^f'k{kd&çf'k{kdksa dk lwpuk ,oa lapkj
çkS|ksfxdh osQ çfr n`f"Vdks.k ,oa bldh lqxerk*_
^yksdekU; ckyxaxkèkj fryd dh 'kSf{kd
fopkjèkkjk*_ ^,sls djsa vkRefujh{k.k*_ ^eqDr
f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa xf.kr fo"k; dh Lo&vuqns'ku
lkexzh ij vfèkxedksa dh çfrfØ;kvksa dk
vè;;u*_ ^vkèkqfud lanHkZ esa izkphu Hkkjrh;
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
f'k{kk n'kZu*_ ^f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj % ,d fo'ys"k.k*_
^ekuoh; ewY;ksa ls lefUor vè;kid f'k{kk dh
vko';drk*_ ^f'k{kd ,slk gks!*_ ^tsaMj
vlekurk % ,d ,sfrgkfld vè;;u* rFkk ^D;k
vPNk fnu gS\*
gekjs fiz; ys[kdksa vkSj ikBdks]a ,u-lh-bZvkj-Vh- osQ ipkl o"kZ iwjs gksus osQ bl ea”kj ij
ge vkidk vkHkkj izdV djrs gSa D;ksfa d vki
Hkh gekjh bl ;k=kk esa lnSo 'kkfey jgs gSaA
vkiosQ fopkjksa us tks ekxZn'kZu fn;k mlls
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh xq.koÙkk esa foLr`r lqèkkj
gqvkA ge vis{kk djrs gSa fd Hkfo"; esa Hkh
vki vius ys[kks]a fopkjksa vkSj fVIif.k;ksa osQ
ekè;e ls bl laLFkk ls tqM+s jgsxa s vkSj 'kSf{kd
lqèkkj dh izfozQ;k esa gekjs lg;ksxh cus jgsaxsA
vdknfed laikndh; lfefr
fo|ky;] f'k{kd vkSj lekt osQ lanHkZ esa
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ ipkl o"kZ·
,-osQ-'kekZ··
fgUnh vuqokn &½pk···
;g O;k[;ku ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh Lo.kZ t;arh lekjksg dh Hkk"k.k ekyk dh ,d dM+h
gS] tks LowQyh f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh usrR` odkjh Hkwfedk vkSj blosQ
mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku dk laf{kIr C;kSjk izLrqr djrk gSA fiNys ipkl o"kks± osQ nkSjku
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ ^egÙoiw.kZ dk;ks*± vkSj miyfCèk;ksa ij izdk'k Mkyus osQ lkFk gh
;g O;k[;ku bl ckr dks Hkh lkeus ykrk gS fd jkT;] fo|ky;] leqnk; vkSj turk
dh vk'kk&vkdka{kkvksa dks iwjk djus esa og fdl rjg vleFkZ jgh gSA fo|ky;h f'k{kk
osQ {ks=k esa ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ls vis{kk,¡ bldh dkYifud Nfo osQ lkFk bldh vopsru
bPNk esa lekfgr gSAaS
bl O;k[;ku dk 'kh"kZd gS ^^fo|ky;] f'k{kd
vkSj lekt osQ lanHkZ esa ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ
ipkl o"kZ** vkSj ;g fdlh Hkh jk"Vª osQ thou
esa fo|ky;] f'k{kd vkSj lekt&bu rhu ?kVdksa
osQ var%lacaèk vFkok lgthou ij iqufoZpkj
djrk gSA LowQyh f'k{kk cPpksa osQ izkjafHkd o"kks±
osQ jpukRed fodkl dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gS
ftlls gksdj os thou osQ O;kolkf;d {ks=k esa
Ikzo's k djrs gSAa O;k[;ku esa lkekftd vlekurk
dks ;FkklaHko de djus esa fo|ky;h O;oLFkk
osQ lanHkZ esa igqp
¡ ] lkE; rFkk xq.koÙkk osQ ljksdkjksa
vkSj bu ljksdkjksa osQ cgqfoèk vk;keksa dh ppkZ
· ;g O;k[;ku ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- Lo.kZ t;arh Hkk"k.k ekyk osQ varxZr MkW- ,- osQ- 'kekZ }kjk 11tqykbZ] 2011 dks ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h
fnYyh esa fn;k x;kA
·· ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ HkwriwoZ funs'kd
··· 'kksèk Nk=kk] lh-vkbZ-bZ-] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh&7
6
dh xbZ gSA {ks=kh; vkSj oSf'od ”k:jrksa osQ fy,
oqQ'ky dk;Zny (Workforce) osQ fuekZ.k esa]
mPprj f'k{kk esa vfèkdkfèkd Nk=kksa dks izos'k
fnykus es]a O;fDrxr rFkk ?kjsyw thou esa mRikndrk
dks c<+kus esa vkSj ns'k osQ vkfFkZd fodkl esa
ekè;fed f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk ij Hkh fopkj fd;k
x;k gSA
ekè;fed f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk] f'k{kk osQ
bl pj.k esa iznÙk ikB~;oLrq (oaQVsaV) dh
xq.koÙkk ij fuHkZj gS vkSj bl ckr ij Hkh
fd mls fdl rjg i<+k;k tkrk gS vkSj mldk
ewY;kadu fdl rjg fd;k tkrk gS] lkFk gh
og f'k{kdksa dh laizsf"kr djus dh ;ksX;rk
ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gSA O;kolkf;d f'k{kk
ekè;fed f'k{kk dk ,d fgLlk cuus esa liQy
ugha gks ldh gSA ;g fLFkfr rc rd cuh
jgsxh tc rd fd bl lanHkZ esa dksbZ fHkUu
vFkok ozQkafrdkjh fopkj ifjorZu ugha fd;k
tkrkA ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ izlkj esa daIyhesaVªh
(lg;ksxh) fodYi osQ :i esa eqDr vkSj nwjLFk
f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk Ikj Hkh fopkj fd;k x;k
gSA lekt osQ oafpr oxks± dh f'k{kk]
fyax&vlekurk vkSj 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld
:Ik ls fof{kIr cPpksa osQ fy, IkkB~;p;kZ lacaèkh
pqukSfr;k¡ vkfn osQ ljksdkj Hkh LowQyh f'k{kk
osQ fy, mrus gh egÙoiw.kZ gSaA
lkoZtfud ijh{kk dks èkhjs&èkhjs lekIr djus
osQ lanHkZ esa cksMZ dh u;h ftEesnkfj;k¡] ,sls eqís
gSa ftu ij fo'oLr ppkZ dh ”k:jr gSA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
vkn'kZ xq# vkSj izkIs +ksQ'kuy Vhpj esa fdl
rjg lkeatL; cSBk;k tk; ;g iz'u f'k{kd
fuekZ.k osQ lHkh izfrekuksa ij fiQj ls xaHkhj
fopkj djus dh ”k:jr iSnk djrk gSA f'k{kdksa
osQ fy, ,d vkykspukRed izxfr'khy vkpkj
lafgrk dh ”k:jr gS rkfd os Nk=kksa osQ Hkhrj
tks Hkh loksZÙke Nqik gS] mls fodflr djus]
mls ckgj ykus dh dksf'k'k dj losaQ_ u fd
osQoy mldh xyfr;k¡ fxukus dhA vuq'kklukRed
dkjZokbZ djus osQ ctk; f'k{kd dks turkaf=kd
O;ogkj djuk pkfg,] tgk¡ Nk=k vkSj f'k{kd
lkewfgd :i ls uhfrxr dk;Ziz.kkyh
(Ethical Modus Operandi) dk fuekZ.k
vkSj fuokZg djsaA bl ekuooknh varnZ`f"V esa
,d lPpk f'kf{kr leqnk; iYyfor] iqf"ir
gks ldrk gS tks fd ml ekosZQV ekWMy osQ
foijhr gS tgk¡ ekud vkSj izfrLièkkZZ O;fDr
dks ,d&nwljs osQ fo#¼ [kM+k dj nsrs gSaA
f'k{kd f'k{kk osQ ozQkafrdkjh :ikarj.k osQ fy,
xaHkhj iz;kl dh I+kQkSjh ”k:jr gSA LowQy] f'k{kd
vkSj lekt dk ;g f=kdks.kh; fufgrkFkZ mu
fofoèk eqíksa dk <k¡pk fufeZr djrk gS tks
bl O;k[;ku esa izLrqr fd, x, gSSaA
fe=kksa] eSa jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj
izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ dk vkHkkjh gwa¡ ftlus eq>s
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh Lo.kZ t;arh ij vk;ksftr
Hkk"k.kekyk 2011 osQ varxZr O;k[;ku nsus osQ
fy, vkeaf=kr fd;k gSA esjh le> ls ;g
Hkk"k.kekyk dk rhljk O;k[;ku gSA eSaus bl
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
vkea=k.k dks fouezrk ls Lohdkj fd;k gS D;ksfa d
eSa bl ckr osQ izfr lpsr gw¡ fd eSa f'k{kk
{ks=k dk osQoy ,d dk;ZdrkZ Hkj gw¡] u fd
dksbZ cM+k fo}kuA 'kk;n ;g vkea=k.k eq>s
blfy, feyk gS D;ksafd yxHkx iPphl o"kksaZ
rd eSa ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ifjokj dk lnL; jgk
gw¡A bl O;k[;ku esa eSa tks fopkj O;Dr djus
tk jgk gw¡ og ;gk¡ osQ esjs vuqHko vkSj le>
ij vkèkkfjr gSa] tks ns'k osQ lanHkZ esa lkekU;
:i ls f'k{kk vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls LowQyh f'k{kk
dh fLFkfr rd lhfer gSaA bl O;k[;ku dk
osaQnz fcanq ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh Hkwfedk gS tks
mlus izkjaHk ls vc rd fuHkkbZ gS] vkSj
fo|ky;] f'k{kd rFkk buosQ lkekftd izHkko
ls tqMs+ os ljksdkj Hkh gSa ftuosQ izfr ;g
laLFkk tokcnsg jgh gSA
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlèa kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
osQ thou esa ipkl o"kZ dk le; ,d lqnh?kZ
dky gS ftlesa bldh miyfCèk;ksa dk ys[kk
tks[kk fy;k tk ldrk gS_ LowQyh f'k{kk osQ
xq.kkRed fodkl osQ fy, mlus tks uhfr;k¡
fuèkkZfjr&izLrkfor dh gSa mudk vkdyu Hkh
dj ldrs gSaA blfy, ;g vkRefujh{k.k dk Hkh
le; gSA bl vkdyu&ewY;kadu ls mu yksxksa
dks fuf'pr :i ls xoZ dh vuqHkwfr gksxh tks
yksx vrhr esa bl laxBu osQ ;ksxnku ls tqM+s
jgs gSAa ;g mu dfe;ksa vkSj lhekvksa dks igpkuus
dk Hkh volj iznku djsxk ftUgsa Hkfo"; esa
pqukSfr;ksa osQ :i esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA
7
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- % vrhr] orZeku vkSj
Hkfo";
bl rjg osQ volj ij oqQN laLej.kksa dks Hkqyk
ikuk dfBu gSA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- cqfu;knh :i
ls f'k{kk osQ {ks=k es]a Iks'ksojksa dh ,d vdknfed
laLFkk gS ftlesa 'kksèkkFkhZ vkSj f'k{kd dke djrs
gSaA blosQ eq[; dk;ks± esa 'kkfey gS ^lsok]
lq > ko] lgk;rk vkS j foLrkj&iz l kj* tks
blosQ fooj.k Ik=k (Memorandum of
Association, MOA) esa fn, x, gSAa ljdkjh
foHkkxksa dh rjg ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ ikl dksbZ
dk;Zdkjh (,D”khD;wfVo) 'kfDr ugha gS vkSj u
gh ;g vuqnku ck¡Vus okyh dksbZ ,tsalh gSA bls
O;kid :i ls ,d jk"Vªh; laLFkku osQ :i esa
tkuk tkrk gS tks fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa
usr`Rodkjh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA ,u-lh-bZ-vkjVh- osQ tUe vkSj ipkl o"kks± esa bldh Hkwfedk
dks blh i`"BHkwfe esa le>k tk ldrk gSA
NBs n'kd osQ mijkar ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dk
cgqfoèk fodkl gqvk&vuqHko vkSj fo'ks"kKrk
nksuksa osQ ekeyksa esaA f'k{kk osQ vusd {ks=kksa esa
blus mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku fd;k_ dHkh&dHkkj
og vius dks iwjh rjg ls rS;kj ugha dj ik;h
vkSj dHkh mlosQ ikl i;kZIr lalkèku Hkh ugha
FksA fiQj Hkh] bl ckr ls budkj ugha fd;k tk
ldrk fd bu o"kks± esa mls vPNs dk;ks± vkSj
miyfCèk;ksa osQ fy, igpku feyhA blosQ lkFk
gh og jkT;] fo|ky;] leqnk; vkSj turk dh
vk'kk&vkdka{kkvksa Ikj Ikwjh rjg ls [kjh ugha
8
mrj ldhA ;g LowQyh f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa egÙoiw.kZ
cnyko ykus esa ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh usr`Rodkjh
Hkwfedk dh vis{kk dk laosQr gS vkSj ;s vis{kk,¡
u osQoy ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh dkYifud Nfo
dks n'kkZrh gSa cfYd mldh vopsru vkdka{kk
dks Hkh n'kkZrh gSaA mldh ;g Nfo muosQ
vdknfed leqnk; osQ vFkd ,oa lefiZr
iz;klksa ls mHkjh gS vkSj gesa fu'p; gh mu
lHkh Ikj xoZ gSA
vius Ikgys n'kd esa ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- us
LokLF; f'k{kk dk;Z (HEW) ls lacaf/r
Ikfj;kstukvksa Ikj egÙoiw.kZ dke fd;kA bl
dk;Z us bldh igpku fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ {ks=k
esa ,d Ikzeq[k 'kksèk laxBu osQ :Ik esa LFkkfir
djus esa enn dhA <kbZ ls Ng o"kZ osQ cPpksa osQ
fodklkRed Ikzfrekuksa us IkwoZ fo|ky;h f'k{kk
Ikj vkxs dk;Z djus dh uhao j[kh] ftls jk"Vªh;
f'k{kk uhfr (1986) esa vkjafHkd 'kS'kodkyhu
ns[kHkky vkSj f'k{kk (bZ-lh-lh-bZ-)osQ :Ik esa
Ikgyh ckj lanfHkZr fd;k x;k vkSj vc lafoèkku
osQ 45osa la'kksfèkr vuqPNsn esa mls 'kkfey
fd;k x;k gSA fpYMªsu ehfM;k yscksjsVªh
(lh-,e-,y-) vkSj IkwoZ fo|ky;h f'k{kk ij
fodklkRed I+kQksdl djus dh Lohd`fr us vkt
vkjafHkd 'kS'kodkyhu ns[kHkky vkSj f'k{kk
(bZ-lh-lh-bZ-) dks vkjafHkd 'kS'kodkyhu ns[kHkky
vkSj fodkl (bZ-lh-lh-Mh-) osQ :Ik esa xzg.k
djus dh lksp dks txg nh gSA
Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk xfBr f'k{kk vk;ksxksa dh
+
flIkQkfj'kksa dks ykxw djus esa ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
ges'kk vkxs jgh gSA ekè;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx
(1952&53) dh fjiksVZ ls {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkkuksa
(vkj-lh-bZ-) dk tUe gqvk ftlls cgqmís';h;
mPp ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa IkzR;sd {ks=kh;
f'k{kk laLFkku osQ lkFk Ikz;ksx'kkyk osQ :Ik esa
,d cgqmís';h; fun'kZu fo|ky; (Mh-,eLowQy) layXu gqvk vkSj Ikgyh ckj vè;kid
f'k{kk esa lkekU; vkSj VsDuksykWth] Ñf"k] okf.kT;]
x`g foKku rFkk IkQkbu vkV~Zl ls lacafèkr
O;kolkf;d {ks=kksa esa fof'k"V lefUor dk;ZozQeksa
osQ fodkl dk Ikz;kl vkjaHk gqvkA oqQN
;kstukdrkZvksa dh xgjh varnZ`f"V osQ dkj.k gh
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh Bksl
IkfjdYiuk dh uhao j[kus esa dke;kc gqbZA
f'k{kk vk;ksx (1964&66) dh eq[;
+
flIkQkfj'kksa osQ ckn IkzFke IkkB~;p;kZvksa dh :Ikjs[kk
lkeus vkbZ ftls ge ^djhD;wye iQkWj Vsu b;j
LowQy* (1975) vkSj ^mPp ekè;fed f'k{kk
vkSj bldk O;kolk;hdj.k* (1976) osQ uke
ls tkurs gSaA blosQ mijkar ,u-lh-Vh-bZ- (tks
ml le; ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dk vfHkUu vax
Fkh) us ^Dykfld Vhpj ,tqosQ'ku oQjhD;wye
& , IkzQs eooZQ* dk fuekZ.k fd;kA bu ,sfrgkfld
nLrkos”kksa us IkkB~;p;kZ esa eq[; uhfrxr lqèkkj
fd, tks vkxs oQh IkkB~;p;kZ :Ikjs[kkvksa osQ fy,
fd, x, iz;klksa dh thoujs[kk cu x, tSls fd
1988] 2000] 2005 esa fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ
fy, rS;kj dh xbZ IkkB~;p;kZ dh :Ikjs[kk,¡ vkSj
^DokfyVh Vhpj ,tqoQs 'ku IkzQs eooZQ*(1988) vkSj
^us'kuy oQjhD;wye iszQeooZQ IkQkWj Vhpj ,tqoQs 'ku*
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
(2009)tks fd oSèkkfud (Statutory) ,ulh-Vh-bZ- }kjk cuk;k x;kA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- us 1965 esa ^IkzfrHkk [kkst*
dk ,d vxzxkeh (Pioneer) dk;ZoQz e pyk;kA
;g ns'k esa ,sls IkzfrHkk'kkyh ;qokvksa dh [kkst
dh Ikgpku dk Ikgyk Ikz;kl Fkk tks cqfu;knh
foKkuksa vkSj xf.kr esa f'k{kk IkzkIr djosQ vkxs
pydj bathfu;fjax vkSj VsDuksykWth esa fodkl
dh uhao j[k losQA ^foKku IkzfrHkk [kkst Ikjh{kk*
dh :Ikjs[kk O;kolkf;d IkkB~;ozQeksa esa Ikzos'k osQ
fy, Ikzfr;ksxh Ikjh{kkvksa dh :Ikjs[kk dh tud
cu xbZA
lkrosa n'kd osQ izkjaHk esa f'k{k.k&vfèkxe
IkzfozQ;k esa rduhdh (Technology) osQ
bLrseky dk IkzFke Ikz;Ru djus dk Js; lsVy
s kbV
balVªD'kuy Vsyhfo”ku ,DlisjhesaV (SITE)
dks tkrk gS] vkSj bldh ikB~;oLrq vkSj IkzfozQ;k
dks fuèkkZfjr djus esa ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ 'kSf{kd
VsDuksykWth osaQnz (lh-bZ-Vh-) dh Hkwfedk Ikzeq[k
FkhA blh Hkwfedk Ikj vkxs pydj osQa nzh; 'kSf{kd
Ikzk|
S ksfxdh laLFkku (lh-vkbZ-bZ-Vh-)dk fuekZ.k gqvkA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dks bl ckr osQ fy, Hkh
Js; fn;k tk ldrk gS fd og Ikgyh laLFkk gS]
ftlus tux.kuk vkèkkfjr vf[ky Hkkjrh; f'k{kk
losZ{k.kksa(AIESs) dk laLFkkuhdj.k oQjrs gq,
f'k{kk ra=k dks ,d MkVkcsl Ikznku fd;k rkfd
uhfr fuekZ.k esa enn fey losQA ;kstuk vk;ksx
osQ vkns'k ls MkVk csl cukrs gq, vkt ge
vkBok¡ vf[ky Hkkjrh; f'k{kk losZ{k.k iwjk djus
dh vksj mUeq[k gSaA
9
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) us vè;kid
f'k{kk esa laiw.kZ cnyko dh flI+kQkfj'k dh Fkh
ftlosQ Ikfj.kkeLo:Ik vè;kid f'k{kk dks iquxZfBr
rFkk IkqufuZfer djus dh Ikfj;kstuk dk fodkl
gqvkA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- vkSj U;wik osQ ”kfj,
^ftyk f'k{kk ,oa Ikzf'k{k.k laLFkku* (DIETs)]
^f'k{kd f'k{kk egkfo|ky;* (CTEs) vkSj ^mPp
vè;;u f'k{kk la L Fkku* (IASEs) os Q
voèkkj.kkRed nLrkos”kksa dk fodkl gqvkA
Ikgyh d{kk ls ysdj ckjgoha d{kk rd
laiw.kZ fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu IkkB~;ozQeksa
osQ {ks=k esa IkkB~;IkqLrdksa osQ fuekZ.k esa ,u-lh-bZvkj-Vh- dk ;ksxnku loZfofnr gSA bu IkkB~;IkqLrdksa
esa IkkB~;oLrq dh xq.koÙkk ,oa mlosQ vuqowQy
f'k{kk'kkL=k dh tkudkjh us ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dks
cgqr [;kfr fnykbZ gSA IkkB~;IkqLrd fuekZ.k dh
bl Ikwjh IkzkS|ksfxdh] ftlus ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dks
,d cM+k uke fnyk;k gS] dh fofHkUu IkzfozQ;kvksa
osQ nLrkos”khdj.k fd, tkus dh ”k:jr gSA
rkfd IkzR;sd jkT; esa jk"Vªh; Lrj dh IkzfrHkk
dk fodkl gks losQ tks vius {ks=kh; lanHkks± dks
è;ku esa j[krs gq,] {ks=kh; fo'ks"kKksa dh Hkkxhnkjh
ls leku xq.koÙkkiw.kZ IkkB~;&lkexzh fM”kkbu dj
losQA
mQij crk, x, m¼j.k mu egÙoiw.kZ igyksa
dh osQoy ,d >yd gS ftudh 'kq#vkr djus
dk Js; ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dks tkrk gSA
f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- us tks
egÙoiw.kZ cgqfoèk Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS mls vkxs
c<+kus dh ”k:jr gS] viuh lksp dks vkxs
10
c<+kus vkSj Hkfo"; esa >k¡dus dh ”k:jr gSA mls
fiNys dk;ks± ls larq"V gksdj cSB tkuk ugha gS]
mls u osQoy vrhr ls IkwokZxzg j[kuk gS vkSj u
gh osQoy orZeku le; esa f'k{kk txr dh
vufxur o tfVy leL;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k
vkSj lekèkku fudkyus esa yxs jguk gSA mls
,d jk"Vªh; ^fFkad VSad* dh viuh Hkwfedk dk
uohdj.k djus osQ lkeF;Z dks vkSj c<+kuk gS
D;ksafd blh Hkwfedk osQ vkèkkj Ikj og osaQnz ,oa
jkT; ljdkjksa dks uhfr ,oa dk;ZoQz eksa osQ fuèkkZj.k
esa ^lykg ,oa lgk;rk* Ikznku djus esa leFkZ gks
ldrh gSA xq.koÙkkiw.kZ 'kS{kf.kd fodkl osQ
le{k vkt tks Hkh Ikz'u] leL;k,¡ ,oa eqís gSa
mu Ikj ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dks mís';ijd cgl
,oa IkfjppkZ vk;ksftr djus dh laLo`Qfr dks
vkSj vfèkd mRlkg osQ lkFk vkxs c<+kus osQ
fy, ges'kk lpsr jguk pkfg,A mls ;g Hkh
è;ku j[kuk gksxk fd og fdl rjg jkT;ksa dks
xaHkhj vkSj okLrfod 'kSf{kd 'kksèk djus okys
laLFkku cukus esa enn dj ldrh gSA ,slk djus
ls jkT; Lrjh; f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dk fodkl rst
xfr ls gks losQxkA blfy, bl le; ,u-lh-bZvkj-Vh- dks vkRefujh{k.k djus dh Hkh
vko';drk gS fd mlosQ Ikz;kl lgh fn'kk esa
tk jgs gSa ;k ughaA vkSj ;fn ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ek¡x
djrh gSa rks iz;klksa esa vko';d lqèkkj ;k I+kQs j
cny fd;k tk losQA tks Hkh gks] oqQN dk;Z
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- us vius gkFk esa ,sls Hkh fy,
;k mls lkSais x, tks bldh Ikzf'k{k.k ,oa 'kksèk
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
Ikjd Hkwfedk ls lhèks&lhèks tqMs+ ugha Fks vkSj
ftUgsa iwjk djus esa le; vkSj 'kfDr dh cckZnh
Hkh gqbZ vkSj lkFk gh muls ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ
cqfu;knh dk;ks± esa fo'ks"k ;ksxnku Hkh ugha gks
ldkA oSf'od 'kS{kf.kd Ikfjn`'; esa fujarj cnyko
gks jgk gS_ vkSj Hkkjr bldk viokn ugha gSA
fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ bl cnyrs ifjos'k osQ izfr
tkx:d jgus vkSj viuh Hkwfedk dk leqfpr
fuokZg djus esa vius vkidks l{ke cukus osQ
fy, ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh dks 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa dk
gy [kkstus osQ vius rjhdksa esa fujarj cnyko
ykrs jguk gksxkA
vkxs c<+us ls Ikgys eSa oqQN ,sls lokyksa
dh ppkZ djuk pkgrk gw¡ tks ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-VhosQ laHkkoh Hkfo";ksUeq[k ljksdkjksa osQ fy,
Ikzklafxd gSaA
(i) ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ ,e-vks-,- (MOA)
esa fy[kk gS --- ^^f'k{kk] fo'ks"kdj fo|ky;h
f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZozQeksa
osQ dk;kZUo;u esa ---] ea=kky; dks lgk;rk
,oa lykg nsukA** ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dks
f'k{kk uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZozQeksa dks cukus
dh izfozQ;k esa osaQnz o jkT; ljdkjksa dks
lykg nsuh pkfg, u fd osQoy budks
ykxw djus osQ lanHkZ esaA blls ,u-lhbZ-vkj-Vh- dh usrR` o {kerk vkSj ekxZn'kZd
Hkwfedk mHkjdj lkeus vk ldrh gS
vkSj blosQ dk;ZozQeksa dk I+kQksdl c<+
ldrk gS rkfd uhfr izfriknu esa mldh
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
igy mldh dk;Zuhfr esa vPNh rjg
lekfgr gks tk,A
(ii) ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oqQN laLFkkuksa dk la;Dq r
:i gS ftlesa vkB la?kVd bdkbZ;k¡ gaSA
tks bl izdkj gSa % jk"Vªh; f'k{kk laLFkku
(,u-vkbZ-bZ-)] u;h fnYyh] {ks=kh; f'k{kk
laLFkku (vkj-vkbZ-bZ-) tks vtesj] Hkksiky]
Hkqous'oj] eSlwj vkSj f'kykax esa fLFkr gS_
osaQnzh; 'kSf{kd izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku (lhvkbZ-bZ-Vh-) u;h fnYyh vkSj iafMr
lqanjyky 'kekZ osaQnzh; oksosQ'kuy f'k{kk
laLFkku (ih-,l-,l-lh-vkbZ-oh-bZ-)] Hkksiky
vkSj (igys oqQN iQhYM vkWfI+kQl Hkh)A
,u-vkbZ-bZ vkSj ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ,d nwljs
osQ i;kZ; cu x, gSaA tcfd izR;sd
la?kVd laLFkku Lora=k :i ls ,d is'ksoj
O;fDr dh vè;{krk esa py jgk gSS] rc
,u-vkbZ-bZ- dk vè;{k dkSu gS\ ,u-lhbZ-vkj-Vh- dks ,d iz'kklfud ,oa
uhfr&fuèkkZjd lfpoky; osQ :Ik esa dk;Z
djuk pkfg, ftlesa izR;sd la?kVd
laLFkku dh ,d vyx igpku gksA
,u-lh-bZ - vkj-Vh- dh eq [ ;èkkjk ls
fofHkUu la?kVdksa osQ vyxko dks ikVuk
pkfg,A
(iii) ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ la?kVdksa@foHkkxksa esa
;FkklaHko vkarfjd izfrfu;qfDr dh ,d
Ikz.kkyh fodflr dh tk ldrh gS D;ksfa d
blls ladk; osQ lalkèkuksa dk laiw.kZ
11
mi;ksx f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu eqíksa ij fo'ks"kKrk
dh O;kid ifjfèk iznku djus esa gks
ldrk gSA
(iv) ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- esa vdknfed vksgns
(in) vko';d fo'ks"kKrk osQ eqrkfcd
gksus pkfg,A dkmafly }kjk fd, tkus
okys vuqlèa kku vkSj fodkl izf'k{k.k rFkk
izlkj dk;ks± dh fo'ks"krkvksa osQ lanHkZ
esa orZeku fLFkfr dh iqu% leh{kk dh
”k:jr gSA
(v) vf[ky Hkkjrh; f'k{kk losZ{k.k dh le;
lhek js[kk (Dateline) Ikapo"khZ; ;kstuk
fuèkkZj.k osQ vuqlkj gksuh pkfg, vkSj
;kstuk vk;ksx esa mldk MkVk miyCèk
gksuk pkfg,A u;h rduhdh dk mi;ksx
MkVk csl osQ fuekZ.k esa enn dj ldrk
gS rkfd le; Ikj mls miyCèk djk;k
tk losQ vkSj ;kstukvksa esa mldk bLrseky
fd;k tk losQA
(vi) IkzfrHkk dh [kkst lgh fn'kk vkSj lgh
rjhosQ ls gksuh pkfg,A ftlls fd izfrHkkvksa
dk okafNr iks"k.k gks losQ (okLro esa
izfrHkk iks"k.k dh fn'kk esa vHkh cgqr
oqQN fd;k tkuk 'ks"k gS)A ge izfrHkk dh
[kkst osQ cqfu;knh y{; ls HkVd x, gSaA
'kk;n ge vU; {ks=kksa esa Hkh okLrfod
izfrHkkvksa dh [kkst djuk pkgrs gSaA gesa
izfrHkk dh igpku vkSj mlosQ iks"k.k osQ
rjhosQ fodflr djus dh ”k:jr gSA
12
OkrZeku le; esa IkzkS|ksfxdh osQ Ikz;ksx
ls f'k{kk'kkL=k osQ {ks=k esa vusd cnyko
vk, gSaA budh enn ls IkkB~;p;kZ
fodkl dh IkzfozQ;k dks vkSj lqn`<+
cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vhdks ikB~;p;kZ fuekZ.k vkSj 'kSf{kd rFkk
f'k{kk'kkL=kh; fozQ;kdykiksa osQ vH;klksa
osQ chp vfèkd lgfozQ;k vkSj lkeatL;
dk;e djus dh ”k:jr gSA fo|ky;h
f'k{kk esa ;g lkeatL; f'k{kk'kkL=kh;
O;ogkj esa iwjh rjg cnyko yk ldrk
gSSA bl lanHkZ easa lh-vkbZ-bZ-Vh- dh
Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ gSA nwjn'kZu vkSj
vkdk'kok.kh osQ fy, mls Lora=k :i
ls 'kSf{kd dk;ZozQeksa dk fuekZ.k djuk
pkfg,A ogha nwljh vksj vU;
n`';&JO; lkexzh osQ fuekZ.k osQ ekeys
esa Hkh mldk izèkku mís'; ,u-lh-bZvkj-Vh- osQ fozQ;kdykiksa dks le`¼
djus dk gksuk pkfg, vkSj mls
fo|ky;h f'k{kk dh fofHkUUk xfrfofèk;ksa
esa rduhdh osQ bLrseky dks c<+kok nsuk
pkfg,A
(viii) ,u-vkbZ-bZ- ifjlj esa f'k{k.k dk;ZozQeksa
dh deh gSA ;gk¡ ,sls dk;ZozQeksa dk
vk;kstu (”k:jh ugha fd os dksbZ fMxzh
nsus osQ fy, vk;ksftr fd, tk,¡) vkxs
vkus okys le; esa fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ
{ks=k esa ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ ;ksxnku dks
vkSj e”kcwr dj ldrk gSA
(vii)
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
fo|ky;h f'k{kk dk ifjn`';
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ Hkkoh ljksdkjksa osQ lanHkZ esa
bl le; fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ ifjn`'; ij ,d
fogaxe n`f"V Mkyuk izklafxd gksxkA fo|ky;h
f'k{kk ml iz{ksi&iFk dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gS
ftlesa ,d cPpk vius fodkl osQ izkjafHkd
o"kks± ls gksdj vius pqus gq, O;kolkf;d thou
esa izos'k djrk gSA fo|ky; ekuo O;fDrRo osQ
fofHkUu vk;keksa dh igpku djosQ f'k{kk dh
ikB~;oLrq ,oa IkzfozQ;k osQ }kjk mudk Ikks"k.k
djrk gS D;ksafd IkzR;sd O;fDr osQ Hkkoh thou
osQ ifj.kke bUgha vk;keksa Ikj fuHkZj djrs gSaA
vko';drkuqlkj fo|ky;ksa dh miyCèkrk dk
iz'u] lekt osQ lHkh oxks± osQ fy, f'k{kk osQ
leku volj iznku djuk] LowQyksa esa leqfpr
lalkèku dk gksuk] izf'kf{kr f'k{kd vkSj izHkko'kkyh
f'k{kk'kkL=k dk gksuk rkfd okafNr ifj.kke fey
losaQ vkfn ,sls ljksdkj gSa ftudk è;ku j[kuk
izR;sd f'k{kk ra=k osQ fy, vfuok;Z gSA ,u-lhbZ-vkj-Vh- ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og 'kksèk
vkSj vU; vè;;uksa osQ ”kfj;s LowQyh ra=k dh
”kehuh okLrfodrkvksa dks le>rs gq, Ikgq¡p]
lekurk vkSj xq.koÙkk osQ eqíksa dks O;kogkfjd
:Ik ls lacksfèkr djus dk Ikz;kl djsA ,u-lh-bZvkj-Vh- ,dek=k ,slh laLFkk gS tks cPps osQ
fodkl osQ lHkh vk;keksa ls lacafèkr 'kSf{kd
ljksdkjksa dks lacksfèkr djrh gSA
oqQN vU; ljksdkj Hkh gSAa Hkkjr dh fo|ky;h
f'k{kk esa i;kZIr HksnHkko gSA vehjksa vkSj oqQyhuksa
osQ cPps ;gk¡ vPNh xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk izkIr dj
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
ldrs gSa] futh vkSj ^ifCyd* LowQyksa esa tk
ldrs gSa tcfd cgqla[;d xjhcksa ftuesa
vYila[;d ,oa gkf'k;s osQ yksx Hkh 'kkfey gSa]
osQ cPps mu ljdkjh LowQyksa esa tkrs gSa tgk¡ dh
f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk derj le>h tkrh gSA eSa
bl ckr ls lger ugha gw¡ fd ifCyd LowQyksa
esa rFkkdfFkr ^xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk* nh tkrh gS
D;ksafd bl i{k ij oSKkfud :i ls vè;;u
fd, tkus dh ”k:jr gS] ysfdu vke tu osQ
fnekx esa ;gh ckr cSBh gSA bl izdkj lekt
dk oxZ&foHkktu fo|ky;h ra=k esa foHksn osQ
:Ik esa izfrfcafcr gksrk gSA lkekftd vlekurk
dks cuk;s j[kus vkSj c<+kus esa ;g cgqr cM+k
dkjd gSA fo|ky;h f'k{kk esa lqèkkj osQ fy,
;g ,d cgqr cM+k ljksdkj gS ftl Ikj xaHkhjrk
ls è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ls
la c a f èkr ,d vU; O;oLFkkxr ljks d kj
(Systemic Concern) oS'ohdj.k vkSj
mnkjhdj.k ls iSnk gqvk gS ftlus fo|ky;h
f'k{kk dh cqfu;knh izo`Qfr ,oa vFkZ dks gh
cny Mkyk gSA ^varjkZ"Vªh;*] ^oSf'od* vkSj
^fo'o* LowQyksa osQ ihNs tks n'kZu dke dj jgk
gS ml ij Hkh vè;;u djus dh ”k:jr gSA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bu eqíksa ij xaHkhj foe'kZ pyk
ldrh gSA
tgk¡ rd fo|ky;h lqfoèkkvksa dk loky gS
^èkuh* vkSj ^fuèkZu* osQ chp dh [kkbZ dks ikVk
tkuk pkfg,A fdlh Hkh lekt osQ lkeatL;iw.kZ
fodkl osQ lkekftd I+kQk;ns dks è;ku esa j[krs
gq, fo|ky;h f'k{kk dks Hkh lekos'kh gksuk
13
pkfg,A 'kSf{kd cfg"dj.k O;fDr dks vkthfodk]
Kku] lkekftd izfr"Bk] xfjek vkfn osQ cfg"dj.k
dh vksj ys tkrk gS vkSj og ih<+h&nj&ih<+h
pyrk jgrk gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn
21&, osQ vuqlkj ;g ekuoh; vfèkdkjksa dk
guu gSA bl leL;k ij fopkj djus dh
”k:jr gS vkSj bl ij foe'kZ pykus esa ,u-lhbZ-vkj-Vh- usr`Rodkjh Hkwfedk vnk dj ldrh
gSA gekjs fo|ky;ksa esa cfg"dj.k osQ nks :i
feyrs gSaA igyk :i lkekftd cfg"dj.k dk
gS] ftlesa lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls nfyr]
fiNM+s oxks± osQ cPps gSa ftlesa vuqlwfpr tkfr]
vuqlwfpr tutkfr] vYila[;d vkSj vU;
oxks± osQ cPps 'kkfey gSAa nwljs izdkj osQ cfg"dj.k
esa fofHkUu izdkj osQ fof{kIr cPps vkrs gSaA
lerkoknh lekt osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, lekos'kh
f'k{kk dh vR;fèkd vko';drk gSA bl fn'kk
esa iz;Ru gq, gSa] ;|fi og i;kZIr ugha gSa] vkSj
mUgsa jkbV vkWiQ fpYMªsu Vw izQh ,.M dEiyljh
,tqosQ'ku (RTE) ,DV] 2009 uked dkuwu esa
'kkfey fd;k x;k gS tks fd ,d Lokxr;ksX;
dne gSA
vkjVhbZ ,DV bl ckr osQ fy, lqj{kk iznku
djrk gS fd izR;sd cPps dks xq.koÙkkiw.kZ
cqfu;knh f'k{kk izkIr djus dk vfèkdkj gSA
jkT;] f'k{kd] ifjokj vkSj leqnk; lcdks ,d
lkFk feydj bl mís'; dh iwfrZ esa lgk;d
cuuk gSA nqfu;k osQ oqQN ns'kksa us lHkh cPpksa osQ
fy, eqÝ+r vkSj ckyd&vuqowQy (Child
Friendly) f'k{kk dk izkoèkku fd;k gS rkfd
14
lHkh cPpksa dk ;FkklaHko iw.kZ fodkl gks losQA
fiNys oqQN n'kdksa esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk i¼fr dk
;ksxnku ;g gS fd LowQyksa esa cPpksa] fo'ks"kdj
yM+fd;ksa dh la[;k rs”kh ls c<+h gSA fiQj Hkh
vlekurk vc Hkh cjdjkj gS D;ksafd cgqr lkjs
cPps vHkh Hkh izkjafHkd f'k{kk ls oafpr gSaA ,d
vkdyu osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa vc Hkh 190
fefy;u cPpksa dks xq.koÙkk;qDr rFkk
cky&vuqowQy f'k{kk osQ izkoèkku osQ fy, vkSj
vfèkd fuos'k djus dh ”k:jr gSA vkjVhbZ
(RTE) ,DV oafpr lewgksa ftuesa cky e”knwj]
ckgjh ns'kksa ls vk, cPPks vkSj ,sls cPps tks
lkekftd] lkaLo`Qfrd] vkfFkZd] HkkSxksfyd]
Hkk"kk;h rFkk tsaMj ;k ,sls vU; dkj.kksa dh
n`f"V ls fiNM+s gSa] mu rd igq¡pus dk ,d
Bksl IysViQWkeZ iznku djrk gSA ;g LowQy
eSustesaV (fo|ky;h iz'kklu) ls xq.koÙkk osQ
lkFk lekurk eqgS;k djkus dh ekax djrk gS]
mnkgj.k osQ fy, 'kkjhfjd naM ij izfrcaèk
yxkdj Dykl:e Hk; vkSj fpark ls eqDr
djkuk vkSj tgk¡ rd laHko gks losQ ekr`Hkk"kk esa
f'k{kk nsukA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-}kjk bu eqíksa vkSj
ljksdkjksa dks 'kksèk ,oa vU; vè;;uksa osQ <k¡ps
esa Mkydj bu ij xaHkhjrk ls dk;Z djus dh
”k:jr gSA ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd N% o"kZ
dh mez esa f'k{kk dh 'kq#vkr djus ls
fo|ky;h f'k{kk dh rS;kjh esa foyEc gks ldrk
gSA vr% IkwoZ fo|ky;h f'k{kk esa fuos'k ,d
vPNh j.kuhfr gSA blosQ vykok fo|ky;ksa ls
ckgj osQ yk[kksa cPpksa dks mudh mez osQ
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
vuqlkj d{kkvksa esa nkf[ky djus vkSj mUgsa
fo|ky;ksa esa cuk;s j[kus osQ fy, Ikz;kl djus
dh ”k:jr gSA ;g vius vki esa ,d cgqr
cM+h pqukSrh gS tks 'kSf{kd IkzfozQ;k esa yphysiu
vkSj uokpkj dh vis{kk djrh gSA loZf'k{kk
vfHk;ku dh miyfCèk;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij vkjVhbZ
,DV osQ lkFk mldk lkeatL; ns'k osQ lHkh
fo|ky;ksa esa cukuk gksxkA bl izdkj lHkh cPpksa
osQ fy, izkjafHkd f'k{kk osQ feysfu;e
MsoyiesaV xksy (MDG) dks izkIr djus esa
2015 rd Hkkjr dks ,d oSf'od usrk osQ :i
esa mHkjuk gSA ;g dk;Z Ikwjk djuk bruk vklku
ugha gSA bl fo"k; ij ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- vkxs
Hkh foe'kZ pykrh jgsxhA
cPps dh (mez) ifjHkk"kk vkSj f'k{kk dk
vfèkdkj
f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa rFkk flfoy lkslk;Vh (Civil
Society) us ;g fpark O;Dr dh gS fd
vkjVhbZ ,DV esa ckyd dh mez lhek osQ izfr
U;k; ugha fd;k x;k gSSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ
vuqPNsn 21 , osQ rgr cPps (mez) dks
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA ljdkj osQ bl fu.kZ;
dks laln dh Loho`Qfr ysuh iM+hA cqfu;knh
vuqPNsn 45 rFkk mUuho`Q".ku I+kSQlys&nksuksa esa
0&6 o"kZ dk vk;q oxZ 'kkfey gSA n tqosfuy
tfLVl ,DV 18 o"kZ rd dh mez osQ cPps dks
cPps osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA
la;qDr jk"Vª la?k osQ cPpksa osQ vfèkdkj osQ
dUosa'ku (UNCRC) esa cPps dh mez oQks
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
0&18 vk;q oxZ rd ekU;rk nh xbZ gS ftl Ikj
Hkkjr us Hkh gLrk{kj fd, gSaA lS¼kafrd :i esa
tq o s f uy tfLVl ,DV] ;w - ,u-lh-vkj-lh(UNCRC) rFkk vuqPNsn 21(thou dk
vfèkdkj) dk gokyk nsrs gq, vkjVhbZ ,DV osQ
rgr cPps dh mez dks 0&18 vk;q oxZ esa
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkuk pkfg, FkkA ijarq etcwjh
crkrs gq, ;g ,DV 6&14 o"kZ vk;q oxZ osQ
cPpksa Ikj gh ykxw gksrk gS] tSlk fd vuqPNsn
21, esa gSA bl ,DV esa la'kksèku djosQ bls
0&18 o"kZ dh mez lhek rd ykxw djus osQ
fy, vfèkdkfèkd tu&leFkZu tqVkus dh
vko';drk gSA ;fn ,slk gks ldk rc u osQoy
bZlhlhbZ (ECCE) vfirq lsosaQMjh vkSj gk;j
lsoQas Mjh ,tqoQs 'ku Hkh ;wuholZy lsoQas Mjh ,tqoQs 'ku
osQ rgr f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e osQ vax
osQ :i esa 'kkfey gks tk,¡xsA
15
rd foLr`r djuk pkfg,A oSf'od :i ls
fo|ky;h f'k{kk 12 o"kks± dh gksrh gSA cPpksa dk
vfèkdkj 12 o"kZ dh fo|ky;h f'k{kk rd c<+kus
osQ fy, ;g fopkj djuk gksxk fd D;k ;g
eqÝ+r rFkk vfuok;Z :Ik ls nh tk,A 'kq#vkr esa
og eqÝ+r gks ldrh gSA D;k vkjVhbZ ,DV esa
fufgr Ikzkoèkku 12 o"kZ dh f'k{kk osQ fy, Hkh
mrus gh oSèk gSa\ dkSu ls Ikzkoèkku oSèk jgsaxs]
dkSu ls u, izkoèkku tksM+s tkus pkfg,\ bl
fo"k; ij ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ,d Hkkoh dkuwu dh
:ijs[kk cuk ldrh gSA
izkjafHkd f'k{kk osQ foijhr ekè;fed f'k{kk
ekuo&vfèkdkjksa osQ lkoZHkkSe ?kks"k.kki=k dk fgLlk
ugha FkhA fo'o f'k{kk fjiksVZ 2000 ;g crkrk gS
fd ekuo vfèkdkjksa dh ?kks"k.kk dks cukrs le;
izkjafHkd f'k{kk osQ ckn dh f'k{kk dk mYys[k
mPp f'k{kk osQ :i esa fd;k x;k gSA ekè;fed
lkoZHkkSfed ekè;fed f'k{kk dh vksj f'k{kk dk izFke mYys[k ;wukbVsM us'kal dUosa'ku
f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e vkSj loZf'k{kk vxsULV fMfLozQfeus'ku bu ,tqosQ'ku (United
vfHk;ku dks liQyrkiwoZd ykxw djus ls Nations Convention against
ekè;fed f'k{kk ij xgjk izHkko iM+sxk&igq¡p] Discrimination in Education) esa
lekurk rFkk xq.koÙkk osQ ekeys esaA orZeku esa feyrk gS& ^^LVsV ik£V;ksa dks ekè;fed f'k{kk
flI+kQZ ipkl izfr'kr cPps gh d{kk ukS esa izos'k dks mlosQ fofHkUu :iksa esa lkekU; :i ls lHkh
dj ikrs gSaA bl fLFkfr ls fuiVus osQ fy, gesa osQ fy, miyCèk djkuk pkfg,**A ;w,ulhvkjlh
vk'kkoknh u”kfj;k viukuk pkfg, rkfd lkS (UNCRC) lkekU; vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk
izfr'kr cPps ekè;fed f'k{kk rd Ikgq¡p losaQA dks Hkh blesa 'kkfey djrk gSA ekè;fed f'k{kk
lkekU; f'k{kk dh voèkkj.kk ij Hkh u, fljs ls dh lkoZHkkSfed igq¡p osQ ekeys esa ;s oDrO;
fopkj djus dh ”k:jr gSA lkekU; f'k{kk dh oSf'od uhfr ifjorZu osQ Li"V laosQr nsrs gSaA
ikB~;oLrq dks D;k gesa nloha d{kk rd gh
Hkkjr ljdkj us jk"Vªh; ekè;fed f'k{kk
lhfer j[kuk pkfg, vFkok mls ckjgoha d{kk vfHk;ku (RMSA) osQ rgr ekè;fed f'k{kk
16
osQ O;kid mís'; fuèkkZfjr fd, gS ftlesa mlus
izR;sd vkckn bykosQ esa 5 fdyksehVj dh nwjh
ij ,d ekè;fed LowQy] 7&10 fdyksehVj
dh nwjh ij ,d mPprj ekè;fed LowQy
[kksyus dh ;kstuk cukbZ gS] rkfd 2020 rd
ekè;fed f'k{kk dh ^lkoZHkkSfed igq¡p* rFkk
^lkoZHkkSfed Bgjko* laHko gks losQ vkSj ekè;fed
f'k{kk fo'ks"k :i ls vkfFkZd n`f"V ls de”kksj
oxks± rd igq¡p losQ_ bu detksj oxks± esa
'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+]s xzkeh.k {ks=k dh yM+fd;k¡
,oa fodykax cPPks rFkk gkf'k, osQ nfyr]
vuqlwfpr tutkfr] vU; fiNM+s oxks± osQ cPps
vkSj 'kS{kf.kd :i ls fiNM+s vYila[;dksa osQ
cPps 'kkfey gSaA bl izdkj ;|fi ekè;fed
f'k{kk dks lkoZHkkSfed cukus dk dksbZ dkuwu ugha
cuk ysfdu y{; iwfrZ dh fn'kk ”k:j r; dj
nh xbZ gSA
,d ijaijkxr roZQ fd 12 o"khZ; f'k{kk dks
lkoZHkkSfed cukus esa cgqr lkjh leL;k,¡ gSa
D;ksafd vktknh osQ N% n'kd ckn Hkh 8 o"khZ;
lkoZHkkSfed f'k{kk ,d fnokLoIu cuh gqbZ gSA
;g le>us dh ”k:jr gS fd ;g ,d ”k:jh
^;wVksfi;k* (Utopia) gS vkSj gesa jk"Vªh; 'kfDr
vkSj lalkèkuksa dk mi;ksx bl pqukSrh ls fuiVus
esa vo'; djuk pkfg, u fd blls Hkkxdj
jk"Vª dks ladV esa Mkyuk pkfg,A Hkkjr lfgr
dksbZ Hkh ns'k] vyx&Fkyx HkkSxksfyd bdkbZ
ugha gS_ lHkh ,d oSf'od <k¡ps esa xqaFks gq, gSaA
;g dksbZ oSf'od izfrLi¼kZ osQ pquko dk iz'u
ugha gS] ;g ,d ”k:jr gS ftldh mis{kk djuk
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
jk"Vª dks la d V es a Mkyuk gS A oS f 'od
izfrLi¼kZRed ekuo lalkèku osQ }kjk gh ge
mRiknu] lsok] O;kikj vkSj 'kklu esa oSf'od
izfrLi¼kZvksa ls fuiV ldrs gSa_ vkSj ekè;fed
f'k{kk bu mís';ksa dks ikus dk vkèkkj gSA bu eqíksa
dks lkeus ykus dh ”k:jr gS vkSj blesa lansg
ugha fd ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- ;g dke dj ldrh
gSA
OkS'ohdj.k osQ ncko osQ vykok] ekè;fed
f'k{kk dh lkoZHkkSfed igq¡p miyCèk djkuk
jkT; dk Hkh drZO; gSA f'k{kk ,d lkekftd
vkdka{kk gS] ftls xq.koÙkkiw.kZ thou dh liQyrk
dk }kj le>k tkrk gSA vkuqHkkfod izek.k
f'k{kk vkSj xq.koÙkkiw.kZ thou osQ izR;{k lacaèk
dks n'kkZrs gS]a ekuo fodkl dh lwph (Human
Development Index) bls lR;kfir djrh
gSA f'k{kk dh iqjkuh lkekftd vkdka{kk vc
,d u;k eksM+ ys jgh gSA vkt xjhc vkSj de
Ik<+s&fy[ks ekrk&firk vius cPpksa dks Hkh oqQN
Ik<+kuk&fy[kkuk pkg jgs gSa vkSj f'kf{kr eè;oxZ
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk dh bPNk dj jgk gSA IkzkbosV
lsDVj esa mQaps 'kqYd okyh ekè;fed f'k{kk dh
Ikzpqjrk vPNh xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk dh IkzkFkfedrk
dk laosQr gSS vkSj bls ljdkjh LowQyksa esa iznku
dh tkus okyh xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk osQ lanHkZ esa
tk¡pk tkuk pkfg,A
vkSipkfjd vkSj oSdfYid f'k{kk osQ rjhdksa
osQ ”kfj, lkoZHkkSfed ekè;fed f'k{kk dks IkzkIr
djus dk tks y{; j[kk x;k gS mls Hkkjr dks
lu~ 2020 rd IkzkIr djus osQ Ikz;kl djus gSaA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
bls IkzkIr djus ls igys vuqeku gS fd 2012
rd IkzkjafHkd f'k{kk osQ lkoZHkkSfedj.k dk y{;
IkzkIr dj fy;k tk;sxkA ;g vuqeku Hkh gS fd
fo|ky;h f'k{kk dh vkarfjd oqQ'kyrk esa lkS
Ikzfr'kr dh o`f¼ gksxh vkSj 2012 osQ ckn dksbZ
IksQy ugha gksxkA rHkh nkf[kys dk ifjek.k fdlh
vk;q oxZ osQ okLrfod vkcknh osQ vuqowQy
gksxkA lkoZHkkSfed ekè;fed f'k{kk (USE) dks
IkzkIr djus dh ;g :ijs[kk Hkkjr ljdkj dh
,l,l, (SSA) dh j.kuhfr ls esy [kkrh gSA
;wbbZ Z (UEE) vkSj ;w,lbZ (USE) esa vkB
o"kks± dk varj gS ftlls (d) ekè;fed Lrj
Ikj lkeF;Z fuekZ.k fd;k tk losQ&ekè;fed
f'k{kk dh orZeku {kerk u osQoy vi;kZIr gS
cfYd xq.koÙkkiw.kZ Hkh ugha gS vkSj ns'k osQ
fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa igq¡p osQ lanHkZ esa vleku
fLFkfr esa gS_ ([k) miyCèk vk¡dM+ksa dh rqyuk
esa tula[;k c<+rh o`f¼ nj dks è;ku esa j[kk
tk losQ_ (x) vkSj ;wbZbZ dks IkzkIr djus esa oqQN
NwV nh tk losQA fofHkUu vè;;uksa ls ;g
laosQr feyrk gS fd 2016 rd ;wbZbZ dks IkzkIr
djus dk laHko Ikfjn`'; curk gSA
Hkkjr ljdkj ekè;fed f'k{kk Ikj] jk"Vªh;
ekè;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku (RMSA) osQ rgr
vfèkd fuos'k (52]000 djksM+ #i;s) djuk
pkgrh gSA mlus 6000 ekWMy LowQy LFkkfir
djus dk Hkh IkzLrko fd;k gSA buesa ls 3500
ekWMy LowQy osaQnzh; fo|ky;ksa osQ IkSVuZ Ikj
LFkkfir gksaxs vkSj 2500 LowQy IkfCyd IkzkbosV
IkkVZujf'ki (PPP) rjhosQ osQ gksaxsA f'k{kk dj
17
(,tqosQ'ku lsl) esa rhu izfr'kr dh o`f¼ dh
xbZ gS rkfd ekè;fed vkSj mPPk f'k{kk dk
fodkl fd;k tk losQA ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ
foLrkj osQ fy, gesa izkjafHkd Lrj ij Vªakf”k'ku
jsV (Transition Rate) c<+kuh gksxh rFkk
vkl&ikl osQ bykdksa esa ekè;fed f'k{kk dh
lqfoèkk,¡ miyCèk djkuh gksaxhA lkFk gh gesa
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ ekè;fed f'k{kk mfpr ewY; ij
miyCèk djkuh gksxhA ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ fodkl
osQ fy, orZeku laLFkkuksa dks etcwr cukus osQ
lkFk&lkFk u;s laLFkku [kksyus dh Hkh ”k:jr gSA
IkzkjafHkd f'k{kk osQ foijhr tgk¡ f'k{kd&Nk=k dk
vuqikr 1%40 gS] ;gk¡ gesa Hkkjh la[;k esa
fofHkUu fo"k;ksa osQ f'k{kdksa dh ”k:jr gksxhA
dHkh&dHkkj gesa osQoy 10 Nk=k Ikj ,d f'k{kd
Hkh j[kuk IkM+ ldrk gSA
fo|ky;h f'k{kk % ikB~;p;kZ lanHkZ
orZeku ikB~;ozQe dh tM+rk dks rksM+us dk D;k
dksbZ jkLrk gS\ D;k lh[kus osQ ifj.kkeksa ij è;ku
fn;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd mlh ls ikB~;ozQe dh
IkkB~;oLrq fudkyh tk losQA D;k gekjk è;ku
tk¡p&iM+rky djus] iz'u mBkus] l`tukRedrk]
oLrqijdrk] leL;k lekèkku dh ;ksX;rk] fu.kZ;
ysus okys dkS'ky vkSj lkSna ;Z laons uk dk fodkl
djus okyh ikB~;oLrq dh vksj gksuk pkfg,\
blh lanHkZ esa flesLVj iz.kkyh dks vfèkd
O;kogkfjd ek;us fn, tkus dh ”k:jr gS] u
fd o"kZ esa nks ckj ijh{kkvksa dk vk;kstu djuk
bldk y{; gksuk pkfg,A
18
Nk=kksa }kjk ikB~;ozQe fodYiksa osQ pquko esa
Hkh fo"kerk gSA foKku ,oa xf.kr osQ nkf[kyksa esa
deh gks jgh gS] lekt foKkuksa rFkk ekufodh esa
ukekadu c<+ jgk gSA mPp f'k{kk ij bl vlekurk
dk izHkko iM+ jgk gS&lkekU; vkSj fof'k"V nksuksa
{ks=kksa esaA vxj ekè;fed vkSj mPp ekè;fed
Lrj ij bl fo"kerk ls ugha fuiVk x;k rks
mPprj f'k{kk ij bldk udkjkRed izHkko
iMs+xkA
ekè;fed f'k{kk esa oLrqr% uoha d{kk ls
ysdj ckgjoha d{kk rd dh f'k{kk 'kkfey gSA
ijarq lqfoèkk osQ fy, X;kjoha vkSj ckgjoha d{kk
dh i<+kbZ dks mPprj ekè;fed uke fn;k x;k
gSA mPprj ekè;fed f'k{kk fo|ky;h ra=k dk
,d fu.kkZ;d vkSj vafre pj.k gSA ;g mPprj
f'k{kk dk }kj gS vkSj f'k{kk dks dke dh nqfu;k
ls tksM+us okyh ,d egÙoiw.kZ dM+hA fodflr
nqfu;k ,d ,sls pj.k esa Ikgq¡p pqdh gS tgk¡
12oha rd dh LowQyh f'k{kk lkoZHkkSfed cu xbZ
gS] ogha Hkkjr lesr fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa og
:Ikkarj.k osQ nkSj ls xq”kj jgh gSA Hkfo"; esa ns'k
dh nh?kZdkyhu lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd j.kuhfr
osQ lanHkZ esa mPprj ekè;fed f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk
dks Ikqu% IkfjHkkf"kr djus dh ”k:jr gksxhA bl
pj.k es a vkdj f'k{kk vdknfed vkS j
O;kolkf;d (oksosQ'kuy) èkkjkvksa esa c¡V tkrh
gSSA nksuksa èkkjkvksa dh vyx&vyx fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa
vkSj mUgsa pykus rFkk Ikzcaèku osQ fy, vko';d
fuos'k dh Ikzo`Qfr fHkUu gSA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- us
^dk;Z vkSj f'k{kk* Ikj I+kQksdl xzqi dh fjiksVZ
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
rS;kj dh gS Ikjarq eq>s ;g dgus esa ladksp gks
jgk gS fd IkkB~;ozQe Ikj mlosQ izHkko dks Bhd
ls fo'ysf"kr ugha fd;k x;k gSA
fo|ky;h ikB~;ozQe % fozQ;kUo;u Ik¼fr
ekè;fed f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk fu'p; gh f'k{kk
osQ bl Lrj Ikj nh tkus okyh ikB~;oLrq dh
xq.koÙkk ij fuHkZj djrh gS vkSj bl ckr ij Hkh
fd mls fdl rjg i<+k;k tkrk gS] rFkk f'k{kd
mls cPpksa rd laiszf"kr djus esa fdrus leFkZ gSaA
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :Ikjs[kk (NCF 2005)
us vfèkxe osQ fy, jpukRedrk dks ,d izeq[k
izfreku cukus dh flI+kQkfj'k dh FkhA bldk vFkZ
;g gS fd Nk=k O;fDrxr vkSj lg;ksxh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa vuqHko :Ik esa nh xbZ lkexzh@fozQ;kvksa osQ
vkèkkj ij fo|eku fopkjksa ls u;s fopkjksa dks
tksM+rs gq, u;s Kku dh lfozQ; :i ls jpuk
djrs gSaA lfozQ; Hkkxhnkjh esa tk¡p&iM+rky]
[kkst] Ikz'u&mÙkj] okn&fookn] Ikz;ksx vkSj euu
djuk 'kkfey gSA ,slk u gks fd ;g ljksdkj
osQoy fn[kkok ek=k gh jg tk,¡A ,u-lh-bZ-vkjVh- dks vkxs vkdj lh[kus&fl[kkus dh izfozQ;k
esa f'k{kk'kkL=kh; gLr{ksi fodflr djus osQ fy,
dke djuk pkfg, rkfd cPps vkSj vè;kid
bl fopkj dks vkRelkr dj losaQ vkSj bldk
egÙo le> losQa A
jpukRedrk dk izfreku dbZ rjg ls Lokxr
;ksX; iQhpj gS D;ksafd og %
1- cPps dks 'kSf{kd izfozQ;k osQ osaQnz esa
j[krk gS]
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
2- vfèkxe osQ vR;ar tM+ Ikjkt;oknh
(Reductionistic) izfrekuksa ls nwj ys
tkrk gSA
3- cPpksa }kjk Kku dh jpuk osQ ,d
egÙoiw.kZ rjhosQ osQ :i esa fozQ;kdykiksa
,oa ijh{k.kksa ij cy nsrk gSA
4- cPpksa dh Kku dh voèkkj.kkvksa dk lEeku
djrk gS pkgs os fofHkUu fo"k;ksa osQ
vkn'kZ izfrekuksa ls fdrus gh fHkUu D;ksa
u gksaA
5- f'k{kd dks og ,d laizs"kd (VªkalehVj)
osQ :i esa ugha cfYd Kku dks lqxe
cukus okys osQ :i esa ns[krk gSA
6- og Kku osQ {ks=kh; lanHkks± dk mi;ksx
djrs gq, voèkkj.kkvksa osQ fuekZ.k (oqQN
lhek rd) dh vksj osaQfnzr gSA
^{ks=kh;* cuke ^oSf'od* Kku dks ysdj
cgqr ppkZ,¡ gqbZ gSaA vxj {ks=kh; Kku dk vFkZ
cPpksa osQ okrkoj.k (tSls fd vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa
esa ikSèkkSa osQ ckjs esa cPpksa dk Kku) vFkok
{ks=kh; rduhdh dkS'ky vkSj vH;klksa osQ lanHkZ
esa xzg.k fd;k x;k Kku gS rc oLrqr% dksbZ eqík
ugha gSA ysfdu mlesa tc lHkh izdkj osQ {ks=kh;
fo'okl vkSj feFkd 'kkfey gks tkrs gSa] ;g
leL;kRed cu tkrk gSA lkFk gh jpukRedrk
dk vFkZ fHkUu yksxksa osQ fy, fHkUu gks ldrk
gSA lkef;d cgl esa bls ,d f'k{kk'kkL=kh;
izfreku ekuk tkrk gS vkSj bls blh :i esa
le>k tkuk pkfg,A fo'ks"k :i ls bls ;FkkZFkokn
19
osQ leku ugha le>k tkuk pkfg,A bldk
rkRi;Z gS fd Kku cqfu;knh :Ik ls ,d lkekftd
jpuk gS] D;k lgh vkSj D;k xyr bls le>us
dh dksbZ fujis{k dlkSVh ugha gSA
fo|ky;h f'k{kk IkkB~;ozQe ls lacfa èkr fofHkUUk
Ikgyw vkSj ewY;kadu vc f'k{kk osQ IkzkjafHkd
Lrj osQ fy, cuk;s x, dkuwu vkjVhbZ ,DV dk
fgLlk cu x, gSaA ;|fi vkjVhbZ ,DV osQ
vuqHkkx 29(2) osQ Ikzkoèkku LowQyh f'k{kk osQ
lHkh pj.kksa osQ fy, leku :Ik ls oSèk (Valid)
gSa] tSls fd &
1- lafoèkku esa fufgr ewY;ksa ls vuq:irk_
2- cPps dk lok±xh.k fodkl_
3- cPps osQ Kku] var%'kfDr vkSj izfrHkk dk
fodkl_
4- 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld ;ksX;rkvksa dk ;Fkk
laHko laiw.kZ fodkl_
5- cky vuqowQy ,oa cky osQafnzr rjhosQ ls
fozQ;kdykiks]a [kkst ,oa Nkuchu osQ ”kfj,
vfèkxe_
6- f'k{kk dk ekè;e] tgk¡ rd lkè; gks]
ckyd dh ekr`Hkk"kk j[kuk_
7- ckyd dks Mj] lnes vkSj fpark ls eqDr
j[kuk vkSj mls Lora=k :Ik ls vius
fopkj izdV djus esa enn djuk_
8- ckyd osQ Kkucksèk vkSj mls mi;ksx
djus dh mldh ;ksX;rk dk O;kid ,oa
lrr~ ewY;kdau djukA
20
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
cPps osQ cqfu;knh vfèkdkj osQ fgLls osQ
:i esa mi;qDZ r izkoèkkuksa dks fdl rjg U;k;ksfpr
cuk;k tk ldrk gS\ gkykafd mDr izkoèkkuksa osQ
^mYya?ku* dks lgh&lgh crkuk eqf'dy gS]
fiQj Hkh f'k{kd vkSj fo|ky;ksa dks ckj&ckj
;kn fnyk;k tkuk pkfg, fd os mDr izkoèkkuksa
dk Bhd ls ikyu djsa vkSj leqfpr y{; rd
igq¡pus dk fujarj iz;Ru djsaA mDr izkoèkkuksa dk
Bhd ls ikyu djus osQ lanHkZ esa lgh fuos'kksa
dk fodkl djuk ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ le{k
,d pqukSrh gSA
dkjdksa dh vksj è;ku nsus dh ”k:jr gS] tSls
fd lkekU; f'k{kk dks ,d tu vkanksyu dk :i
nsuk] fo|ky;h f'k{kk esa ikB~;p;kZ vuqoQw yu dks
vR;ko';d cukuk] fodykaxksa osQ fy, 'kSf{kd
dk;Zuhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k] fof{kIr cPpksa dh f'k{kk
esa lqèkkj osQ iz;Ru djuk D;ksafd mudh f'k{kk
lkekU; O;fDr;ksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd [kphZyh
gksrh gS_ mUgas leqfpr okrkoj.k Ikznku djuk
D;ksafd fI+kQygky ns'k esa oqQN gh laLFkku ,sls
gSa ftUgksaus bl dk;Z dks liQyrkiwod
Z laiUu
fd;k gS vkSj lwpuk rduhdh dks ykxw djuk]
'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld :i ls pqukSrhiw.kZ bR;kfnA
fo|kfFkZ;ksas osQ fy, ikB~;p;kZ dh fo|kFkhZ dk ewY;kadu% lrr~ ,oa O;kid
ewY;kadu ij è;ku nsuk
pqukSfr;k¡
jk"Vªh; uewuk losZ{k.k laxBu (NSSO) us
ekè;fed rFkk mPp ekè;fed LowQyksa esa 9-66
djksM+ cPPkksa osQ gksus dk vuqeku yxk;k tcfd
1997&98 esa flI+kZQ 2-70 djksM+ cPpksa osQ
nkf[kys dh lwpuk feyhA ;g laHkkfor vkcknh
dk yxHkx 25 Ikzfr'kr gh curk gSA lkekU;
f'k{kk esa brus de Ikzfr'kr cPPkksa dk gksuk ,d
xaHkhj loky gSA D;ksafd ns'k tula[;k foLiQksV
dks ekuo&lalkèku esa :ikarfjr djus dh rS;kjh
dj jgk gSA ekè;fed Lrj ij cPpksa dk MªkiW vkmV
Hkh f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa ,d cM+h {kfr gSA tc
lkekU; f'k{kk osQ fodkl esa de cPpksa dk
izos'k rFkk gkbZ MªkWivkmV jsV tSlh cM+h ckèkk,¡
gksa_ rc fof'k"V f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa rks leL;k,¡
vkSj c<+ tkrh gSaA bl lanHkZ esa oqQN egÙoiw.kZ
fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ ckjs esa ckr djrs le;
LowQy f'k{kk cksMZ (fo'ks"k :i ls ekè;fed) osQ
lanHkZ dks vyx j[kuk vlaHko gS] tks ekè;fed
f'k{kk osQ fy, tu Ikjh{kk vk;ksftr djrh gSA
,u-ih-bZ (1986) us ewY;kadu lqèkkjksa dh tcnZLr
odkyr dh Fkh vkSj ,d ewY;kadu izsQeooZQ
cukus dk laosQr fd;k FkkA mlus vius Ikzksxkz e
vkWiQ ,D'ku (POA) esa tu ijh{kkvksa dks
èkhjs&èkhjs lekIr djus tSls dbZ lq>ko fn, FksA
mlus jVar fo|k ij cy u nsdj lrr~ vkSj
O;kid ewY;kadu dks vfèkd egÙo nsus dh
flI+kQkfj'k dh Fkh vkSj lsesLVj i¼fr] xzsfMax
vkfn ykxw djus dh ckr dh FkhA ;s lkjs
Ikzkoèkku vkjVhbZ ,DV] 2009 osQ lsD'ku 29(2)
esa lekfo"V gSaA Ikjh{kk lqèkkjksa dh IkzfozQ;k dks
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
vkxs c<+kus osQ fy, O;kolkf;d gLr{ksi osQ ra=k
osQ ”kfj, dk;Zuhfr cukuh gksxh D;ksafd ge ;g
vuqeku ugha yxk ldrs fd bl ,DV esa la'kksèku
djosQ dc rd blesa 0&18 o"kZ dh vk;q lhek
osQ cPpksa dks 'kkfey djosQ bls ekè;fed Lrj
rd ykxw fd;k tk losQxkA
vkerkSj Ikj ;g ,d xyr èkkj.kk gS fd
Ikjh{kk osQ lapkyu vkSj Ikzek.ki=k nsus dh f”kEesnkjh
f'k{kd vkSj LowQy dks lkSaius Ikj LVSaMMZ fxj
ldrk gS vkSj f'k{kd osQ f'k{k.k le; esa deh
vk ldrh gSA ;g lgh roZZQ ugha gSA ,d
ewyHkwr fl¼kar ;g gS fd tks f'k{kd f'k{k.k esa
fuiq.k gS] mlesa ewY;kadu djus dh lHkh ;ksX;rk,¡
Hkh gksrh gSa vkSj vius fo|ky; osQ cPpksa dks
og lgh Ikzek.ki=k Hkh ns ldrk gSA Li"V :Ik
ls ;g f'k{kd ls ,d cgqr cM+h f”kEesnkjh vkSj
tokcnsgh dh vis{kk djrk gS vkSj bldh
mis{kk drbZ ugha dh tkuh pkfg,A dnkfpr
blesa varj fo|ky;h xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj ykus dh
{kerk gS ftls mPp o O;kolkf;d f'k{kk esa
nkf[kys osQ fy, vk;ksftr dh tkus okyh izos'k
ijh{kkvksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh miyfCèk osQ ”kfj;s
ij[kk tk ldrk gSA
blh ls lacafèkr ,d loky vDlj mBk;k
tkrk gS] og ;g fd tuijh{kkvksa ls vyx
gVus ij LowQy ijh{kk cksMZ (ekè;fed) dh
D;k u;h ftEesnkfj;k¡ gks ldrh gSaA bl ckjs esa
esjs nks lq>ko gSa ftu Ikj fo'ks"kKksa dh jk;
visf{kr gS_ cksMZ ,sls ;a=k vkSj dk;Zuhfr dk
fuekZ.k dj ldrs gSa ftuosQ }kjk muls lacafèkr
21
fo|ky;ksa dh miyfCèk dk vuqoh{k.k fd;k tk
losQ_ f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dks lqèkkjus osQ fy,
cksMZ f'k{kdksa dh ;ksX;rk dks c<+kus osQ dk;ZozQe
pyk ldrs gSa_ ns'kHkj osQ LowQyksa esa izpfyr
ikB~;iqLrdksa vkSj vU; funsZf'kr lkexzh dh
xq.koÙkk ij iqufoZpkj osQ dk;ZHkkj dks fy;k tk
ldrk gS_ tks yksx mPp O;kolkf;d rFkk
rduhdh f'k{kk laLFkku esa izos'k ikuk pkgrs gSa
muosQ fy, vkn'kZ ijh{kkvksa (Normanive
Examinations) osQ lapkyu dk dk;ZHkkj
fy;k tk ldrk gSA
ekè;fed f'k{kk cjDl O;kolkf;d f'k{kk
ekè;fed f'k{kk rc rd lai.w kZ ugha gks ldrh
tc rd fd O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dks vkSipkfjd
fo|ky; dk vax ugha cuk;k tkrkA vdknfed
f'k{kk osQ fy, vkSipkfjd fo|ky; vfèkd
lkèku&laiUu vkSj rRij gksrs gSaA fdarq muosQ
iz'kklfud vfèkdkjh vkSj vdknfed ladk;
osQ ikl O;kolkf;d dk;ZoQz eksa dks ykxw djus
okyk n'kZu ugha gksrkA vxj O;kolkf;d
f'k{kk dks ekStwnk <k¡ps osQ lkFk tksM+uk gS rks
vkSipkfjd fo|ky; dh voèkkj.kk dks :ikarfjr
djuk gksxkA oqQN ewy ljksdkj tks vkSipkfjd
fo|ky; esa O;kolkf;d dk;ZoQz eksa dh liQyrk
dks IkzHkkfor djrs gS]a bl izdkj gSa %
1- O;kolkf;d f'k{kk vdknfed f'k{kk ls
ghu le>h tkrh gSA
2- fofHkUu O;kolkf;d dkslks± osQ fy,
O;kolkf;d lalkèkuksa dh deh gSA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
22
3- fdlh Hkh {ks=kh; Hkk"kk esa f'k{k.k vfèkxe
lkexzh ugha gS vkSj ;g O;kolkf;d
dkslZ osQ cPpksa osQ fy, ,d xaHkhj
leL;k gSA
4- O;kolkf;d f'k{kdksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy,
dksbZ leqfpr dk;ZozQe ugha gSA f'k{kk osQ
ijaijkxr egkfo|ky;ksa esa u rks i;kZIr
lalkèku gSa vkSj u gh O;kolkf;d f'k{kd
fuekZ.k osQ dk;ZozQe osQ fy, f'k{kd
izf'k{kdA bathfu;fjax] VsDuksykWth] o`Qf"k]
LokLF; vkSj iSjk esfMdy dk;ZozQeksa ls
tqMs+ laLFkkuksa osQ e'kojs ls ,d fM”kkbu
rS;kj djuk gksxk rkfd ;s laLFkku u
osQoy O;kolkf;d f'k{kk osQ dkslZ rS;kj
djsa cfYd mls pykus esa Hkh enn djsaA
5- lHkh dk;Z o z Q eks a dks nks o"kks ± dh
vofèk (11&12oha) rd lhfer j[k
dj ekè;fed f'k{kk cksMZ }kjk mUgsa
izekf.kr djus dh tM+rk dks rksM+us dh
”k:jr gSA
fo|ky;h f'k{kk osQ lanHkZ esa % eqDr
nwjLFk f'k{kk
;|fi vkSipkfjd fo|ky;ksa Ikj ;wbbZ Z (UEE)
dk y{; izkIr djus dk ncko jgrk gS ekè;fed
vk;q oxZ osQ dkI+kQh ,sls cPps gSa tks vkSipkfjd
LowQyksa dk ykHk ugha mBk ikrsA vksius ,.M fMLVsl
a
y²ux (ODL) Ik¼fr ,sls yksxksa dh ”k:jr vkSj
vkdka{kkvksa dks iwjk djus esa enn djrh gS tks
viuh vdknfed vkSj O;kolkf;d ;ksX;rkvksa
dks c<+kuk pkgrs gSAa vkjVhbZ ,DV dk fn'kk funs'Z k
gS fd lHkh cPps igys vkB lky dh f'k{kk
osQoy vkSipkfjd fo|ky;ksa osQ ”kfj, gh izkIr
dj ldrs gSaA blfy, ekè;fed vkSj mPprj
ekè;fed d{kkvksa osQ fy, vks- Mh- ,y- (ODL)
osQ izkoèkku egÙoiw.kZ gks mBrs gSAa gesa ,sls pj.k
rd igq¡puk gS tgk¡ vkSipkfjd vkSj vks- Mh,y- (ODl) i¼fr;ksa dh lhek js[kk,¡ feV tk,¡
vkSj nksuksa ,d nwljs osQ lg;ksxh cu tk,¡A
;g Hkh è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd ;fn os lHkh
fuos'k tks vkbZlhVh (ICT) dk iz;ksx djrs gq,
nwjLFk f'k{kk dks O;kid vkSj lfozQ; cukrs gSa]
mudk dkjxj iz;ksx ikB~;p;kZ fodkl] vfèkxe]
f'k{k.k vkSj izf'k{k.k ls tqM+h izfozQ;kvksa esa
ugha fd;k x;k rks ;g vkSipkfjd vkSj nwjLFk
nksuksa izdkj dh f'k{kk osQ fy, ykHkdkjh ugha
gksxkA
;g eglwl fd;k x;k gS fd tc rd bu
eqíksa dh vkykspukRed tk¡p&IkM+rky ugha dh
tkrh vkSj fLFkfr dks lqèkkjus osQ fy, fu.kZ;
ugha fy, tkrs rc rd vkSipkfjd fo|ky;ksa
esa O;kolkf;d dk;ZozQe iQy&iwQy ugha
ldrsA tc rd mPprj ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ
bl egÙoiw.kZ {ks=k Ikj xaHkhjrk ls iqu£opkj ^xq#* vFkok O;kolkf;d f'k{kd (\)
ugha gksrk rc rd fLFkfr T;ksa dh R;ksa cuh f'k{kk dh liQyrk cqfu;knh :Ik ls bls iznku
jgsxhA
djus dh izfozQ;k dh xq.koÙkk ij fuHkZj djrh gS
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
vkSj bl fn'kk esa vfèkd è;ku nsus dh vko';drk
gSSA f'k{kk osQ y{; dks IkzkIr djus osQ fy,
f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk mu lc dkjdksa esa lcls
vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gS tks bl IkzfozQ;k ls tqMs+ gSaA
gekjs ns'k esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dh cgqr Ikz'kalk
dh tkrh jgh gS_ jk"Vªh; lanHkks± esa fdlh Hkh
fo"k; ij ppkZ esa xq# osQ vkn'kks± dk mYys[k
fd;k tkrk jgk gSA turkaf=kd èkeZfujis{k f'k{kk
osQ lanHkZ esa xq# dh ;g voèkkj.kk fdruh
izklafxd gS\ D;k ^izkIs +kQs 'kuy Vhpj* dh voèkkj.kk
izkphu ^xq#* ls fdlh Hkh vFkZ esa derj gS\
D;k nksuksa dks lac¼ djosQ ,d la'ys"k.k
(Synthesis) dk;e gks ldrk gSA
dksbZ Hkh xq# dh voèkkj.kk dks LofIuy]
jgL;kRed rFkk iqjkru le>dj I+kQkSju [kkfjt
dj ldrk gSA ,d fo'ks"k lkekftd&nk'kZfud
lanHkZ esa xq# ,d laLFkkxr mÙkj Fkk&ewyr% og
f'k{kk dh ,d ekSf[kd ijaijk Fkh] ml le;
ekuoh; f'k{kd osQ vykok f'k{kk dk dksbZ
vU; L=kksr ugha Fkk] vkSj f'k{kk pqfuank fof'k"V
(byhV) oxZ rd lhfer FkhA nwljh rjI+kQ]
gekjk ;qx ,d ,slk ;qx gS tks 'kSf{kd voljksa
dh lekurk osQ vkn'kks± ls funsZf'kr gS] ftlesa
rduhdh izèkku vfèkxe lalkèkuksa dh cgqyrk
osQ ”kfj, ge thoui;±r f'k{kk izkIr dj ldrs
gSaA xq# ftl vkè;kfRed foosd dh f'k{kk nsrk
Fkk] ml ij Hkh ge mQ¡xyh mBk ldrs gSaA
f'k{kk rc O;fDr dh vkè;kfRed larqf"V ,oa
iw.kZrk dk ekè;e&Hkj FkkA mlosQ ihNs ,slh
Kku&ehekalk dke dj jgh Fkh ftlosQ vuqlkj
23
vkè;kfRed lR; dh izkfIr iqLrdh; Kku ;k
vkRefoe'kZ ls u gksdj foosd ls gksrh Fkh vkSj
ftls fnO; izsj.kk izkIr xq# gh ns ldrk FkkA xq#
dh ”k:jr ,sls fo'oklksa dh nsu Fkh ftlesa
eqfDr flI+kZQ xq# o`Qik ls gh fey ldrh FkhA
bu vkykspukvksa osQ ckotwn vkt osQ le; esa
xq# osQ vkn'kks± dks ,dne ls udkj nsuk mfpr
ugha gS D;ksafd mls udkjuk ml vkn'kZ esa
fufgr lw{e lkSna ;kZRed xq.kksa osQ izfr vlaons u'khy
gksuk gSSA
mi;qZDr vkeq[k esa gekjk lhèkk ljksdkj
lkef;d lanHkZ esa f'k{kd&fuekZ.k osQ rjhdksa ls
gSA ge tkurs gSa fd xq# Kku iznku djus osQ
izfr iw.kZr% le£ir gksrk Fkk&fo}ku vkSj pfj=k
dk èkuh vkSj tks lekt dh lsok fdlh LokFkZ
;k HkkSfrd miyfCèk osQ fy, ugha vfirq Kku
osQ fy, djrk FkkA f'k"; dks i<+kus esa og
viuh vkè;kfRed mUufr ns[krk FkkA
xq# laLFkku ls ,d vU; f'k{kk ;g feyrh
gS fd xq# dks lEeku vkSj izfr"Bk leqnk; dh
o`Qik ls ugha vfirq var£ufgr xq.kksa osQ dkj.k
feyrh FkhA vkèkqfud ;qx esa ;g lEeku ,d
IkzHkkoh f'k{kd cuus osQ fy, vko';d
O;kolkf;d dkS'ky vkSj ;ksX;rk dks izkIr djus
osQ bZekunkj ,oa le£ir iz;Ruksa ls feyrk gSA
izR;sd f'k{kd ls ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd
og ,d O;fDr vkSj f'k{kd osQ :Ik esa csgrj
Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djs] pkgs og fdlh Hkh
dkj.k ls f'k{k.k O;olk; esa vk;k gksA blfy,
vkn'kZ xq# ckgjh rkSj ij fdruk Hkh iqjkru
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
24
izrhr gksrk gks] bldh cqfu;knh psruk esa
fuEufyf[kr lans'k fufgr gS&,d O;fDr vkSj
,d f'k{kd nksuksa :iksa esa fujarj la?k"kZ
djuk] Nk=kksa osQ fodkl osQ izfr izfrc¼rk]
fujarj lh[kus osQ Ikzfr izfrc¼rk vkSj
lkekftd ljksdkj j[kukA
;s lkoZHkkSfed fl¼kar gSa ftUgsa ns'k&dky feVk
ugha ldrk vkSj vPNs dk;Z djus osQ fy, gesa
lnSo budk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A ;s fl¼kar
orZeku esa py jgs f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZoQz eksa osQ
rjhdksa esa cnyko ykus vkSj mUgsa iquthZfor
djus dh pqukSrh gekjs lkeus j[krs gSAa rkfd ge
,sls f'k{kd rS;kj dj losaQ tks mijksDr vkn'kks±
osQ djhc gksAa
O;kolkf;d :i ls f'k{kd rS;kj djus osQ
ckjs esa oqQN izklafxd loky gSa ftu ij ppkZ
gksuh pkfg,A D;k f'k{kd f'k{kk esa ,sls f'k{kd
rS;kj djus ij ”kksj nsuk pkfg, ftUgsa LowQyh
f'k{kk osQ lHkh Lrjksa dh iw.kZ le> gks vkSj
fdlh ,d Lrj ij dk;Z djus dh fo'ks"kKrk
gks\ f'k{kd f'k{kk esa lqèkkj ykus osQ fy, IkwoZ
IkzkFkfed ls ysdj mPprj ekè;fed rd lHkh
Lrjksa osQ f'k{kd fo'ofo|ky;h O;oLFkk osQ
varxZr rS;kj fd, tkus pkfg, ftldh flI+kQkfj'k
f'k{kk vk;ksx (1964&66)us Hkh dh Fkh ysfdu
ftl Ikj vHkh rd dksbZ è;ku ugha fn;k x;kA
D;k f'k{kd rS;kj djus esa mPprj ekè;fed
Lrj dks fof'k"V Lrj le>uk pkfg, vFkok
mls ch-,M- dk;ZozQe esa gh lfEefyr djuk
pkfg,\ D;k O;oLFkk dks lksp le>dj fo"k;oLrq
vkSj f'k{kk 'kkL=k dk leUo; djrs gq, f'k{kd
f'k{kk osQ ,dho`Qr dk;ZozQe 'kq# djus pkfg,\
D;k ;g 'kSf{kd :i ls lgh gS fd fuEu
d{kkvksa esa fuEu ;ksX;rk izkIr f'k{kd gh i<+k;s\a
D;k izfozQ;k viuk;h tk, ftlls f'k{kd viuh
O;kolkf;d vkpkj lafgrk dk ikyu dj losaQA
cgqr lkjs lokyksa osQ chp ;s oqQN ,sls loky
gSa tks egÙoiw.kZ gSa vkSj tks fo|ky;h f'k{kk vkSj
f'k{kk nsus okys f'k{kd dh xq.koÙkk osQ fy,
iqu£opkj dh ekax djrs gSaA
fu"d"kZ
fe=kksa] eSaus vius lhfer vuqHkoksa osQ vkèkkj ij
fo|ky;h f'k{kk vkSj f'k{kdksa dh f'k{kk osQ ckjs
esa oqQN fopkj O;Dr fd, gSaA eSaus vusd eqíksa
dks Nwus dh dksf'k'k dh gS] ftu ij vkxs ,ulh-bZ-vkj-Vh- esa foe'kZ djus dh ”k:jr gSA
fo|ky;h f'k{kk rFkk f'k{kd f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ ipkl o"kks± osQ lafpr ;ksxnku
osQ vkdyu ls gesa vkxs c<+us dh izjs .kk feysxhA
eSa bl volj ij ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh liQyrk
dh dkeuk djrk gw¡ vkSj mu lcdks èkU;okn
Kkfir djrk gw¡ ftUgsa bl laLFkk dh lsok djus
dk ekSdk feykA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh {kerk
bldh ewyHkwr lajpuk esa varfuZfgr gS vkSj
vxj mlesa oqQN lqèkkj djuk gS] oqQN tksM+uk gS
rks gesa fo}rkiw.kZ foe'kZ djuk gksxkA Lo.kZ t;arh
dk ;g o"kZ blh dk volj iznku djrk gS vkSj
;g ,d egÙoiw.kZ ;knxkj o"kZ cu ldrk gSA
f'k{k.k vfèkxe izfozQ;kvksa esa tsM
a j foHksnhdj.k %
,d vkykspukRed vè;;u
'kkjnk oqQekjh·
Hkkjr dks tsM
a j vkèkkfjr fodkl'khy f'k{kk uhfr osQ lanHkZ esa tkuk tkrk gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk
uhfr (1986) esa efgykvksa dh f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k ”kksj Mkyk x;k vkSj mudks fo|ky; esa
ykus osQ fo'ks"k iz;kl fd, x,A dksf'k'kas ;s dh xb± fd yM+fd;k¡ u osQoy fo|ky;ksa esa
vk,¡ cfYd de&ls&de izkjafHkd f'k{kk iwjh gksus rd rks cuh jgsAa yM+fd;ksa dk
fo|ky;ksa esa jguk ,d vyx ckr gS vkSj os fo|ky;ksa esa fdl rjg osQ HksnHkko dk
f'kdkj gks jgh gS_a ;g vyx ckr gSA Ikq#"kksa vkSj fL=k;ksa osQ chp osQ ”;knkrj varj
lkekftd thou }kjk cuk, x, gS]a os u rks izko`Qfrd gSa vkSj u LokHkkfodA bUgha varjksa
osQ dkj.k efgyk,¡ cgqr ls caèku vkSj ckèkk,¡ >syrh gSAa fo|ky; Hkh mu varjksa dks
iksf"kr djus esa ihNs ugha gSAa jkstejkZ osQ fo|ky;h thou esa gksus okyh IkzfozQ;k,¡ lkis{k
vkSj fujis{k :Ik ls tsM
a j vlekurk osQ Nqis f'k{kkozQe osQ fy, Bksl Ik`"BHkwfe dk dke
djrh gSAa cPps ftu varjksa osQ ckjs esa ?kj&ifjokj o ikl&iMk+l
s ls le> gkfly djrs
gS]a fo|ky;h thou fdl rjg ls mudh bl le> dks iq[rk djrk pyrk gS] ;gh bl
'kksèk&i=k osQ ekè;e ls n'kkZus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
Hkkjr dks tsMa j vkèkkfjr fodkl'khy f'k{kk uhfr
osQ lacaèk esa tkuk tkrk gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr
(1986) esa efgykvksa dh f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k ”kksj
Mkyk x;kA blesa bl ckr ij cy fn;k x;k fd
f'k{kk dks efgykvksa dh ewy fLFkfr esa ifjorZu
osQ fy, ,d lalkèkd osQ :i esa iz;ksx fd;k
tk,xkA jk"Vªh; 'kS{kf.kd i¼fr efgykvksa osQ
l'kDrhdj.k dh fn'kk esa ldkjkRed eè;LFk
· ofj"B izoDrk] eaMy f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkku] vkj- osQ- iqje] lsDVj&7] u;h fnYyh&22
26
dh Hkwfedk fuHkk,xhA bl lanHkZ esa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk
uhfr 1986 osQ vfrfjDr Hkkjr us dbZ varjkZ"Vªh;
le>kSrs Hkh fd,] tSls % Mdkj izsQeooZQ iQkWj
,D'ku&2000] n ;wukbVsM us'kal feysfu;e
MsoyiesaV xksy&2000] n izksxszl vkWI+kQ ,D'ku
1992] chftax ?kks"k.kk&1995 vkSj vc f'k{kk
dk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e&2009 Hkh f'k{kk esa
tsMa j lekurk dh ckr djrk gSA
f'k{kk esa tsaMj lekurk osQ bu lHkh
laoèS kkfud izkoèkkuksa osQ ckotwn Hkh okLrfodrk,¡
ldkjkRed :i ugha ys ikbZ gSaA fo'ks"kdj
lqfoèkk oafpr lewg vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dh yM+fd;ksa
osQ lanHkZ esa fLFkfr oqQN bl izdkj gS %
• nl esa ls ukS yM+fd;k¡ ,slh gSa tks LowQyh
f'k{kk iwjh ugha dj ikrh gSa]
• 'kgjh {ks=k esa 100 esa ls ek=k pkSng yM+fd;k¡
ckjgoha rd dh f'k{kk iwjh dj ikrh gSa]
• Xkzkeh.k {ks=kksa dh lkS esa ls flI+kZQ ,d yM+dh
gh igyh ls ckjgoha rd dh f'k{kk iwjh
dj ikrh gS]
• fo|ky;ksa esa ckyfe=kor~ O;ogkj ,oa ekgkSy
u gks u s os Q dkj.k NCchl iz f r'kr
yMosQ&yM+fd;k¡ fo|ky; NksM+ nsrs gSa]
• fN;klB izfr'kr yM+fd;ksa osQ vfHkHkkod
flI+kZQ blfy, viuh yM+fd;ksa dk fo|ky;
NqM+ok nsrs gSa D;ksafd fo|ky; mUgsa visf{kr
ifjos'k ugha ns ik jgk gS]
• ckou izfr'kr yM+fd;k¡ vè;kidksa osQ Hkk"kk;h
O;ogkj ls =kLr gksdj fo|ky; NksM+us dh
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
ckr djrh gSaA ;s lHkh rF; 'kS{kf.kd
izfozQ;kvksa esa fufgr tsaMj ljksdkjksa dh vksj
laosQr djrs gSaA tsaMj HksnHkko dk lcls
O;kid :i gS D;ksfa d ;g lHkh oxks]± tkfr;ks]a
leqnk;ksa esa f'k{kk] jks”kxkjijd voljksa]
dk;Z{ks=kksa] ?kjsyw vfèkdkjksa vkSj ;gka rd fd
Hkk"kk;h laLdkjksa esa Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
tsaMj Hksn dks ,d Toyar vkSj cnyko osQ
csgn egÙoiw.kZ dkjd osQ :i esa igpkus
tkus dh ”k:jr gSA lkFk gh okLrfod
f'k{kkxr <k¡ps dh lHkh izfozQ;kvksa esa bls
foe'kZ dk eqík cukuk ”k:jh gSA (okf"kZd
fjiksVZ 1999&2000] f'k{kk foHkkx ekuo
lalkèku fodkl ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj]
i`- 179)
,d vksj rks LowQyksa esa ukekadu esa o`f¼ gks
jgh gS] yM+osQ&yM+fd;k¡ nksuksa gh izksRlkfgr gSa
fo|ky; esa izos'k ysus osQ fy,A nwljh vksj
fo|ky; esa py jgh f'k{k.k izfozQ;k,¡ ,oa oqQN
vU; dok;nsa oqQN bl izdkj dh lhek,¡ r;
dj nsrh gSa fd yM+osQ o yM+fd;ksa dk
foHksnhdj.k Lo;a vkdkj ys ysrk gSA muesa
vleku lekthdj.k ls iSnk gksus okys foHksn ls
mcjus dh {kerk dk fodkl gksus osQ LFkku ij
neudkjh ;k fujk'kkoknh izo`fÙk;k¡ tUe ysus
yxrh gSa tks ^iq#"kRo* vkSj ^ukjhRo* dh ikjaifjd
ekU;rk dks iquLZ Fkkfir gh djrh gSAa bu 'kS{kf.kd
izfozQ;kvksa dh vkÑfr;k¡@fo|ky;h mikxe ;s
js[kkafdr djrs gSa fd fHkUu tsaMj osQ dkj.k
yM+fd;k¡ oSQls ,d lewg ls gVdj ns[kh tkrh
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
27
gSa] blosQ lkFk gh fotkrh; lanHkZ Hkh iSnk gks
3- D;k tsaMj lacaèkh ljksdkjksa dks vè;kid
tkrs gSa] tSls % oxZ] tkfr] èkeZ osQ lkFk&lkFk
izf'k{k.k dk;ZoQz eksa dh ikB~;p;kZ dk fgLlk
xzkeh.k o 'kgjh foHkktuA flI+kZQ yM+fd;k¡ gh
ugha cuk;k tkrk\
bl foHksnhdj.k dh ekj dks ugha >syrha cfYd
4- fo|ky;h f'k{k.k vfèkxe izfozQ;k osQ os
yM+osQ Hkh mu leku ijs'kkfu;ksa dks >syrs gSa tks
dkSu&ls ,sls ?kVd gSa tks izR;{k ;k
f'k{kdksa dh fir`lÙkkRed lksp }kjk muls fof'k"V
vizR;{k :i ls cPpksa esa foHkktu dh
izdkj osQ O;ogkj dh ek¡x djrs gSaA muls mu
rLohjsa mosQjrs gSa\
:<+ Hkwfedkvksa dk ycknk vks<+s j[kus dh ek¡x
5- oxhZ;] lkekftd] vkfFkZd o tsaMj
dh tkrh gS ftuls os mQij mBuk pkgrs gSaA
dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd fodkl'khy tsMa juhfr
foHksnhdj.k dh uhfr ls cPpksa osQ uSfrd
dks liQyrkiwoZd ykxw djus osQ fy, n`f"Vdks.k
fodkl vkSj miyfCèk;ksa ij fdl rjg
esa cM+s cnyko dh ”k:jr gSA lekurk vkSj
ls vlj iM+rk gS\
l'kDrhdj.k dks vkykspukRed n`f"V ls le>us
6- fdlh Hkh fo|ky; esa fodkl'khy tsaMj
dh ”k:jr gSA
uhfr dks ykxw djus osQ fy, fdl rjg
f'k{kk cPpksa dh ftanxh dks fn'kk nsus okys
dh rS;kjh dh ”k:jr gS vkSj fdl rjg
rRoksa esa ls ,d gSA blfy, okLrfodrk vkSj
dk èkjkry rS;kj djuk iM+sxk\
leku ukxfjdrk dk y{; gkfly djus osQ
7- orZeku 'kS{kf.kd izfozQ;kvksa esa yM+fd;ksa
fy, fo'ks"k ikB~;ozQe vkSj f'k{kk'kkL=k dh
dh lekurk vkSj l'kDrhdj.k dks oSQls
j.kuhfr;k¡ cukuh gksaxh tks cPpksa dks l'kDr
djsaA U;k;] lekurk] ukxfjdrk vkSj lkewfgd
mHkkjk x;k gS\
Lrj ij vk”kknh ljh[ks laoSèkkfud ewY;ksa dks
8- fo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kdksa }kjk bLrseky dh
le>us dh {kerk iSnk djsAa fo|ky;h ifjfLFkfr;ksa
tk jgh Hkk"kk fdl rjg tsaMj vlekurk
vkSj vis{kkvksa osQ lanHkZ esa cgqr ls 'kksèk iz'u
dk ifjos'k iSnk djrh gS\
mHkjrs gSa tks bl izdkj gSa %
9- f'k{kdksa }kjk Hkk"kk dk vyx rjhosQ ls
1- vusd laoèS kkfud izkoèkkuks]a fo'ks"k ykHkdkjh
bLrseky ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj ekgkSy dks fdl
;kstukvksa osQ ckotwn Hkh yM+fd;k¡
rjg ls ,d i{k dks lcy cuus dh
fo|ky;h f'k{kk rd D;ksa ugha igqa¡p ik
fn'kk dh vksj ys tkrk gS\
jgh gSa\
2- LowQyh f'k{kk lekt esa tsaMj vkèkkfjr
mi;qZDr 'kksèk iz'uksa osQ ifjizs{; esa izLrqr
vlekurk dks fdl rjg c<+kok ns jgh gS\ 'kksèkdk;Z osQ fuEufyf[kr mís'; jgs%
28
ifj;kstuk osQ mís'; %
1- fo|ky;h f'k{kk dh ekStwnk izfozQ;kvksa
vkSj tsaMj vlekurk osQ ikjLifjd lacaèk
osQ izfr le> cukukA
2- mu laLFkkxr izkoèkkuksa dh izHkko'khyrk
dk vè;;u djuk tks f'k{kk esa tsaMj
lacaèkh pqukSfr;ksa dks lacksfèkr djus osQ
fy, ykxw dh xbZ FkhaA
3- f'k{k.k vfèkxe izfozQ;k osQ mu ?kVdksa
dh igpku djuk tks tsaMj foHksnhdj.k
dks tUe nsrs gSa vkSj mls iq[rk djrs gSaA
4- tsaMj dh lkekftd lajpuk] tsaMj
Hkwfedkvksa vkSj mudh :<+ Nfo;ksa osQ
ckydksa osQ fodkl o miyfCèk Lrj ij
izHkko dk vè;;u djukA
5- vè;kidksa dh rS;kjh esa tsaMj foe'kZ dh
fLFkfr] Lrj o ;qfDr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k
djukA
6- tsaMj lekurk osQ lanHkZ esa ikB~;ozQe
vkSj f'k{kk'kkL=k osQ Lrj ij jpukRed
gLr{ksi dh i`"BHkwfe rS;kj djukA
7- izxfr'khy tsMa j vkèkkfjr fo|ky;h ekgkSy
rS;kj djus osQ fy, l'kDr j.kuhfr;k¡
lq>kukA
'kksèk vè;;u esa iz;qDr 'kCnkoyh dk
Li"Vhdj.k µ
'kksèk vè;;u dk 'kh"kZd gS ^^f'k{k.k vfèkxe
iz f oz Q ;kvks a es a Tks a M j foHks n hdj.k % ,d
vkykspukRed vè;;u**
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
mi;qZDr 'kh"kZd esa iz;qDr 'kCnkoyh dk
Li"Vhdj.k bl izdkj ls gS µ
f'k{k.k vfèkxe izfozQ;k µ fo|ky;h f'k{kk
O;oLFkk ,d fuf'pr <k¡ps dh ifjfèk osQ Hkhrj
dk;Z djrh gSA f'k{k.k vfèkxe izfozQ;k mldk
egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA izLrqr vè;;u osQ lanHkZ esa
fuEufyf[kr dks vkèkkj cuk;k x;k gS µ
• d{kk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ cSBus dh O;oLFkk
• vè;kiu ,oa xfrfofèk;ksa osQ vk;kstu dh
n`f"V ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ lewg&fuekZ.k dh
izfozQ;k
• d{kk var%fozQ;k
• vè;kid vfHko`fÙk
• vè;kidksa dk fo"k;ijd Kku
• f'k{k.k fofèk;k¡
• vè;kidksa dk Hkkf"kd O;ogkj
• iznÙk dk;Z
• vkdyu dh izfozQ;k
;|fi fo|ky; esa ekStnw <k¡pkxr lqfoèkk,¡]
ikB~;iqLrosQa ] lkeqnkf;d gLr{ksi vkfn Hkh f'k{k.k
vfèkxe izfozQ;k dks izHkkfor djrs gSa] ijarq
izLrqr vè;;u esa bu ?kVdksa dks 'kkfey ugha
fd;k x;k gSA
TksM
a jµL=kh o iq#"k osQ chp lkekftd o
lakLo`Qfrd varjA ^iq#"kRo* vkSj ^ukjhRo* dh
ikjaifjd ekU;rkA tsaMj lacaèk u rks izko`Qfrd gSa
vkSj u gh LokHkkfodA muosQ cuus dh izfozQ;k
gh ,slh gS fd vkHkkl gks fd muosQ chp dk
vlekurk dk lacèa k izko`Qfrd gSA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
foHksnhdj.kµyM+osQ&yM+fd;ksa esa vleku
lekthdj.k ls iSnk gksus okyk foHksnA lkekftd
<k¡ps esa yM+osQ&yM+fd;ksa osQ fy, vyx&vyx
fuèkkZfjr Hkwfedk,¡ ftuls yM+fd;k¡ rks neu dk
f'kdkj gksrh gh gSa] yM+dksa dks Hkh r;'kqnk <ax
ls thuk lh[kus osQ ozQe esa d"V gksrk gSA
vleku lekthdj.k nksuksa dks gh izHkkfor djrs
gSa vkSj fdlh dks Hkh viuh {kerkvksa dk iw.kZr%
mi;ksx djrs gq, O;fDrRo fodkl dh vk”kknh
ugha nsrsA
U;kn'kZµ izLrqr vè;;u osQ fy, U;kn'kZ
dk p;u djrs le; mís';ijd lSEifyax
(Purposing Sampling) dks vkèkkj cuk;k
x;k gSA U;kn'kZ dh fLFkfr bl izdkj gS%
ftyk&u;h fnYyhA
os iz'kklfud bdkbZ;k¡ ftuosQ }kjk lapkfyr
fo|ky; U;kn'kZ osQ varxZr fy, x,] bl
izdkj gSa%
• f'k{kk funs'kky;] jk"Vªh; jktèkkuh {ks=k] fnYyh
• egkuxj ikfydk] u;h fnYyh
• uo;qx laLFkk] u;h fnYyh
• U;kn'kZ osQ varxZr fy, x, ik¡p fo|ky;&
& loksZn; fo|ky;] ”kksj ckx] u;h fnYyh
& uo;qx fo|ky;] is'kok jksM] u;h fnYyh
& uxjikfydk lgf'k{kk fefMy fo|ky;]
fdnobZ uxj] u;h fnYyhA
& uxjikfydk izkFkfed fo|ky;] ckYehfd
cLrh] u;h fnYyhA
29
& uxjikfydk ekè;fed fo|ky;] vkSjxa tsc
jksM] u;h fnYyh A
mDr ik¡p fo|ky;ksa dks U;kn'kZ osQ varxZr
p;fur djus osQ lanHkZ esa roZQ bl izdkj gSa%
• ;s fo|ky; jk"Vªh; jktèkkuh {ks=k fnYyh dh
vkSipkfjd fo|ky;h O;oLFkk dh fHkUu
fHkUu iz'kklfud bdkb;ksa dk izfrfufèkRo
djrs gSaA
• jktèkkuh osQ fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj osQ fjgk;'kh
bykdksa dk Lo:i n'kkZrs gSaA
• fHkUu&fHkUu pj.kksa esa caVh vkSipkfjd
fo|ky;h O;oLFkk osQ fHkUu&fHkUu Lrjksa ls
lac¼ gS]a tSlµ
s mPprj ekè;fed] ekè;fed]
mPp izkFkfed vkSj izkFkfed LrjA
• jkT; iz'kklu }kjk fu;af=kr LoSfPNd laxBu
}kjk lapkfyr fo|ky; Hkh bl U;kn'kZ esa
lfEefyr gSaA
p;fur fo|ky;ksa esa lHkh ikB~;p;kZRed
fo"k;ksa ;Fkk Hkk"kk] xf.kr] lkekftd vè;;u]
foKku] dyk] dk;Z vuqHko] LokLF; ,oa
'kkjhfjd f'k{kk dk izfrfufèkRo djus okys
ik¡p&ik¡p vfHkHkkodksa vkSj nl&nl fo|kfFkZ;ksa
(yM+osQ&yM+fd;ksa) dks 'kksèk iz'uksa osQ mÙkj
ikus dk vkèkkj cuk;k x;k gSA
'kksèk i¼frµizLrqr 'kksèk vè;;u osQ fy,
los{Z k.k vuqlaèkku fofèk dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA
bl fofèk osQ ekè;e ls xq.kkRed ,oa ek=kkRed
nksuksa izdkj osQ vk¡dM+ksa dk laxzg fd;k x;kA
'kksèk dk;Z'kSyh bl izdkj Fkh %
30
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
leL;k ls lac¼ ladYiuk osQ Li"Vhdj.k • d{kk dk HkkSfrd ifjos'kµblesa nhokjksa
dk jax&jksxu] ia[ks] cYc] f[kM+fd;ksa dh
o Li"V vocksèku gsrq fofHkUu ys[kksa dk vè;;u
mQ¡pkbZ o j[k&j[kko] ';keiêð dk vkdkj
fd;k x;kA jk"Vªh; jktèkkuh {ks=k] u;h fnYyh
o mQ¡pkbZ] nhokjksa ij Vaxs fp=k] vyekjh
osQ U;kn'kZ gsrq p;fur fo|ky; osQ pkjksa vksj
vkfn ?kVdksa dks lw{e voyksdu dh ifjfèk
clkoV osQ bykdksa dh lkekftd&lkaLo`Qfrd
esa yk;k x;k D;ksafd tsaMj lacaèkh :<+
i`"BHkwfe dk vè;;u fd;k x;k D;ksafd mlls
Nfo;ksa dk fuekZ.k djus esa budh Hkh egÙoiw.kZ
xq.kkRed rF; ,d=k djus esa iwjh&iwjh enn
Hkwfedk gSA
feyhA fo|ky;h xfrfofèk;ksa dk (izkr%dkyhu
cSBd ls ysdj f'k{k.k izfozQ;kvksa rd) voyksdu • fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ cSBus dh O;oLFkkµtsaMj
foHksnhdj.k dh tc ckr dh tk, rks
fd;k x;kA vè;kidks]a vfHkHkkodksa o fo|kfFkZ;ksa
fo|kfFkZ;ksa (lgf'k{kk okys fo|ky;ksa es)a osQ
osQ lkFk osaQfnzr lewg ppkZ,¡ vk;ksftr dh xb±A
cSBus dh O;oLFkk ij n`f"Vikr fd, fcuk
nÙk lkexzh izkIr djus osQ fy, f}rh;d lwpukvksa
vkxs ugha c<+k tk ldrkA ;g le> cukus
dh leh{kk dh xbZA
osQ iz;Ru fd, x, fd D;k yM+oQs &yM+fd;k¡
'kksèk midj.kµ'kksèk vè;;u dh izoQ` fr dks
i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q cSBrs gSa\ D;k yM+dksa dks
è;ku esa j[krs gq, vko';d vk¡dM+ksa dk
ihNs vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks vkxs cSBk;k tkrk
ladyu LofufeZr midj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls
gSA D;k cSBus dh O;oLFkk vè;kfidk@
fd;k x;kA vè;kidksa gsrq rhu i`"Bksa dh
vè;kid }kjk lapkfyr gksrh gS ;k fiQj
iz'ukoyh rS;kj dh xbZ ftuosQ iz'u mudh
dksbZ Hkh fo|kFkhZ viuh bPNkuqlkj dgha Hkh
tsaMj lacaèkh voèkkj.kkvksa dk Li"Vhdj.k djus
cSB ldrk gS\ D;k cSBus dh O;oLFkk esa
esa i;kZIr :i ls l{ke FksA fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj
cgqr tYnh&tYnh ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gS]
vfHkHkkodksa osQ fy, lk{kkRdkj lwfp;k¡ rS;kj
;fn gak] rks D;ksa \
dh xb± ftuosQ ekè;e ls ;g tkuus esa enn • [ksy osQ eSnku dk voyksduµ fo|ky;ksa
feyh fd d{kk;h xfrfofèk;ksa esa os Lo;a dks
osQ [ksy osQ eSnku dk voyksdu tsaMj
fdl :i esa ns[krs gSaA f'k{k.k izfozQ;kvksa ,oa
vk/kfjr iwokZxzgksa o yM+osQ&yM+fd;kas osQ
vU; fo|ky;h xfrfofèk;ksa dk voyksdu djus
chp osQ varj dks le>us osQ fygk”k ls
osQ fy, voyksdu lwph rS;kj dh xb±A
cgqr egÙoiw.kZ txg gSA vr% funsZf'kr vkSj
voyksdu lwph }kjk fo|ky; esa fuEufyf[kr
vfunsfZ 'kr (eè;kodk'k) le; esa dbZ fcanv
q ksa
?kVdksa dk voyksdu fd;k x;k%&
dk voyksdu fd;k x;k tSlsµ
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
& D;k yM+osQ&yM+fd;k¡ feytqy dj
[ksyrs gSa\
& ;fn vyx&vyx [ksy jgs gSa rks vkerkSj
ij nksuksa osQ dkSu&ls [ksy gSa tks vfèkd
[ksys tkrs gSaA lkFk esa [ksy [ksyus ij
yM+fd;ksa&yM+dksa dh fLFkfr D;k gksrh
gS\
& 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk] dyk o dk;Z vuqHko
dh xfrfofèk;ksa dk foHkktu] p;u o
fuekZ.k
• vè;kidksa dk Hkk"kk;h O;ogkj
• vè;kid&fo|kFkhZ var%fozQ;k
• iznÙk dk;Z vkSj x`gdk;Z
• vkdyu dh izfozQ;k
bl vè;;u osQ varxZr ftu fo|ky;ksa
dks fy;k x;k] muesa i<+us okys ”;knkrj cPps
fcgkj] vksfMlk vkSj mÙkj izns'k jkT;ksa ls vk,
igyh ih<+h osQ 'kgjh vizoklh FksA vfèkdrj
cPpksa osQ ekrk&firk nksuksa dkedkth Fks] ek=k
,d fo|ky; (is'kok jksM) ,slk Fkk tgk¡ ljdkjh
ukSdjh okys (prqFkZ Js.kh deZpkjh) ekrk&firk
osQ cPPks i<+ jgs FksA yxHkx lHkh ekeyksa esa]
nksuksa gh vfHkHkkodksa us oqQN lkyksa dh
vkSipkfjd fo|ky;h f'k{kk gkfly dh Fkh]
oqQN ekrk,¡ ,slh Fkha ftUgksaus i<+uk&fy[kuk
fcYoqQy Hkh ugha lh[kk FkkA oqQN cPpksa osQ
HkkbZ&cgu mlh fo|ky; esa Fks vkSj oqQN
yM+fd;ksa osQ HkkbZ mlh fo|ky; osQ vkl&ikl
31
osQ futh vaxzsth ekè;e osQ fo|ky; esa i<+
jgs FksA ,d vkSj ckr dguk Hkh egÙoiw.kZ
gS fd ftu d{kkvksa o 'kSf{kd&lg'kSf{kd
izfozQ;kvksa dk voyksdu fd;k x;k] os f'k{kd
funsfZ 'kr d{kk izcaèku dh vkarfjd iw.kZ 'kSfy;ksa
dh uqekbanxh djrh FkhaA
'kksèk vè;;u osQ varxZr fd, x, voyksduksa
ls mHkjs egÙoiw.kZ fcanq bl izdkj gSaµ
1- izkr%dkyhu lHkkvksa esa tsaMj vk/kfjr
caVokjkµ fo|ky;h fnup;kZ dh 'kq#vkr
izkr%dkyhu lHkk ls gksrh FkhA bl lHkk dk
vk;kstu gh ;g crk nsus esa i;kZIr Fkk fd yM+oQs
vkSj yM+fd;k¡ gj rjg ls I+kQoZQ fdLe osQ izk.kh
gSa vkSj nksuksa dks gh vyx rjg ls vkpj.k djuk
gSA tSlµ
s yM+oQs ek=k Mªe ctkus] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh
drkjsa lhèkh djus ;k lHkk yach gks tkus ij
vè;kidksa gsrq oqQflZ;ksa dk izcèa k djrs FksA xhr
xkus esa usrR` o dh deku yM+fd;ksa osQ ikl FkhA ek¡
ljLorh dh izfrek ij iwQy&ekyk p<+kus dk
dke Hkh mUgha dk FkkA yM+oQs &yM+fd;ksa dh drkjsa
i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q gksrh FkhaA lHkk lekIr gksus ij mUgsa
drkjc¼ gksdj gh d{kk esa igqp
¡ uk gksrk Fkk ij
ns[kk tk ldrk Fkk fd yM+dksa dh drkj vDlj
chp esa gh VwV tkrh rks vpkud nwj ls vkrh gqbZ
O;k;ke f'k{kd dh ngkM+ ls fiQj tqM+ tkrhA
dHkh&dHkkj yM+fd;ksa dh iafDr Hkh fc[kj tkrh rks
ikl [kM+s vè;kidksa osQ dFku gksrs &^^rqe yM+fd;ksa
dks rks de&ls&de ,slk ugha djuk pkfg,A**
;k fiQj ^^yM+dh gksdj ,slh cs'kehZ! eka&cki us
32
fl[kk;k ugha fd oSQls vkpkj&O;ogkj djuk
gSA** izkFkZuk lHkk osQ vk;kstu] la;kstu] fozQ;kUo;u
esa yM+oQs &yM+fd;ksa osQ chp caVs mÙkjnkf;Ro
Li"V :i ls laosQr djrs Fks fd gyosQ&iqQyosQ
dke] dykRed :>kuksa osQ dke yM+fd;ksa dks
djus gSa ^^rqe yM+fd;ksa dks Hkh u”kj ugha vk;k
fd ;s dke Hkh gksuk gSA de&ls&de rqe ls rks
pwd ugha gksuh pkfg, FkhA**
2- dyk f'k{kk ,oa dk;Z f'k{kk dh
:f<+okfnrkµHkkjrh; LowQyh f'k{kk O;oLFkk
ls tqM+s gj vk;ksx o lfefr us dk;Z vuqHko o
dyk f'k{kk dks LowQyh f'k{kk osQ gj lksiku osQ
fy, ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo"k; ekuk gSA bu fo"k;ksa
osQ varxZr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu xfrfofèk;ksa
esa layXu fd;k tkrk gSA ik¡pksa fo|ky;ksa osQ
voyksduksa us Li"V fd;k fd xfrfofèk;ksa osQ
p;u esa os lekt esa tsaMj lacaèkh izpfyr
uhfr;ksa dks vkèkkj cukrs gSa] tSlsµyM+fd;ksa ls
jaxksyh cukuk] uhacw&ikuh o vksvkj,l ?kksy]
ckaèkuh] CykWd fizfa Vax] flykbZ&d<+kbZ] fHkfÙk lTtk]
iQy laj{k.k tSlh xfrfofèk;k¡ djokbZ tkrh gSa
vkSj yM+dksa osQ fy, irax cukuk] Ckkxokuh]
ctV cukuk] dkjisVa jh] iqrkbZ djuk] LØhu fizafVax]
ftYnlk”kh TkSlh xfrfofèk;k¡ fuèkkZfjr dh xbZ gSAa
vè;kidksa dk Li"V er Fkk fd ^^Hkyk yM+dksa
dks jaxksyh] ckaèkuh tSls dkeksa ls D;k ysuk&nsuk]
mUgsa rks ckgj osQ gh dke lkSais tk,¡A** blh
izdkj ftYnlk”kh o Ck<+bxZ hjh tSls dke os
yM+fd;ksa osQ fy, mfpr ugha eku jgs Fks D;ksfa d
os ^yM+fd;k¡* gSaA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
3- [ksy osQ eSnku esa foHksnhdj.k dk
IkzHkkoµ [ksy osQ eSnku dk nks :iksa esa
voyksdu fd;k x;kA ,d rks funsfZ 'kr [ksy dh
?kaVh] nwljk eè;kodk'k dk le;A [ksy dh
funsfZ 'kr ?kaVh esa O;k;ke f'k{kd tks lhVh o
NM+h osQ cxSj dHkh u”kj ugha vk,
yM+osQ&yM+fd;ksa dks vyx&vyx Vksfy;ksa esa
[ksy f[kyokrs FksA cslcky] [kks&[kks] cSMfeaVu
yM+fd;k¡ [ksyrh FkhaA dcîóh] IkqQVcky nkSM+]
foQozsQV yM+osQ [ksyrs FksA [ksy dh vfunsfZ 'kr
?kaVh o eè;kodk'k osQ le; tsaMj laLo`Qfr esa
fNih rkdr dk foHkktu Li"Vr% utj vkrk
FkkA vkerkSj Ikj yM+osQ vkSj yM+fd;k¡
vyx&vyx gh [ksyrs FksA oqQN pqycqyh vkSj
dn&dkBh esa cM+h&lh fn[kus okyh yM+fd;k¡
dHkh&dHkh yM+dksa osQ lkFk u”kj vkb± Ikj ,d
Hk; osQ lkFk fd dgha dksbZ f'k{kd mUgsa yM+dksa
osQ lkFk [ksyrk gqvk ns[k u ysA [ksy dk eSnku
,d vke ewd lgefr osQ vkèkkj ij ,d
tsaMj leqnk; osQ mi;ksx osQ fy, caVk gqvk
FkkA elyu xsV vkSj nhokj osQ vkl&Ikkl dh
txgksa ij yM+dksa dk vfèkdkj FkkA >wyksa osQ
vkl&Ikkl] D;kfj;ksa o lhf<+;ksa osQ vkl&Ikkl
yM+fd;ksa osQ >q¡M ns[ks tk ldrs FksA yM+fd;ksa
osQ [kMs+ gksus osQ vank”k ls eglwl fd;k tk
ldrk Fkk fd os LoPNanrk dk vuqHko ugha dj
Ikk jgh gSa tcfd yM+osQ bl rjg osQ Hkko
Ikzn'kZu ls dkslksa nwj FksA gok vkus Ikj vius
mM+rs nqiês ð laHkkyuk] ckyksa dh yVsa l¡okjuk]
mUeqDr g¡lh dks nckuk] èkheh vkok”k esa ckr
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
djuk ;g lc yM+fd;ksa osQ lanHkZ esa muosQ
vkjafHkd lekthdj.k dh vuqxw¡tsa gh Fkha] tks
fo|ky; esa Ikksf"kr gks jgh Fkha tcfd yM+dksa esa
,dne csijokgh dk vank”k Ikk;k x;kA
4- d{kkxr O;oLFkk dk vank”kµIkgyh ?kaVh
ls ysdj vkf[kjh ?kaVh rd d{kk esa cgqr&ls dke
gksrs gSa tks vè;kid }kjk d{kk osQ oqQN pqus gq,
cPpksa dks lkSai fn, tkrs gSaA ;s p;fur cPps
vkerkSj Ikj cM+s Mhy&MkSy okys] rqyukRed :i
ls vk£Fkd laiUurk okyh Ik`"BHkwfe osQ vkSj
oqQN ncax izo`fÙk osQ gksrs gSaA ';keiêð lkI+kQ
djuk] d{kk ls owQM+k&djdV mBkuk] VkV&iêðh@
oqQflZ;ks@a csPa k dh O;oLFkk djuk] mifLFkfr iaftdk
ykuk o mifLFkfr yxkuk yM+fd;ksa osQ dke gSaA
mifLFkfr yxkus dk dke rks yM+fd;ksa dks [kkl
rkSj ij fn;k tkrk gS D;ksafd ^^yM+fd;k¡ oqQN
Mjiksd&lh gksrh gSa] os >wBh gkf”kjh dHkh ugha
yxk,axhA** vFkkZr yM+fd;ksa dh bZekunkjh dks
ln~xq.k osQ :i esa u ns[kdj ^Mjiksd* osQ :i
esa ns[kuk tsaMj fo"kerk dk ,d vkSj Hk;kud
Lo:i gS tks fo|ky;ksa esa fojkteku gSA vuq'kklu
lacèa kh dk;Z ;Fkk d{kk dks pqi djokuk] drkjc¼
djokdj [ksy ;k ih-Vh- osQ fy, ys tkuk vkfn
yM+dksa osQ mÙkjnkf;Ro Fks tks muosQ ^rkdroj*
gksus dk lcwr nsrs FksA yM+fd;ksa ls iwNk x;k fd
D;k os bl rjg osQ dke djus esa l{ke ugha gS\
igys rks loqQpkgV Hkjh pqIih NkbZ jgh fiQj dgk
x;k&^^?kj esa Hkh rks ikik HkS;k osQ ftEes gh jgrs
gSa ;s dkeA** dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ?kj esa
33
tsaMj vk/kfjr cV¡okjs dh O;oLFkk dks >sy jgh
yM+fd;k¡ ;gk¡ Hkh ml foHkktu dh =kklnh dks
>sy jgh Fkha vkSj vutkus gh eku cSBh Fkha fd
os ^jkSchyh* gks gh ugha ldrha D;ksafd ;g xq.k
rks yM+dksa osQ fy, vkjf{kr gSA
5- f'k{kd jfgr d{kk dk okrkoj.kµfo|ky;
osQ iwjs fnu osQ dk;ZozQe esa vDlj ,slk le;
vkrk tc d{kk esa dksbZ Hkh f'k{kd u gksA
(fuf'pr :i ls vè;kid dh vuqifLFkfr osQ
dkj.k ;k vè;kid dh iz'kklfud dk;ks± esa
O;Lrrk jgus osQ dkj.k ,slk gksrk gksxk) f'k{kd
dk d{kk esa u vkuk ,d ioZ dh Hkk¡fr gksrk
gS cPpksa osQ fy,A bl ioZ dk mRlkg
yM+osQ&yM+fd;ksa nksuksa ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ij
mRlkfgr gksus osQ rjhosQ vyx&vyx gksrs gSaA
yM+oQs oqQ£l;k¡@csp
a iVdus] èkDdk&eqDdh djus]
ikuh dh cksryksa osQ isap yM+kus] dkx”k osQ
gokbZ tgkt mM+kus tSls ^rkdroj* dkeksa esa
O;Lr fn[kkbZ nsrs gS]a tcfd yM+fd;k¡ ^gkseooZQ*
djrh gqbZ] thjksdkVk [ksyrh gqbZ] ,d nwljs ls
xi yM+krh gqbZ ;k ';keiêð ij rLohj cukrh
gqbZ ns[kh tk ldrh gSaA
vè;;u bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡prk gS fd
fo|ky; laLFkkxr O;oLFkk osQ :i esa tsaMj
vk/kfjr vyxko dks c<+kok ns jgs gSaA cPps
tsaMj esa caVdj jkstejkZ osQ dkedktksa dks djuk
viuh fu;fr eku jgs gSaA foHksnhdj.k ij
vkèkkfjr gksus dh otg ls dkedkt dh
O;oLFkk,¡ tsaMj HksnHkko vkSj cPpksa esa tsaMj
34
vk/kfjr foHksnrk dh èkkj.kk dks okftc Bgjkus
osQ dke esa vk jgh gSaA fo|ky;ksa osQ vanj gksus
okys O;ogkjksa osQ Ikzfr:Ik tsaMj vlekurk osQ
Nqis f'k{kkozQe osQ fy, Ik`"BHkwfe dk dke dj
jgs gSaA cPps viuh tsaMj vk/kfjr Ikgpku dks
laLFkkxr rkSj Ikj fo|ky; dh NksVh&lh nqfu;k
esa fo|ky; osQ ^tsaMj vk/kfjr p'es* dh enn
ls ns[k&le> vkSj xzg.k dj jgs gSaA ml tsaMj
vk/kfjr p'es ls tks jks”k&c&jks”k osQ fo|ky;h
thou esa vkerkSj Ikj gksus okys O;ogkjks]a jks”kejkZ
osQ dke&dktksa o uhfr;ksa ls cu jgk gSA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
fo|ky;h f'k{kk ls ljksdkj j[kus okys ge
lHkh O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, bl ckr dh Ikgpku
djuk ”k:jh gS fd fo|ky; osQ vanj gksus
okyh xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj izf'k{k.k IkzfozQ;kvksa osQ
Lo:Ikksa osQ ”kfj, cPps ?kj dh rqyuk esa ”;knk
vkSipkfjd rjhosQ osQ lkFk foHksnhdj.k dk
f'kdkj gks jgs gSaA bl ”k:jh psrkouh osQ
izfr ge lHkh dks lroZQ gksuk gksxk vkSj
tsaMj vkèkkfjr lerkoknh fo|ky;hdj.k dh
vksj c<+us osQ fy, viuh le> dks VVksyuk
gksxkA
Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd n'kZu
'kadj 'kj.k·
vusd fons'kh fo}ku Hkkjr dks vkè;kfRed n`f"V ls mUur lH;rk ekurs gq,
jktuhfrd {ks=k esa lnk ls nqcy
Z ns'k ekurs gSAa ;g ,d Hkzkfa r gSA oLrqr%] yxHkx rhu
g”kkj o"kZ igys Hkh Hkkjr esa lqO;ofLFkr jktuhfrd O;oLFkk jgh gSA blesa x.kra=k]
yksdra=k vkSj jktra=k tSls fofoèk :Ikksa osQ Ikzek.k feyrs gSAa lai.w kZ Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd
,dhdj.k ;gk¡ dHkh vko';d ugha le>k x;k FkkA blosQ dbZ dkj.k FksA tSlµ
s vkè;kfRed]
lkaLo`Qfrd thou&n'kZu dh Ikze[q krk] jktuhfr dk xkS.k LFkku] HkkSxksfyd :Ik ls Hkkjr
dh Ikkjaifjd lqjf{kr fLFkfr] vkfnA bUgha dkj.kksa ls gky dh 'krkfCn;ksa esa fons'kh
vkozQk¡rkvksa }kjk Hkkjr osQ fofoèk {ks=kksa Ikj dC”kk dj ysuk laHko gqvkA fdarq blh ls
Hkkjr osQ jktuhfrd n'kZu dks lnk ls ghu ekuuk Hkzked gSA Jh vjfoUn osQ fopkjksa
Ikj vkèkkfjr ;g ys[k blh fcanq Ikj ,d laf{kIr IkzLrqfr gSA
cgqr&ls yksx ;g rks ekurs gSa fd vè;kRe]
;ksx] vkRek vkSj eu tSls xw<+ fo"k;ksa esa Hkkjr
dh miyfCèk egku jgh gSA fdarq os O;kogkfjd
thou] fo'ks"kdj jktuhfr vkSj iz'kklu esa Hkkjr
dks foI+kQy crkrs gSAa mudk er gS fd ;wjksi dh
rqyuk esa Hkkjr vius jkT;] 'kklu vkSj iztk osQ
thou dks lqxfBr djus esa cgqr nqcy
Z lkfcr
gqvk gSA blosQ fy, yxHkx ,d g”kkj o"kZ dh
fons'kh ijkèkhurk dks izek.k osQ :i esa ns[kk&fn[kk;k
tkrk gSA
(ys[kd osQ vius fopkj)
;g lp gS fd fdlh laLo`Qfr dh igyh
ewY;oÙkk ekuo dh vkarfjd lÙkk vFkkZr eu]
varjkRek vkSj psruk dks mUur vkSj fo'kky
cukus dh mldh {kerk esa fufgr gSA fdarq
fuLlansg mls liQy ugha dgk tk ldrk tc
·vflLVsaV izksI +ksQlj] lkekftd foKku f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
36
rd og cká lÙkk mlosQ lkekftd] jktuhfrd
vkSj HkkSfrd thou dks Hkh x<+dj egku vkn'kks±
dh vksj vxzlj gksus osQ ;ksX; ugha cukrhA
vr% izFke n`f"V esa ,slk yx ldrk gS fd
Hkkjr dk Kku] gekjs egku iwoZtksa dh esèkk gesa
jktuhfrd :i esa lcy cukus esa foiQy jgh]
D;ksfa d gesa rjg&rjg osQ fons'kh vkozQe.kdkfj;ksa
ls ijkftr gksuk iM+kA bruk gh ugha] le;&le;
ij ns'k osQ U;wukfèkd Hkkxksa dks vjcksa] rqdksaZ]
eaxksyksa vkSj vaxzstksa osQ vèkhu Hkh jguk iM+kA
bl ij fookn gks ldrk gS fd laiw.kZ Hkkjr ij
dHkh fdlh fons'kh lÙkk dk vfèkdkj ugha gks
ldkA ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd dbZ fons'kh
varr% Hkkjrh; lekt esa lekfgr gksdj ;gha
osQ gks x,] fd Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr us mUgsa uSfrd
:i ls vfHkHkwr ;k ijkHkwr dj fy;k] vkfnA
ijarq mÙkj&if'pe Hkkjr dk cM+k fgLlk fons'kh
lkezkT;okfn;ksa osQ gkFk esa pyk x;k] bl lR;
ls vk¡[ksa ugha ew¡nh tk ldrhaA
fiQj Hkh] ljljh rkSj ij Hkkjr dks cká&thou
dk laxBu djus esa foI+kQy crkuk nks"kiw.kZ gSA
;g Hkwrdky dk i;kZIr Kku u gksus osQ dkj.k
gksrk gSA ;g lp gS fd Hkkjr us ml izfr}af}rkiw.kZ
vkSj mRihM+d O;olk;okn dk ;k Lokèkhurk
vkSj <ksaxiw.kZ tura=k osQ lalnh; laxBu dk
fodkl dHkh ugha fd;k tks ;wjksih; lH;rk osQ
gky osQ cqtqZvk ;k oS';&;qx dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA
ij ;g Hkh lp gS fd ;wjksih; mUufr osQ
ekWMy dh vaèk&iz'kalk vc de gks jgh gS vkSj
fnuksa&fnu bldh Hk;adj =kqfV;k¡ mtkxj gks jgh
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
gSAa vr% Hkkjrh; lH;rk dh egkurk dks if'peh
izxfr osQ ekunaM ls ukius dh dksbZ vko';drk
ugha gSA
;|fi if'peh ifjHkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx djus
ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjrh; 'kklu
iz.kkyh esa tura=k dk 'kfDr'kkyh rRo fo|eku
FkkA ;gk¡ rd fd ,slh lHkk&ifj"knsa Hkh Fkha tks
;wjksih; ikfyZ;kesVa &i¼fr ls lkE; iznf'kZr djrh
gSaA ijarq ;s fo'ks"k rRo Hkkjr osQ vius <ax osQ
FksA ;g fcyoqQy og ph”k ugha Fkh tSlh fd
vkèkqfud lalnsa vkSj fuokZfpr tura=k gSAa Hkkjrh;
jkT;ra=k esa yksd&Hkkxhnkjh vfèkd l'kDr Fkh
D;ksafd ;g fdlh jktk ;k lezkV dh bPNk osQ
vèkhu ;k mldh nsu Hkh ugha FkhA Hkkjrh;
lekt dk lai.w kZ laxBu ,d loksiZ fj èkeZ&Z psruk
vkSj èkeZ&O;ogkj osQ vèkhu jgk ftlesa jktk
vkSj iztk nksuksa gh vkrs FksA
Hkkjrokfl;ksa osQ eu esa izkphu dky ls gh
,d èkkfeZd vkSj vkè;kfRed izof` Ùk dh izèkkurk
jgh gSA Hkkjrh; ekul dh ,d fo'ks"krk jgh gS
fd og thou osQ lHkh i{kksa] vR;ar cká
lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd O;kikjksa dks Hkh
vkè;kfRed vFkZ iznku djus vkSj muosQ fy,
èkeZ dk vuqeksnu izkIr djus dk ;Ru djrk
FkkA ;g lHkh oxks± vkSj dk;ks± osQ fy, ,d
vfuok;Z vkn'kZ dh LFkkiuk djrk Fkk] tks oqQN
izlaxksa dks NksM+dj vfèkdkjksa vkSj 'kfDr;ksa dk
ugha] drZO;ksa dk vkn'kZ gksrk FkkA ;g lnkpj.k]
drZO;fu"Bk gh ;gk¡ èkeZ dgykrh jgh gS] u
fd fdUgha tM+&lw=kksa ij fo'oklA if'peh
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
fjyhtu (Religion) ls Hkkjr dk èkeZ ewyHkwr
:i ls fHkUukFkZd gSA
mlh èkeZ vkS j vè;kRe iz o ` f Ùk os Q
ifj.kkeLo:i ;gk¡ lekt&O;oLFkk osQ f'k[kj
ij czkã.k] iqjksfgr] iafMr] osnKkuh vkSj foèkkudkjksa
dk LFkku jgkA bls euq";ksa osQ fdlh oxZ dk
izHkko le>uk Hkwy gksxhA bls ,d Kkuijd
vkSj vkpj.kijd èkeZ osQ loksiZ fj LFkku osQ :i
esa le>uk pkfg,A Kku vkSj vkpj.k :ih bl
èkeZ Hkko dks tSlh lqfuf'prrk] LFkkf;Ro vkSj
egÙkk iznku dh xbZ] og fo'o esa dgha ns[kus
esa ugha vkrhA ftu ns'kksa esa yksxksa dk euksHkko
Hkkjr dh vis{kk de tfVy gS] ogk¡ bl izdkj
dh izèkkurk dk ifj.kke laHkor% ;g gksrk fd
iafMr&iqjksfgrksa dk gh jkt dk;e gks tkrkA1
fdarq Hkkjr esa ;|fi czkã.kksa dk izHkko c<+rk
x;k] fiQj Hkh mUgksaus jkT;lÙkk ij dHkh viuk
vfèkdkj ugha tek;k vFkok u tek losQA jktk
vkSj iztk nksuksa osQ vfrlEekfur iqjksfgrksa vkSj
xq#vksa osQ :i esa mudk fu'p; gh cM+k izHkko
Fkk] fdarq okLrfod jkT;'kfDr jktk] {kf=k; oxZ
vkSj tulkèkkj.k osQ gkFkksa esa cuh jghA
chp esa ,d ,slk le; vk;k tc Íf"k dks
,d fof'k"V vkSj vlkèkkj.k in fn;k tkrk FkkA
Íf"k ml O;fDr dks dgrs Fks tks mPprj
vkè;kfRed vuqHko vkSj Kku ls laiUu gksrs FksA
os fdlh Hkh o.kZ esa mRiUu gq, gks ldrs Fks
(of'k"B] ij'kqjke] O;kl] fonqj] vkfn)] ij
vius vkè;kfRed O;fDrRo osQ cy ij lHkh
yksxksa ij izHkqRo j[krs FksA ;g izHkqRo jktuhfrd
37
ugha] eq[;r% uSfrd FkkA lkFk gh] ;g jktuhfrd
lÙkk osQ izfr izfr;ksxh ;k fu;a=k.kdkjh Hkko ls
loZFkk eqDr FkkA jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr osQ
vk[;kuksa esa bls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA iwjh lekt
O;oLFkk ,d uSfrd lkeatL; osQ lkFk Lor%
lapkfyr Fkh] ftlesa izR;sd O;fDr vkSj oxZ osQ
drZO;] vfèkdkj vkSj lhek,¡ nwljs osQ lkFk
izfr}af}rk esa ugha oju lkeatL; esa LFkkfir FkhaA
nqHkkZX; ls izkphu Hkkjrh; lektksa] jkT;ksa]
x.kjkT;ksa osQ lafoèkku vkSj jkT;&ra=k osQ foLr`r
fooj.k gekjs ikl ugha gSaA muosQ O;ofLFkr
bfrgkl ls Hkh ge vufHkK gSaA bldk dkj.k
;g gS fd if'peh ;wjksih; ekufldrk osQ
foijhr Hkkjrh; ekufldrk bu C;kSjksa] rI+kQlhyksa
dks rfud Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ugha le>rh FkhA
blhfy, jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkfn
thou dk fooj.k rS;kj djuk vkSj mls latksdj
j[kuk gekjs egku iwoZtksa ls ysdj vkt rd Hkh
gekjk ekul mi;ksxh ugha le>rkA blosQ ihNs
Hkh rRo&Kku vkSj lnkpj.k dks loksZifj egÙkk
nsus okyh èkeZ&psruk gh gS tks ,sls dk;Z dks og
egÙo ugha nsrh tks if'peh ekufldrk nsrh gSA
fiQj Hkh] rjg&rjg osQ vU; fooj.kks]a vk[;kuks]a
vfHkys[kksa] iqjkrRoksa vkSj fonsf'k;ksa }kjk fyf[kr
o.kZuksa ls blosQ i;kZIr izek.k feyrs gSa fd
Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd laxBu mRo`Q"V dksfV dk
FkkA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, xkSre cq¼ dk ,d
euksjatd opu feyrk gS fd tc rd
iztkrkaf=kd laLFkkvksa dks muosQ 'kq¼ vkSj
38
cy'kkyh :i esa lqjf{kr j[kk tk,xk rc rd
bl izdkj ,d NksVk&lk jkT; Hkh exèk osQ
'kfDr'kkyh vkSj egÙokdka{kh jktra=k osQ
'kL=kkL=kksa ls Hkh vts; jgsxkA2 Hkkjr esa ,sls
lqn`<+ vkSj O;ofLFkr x.kjkT; izkphu dky esa
gh LFkkfir gks pqosQ Fks vkSj bZlk ls iwoZ dh
NBh 'krkCnh esa iwjs ”kksj&'kksj ls dk;Z'khy
FksA vFkkZr os ;wuku osQ izfl¼ uxj&jkT;ksa osQ
ledkyhu Fks] ij Hkkjrh; x.kjkT;ksa dh og
Lokèkhurk] izfr"Bk vkSj dk;Z'khyrk bZlk dh
vkjafHkd 'krkfCn;ksa rd] vFkkZr nh?kZ dky rd
cuh jghA tcfd ;wukuh jkT; tYn gh lekIr
gks x, FksA
oLrqr% Hkkjr us jktuhfrd ,dhdj.k dh
vko';drk dk dHkh vuqHko gh ugha fd;k
FkkA rhu vksj ls leqnz vkSj mÙkj esa fgeky;
ls vkPNkfnr Hkkjro"kZ dks lgL=kkfCn;ksa rd
fdlh furkar fotkrh; vkrrk;h ;k
foLrkjoknh] loZuk'kdkjh 'k=kq ls lqjf{kr djus
dh dHkh vko';drk gh ugha gqbZ FkhA fldanj
osQ vkozQe.k osQ ckn igyh ckj Hkkjr us
,dho`Qr 'kfDr dh vko';drk dk vuqHko
fd;k FkkA rc eglwl fd;k x;k fd gekjs
iztkrkaf=kd x.kjkT; gh ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa
osQ chp foHkktu osQ dkj.k FksA vius&vki
esa 'kfDr'kkyh] LokfHkekuh gksrs gq, Hkh os laiw.kZ
Hkkjro"kZ izk;}hi osQ lpsr laxBu osQ fy,
oqQN u dj losQA laHkor% izkphu dky esa
brus fo'kky izk;}hi esa NksVs&NksVs jkT;ksa osQ
egkla?k dh dksbZ O;oLFkk liQy gks Hkh ugha
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
ldrh Fkh fo'ks"kdj tc bldh vko';drk
dk dksbZ Li"V dkj.k lcosQ lkeus Li"V
u FkkA
;|fi le; osQ lkFk vU; ns'kksa dh rjg
Hkkjr esa Hkh jktra=kkRed jkT;&iz.kkyh gh mUur
gksrh xbZA jktuhfrd laxBu osQ vU; :i
inP;qr gksrs x,A fiQj Hkh eqlyekuksa osQ vkozQe.k
ls igys rd Hkkjrh; jktra=k fdlh izdkj Hkh
,d O;fDr dk LosPNkpkjh 'kklu ;k fujaoqQ'k
rkuk'kkgh ugha FkkA I+kQkjl] eè; ,f'k;k] jkse ;k
;wjksi osQ jktra=kksa ls bldk dksbZ lkE; u FkkA
IkBkuksa ;k eqxyksa osQ 'kklura=k ls ;g fcyoqQy
gh fHkUu Ikzdkj dk FkkA ;gk¡ jktk dh 'kfDr
O;fDrxr ugha gksrh FkhA rjg&rjg osQ laj{k.kksa
ls ;g Ikfjosf"Vr j[kk tkrk Fkk rkfd jktk
bldk nq:Ik;ksx u dj losQA
Hkkjr esa jktk osQ vfrfjDr vU; lkoZtfud
vfèkdkfj;ksa vkSj fofHkUUk fgrksa osQ Ikzfrfufèk;ksa
dh Lokèkhurk ls Hkh jktk dh 'kfDr lhek esa
jgrh FkhA (mnkgj.k osQ fy, xq#oqQy vkSj
vkJeksa dh furkar Lokèkhurk] ftudh j{kk jktk
dk drZO; gksrk Fkk) bl Ikzdkj] lekt osQ vU;
vfèkdkjh vkSj Ikzfrfufèk 'kklu&foèkku osQ pkyu
vkSj IkzHkqrk osQ Ikz;ksx esa ,d rjg ls lgHkkxh
gksrs FksA lp IkwNsa rks jktk ,d lhekc¼ ;k
la o S è kkfud jktk gks r k FkkA ftl fopkj
vkSj e'khujh }kjk jkT; osQ lafoèkku dh
j{kk dh tkrh Fkh] jktk vius vfèkdkjksa dk
mi;ksx djrk Fkk] vkSj mldh 'kfDr lhek
esa jgrh Fkh&;g lc mlls fcyoqQy fHkUu
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
izdkj dh Fkh tks ;wjksi osQ bfrgkl esa Ikk;h
tkrh gSA
;gka jktk vkSj lezkVksa ls Hkh mQij Fkk èkeZ]
vFkkZr èkkfeZd] uSfrd] lkekftd] jktuSfrd]
U;kf;d vkSj IkzFkkuqxr foèkku tks yksxksa osQ
thou dks ewyr% Ikfjpkfyr djrk FkkA bl
fuoSZ;fDrd èkeZ&lÙkk dks blosQ ewy Hkko esa
rFkk cká :Ik dh lef"V esa Ikfo=k vkSj lukru
ekuk tkrk FkkA bldk ewy Lo:Ik lnk ,d gh
jgrk Fkk (^,lks èkEeks luaruks*&cq¼)] Ikj lekt
osQ fodkl osQ dkj.k blosQ IkzR;{k vkdkj esa
lgt&LokHkkfod :Ik ls tks IkfjorZu vkrs Fks
mUgsa blesa lekfo"V dj fy;k tkrk FkkA ns'k]
oqQy lkis{k rFkk vU; vkpkj&èkeZ bldh nsg
osQ ,d Ikzdkj osQ xkS.k vkSj lgpkjh vax Fks
ftuesa osQoy vkarfjd Ikzsj.kk ls gh IkfjorZu
gksrk FkkA ewy èkeZ esa gLr{ksi djus dk fdlh
ykSfdd lÙkk dks fujaoqQ'k vfèkdkj u FkkA
bl Ikzdkj] Hkkjr esa jktk dk dke euekus
fu;e] dkuwu ;k naM&foèkku cukus ls vyx
osQoy èkeZ dh j{kk djus dk FkkA og èkeZ
dk j{kd] Ikfjpkyd vkSj lsod gksrk FkkA
mldk nkf;Ro gh Fkk fd og èkeZ dk Ikkyu
djok, rFkk gj Ikzdkj osQ vijkèk mPN`a[kyrk
vkSj èkeksZYya?ku dks jksosQA pw¡fd ;g èkeZ ;wjksi
osQ fdrkch fjyh”ku ls furkar fHkUu Fkk&lcosQ
fy, vkpj.k dh e;kZnk] u fd laxfBr ppZ
tSls e”kgch laLFkkuksa }kjk ?kksf"kr lqfuf'pr
fo'oklksa dk vaèk&vuqikyu djk;k tkuk&blhfy,
Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd Ikz.kkyh esa èkkfeZd vR;kpkj
39
vkSj vlfg".kqrk osQ fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha
FkkA oLrqr% tM+&lw=kksa vkSj vaèkfo'okl Ikj
vkèkkfjr fdlh Ikz.kkyh dh ;gk¡¡ dYiuk gh
ugha dh tk ldrh FkhA blhfy, ;gk¡ jkT;
;k jkT;ra=kh; vR;kpkj] mRihM+u ;k
LosPNkpkfjrk dk vfLrRo ux.; jgk gS] tks
;wjksi rFkk vU; ns'kksa osQ bfrgkl esa lkekU;
:Ik ls feyrk gSA
Hkkjr dk fu;e ;g Fkk fd ;fn jktk
Hkh èkeZ dks lPpkbZ osQ lkFk dk;kZfUor djuk
NksM+ ns rks Ikztk mldk Ikkyu djus osQ fy,
ckè; ugha gksxhA Ikztk osQ larks"k osQ vuqlkj
'kklu djus esa v;ksX;rk vkSj vius drZO;
dk mYya?ku mls IknP;qr djus osQ fy,
fl¼karr% vkSj dk;Zr% Ik;kZIr dkj.k gksrs FksA
euq vkSj dbZ vU; Le`frdkjksa us pje dksfV
dh fLFkfr esa jktfonzksg vkSj jktk dks ekj
Mkyus rd osQ vfèkdkj ;k drZO; dk leFkZu
fd;k gSA blls ;g fl¼ gksrk gS fd fujaoqQ'k
jktk ;k jktkvksa dks 'kklu djus osQ nSoh
vfèkdkj dk dksbZ fl¼kar Hkkjrh; jkT;iz.kkyh
esa dHkh u FkkA nf{k.k Hkkjr esa l=kgoha 'krkCnh
rd ,sls n`"Vkar feyrs gSa tc fdlh vfiz;
jktk dks iztk us lacaèk&foPNsn dj ysus dh
èkedh nh FkhA mlesa loZlkèkkj.k dh lHkk
us ?kksf"kr fd;k Fkk fd ml jktk dks nh xbZ
dksbZ Hkh lgk;rk fo'okl?kkr osQ leku fuanuh;
le>h tk,xhA3 fuo`Q"V jktk dks in ls gVkus
osQ vkSj Hkh lkekftd mik; izpfyr FksA la{ksi
esa] Hkkjr esa jktra=k 'kklu dk osQoy ,d
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
40
izdkj FkkA blosQ fy, Hkh turk dk vuqeksnu
vko';d le>k tkrk FkkA
mi;qZDr fooj.k vR;ar laf{kIr gSA ftUgsa
vkSj foLrkj ls tkuus dh bPNk gks] mUgsa Jh
vjfoUn o`Qr izfl¼ jpuk Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr
osQ vkèkkj rFkk laiw.kZ egkHkkjr i<+uh pkfg,A
orZeku Hkkjr dh fLFkfr vkSj iwoZ dky ls
blosQ lacaèk osQ fo"k; esa bruk gh dgk tk
ldrk gS fd ,d euq"; osQ LFkwy thou
dh Hkkafr fdlh lekt dk thou Hkh tUe]
o`f¼] ;kSou] IkzkS<+rk vkSj ßkl osQ pozQ ls
xq”kjrk gSA bldh vafre voLFkk ;fn cgqr
vkxs c<+ tk, vkSj bldh ßklksUeq[kh èkkjk
fdlh izdkj u jksdh tk losQ rks lekt dk
thou Hkh mlh izdkj u"V gks ldrk gS tSls
,d euq"; cq<+kis osQ ckn ej tkrk gSA vr%
Hkkjr osQ Hkfo"; osQ ckjs esa fu.kkZ;d :i
ls rks oqQN ugha dgk tk ldrkA
fdarq bruk lR; gS fd euq";ksa dh izR;sd
tkfr esa ,d vkRe&Hkkouk ;k thou&Hkkouk
dke djrh gS tks mlosQ vnn euq";ksa osQ
'kjhj dh vis{kk de u'oj gSA vr,o tks
tkfr ltxrk osQ lkFk thuk lh[k tkrh gS]
og laHkor% dHkh Hkh u"V ugha gks ldrhA
og nwljksa esa foyhu gksdj lekIr ugha gks
ldrhA og viuh mlh psruk osQ lkFk fcuk
ejs dbZ u, tUeksa ls xq”kj ldrh gSA dHkh
,slk yxs fd og u"V gksus okyh gS] rc
Hkh viuh vkRek dh 'kfDr ls og iwokZoLFkk
izkIr dj ,d nwljk rFkk laHkor% vfèkd
xkSjo'kkyh pozQ vkjaHk dj ldrh gSA Hkkjr
dk bfrgkl ,slh gh ,d tkfr dk bfrgkl
jgk gSA gesa blosQ ckjs esa vius L=kksrksa ls
vfèkd&ls&vfèkd vè;;u&euu djuk pkfg,A
;g gekjh f'k{kk vkSj lkekftd mRFkku osQ
fy, fgrdkjh gksxkA
lanHkZ
1- Jh vjfoUn% Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr osQ vkèkkj (Jh vjfoUn vkJe] iqnqPpsjh] 2002 laLdj.k] i`- 363)]
;g izfl¼ ys[k&ekyk fons'kh vkykspdksa dks mÙkj nsus osQ fy, lu~ 1918&21 osQ chp fy[kh xbZ FkhA
bl fucaèk esa izLrqr fopkj mlh ls fy, x, gSaA
2- ogh] i`- 3653- ogh] i`- 371-
f'k{kd&çf'k{kdksa dk lwpuk ,oa lapkj çkS|ksfxdh
osQ çfr n`f"Vdks.k ,oa bldh lqxerk
jktsUnz iky·
izLrqr vè;;u osQa nzh; 'kSf{kd izk|
S ksfxdh laLFkku osQ jtr t;arh o"kZ esa ns'k osQ fofHkUUk
fgLlksa esa vkbZ-lh-Vh- ij vk;ksftr O;k[;ku ekyk osQ varxZr ,df=kr fd, x, iznÙkksa ls
fudkys x, fu"d"kZ ij vkèkkfjr gSA yxHkx 1500 f'k{kd&izf'k{kdks]a f'k{kdksa vkSj
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa us ,d izi=k osQ ekè;e ls vius fopkj bl fo"k; ij O;Dr fd,A bl 'kksèk
i=k esa f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa ,o izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa osQ vkbZ-lh-Vh- vkSj ehfM;k osQ ckjs n`f"Vdks.k
dh foospuk dh xbZ gSA bl vè;;u dk ,d mís'; dEI;wVj vkSj vkbZ-lh-Vh- dh
f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa osQ fy, lqxerk tkuuk Hkh FkkA
vè;;u ls irk pyrk gS] fd vfèkdak'kr%
f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa osQ ikl vkèkkjHkwr ehfM;k dh
lqfoèkk,a gSa vkSj muosQ n`f"Vdks.k esa lwpuk ,oa
lapkj izk|
S ksfxdh dk egÙo f'k{k.k vfèkxe esa
cgqr vfèkd gSA ijarq izf'k{kdksa dk ,d lewg
;g ugha tkurk fd ehfM;k ;k vkbZ-lh-Vh- dk
mi;ksx fdl rjg ls 'kSf{kd izfØ;k osQ vax osQ
:i esa djsa rFkk oqQN f'k{kd&izf'k{kd ;g
ugha tkurs fd muosQ fo"k; esa ehfM;k vkSj
vkbZ-lh-Vh- vkèkkfjr lkexzh dgka ls izkIRk gksxhA
vizR;kf'kr :i ls vfèkdka'k f'k{kd&izf'k{kd
rFkk f'k{kd ;g le>rs gSa fd os vius fo"k;
dks fcuk dEI;wVj dh lgk;rk osQ i<+k ldrs
gSAa osQa nzh; 'kSf{kd çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku (lh-vkbZ-bZVh-) jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj çf'k{k.k
ifj"kn~ (,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-)] u;h fnYyh dk ,d
vfHkUu vax gSA bldh LFkkiuk 1984 esa f'k{k.k
lgk;d lkexzh foHkkx vkSj f'k{kk çkS|ksfxdh
· ,lksfl,V izksI+ ksQlj ,oa vè;{k] 'kksèk izHkkx] osaQnzh; 'kSf{kd izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~]
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
42
laLFkku osQ foy; ls gqbZA gky gh esa lh-vkbZ-bZVh- us viuk jtr t;arh o"kZ euk;kA bl vofèk
esa cgqr ls fØ;kdykiksa dk vk;kstu fd;k
x;kA 'kSf{kd çkS|ksfxdh fo"k; lacaèkh O;k[;ku
ekyk dk vk;kstu buesa ls ,d eq[; xfrfofèk
FkhA bl xfrfofèk esa 'kSf{kd çkS|ksfxdh ls lacfa èkr
fofHkUu eqíks@a çdj.kks@a çlaxksa ij ns'k Hkj osQ fofHkUu
f'k{kd f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa O;k[;ku vk;ksftr
fd, x,] tSlsµjkT; f'k{kk laLFkku] paMhx<+_
{ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku] f'kykax_ {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku]
Hkksiky rFkk jkT; 'kSf{kd vuqlèa kku ,oa çf'k{k.k
ifj"kn]~ iqMp
q js h vkfnA ftu lzkrs O;fDr;ksa us bl
O;k[;ku ekyk esa O;k[;ku fn,] og f'k{kk vkSj
'kSf{kd çkS|ksfxdh osQ {ks=k esa tkus&ekus fo'ks"kK
FksA O;k[;ku ekyk esa Jksrkvksa osQ :i esa
f'k{kdks@a f'k{kd&çf'k{kdksa vSkj f'k{kd&çf'k{qkvksa
dks vkeaf=kr fd;k x;k FkkA bl O;k[;ku ekyk
esa 'kSf{kd çkS|ksfxdh@vkbZ-lh-Vh- ij f'k{kdksa@
f'k{kd&çf'k{kdksa@f'k{kd çf'k{kqvksa gsrq ,d
n`f"Vdks.k çi=k rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA blosQ nks
eq[; mís'; FksA igyk&'kSf{kd çkS|ksfxdh@vkbZlh-Vh- ij mÙkjnkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k tkuuk rFkk
nwljk&;g tkuuk fd vkbZ-lh-Vh- dh fofHkUu
lqfoèkk,a fdl lhek rd mudh igq¡p esa gSaA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, v[kckj] jsfM;ks] Vh-oh- ,oa
dEI;wVj rd igq¡p] dEI;wVj dk ifjp; rFkk
f'k{kk@lh[kus esa dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx vkfnA
yxHkx 1500 f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa] f'k{kdksa vkSj
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa us ,d izi=k osQ ekè;e ls vius
fopkj bl fo"k; ij O;Dr fd,A
fo'ys"k.k dh lqfoèkk gsrq iw.kZr% vlger
vkSj vlger dh vko`fÙk osQ çfr'krkadksa dks
la;qDr #i ls ;ksx djosQ rFkk iw.Zkr% lger
vkSj lger osQ izfr'krkadksa dks la;qDr #i ls
;ksx djosQ rkfydk esa fn;k x;k gSA
rkfydk 1
'kSf{kd çkS|ksfxdh@vkbZ-lh-Vh- rFkk vkbZ-lh-Vh- dh fofHkUu
lqfoèkkvksa rd mudh igq¡p ij mÙkjnkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k
ØLk-
dFku
iw.kZr% vlger iw- v- Lkger iw.Zkr%
iw-l- la[;k
vlger (v-) rFkk v- (l-) lger
rFkk
(iw-v-)
dk
(iw-l-) l- dk
çfr'krkad
çfr'krkad
1- eq>s i<+kus osQ fy, ehfM;k vkSj
vkbZ-lh-Vh- dk mi;ksx djus esa
dksbZ #fp ugha gSA
829
413
86-6
135
57
13-4
1434
2- eq>s ;g Kkr ugha gS fd ehfM;k ;k
vkbZ-lh-Vh- dk mi;ksx fdl rjg ls
'kSf{kd çfØ;k osQ vax osQ :i esa gksxkA
433
543
68-9
398
42
31-1
1416
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
3- eSa ;g ugha tkurk@tkurh fd esjs fo"k; esa
ehfM;k vkSj vkbZ-lh-Vh- ij vkèkkkfjr
lkexzh dgk¡ ls çkIr gksxhA
4- eq>s d{kk esa ehfM;k ;k dEI;wVj dk
mi;ksx djus dk le; ugha fey ikrkA
5- jsfM;ks vkSj Vh-oh- dk;ZØeksa esa
f'k{kk lfEefyr ugha gSA
43
334
471
58-3
495
81
41-7
1381
429
592
72-7
321
62
27-3
1404
702
549
89-4
117
31
10-6
1399
297
418
53-2
441
187
46-8
1343
371
608
73-3
306
51
26-7
1336
8- eSa dEI;wVj dh lgk;rk osQ fcuk Hkh
vius fo"k; dk vPNh rjg f'k{k.k
dj ldrk@ldrh gw¡A
9- eSa ehfM;k vkSj dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx
djuk ilan d:¡xk@d:¡xhA ;fn eq>s
budh tkudkjh gksA
10- eSa ehfM;k vkSj dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx rHkh
d:¡xk@d:¡xhA tc eq>s inksUufr ;k
osru&o`f¼ dk volj feysA
157
442
43-0
649
145
57-0
1393
89
182
20-3
689
375
79-7
1335
474
508
71-2
280
118
28-8
1380
11- f'k{k.k esa dEI;wVj vkSj ehfM;k osQ gksus
;k u gksus ls dksbZ vlj ugha iM+rkA
621
645
90-3
104
32
9-7
1402
12- ikB dks i<+krs le; tc eSa fdlh Hkh
ehfM;k ;k vkbZ-lh-Vh-osQ midj.k dk
mi;ksx djrk@djrh gw¡ rks esjk d{kk
ij fu;a=k.k ugha jg ikrkA
13- f'k{kkFkhZ ehfM;k vkSj dEI;wVj osQ }kjk
lh[kuk ugha pkgrsA
14- eSa ehfM;k vkSj dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx rHkh
djuk pkgwaxk@pkgwaxhA ;fn eq>s muosQ ç;ksx
dk çf'k{k.k fn;k tk,A
15- esjk dke f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks i<+kuk gS]
u fd dEI;wVj vkSj ehfM;k dk
ç;ksx djuk lh[kkukA
465
709
85-4
168
33
14-6
1375
811
476
93-3
59
34
6-7
1380
61
125
13-3
639
574
86-7
1399
518
559
77-3
209
108
22-7
1394
6- gekjs laLFkku esa ehfM;k ,oa vkbZ-lh-Vhdh lqfoèkk ugha gS] blfy, eSa f'k{k.k esa
bldk mi;ksx ugha dj ldk@ldhA
7- gekjs laLFkku esa vkbZ-lh-Vh- dh lqfoèkk,¡ gSa]
ij mu rd esjh ig¡qp ugha gSA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
44
16- vkbZ-lh-Vh- dk mi;ksx f'k{k.k dks
#fpdj cukrk gSA
17- eq>s rduhf'k;u ;k dEI;wVj vkWijsVj dh
vko';drk gS tks ehfM;k vkSj vkbZ-lh-Vhdk mi;ksx djus esa esjh enn dj losQA
18- vkbZ-lh-Vh- mPp f'k{kk esa mi;qDr gS]
u fd fo|ky;h f'k{kk esaA
19- dEI;wVj vkSj baVjusV gesa lh[kus dk tks
vuqHko ns ldrs gSa] og jsfM;ks vkSj Vh-ohugha ns ldrsA
20- eSa f'k{k.k&vfèkxe esa eksckby çkS|ksfxdh
}kjk u, vk;keksa dks lh[kuk pkgrk@pkgrh gw¡A
63
64
9-1
533
729
90-9
1389
145
416
40-5
630
195
59-5
1386
449
722
83-6
178
52
16-4
1401
136
325
32-7
625
323
67-3
1409
73
141
15-1
642
560
84-9
1416
rkfydk 1 dk voyksdu djus ij ;g
Kkr gksrk gS] fd 87» ls vfèkd f'k{kd&çf'k{kd
vius f'k{k.k esa ehfM;k vFkok vkbZ-lh-Vh- dk
mi;ksx djus esa #fp j[krs gSa] tcfd 31» ls
vfèkd ;g ugha tkurs fd ehfM;k vkSj vkbZlh-Vh- dks f'k{k.k çfØ;k osQ vax osQ :i esa
oSQls mi;ksx djsAa yxHkx 42» f'k{kd&çf'k{kd
;g ugha tkurs] fd muosQ fo"k; esa ehfM;k
vkSj vkbZ-lh-Vh- ls lacafèkr lkexzh dgk¡ ls
çkIr gksxhA blosQ vfrfjDr yxHkx 27»
f'k{kd&çf'k{kd eglwl djrs gSa] fd muosQ
ikl ehfM;k vkSj dEI;wVj dks d{kk esa mi;ksx
djus dk le; ugha gSA bl vksj xaHkhj iz;kl
djus dh vko';drk gSA
;g tkudj vPNk yxrk gS] fd 90»
mÙkjnkrk le>rs gSa] fd jsfM;ks vkSj Vh-oh- esa
f'k{kk dh laHkkouk,¡ gSaA ijUrq lkFk gh ;g fpark
dk fo"k; Hkh gS] fd yxHkx 53» f'k{kdksa osQ
ikl d{kk esa vkbZ-lh-Vh- dh lqfoèkk,¡ miyCèk
ugha gaSA yxHkx 73» f'k{kd&çf'k{kdksa us ;g
n'kkZ;k fd mudh viuh laLFkku esa miyCèk
vkbZ-lh-Vh- dh lqfoèkkvksa rd igq¡p gS] ijarq
;g fopkj.kh; fo"k; gS fd 57» f'k{kd&çf'k{kq
le>rs gSa] fd og viuk fo"k; fcuk dEI;wVj
dh lgk;rk osQ Hkh vPNh rjg ls i<+k ldrs
gSaA tcfd 80» f'k{kd&çf'k{kd] tks dEI;wVj
vkSj ehfM;k dks ugha tkurs] ysfdu ekurs gSa
fd os bldk mi;ksx djsaxs vxj mUgsa budk
çf'k{k.k fn;k tk,A yxHkx 29» f'k{kd&çf'k{kd
ehfM;k vkSj vkbZ-lh-Vh- osQ mi;ksx dks inksUufr
ls tksM+ dj ns[krs gSa vkSj ekurs gSa] fd inksUufr
feyus dh fLFkfr esa og bldk mi;ksx viuh
d{kk esa djsaxsA tcfd 90» mÙkjnkrkvksa dk
ekuuk gS fd] ehfM;k vkSj vkbZ-lh-Vh- osQ gksus
;k u gksus ls f'k{k.k esa varj vkrk gSA nwljs
'kCnksa esa] f'k{kd&çf'k{kd vkSj çf'k{kq nksuksa
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
le>rs gS]a fd dEI;wVj vkSj ehfM;k dk mi;ksx
f'k{k.k dks çHkkoh cukrk gSA
f'k{kdksa dk ,d cgql[a ;d leqnk; (85»)
d{kk esa ehfM;k vkSj vkbZ-lh-Vh- dk mi;ksx
djrs le; d{kk ij iw.kZ fu;a=k.k j[krk gS vkSj
;g Hkh ekurk gS fd f'k{kkFkhZ ehfM;k vkSj
dEI;wVj osQ ekè;e ls lh[kuk pkgrs gSaA
;g laKku esa ysus okyh ckr gS fd 87»
f'k{kd ;g Lohdkjrs gSa fd ;fn mUgsa ehfM;k
vkSj dEI;wVj osQ mi;ksx dk çf'k{k.k fn;k x;k
rks og vius fnu&çfrfnu osQ f'k{k.k esa bldk
mi;ksx djsaxsA blh èkkj.kk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,
yxHkx 60» f'k{kd&çf'k{kdksa us laçsf"kr fd;k
fd mUgsa dEI;wVj osQ mi;ksx gsrq ,d rduhf'k;u
vFkok dEI;wVj vkWijsVj dh lgk;rk dh
vko';drk gSA laHkor% blh dkj.k ls 84»
f'k{kd&çf'k{kd ;g fo'okl j[krs gSa fd
vkbZ-lh-Vh- mPp f'k{kk dh rjg gh fo|ky;h
f'k{kk osQ fy, Hkh mi;qDr gSA
77» çf'k{kd bl ckr ls vlger gS fd
esjk dke f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks i<+kuk gS] u fd dEI;wVj
;k ehfM;k osQ lkFk ç;ksx djukA yxHkx 91»
;g ekurs gSa] fd vkbZ-lh-Vh- dk mi;ksx f'k{k.k
dks #fpdj cukrk gSA
67» f'k{kd ;g lksprs gSa] fd dEI;wVj
vkSj baVjusV ls tks vuqHko çkIr gksrs gSa] og
jsfM;ks vkSj Vh-oh- ls çkIr ugha gks ikrsA tcfd
85» f'k{kd eksckby rduhdh osQ }kjk f'k{k.k
vfèkxe osQ u, vk;keksa dks lh[kuk pkgrs gSaA
45
v[kckj] jsfM;ks vkSj Vh-oh- rd igqp
¡
(Access to Newspapers, Radio
and Television)
f'k{kd&çf'k{kdksa dh v[kckj] jsfM;ks vkSj
Vh-oh- rd igq¡p ij ,df=kr çnÙkksa dk fooj.k
rkfydk 2 esa fn;k x;k gS%
rkfydk 2
f'k{kd&çf'k{kdksa dh v[kckj]
jsfM;ks vkSj Vh-oh- rd igq¡p]
vko`fÙk ,oa çfr'kr dk fooj.k
Øl-
v[kckj] jsfM;ks vkSj
Vh-oh- rd igq¡p
vko`fÙk Ikzfr'kr
»
1- OksQoy v[kckj
2- OksQoy jsfM;ks
28
05
01-90
00-35
3- OksQoy Vh-oh4- v[kckj vkSj jsfM;ks
5- v[kckj vkSj Vh-oh-
20 01-38
37 02-60
384 26-50
6- jsfM;ks vkSj Vh-oh31 02-14
7- rhuksa (v[kckj] jsfM;ks vkSj Vh-oh-) 944 65-50
;ksx
1449
rkfydk 2 dks ns[kus ij Kkr gksrk gS] fd
v[kckj] jsfM;ks vkSj Vh-oh- rhuksa vfèkdak'kr%
f'k{kd&çf'k{kdksa (65») dh igq¡p esa gSA ,sls
f'k{kd&çf'k{kd cgqr gh de gS] ftudh igq¡p
esa osQoy v[kckj] osQoy jsfM;ks vFkok osQoy
Vh-oh- gSA
rkfydk 2 ls ;g Hkh Kkr gksrk gS] fd
osQoy v[kckj vkSj Vh-oh- yxHkx 27» f'k{kd&
çf'k{kdksa dh igq¡p esa gSA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
46
dEI;wVj dh lqfoèkk gSA yxHkx brus gh çfr'kr
mÙkjnkrkvksa dh igq¡p vkWfiQl vFkok f'k{kk
(Access to computer)
f'k{kd&çf'k{kdksa osQ fy, dEI;wVj dh lqxerk LkaLFkku osQ dEI;wVj rd gSA
rkfydk 3 ls ;g Hkh irk pyrk gS fd
(accessibility) dks Kkr djus gsrq lkr
vk;keksa ij çkIr çnÙkksa dks rkfydk 3 esa fn;k osQoy 12» f'k{kd&çf'k{kdksa osQ ?kj ij baVjusV
dh lqfoèkk gS] rFkk 15» f'k{kdksa dks muosQ
x;k gS%
vkWfiQl vFkok f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa baVjusV ij
rkfydk 3
dke djus dh lqfoèkk gSA rkfydk ls ;g Hkh
f'k{kd&çf'k{kdksa dh dEI;wVj rd igq¡p
fofnr gksrk gS] fd YkxHkx 15» f'k{kd&
vko`fÙk ,oa çfr'kr dk fooj.k
çf'k{kdksa dks baVjusV osQ fy, lkbcj oSQI+ksQ dk
ØdEI;wVj rd igq¡p
vko`fÙk çfr'kr
mi;ksx djuk iM+rk gSA
l»
dEI;wVj rd igqp
¡
1- dEI;wVj osQ fy, esjh igq¡p u
171
rks ?kj ij gS vkSj u gh fd;ksLd@
lkbcj oSQI+ksQ ijA
6-28
2- dEI;wVj osQ fy, esjh igq¡p
fd;ksLd@lkbcj oSQI+ksQ rd gSA
207
7-60
3- esjs ?kj ij dEI;wVj gSA
595
21-85
4- LowQy@vkWfiQl osQ dEI;wVj
rd esjh igq¡p gSA
574
21-08
5- baVjusV osQ fy, esjh igq¡p
lkbcj oSQI+ksQ rd gSA
406
14-91
6- ?kj ij baVjusV esjh igq¡p esa gSA
345
12-67
7- LowQy@vkWfiQl osQ baVjusV
rd esjh igq¡p gSA
425
15-61
;ksx
dEI;wVj ls ifjp;
(Familiarity with computers)
2723
fVIi.kh% mÙkjnkrkvksa dh la[;k 1466 gSA ;|fi
oqQN mÙkjnkrkvksa us ,d ls vfèkd fodYiksa dk
pquko fd;k gSA vr% oqQYk vko`fÙk 2723 gks xbZ gSA
rkfydk 3 ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd osQoy
21» f'k{kd&çf'k{kdksa osQ ikl ?kj ij gh
dEI;wVj ls ifjp; dh lhek (Limit) tkuus
osQ fy, f'k{kdksa@f'k{kd&çf'k{kdksa dks oqQN
fodYi fn, x, FksA mUgsa fn, x, fodYiksa
dk p;u djus osQ fy, Li"V funsZ'k fn,
x, Fks rFkk mUgsa ,d ls vfèkd fodYi p;u
dh Lora=krk çnku dh xbZ FkhA muosQ }kjk
p;fur fodYiksa dks rkfydk 4 esa n'kkZ;k
x;k gS%
rkfydk 4
dEI;wVj dk ifjp;] vko`fÙk
,oa çfr'kr dk fooj.k
Ø- dEI;wVj rd igq¡p
l1- eSaus dEI;wVj dHkh ugha ns[kkA
vko`fÙk çfr'kr
»
34
0-86
2- eSaus dEI;wVj dk dHkh
mi;ksx ugha fd;kA
120
3-04
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
47
3- eSaus dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx osQoy
,d ist Vkbi djus esa fd;k gSA
300
7-59
ifjp; ij f'k{kdksa@f'k{kd&çf'k{kdksa dh
çfrfØ;k,a rkfydk 5 esa nh xbZ gSaA
4- eSa dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx xsEl
[ksyus esa djrk@djrh gw¡A
5 - eSa dEI;wVj vkSj mlosQ
iSosQ”k ls ifjfpr gw¡A
437
11-06
526
13-31
rkfydk 5
f'k{kk@lh[kus osQ fy, dEI;wVj osQ mi;ksx
dk ifjp;] vko`fÙk ,oa çfr'kr dk fooj.k
6- eSa foaMks”k vkWijsfVax
flLVe ls ifjfpr gw¡A
7 - eSa tkurk@tkurh gw¡]
fd baVjusV D;k gS\
8- esjk bZ&esy (E_mail ID) irk gSA
629
15-92
Ø- f'k{kk@lh[kus osQ fy, dEI;wVj
losQ mi;ksx dk ifjp;
755
19-11
1- eSa çk;% baVjusV dk mi;ksx
djrk@djrh gw¡A
558
23-79
583
14-76
9- eSa bZ&esy dk mi;ksx vius fe=kksa 567
ls laokn osQ fy, djrk@djrh gw¡A
;ksx
3951
14-35
2- LowQy@dkWyst osQ x`gdk;Z@
çkstsDV gsrq dEI;wVj dk
mi;ksx djrk@djrh gw¡A
694
29-58
3- LowQy@dkWyst osQ çkstsDV osQ
fy, eSa baVjusV dh enn
ysrk@ysrh gw¡A
589
25-11
4- lh[kus osQ fy, lh- Mh-@Mh- oh- Mh- 310
mi;ksx djrk@djrh gw¡A
13-21
fVIi.kh% mÙkjnkrkvksa dh la[;k 1466 gSA ;|fi
oqQq N mÙkjnkrkvksa us ,d ls vfèkd fodYiksa dk p;u
fd;k gSA vr% oqQy vko`fÙk 3951 gks xbZ gSA
vko`fÙk çfr'kr
»
rkfydk 4 dks ns[kus ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS]
a yfu±x lkbV dk@dh
195 8-31
fd osQoy 16» mÙkjnkrk dEI;wVj foaMks”k 5- eSmiHkks
Drk gw¡A
vkWijsfVax flLVe ls ifjfpr gSA yxHkx 19»
;ksx
2346
f'k{kd@f'k{kd&çf'k{kd tkurs gSa] fd baVjusV
D;k gS\ tcfd buesa ls osQoy 14» osQ ikl fVIi.kh % mÙkjnkrkvksa dh la[;k 1466 gSA ;|fi
oqQN mÙkjnkrkvksa us ,d ls vfèkd fodYiksa dk p;u
bZ&esy (E_mail ID) irk gS] vkSj LokHkkfod fd;k gS vr% oqQy vko`fÙk 2346 gks xbZ gSA
:i ls brus çfr'kr yksx gh bZ&esy dk mi;ksx
rkfydk 5 esa fn, x, rF;ksa dk voyksdu
vius fe=kksa ls laokn osQ fy, djrs gSaA
djus ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd vfèkdka'kr%
f'k{kk@lh[kus osQ fy, dEI;wVj osQ (30») f'k{kd@f'k{kd&çf'k{kd@ çf'k{kkFkhZ
mi;ksx dk ifjp;
laLFkku vFkok ifj;kstuk osQ dk;Z gsrq dEI;wVj
(Familiarity with use of dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA yxHkx 25» f'k{kd&
computers for education/ çf'k{kd bl dk;Z osQ fy, baVjusV dh Hkh
learning)
enn ysrs gSa rFkk djhc&djhc brus gh
f'k{kk@lh[kus osQ fy, dEI;wVj osQ mi;ksx osQ f'k{kd&çf'k{kd çk;% vU; dk;ksZ esa Hkh baVjusV
48
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
dk mi;ksx djrs gSAa osQoy 8» f'k{kd&çf'k{kd #fpdj gksxk fd f'k{kdksa dk ,d cM+k Hkkx
gh fdlh yfuZax lkbV osQ miHkksDrk gSA
ekurk gS fd dEI;wVj vkSj baVjusV ls tks
vfèkxe vuqHko izkIr gksrs gSa os jsfM;ks vkSj
fu"d"kZ
vè;;u osQ ifj.kkeksa ls Kkr gksrk gS] fd Vh-oh- ls ugha gks ikrsA ;g Hkh è;ku nsus ;ksX;
f'k{kdksa ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k esa gS fd f'k{kd&izf'k{kd eksckby VsDuksykWth osQ
lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh dk egRo f'k{k.k ekè;e ls f'k{k.k&vfèkxe osQ u, vk;keksa dks
vfèkxe esa cgqr vfèkd gSA ijarq izf'k{kdksa dk lh[kuk pkgrs gSaA
vfèkdka'kr% f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa osQ ikl
,d lewg ;g ugha tkurk fd ehfM;k ;k vkbZlh-Vh- dk mi;ksx fdl rjg ls 'kSf{kd izfØ;k vkèkkjHkwr ehfM;k dh lqfoèkk,¡ gSaA vk¡dM+ksa
osQ vax osQ :i esa djsaA vizR;kf'kr :i ls ls ;g Hkh irk pyrk gS fd ftu
oqQN f'k{kd&izf'k{kd ;g ugha tkurs fd muosQ f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa osQ ikl ?kj vFkok vkWfiQl
fo"k; esa ehfM;k vkSj vkbZ-lh-Vh- vkèkkfjr esa dEI;wVj dh lqxerk gS] mUgsa oqQN lhek
rd baVjusV dh lqxerk Hkh gSA cgqr de
lkexzh dgk¡ ls izkIRk gksxhA
,d rjiQ rks f'k{kdksa dk rhu pkSFkkbZ Hkkx f'k{kdksa&izf'k{kdksa osQ ikl bZ&esy dk irk gS
;g Lohdkj djrk gS fd mudh LkaLFkk@egkfo|ky; vkSj os vius fe=kksa rFkk lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk laokn
esa vkbZ-lh-Vh- dh lqfoèkk,a miyCèk gSa] ijarq esa bldk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd cgqr FkksM+s ls gh
nwljh rjiQ ;g ljksdkj lkeus vkrk gS fd
yxHkx 60» f'k{kd&izf'k{kd rFkk f'k{kd f'k{kd&izf'k{kd fdlh yfuZax lkbV osQ xzkgd
dEI;wVj osQ mi;ksx dks f'k{k.k esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSaA var esa ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS
ugha le>rsA OkqQN f'k{kd vkbZ-lh-Vh- vkSj fd vkbZ-lh-Vh- dh lqfoèkkvksa dks f'k{kdksa@
ehfM;k osQ mi;ksx dks inksUufr vkSj osru o`f¼ f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa rFkk izf'k{k.kkFkhZ osQ fy, vkSj
ls tksM+ dj ns[krs gSaA muosQ vuqlkj os ehfM;k vfèkd lqxe cukus dh vko';drk gSA dEI;wVj
vkSj vkbZ-lh-Vh- dk d{kk esa mi;ksx djsaxs ;fn vkSj vkbZ-lh-Vh- ls vkSj vfèkd ifjfpr djkus
blosQ fy, mUgsa inksUufr@osru o`f¼ nh tk,A gsrq tkx:drk dk;ZozQe djus dh vko';drk
vfèkdka'k f'k{kdksa us crk;k fd vkbZ-lh-Vh- gSA gj voLFkk ij f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k osQ lHkh
,oa ehfM;k dk d{kk esa mi;ksx djrs le; os dk;ZozQeksa esa 'kSf{kd izkS|ksfxdh rFkk vkbZ-lh-Vhd{kk dkss iw.kZ fu;a=k.k esa j[krs gSaA ;g tkuuk dks tksM+us dh vko';drk gSA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
49
lanHkZ
http://education.nic.in/secedu/ict.pdf National Policy on Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) In School Education.
tp://www.unesco.org/new/index ICT in Education.
http://data.undp.org.in/hdrc/thematicResource/Poverty/ict_mdg_ wb.pdf
ICT and MDGs a World Bank Group perspectives.
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] 2006] jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk&2005 'kSf{kd izkS|ksfxdh] jk"Vªh; iQksdl lewg dk
vkèkkj i=k] u;h fnYyh-
yksdekU; ckyxaxkèkj fryd dh
'kSf{kd fopkjèkkjk
jf'e JhokLro·
yksdekU; cky xaxkèkj fryd ,d egku ns'kHkDr rFkk jktuhfrK FksA Hkkjr esa f'k{kk
osQ izpkj&izl
z kj esa Hkh mUgksua s vrqyuh; ;ksxnku fn;kA muosQ thou dk eq[; mís';
Fkk Hkkjro"kZ dk mRd"kZA blosQ fy, mUgkaus s f'k{kk dks ,d egRoiw.kZ lkèku ekukA og
Hkkjr esa ,slh f'k{kk O;oLFkk osQ leFkZd Fks tks ckyd dk lok±xh.k fodkl dj mls
thou la?k"kZ osQ fy, rS;kj dj vkSj Nk=kksa esa vkè;kfRed Hkkouk osQ lekos'k ls mUgsa
mÙke pfj=k dk Lokeh cukdj drZO;fu"B cuk, vkSj tudY;k.kdkjh dk;ks± osQ fy,
izsfjr djsA
yksdekU; cky xaxkèkkj fryd dks ge ,d
jk"VªHkDr jktuhfrK osQ :Ik esa tkurs gSa ftuosQ
vkstiw.kZ Hkko osQ lkFk dgs x;s 'kCn ^^LOkjkT;
esjk tUe fl¼ vf/dkj gS vkSj eSa mls ysdj
jgw¡xk** vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; tuekul esa LokfHkeku
dk Hkko iSnk dj nsrs gSaA fryd dks jk"Vªh;
Lokèkhurk vkanksyu esa mxzoknh jktuhfr dk vxznrw
ekuk tkrk gSA Jh vjfoUn us dgk Fkk dkaxl
sz osQ
vkanksyu esa u dksbZ rjhdk Fkk] u pfj=k] u
;kstukA mlesa oqQN vaxsz”kh i<+s&fy[ks yksx yxs
gq, Fks ftuosQ vkn'kZ Ikk'pkR; FksA bl vkanksyu
dh tMs+a] u vrhr esa Fkha u orZeku esaA fryd
igys jk"Vªh; usrk Fks ftUgksaus vrhr ls orZeku
dks feyk;kA ;gh dk;Z mUgksaus f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa
Hkh fd;kA mUgksaus tgk¡ ykWMZ dtZu osQ fujaoqQ'k]
viekutud lkezkT;okn dks lgu ugha fd;k
ogha muosQ }kjk LFkkfir f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks Hkh
Loho`Qfr ugha nhA jktuhfrd Lrj ij muosQ }kjk
izlkfjr Lons'kh dk lans'k f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa Hkh
Lohdkjk x;kA os f'k{kk osQ ekè;e ls ns'kokfl;ksa
·foHkkxkè;{k] (ch-,M-) ghjk yky ;kno ckfydk fMxzh dkWyst] ljkstuh uxj] y[kumQ
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
dk pfj=k fuekZ.k djrs gq, mudks laxfBr djuk
pkgrs FksA
f'k{kk lacaèkh muosQ fopkjksa dh foospuk osQ
ozQe esa loZizFke muosQ thouo`Ùk ij ,d n`f"V
Mkyuk mi;qDr gksxkA
51
ykyu&ikyu gqvkA lu~ 1876 esa ch-,- rFkk
lu~ 1879 esa mUgksaus dkuwu dh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ
dhA mPp f'k{kk izkfIr osQ lkFk gh mUgksaus
ljdkjh ukSdjh esa izo`Ùk uk gksus dk iz.k Hkh
fd;kA
izkjafHkd thou rFkk f'k{kk
f'k{kd thou esa izo's k rFkk lkekftd
yksdekU; cky xaxkèkj fryd cyoUr jko jktuhfrd lfozQ;rk
xaxkèkj fryd osQ iq=k FksA mudk tUe egkjk"Vª
osQ dksad.k ftys osQ jRukfxfj LFkku ij 23
tqykbZ 1856 dks gqvk FkkA fryd osQ firk Jh
xaxkèkj iUr f'k{kk foHkkx esa dk;Z djrs FksA
xf.kr vkSj laLÑr osQ izfr muosQ ân; esa cM+k
yxko Fkk tks fd vkxs pydj muosQ iq=k esa Hkh
izdV gqvkA ckY;dky esa gh fryd dh cqf¼
o rstfLork osQ mnkgj.k feyus yxs FksA mudh
Lej.k 'kfDr vR;Ur rhoz FkhA mudh ekrk
Jherh ikoZrh ckbZ èkkfeZd fopkjksa dh efgyk Fkha
ftldh Li"V Nki fryd osQ O;fDrRo ij iM+h
vkSj os thou Hkj fgUnw laLo`Qfr o fgUnw èkeZ osQ
mikld jgsA nl o"kZ dh vYi vk;q esa mUgs
ekrk dh e`R;q dk lkeuk djuk iM+k FkkA 15
o"kZ dh voLFkk esa mudk fookg rkih ckbZ ls
gqvk vkSj lksyg o"kZ dh vk;q esa mUgksaus thou
oQh ,d vU; nq[kn ?kVuk dk lkeuk fd;kA
muosQ firk muosQ chp ugha jgsA vFkkZr vius
thou dh vYikoLFkk esa gh mUgksaus vusd d"Vksa
dk lkeuk fd;k] fdUrq èkS;Z o lgu'khyrk osQ
lkFk fujarj vè;;ujr jgsA firk dh e`R;q osQ
Ik'pkr pkpk xksfoUn jk; osQ lkfuè; esa mudk
ljdkjh ukSdjh Ikj n`f"V u gksus osQ dkj.k muosQ
ikl dk;Z dh vikj lEHkkouk,¡ FkhaA mUgksaus
viuk izFke dk;Z{ks=k f'k{kk dks pquk vkSj fo".kq
'kkL=kh osQ lkFk feydj lu 1980 esa iwuk esa U;w
bafXy'k LowQy dh LFkkiuk dhA bl LowQy esa
mUgksaus 1 o"kZ rd voSrfud vè;kid osQ :Ik
esa dk;Z fd;kA 1881 esa xksiky jko vkxjdj]
uke tks'kh vkSj fpiyw.kdj osQ lkFk mUgksaus
ejkBk rFkk osQljh i=kksa dk lapkyu izkjEHk fd;kA
1882 esa dksYgkiqj osQ nhoku osQ fojksèk esa rhu
i=kksa dks Nkius osQ dkj.k fryd vkSj vkxjdj
dks pkj eghus oSQn dh ltk gqbAZ ;gk¡ nhoku osQ
vU;k; osQ fo#¼ vkok”k mBkus osQ dkj.k
ejkBh turk osQ ân; esa fryd osQ izfr vknj
o lEeku dh Hkkouk Hkh tkx`r gqbAZ og ejkBh
turk osQ fiz; cu x;sA 1884 esa MsDdu
,tqoQs 'ku lkslkbVh (Deccan Education
Society) dh LFkkiuk osQ ckn 1885 esa iQX;Z'q ku
dkWyst (Ferguson College) [kksyk x;k
fryd us 5 o"kks± rd bl dkWyst esa laLo`Qr
vkSj xf.kr dk vè;kiu fd;kA1 vkn'kZ pfj=k]
O;ogkj dh xaHkhjrk rFkk fo"k; dh fo}rk osQ
52
dkj.k og ,d vkpk;Z osQ :Ik esa J¼k osQ ik=k
gq,A ;|fi vkxs pydj mUgksaus bl lkslkbVh ls
R;kxi=k ns fn;k vkSj ejkBk o osQljh i=kksa osQ
laiknu esa rYyhu gks x;sA fgUnqvksa esa fuHkZ;rk
vkSj la?k"kZ 'kfDr dh Hkkouk dks tkx`r djus osQ
mís'; ls 1893 esa mUgksaus x.kifr mRlo dh
'kq#vkr dhA vkxs pydj ;g lkewfgd x.kifr
mRlo egkjk"Vª esa vR;ar tufiz; gks x;kA blls
mRlkfgr gksdj 1895 es cky xaxkèkj fryd us
ejkBk LojkT; osQ tud f'kokth dh ns'kHkfDr
vkSj vkRe lEeku dh ;kn] lkekU;tu esa rk”kk
djus osQ mís'; ls f'kokth mRlo dks vkjaHk
fd;kA bu mRloksa osQ ekè;e ls turk eas
mRlkg] vkilh HkkbZpkjk rFkk vius Lo;a dh
laLo`Qfr osQ izfr xkSjo dk Hkko tkx ldkA
fryd viuh nwjn`f"V ls bl ckr dk lgh
vuqeku yxk losQ fd èkkfeZd ioks± ij ,df=kr
gksdj ohj iwtk djuk Hkh jk"Vª osQ m¼kj o
jk"Vªh; ,drk osQ fodkl esa lgk;d gks ldrk
gSA fryd rFkk xks[kys nksuksa gh 1889 esa dkaxzsl
osQ vfèkos'kuksa esa lfEefyr gksrs jgs Fks vr% os
jktuhfrd {ks=k esa Hkh lfozQ; jgsA 1896 esa
if'pe Hkkjr esa iMs+ Hkh"k.k vdky esa og
lkekU; turk osQ lgk;rkFkZ [kM+s fn[ksA 1897
esa cEcbZ vkSj iwuk esa Iysx vkSj egkekjh iSQy
tkus ij mUgksaus lgk;rk dk;Z xfBr fd,A jksx
osQ laoQz e.k dh fpark fd, cxSj] turk dh lsok
esa og Lo;a vkxs vk,] blh chp Iysx dh
jksdFkke osQ fy, Iysx dfe'uj js.M us
lkiQ&lI+kQkbZ osQ uke ij turk ij vyx rjg dk
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
ncko cukuk 'kq: fd;kA bl dk;ZozQe osQ izfr
mldh LosPNkpkjh uhfr turk osQ fy, vR;ar
d"Vdkjh FkhA fryd us mldh bl uhfr dk
[kqys 'kCnksa esa fojksèk fd;kA 22 twu 1897 dks
nkeksnj pkosQdj }kjk jS.M vkSj vk;ZLV dh
gR;k dj nh x;h tks fd turk osQ vlarks"k dk
ifj.kke FkkA2 fryd fxjÝrkj gks x, bl ?kVuk
ls izR;{k vFkok vizR;{k lacaèk LFkkfir uk gksus
osQ ckotwn] vax”sz k ljdkj us mu ij jktnzkgs dk
eqdnek pyk;k vkSj mUgsa 18 ekg osQ dBksj
dkjkokl dh ltk nhA ;|fi T;wjh osQ loZlEefr
osQ vHkko esa fn;k x;k ;g fu.kZ; U;k; osQ
fo#¼ FkkA ltk dk vkèkkj f'kokth mRlo ij
fn;s x;s osQljh osQ izdkf'kr O;k[;ku dks cuk;k
x;kA bl ltk ls lkjk ns'k LrCèk FkkA fryd us
fdlh Hkh izdkj dh {kek;kpuk ls badkj djrs
gq, dkjkokl dks Lohdkj fd;kA 18 ekg Ik'pkr
dkjkokl ls eqDr gksus osQ ckn og ,d ohj
;ks¼k osQ leku iqu% lkoZtfud thou esa lfozQ;
gks x,A djUnhUnj us mUgsa vkèkqfud Hkkjr dk
gjD;wfyt rFkk izkes fs Fk;l dgk FkkA3
ek.Mys dkjkokl rFkk Ng o"khZ;
fuokZflr thou
1905 esa ,d ckj iqu% viuh LosNkpkjh uhfr
dk ifjp; nsrs gq, vaxsz”kh ljdkj us caxky osQ
foHkktu dk fu.kZ; fy;kA iwjs ns'k esa muosQ bu
fu.kZ; osQ izfr vlarks"k FkkA fryd us bl
vlarks"k dks vkok”k nhA mUgksaus ,d jk"Vªuk;d
dk :Ik èkkj.k dj caxky foHkktu osQ fojksèk esa
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
fd, tk jgs vkanksyuksa dks jk"Vªh;&nklrk&foekspu
vkanksyu dk :Ik ns fn;kA LojkT;] Lons'kh]
jk"Vªh; f'k{k.k vkSj cfg"dkj osQ dk;ZoQz eksa ls
iwjk ns'k vaxsz”k ljdkj dh neudkjh uhfr osQ
fojksèk esa mB [kM+k gqvkA Lons'kh vkanksyu dh
mxzrk vkSj osx dks ns[kdj vaxszt ljdkj us
viuh uhfr;ksa esa lqèkkj osQ ctk, viuh iwjh
'kfDr bl vkanksyu dks nckus esa yxk nhA vax”zs kksa
osQ 'kfDr izn'kZu o Hkkjrh;ksa osQ fojksèk dh
ijkdk"Bk 1908 osQ eqtÝiQjiqj ce dk.M+ osQ
:Ik esa gqbAZ 4 [kqnhjke cksLk }kjk ftyk eftLVªVs
fdaXl iQksMZ dh xkM+h ij isaQosQ x, ce dk
[kqyk leFkZu u djus osQ ckotwn fryd osQljh
osQ ekè;e ls ozQkafrdkjh vkanksyuksa dk leFkZu
djrs jgs FksA bu yksxksa rFkk ljdkj dh vkcdkjh
uhfr osQ fojksèk izn'kZu dks vkèkkj cukdj ,d
ckj iqu% fryd ij vaxsz”k ljdkj }kjk laxhu
eqdnek pyk;k x;kA fryd dh [kqnhjke cksl]
iziqQYy pkdh] ';ke th o`Q".k oekZ] fouk;d
nkeksnj lkojdj vkfn ozQkafrdkfj;ksa ls lgkuqHkwfr
FkhA vaxsz”k ljdkj us bl eqdnes es fryd dh
tekur rd uk gksus nhA fryd us Lo;a viuh
iSjoh djrs gq, bl eqdnes osQ chp 21 ?kaVs dk
Hkk"k.k fn;k fdUrq 'kfDr osQ en esa pwj vaxsz”kh
fl;klr esa ekuokfèkdkjksa dh dksbZ lquokbZ u
FkhA fryd osQ izHkko o turk ij mudh lhèkh
idM+ ls Mjh gqbZ ljdkj mUgsa fdlh Hkh rjg
turk osQ chp ugha vkus nsuk pkgrh FkhA fczfV'k
iz'kkldksa dh uhfr fdlh Hkh izdkj fryd dks
tsy vFkok fons'k esa LFkkfir dj nsus dh FkhA
53
varr% mUgsa Ng o"kZ osQ fuokZflr thou dk naM
nsrs gq, cekZ osQ ek.Mys tsy Hkst fn;k x;kA
bls mu fnuksa dkys ikuh dh ltk dgk tkrk FkkA
muosQ tsy tkus osQ ckn mxz ny fNUu&fHkUu gks
x;kA
fryd Ng o"kZ rd ek.Mys tsy esa jgsA
bu o"kksZ eas muosQ 'kjhj us vikj {kfr >syhA
'kkjhfjd d"Vksa us mUgsa vle; o`¼ dj fn;k
fdarq ;s oqQN o"kZ mUgksaus ,d ½f"k osQ leku
lkèkuk esa fcrk, vkSj ekufld n`<+rk dks vkSj
ifjiDo fd;kA mUgksaus vius ekufld cy ls
'kkjhfjd d"Vksa ij fot; ikbZA Lo;a osQ fy,
fuokZflr thou dh ltk dh ?kks"k.kk osQ le;
gh mUgksaus dgk Fkk] ;|fi T;wjh us eq>dks
vijkèkh crk;k gS] rFkkfi esjh varjkRek dgrh
gS fd eSa funksZ"k gw¡A lalkj pozQ dks pykus okys
ekuoksa ls mQij fojkV 'kfDr;k¡ gSA d#.kke;
foèkkrk dk ;gh iz;kstu gks ldrk gS fd esjs
d"V lgu esa gh og mís';] ftldk eSa izfrfufèkRo
djrk gw]¡ vfèkd rstLoh cusAa bl tudY;k.kdkjh
Hkkouk osQ lkFk mUgksaus tsy dh l”kk iwjh dhA
bl dkjkokl esa gh mUgksaus vius izfl¼ xzUFk
xhrk jgL; dh jpuk dhA ;g vueksy o`Qfr
1915 esa muosQ tsy ls NwVus osQ ckn izdkf'kr
gqbZA twu 1914 esa ;g egku jk"Vª ;ks¼k tc
tsy ls NwVk rks ,slk izrhr gksrk Fkk ekuks muosQ
ns'k izseh ân; esa ½f"kRo dk izos'k gks x;k gksA
tsy ls NwVus osQ ckn fgEer gkjs cxSj og iqu%
lkoZtfud&jktuhfrd thou esa izfo"V gq,A iwjs
ns'k us mudk [kqys fny ls Lokxr fd;kA ;|fi
54
mudh èkeZiRuh mudk Lokxr djus gsrq izLrqr
uk FkhA ek.Mys dkjkokl dh vofèk iw.kZ gksus
osQ nks o"kZ iwoZ gh mudk nsgkar gks pqdk FkkA
fryd us bu lHkh mrkj&p<+ko osQ chp vius
eu rFkk efLr"d dks la;fer dj gekjs chp
,d vkn'kZ izLrqr fd;kA
LojkT; gekjk tUe fl¼ vfèkdkj gS
mn~?kks"k.kk rFkk izgkj
cky xaxkèkj fryd osQ thou dk eq[; mís';
Fkk Hkkjro"kZ dk mRd"kZA bl mRd"kZ esa og
vaxsztksa dh nklrk dks lcls cM+k caèku ekurs
FksA vr% ns'k dks vktknh fnykuk mudh izkFkfedrk
FkhA 1916 esa gkse:y yhx dh LFkkiuk gksus
osQ lkFk gh ,uh cslsUV osQ lkFk feydj mUgksaus
x`g LojkT; vkanksyu vFkok gkse:y vkanksyu
}kjk LojkT; dk lan's k if'peh Hkkjr esa xqt
a k;eku
dj fn;kA blh o"kZ (1916) y[kumQ dkaxzsl
vfèkos'ku esa mUgksaus iwjs ukS o"kZ ckn fgLlk
fy;kA fryd osQ ije fojksèkh oSysfUVu f'kjksy
rd us ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd tc y[kumQ
dkaxszl osQ iaMky esa fryd us izos'k fd;k rc
nsork osQ leku mudk Lokxr fd;k x;kA blh
volj ij mUgksua s mn~?kks"k.kk dh] ^LojkT; gekjk
tUefl¼ vfèkdkj gS*A muosQ ln~i;z Ruksa ls
dkaxszl rFkk eqfLye yhx dk vfèkos'ku ,d gh
iaMky esa lkFk&lkFk gqvkA y[kumQ iSDV rS;kj
gqvk ftlesa dkaxl
sz rFkk eqfLye yhx us feydj
LojkT; dh ekax izLrqr dhA 1917&18 osQ chp
ns'k Hkj esa LojkT; dk egkea=k xwat mBkA 1918
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
esa os loZlEefr ls dkaxszl osQ vè;{k pqus x,]
fdUrq f'kjksy osQl osQ flyflys esa baXyS.M pys
tkus dh otg ls enu eksgu ekyoh; us bl
in dh 'kksHkk c<+kbZA 1918 osQ vafre f=kekl
esa os foyk;r jgsA oSysfUVu f'kjksy us viuh
iqLrd Hkkjrh; vlarks"k (Indian Unrest)
esa fryd osQ jktuhfrd dk;ks± dh vkykspuk
dh FkhA fryd us ml ij eqdnek pyk;k Fkk
;|fi ;gka Hkh mUgsa U;k; uk fey ldk Fkk]
gka Hkkjr dh turk osQ ân; esa mudk lEeku
T;ks&a dk&R;ksa fo|eku FkkA mUgsa fryd osQ vkn'kZ
O;fDrRo] fo'kq¼ vkRek rFkk mudh vlhe
ns'kHkfDr osQ fy, fdlh izdkj osQ izek.k dh
vko';drk u FkhA mudk O;fDrRo rFkk o`QfrRo
Hkkjr esa T;ksa&dk&R;ksa J}s; cuk jgkA
foyk;r izokl esa viuh jktuhfrd nwjn£'krk
dk ifjp; nsrs gq, fryd us fczfV'k e”knwj
ny osQ lkFk jktuhfrd lacaèk LFkkfir fd,A
vkxs pydj Hkkjr dks Lora=krk iznku djus dk
dk;Z etnwj ny us gh fd;kA5 1919 osQ
tfy;kokyk ckx dkaM ls og cgqr O;fFkr Fks
vr% tfy;kokyk ckx rFkk f[kykI+kQr osQ eqís
ij xk¡èkh th osQ lkFk vlg;ksx vkanksyu pykus
dh mUgksaus lgefr iznku dhA 1vxLr 1920
dk fnu bl vkanksyu dk Jh x.ks'k djus osQ
fy, fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k Fkk fdarq 31 tqykbZ
dh jkr 12 ctdj pkyhl feuV ij mUgksaus
egkiz;k.k dj fy;kA psrukoLFkk esa muosQ
eq[k ls lqus x, vfUre okD; ¶;nk ;nk fg
èkeZL;¸ FkkA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
LojkT; gekjk tUe fl¼ vfèkdkj gS bl
?kks"k.kk osQ lkFk vaxzs”k ljdkj ij fd, tkus
okys izgkj osQ osx dh mQtkZ mUgksaus vius 'kjhj
ls pqdkbZ FkhA fujarj Je rFkk vfrO;Lr fnup;kZ
us mUgsa le; iwoZ e`R;q osQ fudV igq¡pk fn;k
FkkA Hkkjr osQ bl egku usrk dh 'ko;k=kk esa
vikj tulewg meM+ iM+k FkkA mudh e`R;q ls
iwjk ns'k nq%[kh FkkA
O;fDrRo rFkk ÑfrRo
cky xaxkèkj fryd dk O;fDrRo rFkk ÑfrRo
vkt Hkh gekjs fy, izsj.kk dk L=kksr gSA og ,d
èkk£ed rFkk vkRelEekuh ifjokj ls lacafèkr Fks
ftldh Nki muosQ O;fDrRo ij FkhA ljdkjh
ukSdjh uk djus dk iz.k muosQ vkRelEeku dk
izrhd FkkA xksiky x.ks'k vkxjdj rFkk fo".kq'kkL=kh
fpiyw.kdj osQ lkFk mUgksaus dbZ o"kZ f'k{kk osQ
izcaèk ,oa vè;kiu dk dk;Z fd;kA mUgksaus
Hkkjrh; turk osQ chp lknk thou rFkk mPp
fopkj dk vkn'kZ Hkh izLrqr fd;kA ,d f'k{kk'kkL=kh
osQ :i eas mUgksua s iwuk U;w bafXy'k LowQy] MsDdu
,tqosQ'ku lkslkbVh rFkk iQX;ql
Z u dkyst dh
LFkkiuk esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k FkkA vius
thoudky esa mUgksaus ftl dk;Z esa gkFk yxk;k
ml ij viuk xaHkhj izHkko NksM+kA mudh esèkk
cM+h oqQ'kkxz FkhA vaxszt ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa esa
fNih oqQfVyrk dks Hkk¡ius esa mUgsa le; uk
yxrk] os bl oqQfVyrk dks lkekU; turk osQ
lkeus ykus esas Hkh u fgpdrs FksA bl egku ns'k
izseh dk lkgl] fuHkZ;rk rFkk n;kyqrk ge lc
osQ fy, vuqdj.kh; gSA
55
mUgksaus vius thou osQ yxHkx 40 o"kZ
fcuk fdlh futh ykHk osQ ns'k dh lsok esa
le£ir fd, FksA osQljh osQ ekè;e ls mUgksaus
izko`Qfrd vfèkdkjksa] jktuhfrd Lora=krk vkSj
U;k; dk lans'k ?kj&?kj igq¡pk;k FkkA os osQoy
vkozQked jk"Vªoknh gh ugha Fks] jktuhfr osQ {ks=k
esa muosQ }kjk fd, x, dk;ks± esa gesa mPpdksfV
osQ O;ogkjoqQ'ky jkteeZK osQ xq.k Hkh ns[kus
dks feyrs gSaA jktuhfrd thou dh okLrfodrk
dh mUgsa vPNh ij[k dhA oDrk rFkk ys[kd
osQ :i esa og lhèkh&lknh] Li"V o roZQiw.kZ
Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrs FksA os yksdra=koknh Fks
mUgksaus vius ns'kokfl;ksa ls izse fd;k vkSj mUgsa
jktuhfrd Lora=krk dk ewY; le>k;kA muesa
izcy uSfrd psruk FkhA ;gh dj.k gS fd
mUgksaus dHkh Hkh vuqfpr mik;ksa dks Lohdkj
ugha fd;kA egkRek xkaèkh us fy[kk Hkh gS &
¶eSaus vUrjkRek dk ewY; fryd egjkt ls
lh[kk gSA¸ os fy[krs gSa ¶tgk¡ rd eSa fryd
osQ O;fDrRo dks le> ik;k gw¡ os Hkxon~xhrk
osQ 'kCnksa esa fLFkfrizK vkSj f=kxq.kkrhr FksA e`R;q
dks lkeus [kM+k ns[kdj Hkh os iw.kZr% vfopfyr
jgsA** okLro essa og ,sls egkiq#"k Fks ftUgksaus
¶LojkT;¸ vkSj ¶deZ;ksx¸ nks ea=k Hkkjro"kZ dks
fn,A
,d izdkaM iafMr rFkk ejkBh lkfgR; dh
foHkwfr osQ :i esa Hkh fryd vej gSaA mUgksaus
ejkBh esa vkstiw.kZ rFkk l'kDr x|'kSyh dk
fuekZ.k fd;kA mudh oqQN egÙoiw.kZ lkfgfR;d
jpuk,¡ osQljh osQ vadksa esa izdkf'kr gqb±A xhrk
56
jgL; osQ vfrfjDr mudh izfl¼ jpuk,¡ gSa&
1- n vksjkeu] 2- n vkoZQfVd gksu bu fn
osnk”k 3- oSfnd ozQksuksykWth ,.M osnkax T;ksfr"kA
Hkk"kk dh 'kq¼rk o lgtrk osQ lkFk mudh
jpukvksa esa xf.kr dk xgjk izHkko ik;k tkrk gSA
fryd rFkk vkxjdj nksuksa us feydj egkjk"Vª
esa f'k{kk vkanksyu pyk;k FkkA os if'peh f'k{kk
vkSj laLÑfr osQ vaèkkuq;k;h Hkh ugha FksA mUgksaus
f'k{kk dks vius jk"Vªokn dk ewykèkkj cuk;kA
mUgksaus f'k{kk osQ ekè;e ls ns'kokfl;ksa dk
pfj=k&fuekZ.k djrs gq, mudks laxfBr djus dk
LoIu ns[kk FkkA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd
yksdekU; fryd ,d egku ns'kHkDr] oqQ'ky
jktuhfrK] liQy ys[kd gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk
vkn'kZ O;fDrRo osQ Lokeh FksA Hkkjr dh f'k{kk
O;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esa Hkh og thoui;±r
laosnu'khy jgsA mudh 'kSf{kd fopkjèkkjk osQ
egÙoiw.kZ va'k gekjs fy, vkt Hkh viuk
fo'ks"k egÙo j[krs gSaA
fryd osQ 'kSf{kd fopkj
cky xaxkèkj fryd i<+uk&fy[kuk lh[k ysus dks
f'k{kk ugha ekurs FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ¶f'k{kk
ogh gS tks gesa thfodksiktZu osQ ;ksX; cuk,]
ns'k dk lPpk ukxfjd cuk,] gesa gekjs iwot
Z ksa
dk Kku vkSj vuqHko nsA** fryd o vkxjdj
us feydj egkjk"Vª esa ftl f'k{kk vkanksyu dh
uhao j[kh Fkh og Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k o jk"Vªokn
dk fgek;rh FkkA muosQ }kjk LFkkfir U;w bafXy'k
LowQy vax”sz kh f'k{kk O;oLFkk ls fHkUu FkkA mudk
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
ekuuk Fkk fd jk"Vªh; f'k{kk ls gh jk"Vªh; pfj=k
dk fuekZ.k gks losQxkA fryd us crk;k fd
f'k{kk izkIr djuk lLrk gksuk pkfg, vkSj f'k{kd
osQ ml vkn'kZokn ls vuqiszfjr gksuk pkfg, tks
fd ns'k osQ izkphu bfrgkl esa fo|eku jgk gSA
Hkkjr osQ oSfnd vkSj mifu"kfnd ;qxksa osQ xq#
vkSj vkpk;Z èku rFkk HkkSfrd le`f¼ osQ fy,
fo[;kr ugha FksA mudh izflf¼] mudh igpku
eq [ ;r% mudh fo}rk] lR;fu"Bk vkS j
drZO;ijk;.krk osQ dkj.k FkhA yksdekU; fryd
pkgrs Fks fd Hkkjr osQ iqu#¼kj osQ fy, ml
iqjkru vkn'kZ dks vaxhdkj fd;k tk,A
;gk¡ gesa ;g Hkh è;ku nsuk gksxk fd mUgksaus
Hkkjr osQ jktuhfrd fodkl esa vaxzs”kh f'k{kk osQ
;ksxnku dh vuns[kh ugha dhA gkse:y vkanksyu
osQ fnuksa esa tc os ns'k dk nkSjk dj jgs Fks ml
le; Hkh mUgksaus Li"V :i ls fcuk ladksp osQ
Lohdkj fd;k fd vaxsz”kh f'k{kk us ns'k osQ
jktuhfrd tkxj.k esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k
FkkA okLro esa fryd us Hkkjrh; vkn'kks± rFkk
Ikk'pkR; dk;Ziz.kkyh vkSj laLFkkvkas osQ leUo;
dks egÙo fn;k FkkA vkxs dk dk;Z og Lo;a
dh cksyh&Hkk"kk dks vkèkkj cukdj djuk pkgrs
FksA mUgksaus ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh fd ;fn vki pkgrs
gSa fd fo|kFkhZ i<+k, gq, dks vkRelkr dj
losaQ rks fons'kh Hkk"kk osQ vè;;u dk cks> de
djuk gksxk] ugha rks os tks oqQN i<+saxs mls fcuk
le>s jVrs jgsaxs vkSj os vèkZf'kf{kr nq£oXèkksa ls
vfèkd oqQN u cu losaQxsA fryd dk ekuuk
Fkk fd ^^gesa vius LowQy Lo;a LFkkfir djus
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
pkfg, vkSj viuk dke fu%LokFkZ Hkko ls 'kq:
djuk pkfg,A** mUgkasus Hkkjr esa vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk
dks lh[kus dh ckè;rk dks mfpr ugha ekukA os
jk"VªHkk"kk dh vko';drk dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tkurs
Fks vkSj fgUnh Hkk"kk dks Hkkjr dh jk"VªHkk"kk
cuk, tkus osQ leFkZd FksA gk¡] ;gk¡ mUgksaus
{ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa dh egÙkk dh Hkh vuns[kh ugha
dhA
,d lkekftd lqèkkjoknh gksus osQ ukrs og
f'k{kk esa Hkh lqèkkjokn osQ leFkZd Fks vkSj f'k{kk
esa vko';drkuqlkj le;&le; ij ifjorZu
fd, tkus dks ”k:jh ekurs FksA6 mUgksua s f'k{kk dks
lkekftd fodkl dk osaQnzfcanq ekuk FkkA os
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk osQ leFkZd FksA fryd rFkk muosQ
lkfFk;ksa us LojkT; dk tks ea=k tu&tu rd
igq¡pk;k mlesa Lons'kh] cfg"dkj o fuf"ozQ;
izfrjksèk osQ lkFk&lkFk jk"Vªh; f'k{kk dh uhfr
ij Hkh ”kksj fn;k x;k FkkA mUgksaus osQljh esa
fy[kk Fkk fd ^^gekjk jk"Vª ,d o`{k dh rjg gS
ftldk ewy ea=k LojkT; gS rFkk Lons'kh vkSj
cfg"dkj mldh 'kk[kk,¡ gSaA** èkhjs&èkhjs Lons'kh
dks vkSj Hkh O;kid vFkZ eas Lohdkj fd;k tkus
yxkA f'k{kk] fopkjksa vkSj thou i¼fr esa Hkh
Lons'kh dh ckr dh tkus yxh vkSj ,d ,slh
f'k{kk O;oLFkk osQ fy, tuer cu ldk tks ns'k
dh viuh ,d igpku gksA tks ns'k dh
vko';drk] mlosQ fodkl osQ vuq:i gksA
Lons'kh vkanksyu osQ fnuksa esa os f'k{kk osQ jk"Vªoknh
igyw ij cy nsus yxs FksA ckydksa osQ pfj=k
fuekZ.k dh izfozQ;k esa og èkk£ed f'k{kk dh
57
egÙkk osQ izfr cM+s ltx fn[kkbZ fn,A mUgksaus
dgk Fkk fd ¶osQoy èkeZfujis{k f'k{kk pfj=k dk
fuekZ.k djus osQ fy, i;kZIr ugha gSA èkk£ed
f'k{kk vko';d gS] D;ksafd mPPk fl¼karksa vkSj
vkn'kks± dk vè;;u gesa iki deks± ls nwj j[krk
gS èkeZ gesa loZ'kfDreku ijekRek osQ okLrfod
Lo:i dk n'kZu djkrk gSA gekjk èkeZ crykrk
gS fd vius deks± ls euq"; nsork rd cu
ldrk gSA tc ge vius deks± ls nsork cu
ldrs gSa] rks vius deks± ls ge ;wjksiokfl;ksa dh
Hkk¡fr cqf¼eku vkSj fozQ;k'khy D;ksa ugha cu
ldrs\ oqQN yksxkasa dk dguk gS fd èkeZ ls
>xM+s mRiUu gksrs gSa] fdUrq eSa iwNrk gw¡] èkeZ esa
>xM+k djuk dgk¡ fy[kk gS\ ;fn lalkj esa dksbZ
,slk èkeZ gS tks vU; èkk£ed fo'oklksa osQ izfr
lfg".kqrk dk mins'k nsrk gS vkSj lkFk&gh&lkFk
vius èkeZ ij n`<+ jguk fl[kkrk gS] rks og
osQoy fgUnw èkeZ gSA bu LowQyksa esa fgUnqvksa dks
fgUnw èkeZ dh vkSj eqlyekuksa dks bLyke dh
f'k{kk nh tk,xh vkSj ogk¡ ;g Hkh fl[kk;k
tk,xk fd euq"; dks nwljs èkeks± osQ Hksnksa dks
Hkwyuk pkfg,A¸ 7
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd fryd osQ
èkk£ed f'k{kk lacaèkh n`f"Vdks.k O;kid rFkk
vR;ar O;kogkfjd gSaA og èkeZ osQ ekè;e ls
ckydksa esa mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k vkSj vkRecy
dk fodkl djuk pkgrs FksA èkeZ dh f'k{kk
ckydksa osQ pfj=k dks mÙke cukdj muosQ Hkhrj
tu dY;k.kdkjh Hkkoukvksa dk fodkl dj
losQ] bl ckr ij mUgksaus lnSo cgqr cy fn;kA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
58
vaxzsth f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa fufgr bl deh dh
vksj mUgksaus gekjk è;ku Hkh vkd£"kr fd;kA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk ij fn, x, ,d Hkk"k.k esa mUgksaus
dgk Hkh Fkk fd vaxsztksa dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ
varxZr chl o"kZ rd yM+us osQ ckn euq"; dks
èkk£ed f'k{kk osQ fy, dksbZ nwljk }kj [kV[kVkuk
iM+rk gSA tks yksx vius iwjs f'k{kk dky esa eu
esa ;g fopkj tek ysrs gSa fd èkeZ dksjk vkMacj
gS muesa drZO; dh dksbZ Hkkouk 'ks"k ugha jg
tkrhA mUgksaus ;g Hkh crk;k fd ¶fdlh dks
vius èkeZ ij vfHkeku oSQls gks ldrk gS ;fn
og mlls vufHkK gS\¸
mUgksaus bl vksj Hkh gekjk è;ku vkd£"kr
fd;k Fkk fd f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa jktuhfrd f'k{kk
Hkh nh tk,A mudk ekuuk Fkk fd blosQ vHkko
esa ukxfjdksa esa vius vfèkdkjksa vkSj drZO;ksa osQ
izfr tkx`fr mRiUu ugha gksxhA fryd us vkS|ksfxd
f'k{kk dks Hkh i;kZIr egÙo fn;kA mudk ekuuk
Fkk fd m|ksx ,oa izkfofèkd f'k{kk dks ikB~;ozQe
esa vo'; LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg,] rkfd
f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa esa vkthfodk&miktZu dh {kerk
fodflr dh tk losQA
Li"V gS fd cky xaxkèkj fryd Hkkjr esa
,d ,slh f'k{kk O;oLFkk osQ leFkZd Fks tks
ckyd dk lok±xh.k fodkl dj mls thou osQ
la?k"kZ osQ fy, rS;kj dj losQA tks Nk=kksa esa
èkk£ed Hkkouk osQ lekos'k ls mUgsa mÙke pfj=k
dk Lokeh cukdj drZO;fu"B cuk, vkSj mUgsa
tudY;k.kdkjh dk;ks± osQ fy, izfs jr djsA mUgkaus s
f'k{kk osQ ekè;e ls fo|k£Fk;ksa esa ns'k&izse dh
Hkkouk dk fodkl fd, tkus dk leFkZu fd;k
vkSj ns'k osQ jktuhfrd tkxj.k o izxfr osQ
fy, 'kSf{kd lqfoèkkvksa osQ izpkj dks vko';d
ekukA
lanHkZ
pkScs] ,l-ih-] pkScs] vf[kys'k] 2007] ,tqosQ'kuy fFkadlZ] uhydey ifCyosQ'ku] gSnjkckn] i`-&86
oekZ] oh-ih-] 2002] vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpUrd] y{ehukjk;u vxzoky] vkxjk] i`-&228
djUnhdj] ,l-,y-] 1957] yksdekU; ckyxaxkèkj fryd % fn gjD;wyh”k ,.M izksesfFk;l vkWiQ ekWMuZ
bafM;k] fn vkWFkj] iwuk
'kekZ] ch-,e-] 'kekZ] jkeÑ".k nÙk] 'kekZ] lfork] 2005] Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkjd] jkor ifCyosQ'ku]
u;h fnYyh i`-&71&75
oekZ] oh-ih-] 2002] vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpUrd] iwoZ lan£Hkr i`-&229
jgcj] galjkt] 2007] fryd ls vkt rd] lk{kh izdk'ku] fnYyh] i`-&77
oekZ] oh-ih-] 2002] vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpUrd] iwoZ lan£Hkr i`-&241
,sls djsa vkRefujh{k.k
nqx'sZ k ufUnuh·
izLrqr vkys[k dk mís'; ekuo O;ogkj esa xyr vknrksa osQ LFkku ij vPNh vknrksa
dk fodkl djuk gSA ftldk eq[; Ïksr gS vkRefujh{k.kA ;fn euq"; viuh ÅtkZ dk
vfèkdre Ikz;ksx Lo;a vius O;ogkj dks ij[kus ,oa le>us esa yxkuk izkjaHk dj nsrk
gS rks okLro esa og vius mís'; esa liQy gks ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh y{; dks izkIr djus
osQ fy, lcls vfèkd vko';drk gksrh gS] n`<+ld
a Yi dhA blh n`<+ld
a Yi dks ;fn
ekuo O;ogkj esa 'kqHkladYiksa osQ :i esa Ikz;Dq r fd;k tk, rks O;fDr ldkjkRed ÅtkZ
dk Ïksr cudj viuk gh ugha vfirq ns'k dk ,oa leLr fo'o dk dY;k.k djus esa
l{ke gks ldrk gSA bUgh n`<+ld
a Yiksa osQ ekè;e ls ysf[kdk us vkRefujh{k.k osQ egRo
dks izfrikfnr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
vkRefujh{k.k dk vFkZ gS vius vki dk fujh{k.k
djukA D;k ge lpeqp dHkh viuk fujh{k.k
djrs gSa\ D;k ge dHkh le; fudkyrs gSa ;g
ns[kus osQ fy, fd ge lgh gSa ;k xyr\
cfYd] ge xkSj ls lkspsa rks ge ik,axs fd gekjk
iwjk fnu rks nwljksa dk fujh{k.k djus esa fudy
tkrk gSA gekjk vfèkdrj le; Lo;a dks lgh
vkSj nwljksa dks xyr fl¼ djus esa fudy tkrk
gSA ;fn ge xyr Hkh gSa rks Hkh gekjh ÅtkZ blh
dk;Z esa yxh jgrh gS fd ge Lo;a dks lgh
vkSj nwljksa dks xyr fl¼ dj nsa vkSj bl
dkj.k ge viuh ÅtkZ dks jpukRed ;k mi;ksxh
dk;ks± esa iwjh rjg ugha yxk ikrsA gekjh ÅtkZ
dk ,d cgqr cM+k Hkkx osQoy bl dkj.k u"V
gks tkrk gS fd ge Lo;a dk fujh{k.k djosQ
viuh dfe;ksa dks nwj ugha djrsA
,d cgqr cM+k vesfjdu cSd
a gS ^de£'k;y
us'kuy cSad* okWy LVªhV vesfjdkA bl cSad osQ
lcls lI +kQy ps;jeSu gq, Jh ,p-ih- gkWosy tks
fd vU; dbZ daifu;ksa osQ funs'kd Hkh FksA tc
·çoDrk] egkjktk lwjtey f'k{kk laLFkku] lh&4] tudiqjh] u;h fnYyh&110058
60
muls iwNk x;k fd mudh liQyrk dk jgL;
D;k gS rks mudk dguk Fkk fd esjs ifjokjtu
vPNh rjg ls tkurs gSa fd eSa 'kfuokj 'kke dks
dgha ugha tkrkA os 'kfuokj 'kke osQ fy, esjk
dksbZ dk;ZØe fuèkkZfjr ugha djrsA njvly] os
cksy]s gj 'kfuokj dh 'kke eSa vius vkRefujh{k.k
esa O;rhr djrk gw¡A eSa viuh Mk;jh esa ns[krk
gw¡ fd iwjs lIrkg eSua s D;k fd;k\ fdlls&fdlls
feyk o ehfVaXl bR;kfnA fiQj eSa fopkj djrk
gw¡ fd lIrkg&Hkj eSaus D;k&D;k dk;Z lgh <ax
ls fd, vkSj D;k&D;k xyfr;k¡ dhA dHkh&dHkh
rks pkSad tkrk gw¡ fd eq> ls ,slh xyfr;k¡ Hkh
gks ldrh gSaA fiQj eSa fopkj djrk gw¡ fd eSaus
viuh xyfr;ksa ls D;k lh[kk\ bl vkRefujh{k.k
dh fofèk dks viukus ls eq>s ;g ykHk gqvk gS
fd eSa vc viuh xyfr;ksa dks de&ls&de
nksgjkus yxk gw¡A
,p-ih- gkWosy rks vius vkRefujh{k.k osQ
fy, iwjs lIrkg bartkj djrs Fks fdUrq csatkfeu
iSzaQfDyu rks muls Hkh ,d dne vkxs FksA os rks
jks”k jkr dks viuk vkRefujh{k.k djrs FksA
mUgksaus viuh rsjg xaHkhj xyr vknrksa dh lwph
cukbZ Fkh ftuesa ls eq[; rhu Fkha&le; u"V
djuk] NksVh&NksVh ?kVukvksa ij rukoxzLr gks
tkuk vkSj cgl djukA csatkfeu iSzaQfDyu dks
;g irk Fkk fd tc rd og viuh bu dfe;ksa
dks nwj ugha djrs os cgqr vfèkd liQy ugha
gks ldrs] vr% og viuh ,d deh dks pqu
ysrs Fks vkSj ,d lIrkg rd mls nwj djus esa
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
tqV tkrs FksA vxys lIrkg os nwljh deh dks
idM+ ysrs Fks vkSj mls nwj djus esa tqV tkrs FksA
jks”kkuk ;g ns[krs Fks fd vkt os thrs ;k mudh
cqjh vknrA mUgksaus viuh cqjh vknrksa ls ;g
yM+kbZ nks o"kks± ls Hkh vfèkd le; rd tkjh
j[kh vkSj ;gh jgL; Fkk bl çfrHkk'kkyh O;fDr
dh liQyrk dkA
;fn dksbZ vU; O;fDr gesa gekjh deh
ls voxr djkrk gS rks gesa cnkZ'r ugha gksrk
vkSj ge vius dks lgh fl¼ djus esa yx
tkrs gSaA vr% blls igys fd dksbZ nwljk O;fDr
gekjs nks"kksa dks mNkys D;ksa u ge Lo;a gh
mls ,slk djus ls igys gjk nsaA D;ksa u ge
viuh xyr vknrksa dks Lo;a [kkst dj nwj
djus osQ ç;kl çkjaHk dj nsaA xyr vknrksa
osQ LFkku ij vPNh vknrksa dk fodkl vius
Hkhrj çkjaHk dj nsaA blosQ fy, gesa ;g
le>uk vko';d gS fd gekjs Hkhrj xyr
vknrsa iM+rh oSQls gSa\ cfYd gesa ;g le>us
dk ç;kl djuk gksxk fd geesa vknrsa oSQls
iM+rh gSa\ tks Hkh ge ckj&ckj djrs gSa] og
gekjh vknr cu tkrh gSA lkgliw.kZ O;ogkj
ckj&ckj djus ls ge lkglh cu tkrs gSaA
bZekunkjhiw.kZ ,oa U;k;iw.kZ O;ogkj ckj&ckj
djus ls ge bZekunkj ,oa U;k;dkjh cu tkrs
gSaA tc ,d vfèkdkjh igyh ckj ?kwl ysrk
gS rks mlosQ gkFk dk¡irs gS] tc nwljh ckj
ysrk gS rks igys ls de Mjrk gS vkSj fiQj
rks ?kwl ysuk mldh vknr esa vk tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
?kwl ysus osQ laLdkj mlosQ Hkhrj mRiUu gks
tkrs gSaA tc ,d deZpkjh vkWfiQl esa igyh
ckj ysV vkrk gS rks Mjrk gS] tc mlls oqQN
fnu rd oqQN ugha dgk tkrk rks nsj ls vkuk
mldh vknr gks tkrh gSA vkt gekjs vkSj
gekjs cPpksa osQ laLdkjksa dk fuekZ.k djus esa
lcls vxz.kh gS Vh-oh-A 18 o"kZ dh vk;q rd
igq¡prs&igq¡prs Vh-oh- ij ns[ks tkus okys fgald
n`';ksa dh la[;k yxHkx nks yk[k gks tkrh
gSA tc ge Vh-oh- ns[k jgs gksrs gSa ;k jsfM;ks
lqu jgs gksrs gSa rks gekjk psru eu de vkSj
vèkZpsru eu vfèkd lfØ; gksrk gSA gekjk
vèkZpsru eu og lc oqQN ,df=kr djrk jgrk
gSA D;ksafd ge Vh-oh- ls cgl ugha dj ikrsA
(nSfud tkxj.k] 19 tqykbZ 2009)
tc ge fiQYe ns[kus tkrs gSa] rks ge dHkh
g¡lrs gSa vkSj dHkh jksrs gS]a D;ksfa d gekjk vèkZprs u
eu tks ,df=kr djrk gS mlosQ ifj.kke rqjar
lkeus vkus izkjaHk gks tkrs gSaA gekjk vèkZpsru
eu ,d cxhps osQ leku gS ftls bl ckr dh
dksbZ fpark ugha gS fd ge mlesa D;k cks jgs gSaA
;fn ge blesa vPNs cht cks,axs rks gesa vPNk
cxhpk feysxk vkSj ;fn ge pkgsaxs rks ;g
cxhpk >kM+&>a[kkM+ vkfn ls Hkj tk,xkA
vc iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd ;fn cká
dkj.k gekjs vèkZpsru eu dks izHkkfor djrs gSa
rks D;k ge brus x,&xqtjs gSa fd vius vèkZprs u
eu dks mi;ksx esa ykdj viuh xyr ;k [kjkc
vknr dks nwj ugha dj ldrsA vkb,] ns[ksa
61
fd ge vius vèkZpsru eu dks mi;ksx esa
ykdj fdl izdkj vius nks"kksa dks nwj dj
ldrs gSa µ
izFke pj.k
lcls igys gesa vkRefujh{k.k djuk iM+sxk vkSj
viuh xyr vknrksa dh ,d lwph cukuh gksxh
tks fd fuEufyf[kr udkjkRed o`fÙk;ksa ij fuHkZj
djrh gS µ bZ";kZ] }s"k] Hk;] ghurk] vlqj{kk]
Øks è k] fua n k] ok.kh dh dVq r k] nCcw i u]
vijkèk&Hkkouk] dke dks Vkyuk] vla;e] yksHk]
vgadkj] vlR;] vU;k; vkfnA
f}rh; pj.k
vc gesa lwph cukuh gksxh bu vPNh vknrksa
dh] mu ldkjkRed Hkkoukvksa dh tks ge vius
Hkhrj fodflr djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj tks fuEufyf[kr
ldkjkRed o`fÙk;ksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSa µ çse]
{kek] vkRefo'okl] bZ'oj esa fo'okl] 'kkafr]
ç'kalk] ok.kh esa feBkl] lkgl] Lo;a dks {kek
djuk] dke rqjra fuiVkuk] la;e] R;kx] fouezrk]
lR; vkSj U;k; bR;kfnA
r`rh; pj.k
vc gesa lwph cukuh gS mu 'kqHkladYiksa dh
tks geesa vPNh ;k ldkjkRed vknrksa dks
fodflr djokus okys gksaxsA mnkgj.kLo:i&
;fn ge vkyL; dks nwj Hkxkdj dke dks
fuiVkus dh izo`fr dk fodkl vius Hkhrj
djuk pkgrs gSa] rks gekjk 'kqHkladYi oqQN bl
izdkj dk gksxkµ
62
esjk gj dk;Z Bhd le; ij ;k mlls
igys gh iw.kZ gks tkrk gSA ;k ;fn ge eglwl
djrs gSa fd ge eu gh eu ?kqV jgs gSa rks gekjk
'kqHkladYi gksxkµ
viuh Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djuk vPNh
ckr gS] eSa vius vkidks viuh Hkkouk,¡ O;Dr
djus dh vuqefr nsrk gw¡A
blh çdkj osQ vU; 'kqHk ladYiksa dk
fuekZ.k Hkh ge dj ldrs gSa tks fd gekjs Hkhrj
ldkjkRed vknrksa dk fodkl djus okys gksaA
vko';drk gS bu 'kqHkladYiksa dks viuh vèkZprs u
voLFkk esa foLFkkfir djus dhA ;fn ge ,slk
djus esa liQy gks tkrs gS]a vius Hkhrj 'kqHkladYiksa
dks foLFkkfir dj ysrs gSa rks ge vius Hkhrj
eupkgh ldkjkRed vknrksa dk fodkl dj
ldrs gSaA vius Hkhrj] viuh vèkZpsru voLFkk
esa bu 'kqHkladYiksa dks foLFkkfir djus osQ
fy, ge fuEufyf[kr fofèk;ksa dk ç;ksx dj
ldrs gSaµ
cksydj& jkLrs esa dgha vkrs&tkrs] ?kjsyw dk;Z
djrs&djrs ;k jkstejkZ osQ vU; dk;Z djrs&djrs
;k 'kh'ks esa viuh vk¡[kksa esa vk¡[ksa Mkyrs gq,
vkSj 'kqHkladYiksa dks cksy&cksydj nksgjk,¡A Vsi
fjdWkMZj esa vius 'kqHkladYiksa dks Vsi dj ysa
vkSj le; feyus ij lquAas
fy[kdj& fof”kfVax dkM~l
Z ij bu 'kqHkladYiksa
dks fy[kdj lnk vius lkFk j[ksa o le;
feyus ij ns[krs jgsaA dksbZ ,d 'kqHkladYi pqu
ysa vkSj mls jks”k 10 ls 20 ckj rd fy[ksaA ,slk
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
,d lIrkg rd djsa vkSj fiQj nwljk 'kqHkladYi
pqu ysaA 'kqHkladYiksa dks fpidus okys dkxt
ij fy[kdj ?kj esa fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij yxk,¡
tSlsµ jlksbZ ?kj esa] iQksu ij] niZ.k ij] es”k ij
bR;kfnA
buosQ vfrfjDr nwljksa osQ lkFk ,oa xquxquk
dj Hkh ge vius 'kqHkladYiksa dks viuh vèkZprs u
voLFkk esa mrkj ldrs gSaA
vkRefujh{k.k
(osQoy O;fÙkQxr vk;keksa esa lq/kj osQ fy, gh ugha)
bl fof/ dk iz;ksx ge dk;ZLFky ls lacèa kh viuh
vknrksa vkSj dkS'kyksa dks lq/kjus esa Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, ;fn ge f'k{kd gSa rks ge bu ckrksa
ij fparu dj ldrs gSa%
1- gekjk vius f'k{kk£Fk;ksa ls Lkaca/A
2- d{kk osQ fy, mís'; fu/kZfjr djukA
3- mís';ksa dks iwjk djukA
4- izR;sd fo|kFkhZ dh 'kSf{kd vko';drk Ikj è;ku
nsuk bR;kfnA
'kqHk ladYiksa dks vius vèkZprs u voLFkk esa
foLFkkfir djus dk lcls dkjxj mik; gS fd
ge è;ku dh voLFkk esa tkdj bu 'kqHk&ladYiksa
dks nksgjk,¡ vkSj n`';hdj.k djsa fd tSls okLro
esa gekjh udkjkRed vknr nwj gks xbZ gS vkSj
mlosQ LFkku ij ldkjkRed vknr fodflr gks
xbZ gSA vkSj è;ku dh voLFkk esa ge pyfp=k
ns[ks]a ftlesa ge vius vkidks Bhd oSlk O;ogkj
djrs gq, n`';hÑr djsa tSlk fd ge okLro esa
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
63
vius Hkhrj fodflr djuk pkgrs gSaA Li"V gS
fd mDr fØ;kvksa dks fujUrj djrs jgus ls
ldkjkRed 'kqHk ladYi tks fd geesa ldkjkRed
xq.kksa dk fodkl djus okys gSa gekjh vèkZpsru
voLFkk esa foLFkkfir gks tk,axs vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs
og ldkjkRed vknrsa gekjs O;ogkj esa ifjyf{kr
gksus yxsaxh ftUgsa geus ^^vkRefujh{k.k** dh
çfØ;k }kjk igpkuk gS
lanHkZ
ekFkqj] ,l-,l-] 2007] f'k{kk euksfoKku] fouksn iqLrd eafnj] vkxjk
vkpk;Z] iafMr Jh jke 'kekZ] 1998] f'k{kk ,oa fo|k] v[k.M T;ksfr laLFkku] eFkqjk
ck;ksxzkiQh vkWiQ csatkfeu izSQadfyu 1999&2010] VsEiykWt Mk;jh] fn bafMisaMasl gkWy ,lksfl,'ku] cksLVu]
;w-,l-,ekWMuZ ] LosV] 1998] viuh fgEer viuh jkg] vkuUn isijcSDl] fnYyh] jkbftax bu oYMZ dk fganh vuqokn]
vuqoknd&fo'o fe=k 'kekZ
nSfud tkxj.k] 19 tqykbZ] 2009
eqDr f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa xf.kr fo"k; dh Lo&vuqn's ku
lkexzh ij vfèkxedksa dh çfrfØ;kvksa dk vè;;u
lR;ohj·
vfuy oqQekj··
f'k{kk ifjorZu] izxfr rFkk fodkl dk izHkko'kkyh ekè;e gSA cgqr&ls yksx tks f'k{kk
izkIr djus osQ bPNqd gSa ysfdu fo|ky; fu;fer :i ls ugha tk ldrs] bu yksxksa dks
csgrj Hkfo"; fuekZ.k gsrq f'k{kk dh yphyh lqfoèkk,¡ eqDr fo|ky;h laLFkku }kjk iznku
dh tkrh gSAa nwjLFk f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dks Lo&vuqnq 's ku çk:i esa
rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS] blfy, bl lkexzh dks Lo&vuqnq 's ku lkexzh osQ uke ls lacksfèkr
fd;k tkrk gSA izLrqr vè;;u dk mís'; Fkk xf.kr fo"k; osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh eqfnzr
vè;;u lkexzh ij izfrfØ;k dk vè;;u djUkkA vf/xedksa dh izfrfØ;kvksa osQ
fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dks vè;;u gsrq pkjksa vè;;u lewg osQ
vfèkdka'k fo|kFkhZ vfèkd lhek rd mi;qDr ikrs gSa D;ksfa d Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa
fo"k;&oLrq dks ljy :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA lai.w kZ ikB dks dbZ Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr
dj chp&chp esa Lo&ewY;kadu iz'u ,oa fyf[kr iznÙk dk;Z fn;k tkrk gS blfy,
vfèkxed fo"k;&oLrq dks i<+dj Lo&ewY;kadu dj Lo&izjs .kk ikdj vkxs c<+rs gaAS nwjLFk
f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa ç;qDr dh tkus okyh Lo&vuqn's ku lkexzh esa Lo&Li"Vrk] Lo&i;kZIrrk]
Lo&funs'Z ku] Lo&vfHkçsj.kk ,oa Lo&vkdyu tSlh lHkh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ gksuh pkfg,A
Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dh ikB~;oLrq dks rk£dd <ax ls fo'ysf"kr djosQ Øec¼ :i
esa ljy ,oa lqcksèk Hkk"kk esa çLrqr djuk pkfg, fd mlesa lrrrk ,oa laxrrk cuh jgsA
Lo&vuqn's ku lkexzh dks ijaijkxr f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ d{kk&d{k f'k{kd dh leLr
Hkwfedk,¡ ;Fkk funs'Z ku] vuqn's ku] izkRs lkgu o fu;a=k.k djrs gq, lai.w kZ vfèkxe izfØ;k
dks Lo;a gh lapkfyr djus esa iw.kZ:is.k leFkZ gksuk pkfg,A
·Vh-th-Vh- (xf.kr)] f'k{kk funs'kky;] fnYyh
··ofj"B çoDrk] Mk;V] fnYk'kkn xkMZu] fnYyh
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
f'k{kk ifjorZu] izxfr rFkk fodkl dk
izHkko'kkyh ekè;e gSA izR;sd jk"Vª] jkT;] lekt
rFkk ifjokj dk fodkl f'k{kk osQ Lrj ij fuHkZj
djrk gSA jk"Vª ,oa jkT; osQ ckjs esa rFkk vius
i;kZoj.k ,oa lekt dks le>us gsrq O;fDr dks
f'k{kk dh lrr~ vko';drk gSA f'k{kk gekjh
'kkjhfjd] ekufld] vkè;kfRed] tSfod] HkkSfrd
{kerkvksa vkSj 'kfDr;ksa dk fujarj lkeatL; iw.kZ
fodkl djrh gSA gekjs O;ogkj esa ifjorZu
djrh gS rFkk gesa thfodksiktZu gsrq rS;kj
djrh gSA
tks vfèkxed fdUgha dkj.kksa ls chp esa gh
f'k{kk NksM+ nsrs gaS bu vfèkxedksa dks iqu% f'k{kk
ls tksM+us osQ fy, ,oa f'k{kk osQ lkoZHkkSehdj.k
osQ y{; dks iwjk djus gsrq Hkkjr ljdkj osQ
ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=kky; us eqDr fo|ky;h
laLFkku dks Lok;Ùk laLFkk osQ :i esa o"kZ 1989
esa LFkkfir fd;k gSA bl fo|ky; dk fe'ku
LowQyh f'k{kk dk lkoZHkkSehdj.k gSA lHkh oxZ
osQ ckyd&ckfydkvksa vkSj efgykvksa] xzkeh.k
;qokvksa] dk;Zjr~ iq#"kksa ,oa efgykvksa] vuqlwfpr
tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr] fodykax vkSj
vU; izdkj osQ lqfoèkkghu oxZ tks fo|ky;
Lrj dh f'k{kk izkIr ugha dj ik, ;k ftUgksaus
chp esa gh fo|ky; NksM+ fn;k gks] ,sls cgqr&ls
yksx tks f'k{kk izkIr djus osQ bPNqd gSa ysfdu
fo|ky; fu;fer :i ls ugha tk ldrs] bu
yksxksa dks csgrj Hkfo"; fuekZ.k gsrq f'k{kk dh
yphyh lqfoèkk,¡ eqDr fo|ky;h laLFkku }kjk
iznku dh tkrh gSaA
65
;|fi nwjLFk f'k{kk ç.kkyh osQ }kjk vfèkxedksa
rd ikB~;oLrq osQ lEçs"k.k osQ fy, fofHkUu
çdkj osQ lkèkuksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ijarq
;g ç.kkyh eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dks gh f'k{k.k
vfèkxe çfØ;k osQ eq[; vkèkkj osQ :i esa
ç;qDr djrh gSA nwjLFk f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa fo'ks"k
:i ls rS;kj eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dks vfèkxedksa
dks Mkd }kjk Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA bl eqfnzr
vè;;u lkexzh dks vfèkxed viuh bPNk osQ
vuqlkj fdlh Hkh le; o LFkku ij Lo;a i<+
rFkk le> ldrk gSA nwjLFk f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa
eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dks Lo&vuqqns'ku çk:i
esa rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS] blfy, bl lkexzh dks
Lo&vuqqns'ku lkexzh osQ uke ls lacksfèkr fd;k
tkrk gSA Lo&vuqqns'ku lkexzh vFkok eqfnzr
vè;;u lkexzh vfèkxe osQ ,sls midj.k gksrs
gSa ftudk Lo:i ikB~;iqLrdksa osQ vè;k;ksa ls
i;kZIr fHkUu gksrk gSA
IkwoZ vè;;uksa dh leh{kk
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 us Hkh nwjLFk f'k{kk osQ
egRo dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA nwjLFk f'k{kk osQ {ks=k
esa ijaijkxr f'k{k.k] ekSf[kd f'k{k.k fofèk;k¡]
ikB~;Øe] eqfnzr lkexzh] ohfM;ks ikB] vè;kid
ppkZ ,oa lEioZQ dk;ZØeksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa ij
vusd vè;;u gq, gSAa lkgw ,oa efyd (1994)]
lkgw] ifMgkjh ,oa eqNky (1997) us vius
vè;;uksa esa ik;k fd ohfM;ks ikB osQ Ik'pkr~
vè;kid ppkZ okys lewg dh miyfCèk vfèkd
FkhA 'kekZ (1998) us d{kk 9 osQ Lrj ij foKku
66
fo"k; dh ohfM;ks vkèkkfjr fofHkUu vkO;wgksa dh
miyfCèk ,oa izfrfØ;k osQ lanHkZ esa rqyukRed
vè;;u fd;kA izFke lewg dks ohfM;ks dk;ZØe
osQ i'pkr~ O;k[;ku] f}rh; lewg dks ohfM;ks
dk;ZØe osQ i'pkr~ ppkZ rFkk r`rh; lewg dks
osQoy ohfM;ks ikB vè;;u djk;k x;kA vè;;u
dk izk:i i'p ijh{k.k fu;af=kr lewg izk:i
FkkA mipkj 40 feuV izfrfnu osQ fglkc ls 30
fnu pykA vè;;u esa osQoy ohfM;ks ikB]
ohfM;ks ikB ,oa ppkZ dh vis{kk ohfM;ks ikB
osQ i'pkr~ O;k[;ku vkO;wg dks vfèkd Js"Brj
ik;k x;kA
lkgw ,oa [kku (1999)] us vius vè;;u
^^e-iz- esa i=kkpkj lsokdkyhu f'k{kd izf'k{k.k
ikB~;Øe dh izklafxdrk** eas ik;k fd vè;kid
cky osaQfnzr f'k{kk ,oa 'kSf{kd izkS|ksfxdh dks
vfèkd oakNuh; ikrs gSaA vfèkdka'k fo|kFkhZ
orZeku iznÙk dk;Z iz.kkyh ls larq"V ugha FksA
lkgw ,oa eqNky (2000) }kjk izFke lewg dks
osQoy eqfnzr ikB] f}rh; lewg dks eqfnzr ikB
$ ohfM;ks ikB ,oa r`rh; lewg dks eqfnzr ikB
$ ohfM;ks ikB $ ppkZ mipkj osQ i'pkr~ rhuksa
lewgksa osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dh fofHkUu vkO;wgksa ij
izfrfØ;k esa ik;k fd osQoy eqfnzr ikB vè;;u
,oa eqfnzr ikB $ ohfM;ks ikB lewg osQ fo|kFkhZ
Hkh eqfnzr lkexzh osQ lkFk ohfM;ks ikB osQ
Ik'pkr~ ppkZ dks vko';d ekurs gq, ldkjkRed
izfrfØ;k O;Dr djrs gaSaA
cVh ,oa esUlsosy (2001) us ik;k fd
xf.kr osQ izfr mPp n`f"Vdks.k j[kus okys fo|k£Fk;ksa
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
dh 'kSf{kd miyfCèk xf.kr osQ izfr fuEu n`f"Vdks.k
j[kus okys fo|k£Fk;ksa ls vfèkd FkhA jkbl]
fdax- Øksfuatj] (2002) us ik;k fd vè;kid
osQ fofHkUu f'k{k.k vkO;wgksa ,oa d{kk osQ le;
izcaèku osQ lkFk CykWd 'kSM~;wfyax lkFkZd ,oa
èkukRed :Ik ls lacafèkr gSA ,iyhch] ,oa
twfMFk (2003) us ik;k fd ppkZ vkèkkfjr
mikxeksa] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh Hkk"kk;h miyfCèk ls
lkFkZd :Ik ls lacafèkr gSA Dysdj] iksykd] esjh
(2005) us ik;k fd mPp 'kSf{kd miyfCèk
okys fo|ky;ksa esa vè;kid lkekU; :Ik ls
rhu f'k{k.k vkO;wgksa dk iz;ksx dj jgs Fks rFkk
fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfCèk okys fo|ky;ksa esa vè;kid
lkekU; :Ik ls ,d gh f'k{k.k vkO;wg iz;ksx
dj jgs FksA Ikkjlal] (2008) osQ vkèkkj ij
ijaijkxr f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa osQ LFkku ij dkS'ky
,oa le> ij vkèkkfjr f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa osQ }kjk
f'k{k.k vfèkd izHkkoh gksrk gSA Dysjhuk] (2009)
us ik;k fd ijh{kk osQ ifj.kke esa ySiVkWi lfgr
fo|ky; dh 'kSf{kd miyfCèk] ySiVkWi jfgr
fo|ky;ksa dh 'kSf{kd miyfCèk esa lkFkZd varj
gksrk gSA
vè;;u dh vko';drk
nwjLFk f'k{kk esa ftrus Hkh 'kksèk gq, gS muesa ize[q k
:i ls ikB;Øe esa lfEefyr gksus osQ dkj.k
iznÙk dk;Z larfq "V] nwjLFk f'k{kk osQ izfr n`f"Vdks.k]
ikB~;Øe osQ Lo:i] fo|k£Fk;ksa dh leL;k,¡
,oa ohfM;ks dk;ZØe ij gq, gSaA eqfnzr vè;;u
lkexzh 'kSf{kd miyfCèk ,oa vfèkxe esa fdl
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
67
lhek rd lgk;d gS] vHkh rd bl vksj è;ku ij iatho`Qr o"kZ 2007&08 l=k osQ d{kk 10 osQ
ugha fn;k x;k gSA izLrqr vè;;u }kjk bldh xf.kr fo"k; osQ 160 vfèkxedksas dks U;kn'kZ osQ
mi;ksfxrk dks [kkstus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA :i esa fy;k x;kA 40&40 vfèkxedksas dks pkj
lewgksa esa ck¡Vk x;kA pkjksa lewgksa }kjk eqfnzr
mís'; ,oa ifdYiuk
izLrqr vè;;u dk mís'; Fkk ^^xf.kr fo"k; osQ vè;;u lkexzh ij izfrfØ;k gsrq MkW- egs'k
vf/xedksa dh eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh ij izfrfØ;k oqQekj eqNky }kjk fu£er izfrfØ;k ekiuh dk
dk vè;;u djUkkA ifjdYiuk Fkh fofHkUu lewgksa iz;ksx fd;k x;kA
osQ vfèkxedksa dh eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh ij
izfrfØ;k esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA** vfèkxedksas
dh vuqfØ;k ekius gsrq izR;sd mikxe ls lacfa èkr
dFkuksa ij oSdfYid mÙkj fn, x, FksA ifjdYiuk
;g Fkh fd oSdfYid LFkkukas ij izR;sd dFku
osQ lanHkZ gsrq vfèkxed leku :i ls izfrfØ;k
O;Dr djsaxsA ifjdYiuk osQ ijh{k.k gsrq dkbZ
oxZ ewY; dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA
rF;ksa dk ,d=khdj.k ,oa lkj.kh;u
izLrqr vè;;u esa U;kn'kZ dh çÑfr osQ vkèkkj
ij eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh ij izfrfØ;k ekiuh
dks lHkh vfèkxedksa dks vyx&vyx Hkjus gsrq
iz'kkflr fd;k x;kA eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dh
mi;qDrrk ij izkIr rF;ksa dh vko`fÙk] vko`fÙk
izfr'kr ,oa dkbZ oxZ ewY; dks rkfydk Øekad
1(d) o 1([k) esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
fofHkUu dFkuksa osQ ftl fodYi ij vfèkdka'k
U;kn'kZ ,oa midj.k
orZeku 'kksèk esa jktdh; loksnZ ; dU;k fo|ky; vko`fÙk o vko`fÙk izfr'kr gks] ml dFku dks
ch&Cykd uUnuxjh fnYyh&93 vè;;u osaQnz ekU;rk nh xbZ gSA
rkfydk Øekad 1 (d)
eqfnzr ikB vè;;u lkexzh ij lewg&1 o 2 }kjk dFkukuqlkj vko`fÙk]
izfr'kr ,oa dkbZ oxZ ewY; n'kkZus okyh rkfydk
dFku
1- vkius eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dks
vè;;u gsrq fdl lhek rd
i;kZIr ik;k gSA
Lkewg&1
vfèkxedksa
dh la[;k
Lkewg&2
SA
A
D
OkqQy
SA
A
D
oqQy
28
9
3
40
27
8
5
40
Ikzfr'kr
70
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
22-5
7-5 100
23-41·
67-5
20
12-5 100
19-36·
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
68
2- vkius eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa
fuEu fcanqvkasa dks fdl lhek rd
i;kZIr ik;k gSA
(v) ladYiuk le>
(c) Lo;a dh çxfr gsrq
Lo&ewY;kadu
(l) fyf[kr iznÙk dk;Z
(n) ijh{kk dh rS;kjh gsrq
3- vkius eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa
fuEu fcanqvkas dks fdl lhek rd
mi;qDr ik;k gSA
(v) fo"k;&oLrq fo'ys"k.k
(c) izLrkouk
(l) Lo&ijh{k.k iz'u
(n) n`'; lkexzh (fp=k] pkVZ]
xzkI+kQ ,oa lkj.kh)
vf/xedksa
dh la[;k
23
Ikzfr'kr
57-5
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
vf/xedksa
dh la[;k
12
30
24
12
Ikzfr'kr
60
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
30
vf/xedksa
dh la[;k
Ikzfr'kr
25
11
62-5 27-5
5
40
22
14
12-5 100
10-96·
55
35
10-86·
31
7
2
40
77-5
17-5
33-46·
5
100
40
4
40
10 100
13-66·
22
Ikzfr'kr
55
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
vf/xedksa
dh la[;k
15
37-5
24
14
Ikzfr'kr
60
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
35
vf/xedksa
dh la[;k
Ikzfr'kr
23
10 100
40
24
12
4
10
100
60
30
10 100
27
13-66·
11
2
40
67-5
27-5
5
100
27
22-06·
10
3
40
6-46·
3
40
7-5 100
12-36·
2
67-5
25
7-5 100
20-86·
40
26
8
5 100
16-56·
65
20
16-36·
6
40
23
12
15
100
57-5
30
10-06·
10
9
40
29
10-96·
6
25
72-5
15
57-5 27-5
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
vf/xedksa
21
dh la[;k
Ikzfr'kr
52-5
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
11
40
4
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
15-46·
vf/xedksa
21
12
7
40
dh la[;k
Ikzfr'kr
52-5 30 17-5 100
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
vf/xedksa
dh la[;k
4
22-5 100
5-56·
25-36·
6
40
15 100
5
40
12-5 100
5
40
12-5 100
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
(b) Lo&ijh{k.k iz'uksa
osQ vkn'kZ mÙkj
(iQ) Lo&vuqns'ku iz'uksa
dk izLrqrhdj.k
69
vf/xedksa
dh la[;k
Ikzfr'kr
22
12
6
40
25
12
55
30
15
100
62-5
30
26
16-66·
7
65
17-5
13-56·
13
3
40
23
16-21·
11
32-5
57-5
27-5
10-06·
27
10
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
vf/xedksa
23
dh la[;k
Ikzfr'kr
57-5
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
4- vki eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh osQ lkFk vf/xedksa
24
ohfM;ks ikB ,oa ppkZ dks fdl
dh la[;k
lhek rd mi;qDr ikrs gSaA
Ikzfr'kr
60
14
35
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
5- eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dks vki
fdl lhek rd #fp osQ vuq:Ik
vf/xedksa
dh la[;k
26
12
8-56·
3
40
7-5
100
7-5 100
15-01·
2
40
3
40
7-5 100
7
40
17-5 100
6
40
15 100
3
40
ikrs gaSA
Ikzfr'kr
65
30
5 100 67-5 25
7-5 100
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
19-96·
20-86·
·0-01Lrj ij lkFkZd ··0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd SA &vfèkd lhek rd A&de lhek rd D &fcYoqQy ughaa
rkfydk Øekad 1 (d)
eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh ij lewg&3 o 4 }kjk dFkukuqlkj vko`fÙk]
izfr'kr ,oa dkbZ oxZ ewY; n'kkZus okyh rkfydk
dFku
1- vkius eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dks
vè;;u gsrq fdl lhek rd
i;kZIr ik;k gSA
Lkewg&3
vf/xedksa
dh la[;k
Ikzfr'kr
(c) Loa; dh çxfr gsrq
Lo&ewY;kdau
SA
A
D
2
OkqQy
40
28
9
3
5
100
70
22-5
29
23-41·
6
72-5
15
26
25-36·
10
SA
A
D
32
6
80
15
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
2- vkius eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa fuEu vf/xedksa
28
fcanqvkasa dks fdl lhek rd i;kZIr
dh la[;k
ik;k gSA
(v) ladYiuk le>
Ikzfr'kr
70
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
vf/xedksa
29
dh la[;k
9
22-5
7
Lkewg&4
37-06·
3
40
7-5
100
23-41·
4
40
oqQy
40
7-5 100
5
40
12-5 100
4
40
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
70
Ikzfr'kr
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
(l) fyf[kr iznÙk dk;Z
vf/xedksa
dh la[;k
Ikzfr'kr
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
(n) ijh{kk dh rS;kjh gsrq
vf/xedksa
dh la[;k
Ikzfr'kr
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
3- vkius eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa fuEu vf/xedksa
fcanqvkas dks fdl lhek rd mi;qDr dh la[;k
ik;k gS
(v) fo"k;&oLrq fo'ys"k.k
Ikzfr'kr
(c) izLrkouk
(l) Lo&ijh{k.k iz'u
(n) n`'; lkexzh (fp=k] pkVZ]
xzkI+kQ ,oa lkj.kh)
(b) Lo&ijh{k.k iz'uksa osQ
vkn'kZ mÙkj
(iQ) Lo&vuqns'ku iz'uksa dk
izLrqrhdj.k
72-5 17-5
10 100
25-66·
5
40
65
80
23
12-5 100
25-36·
12
5
40
57-5
30
77-5
29
6
72-5
15
27
12-5 100
10-96·
11
2
40
67-5 27-5
5
100
25
17-56·
6
10 100
2
40
15
37-06·
5
5
100
4
40
10 100
27
12-5
32-56·
7
67-5
17-5
15 100
32
31
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
vf/xedksa
26
dh la[;k
Ikzfr'kr
65
22-06·
10
4
40
23
19-06·
10
25
57-5
25
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
vf/xedksa
28
dh la[;k
Ikzfr'kr
70
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
17-56·
3
40
21
9-46·
14
9
22-5
100
52-5
35
8-46·
40
24
12
15 100
11-86·
60
30
13-66·
40
26
11
22-5 12-5 100
16-81·
65
10
29
vf/xedksa
24
dh la[;k
Ikzfr'kr
60
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
10
vf/xedksa
26
dh la[;k
Ikzfr'kr
65
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
9
vf/xedksa
25
dh la[;k
Ikzfr'kr
62-5
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
10
25
25
7-5 100
23-41·
6
5
5
40
12-5 100
14-56·
72-5
6
7
40
40
17-5 100
5
40
12-5 100
4
40
10 100
3
40
27-5 7-5 100
18-61·
8
3
40
20
7-5 100
26-26·
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
4- vki eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh osQ lkFk
ohfM;ks ikB ,oa ppkZ dks fdl
lhek rd mi;qDr ikrs gSaA
71
vf/xedksa
dh la[;k
24
10
6
40
30
6
4
Ikzfr'kr
60
25
15
100
75
15
10 100
29
28-96·
11
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
5- eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dks vki fdl vf/xedksa
30
lhek rd #fp osQ vuq:Ik ikrs gaSA
dh la[;k
Ikzfr'kr
75
dkbZ oxZ ewY;
8
20
11-86·
2
40
5 100
30-16·
72-5
27-5
24-91·
40
2
40
5
100
·0-01Lrj ij lkFkZd ··0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd SA& vfèkd lhek rd A& de lhek rd D& fcYoqQy ughaa
Rkkfydk Øekad 1 (d) ,oa ([k) ls
Li"V gS fd ^^vkius Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dks
vè;;u gsrq fdl lhek rd i;kZIr ik;k gS**
bl dFku ij izkIr izfrfØ;kvksa osQ fo'ys"k.k
ls Li"V gS fd Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dks
vè;;u gsrq pkjksa vè;;u lewg osQ vfèkdka'k
vf/xed vfèkd lhek rd mi;qDr ikrs gSaA
tSlsµ izFke lewg esa 70» vf/xed] f}rh;
lewg esa 67-5» vf/xed] r`rh; lewg esa
80» vf/xed ,oa prqFkZ lewg esa 70»
vfèkxed Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dks mi;qDr
ikrs gaS D;kafs d Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa fo"k;&oLrq
dks fo'ysf"kr dj ljy :i esa izLrqr fd;k
tkrk gSA
^^Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa ladYiuk le>
dks fdl lhek rd mi;qDr ikrs gaS** bl dFku
ij izkIr izfrfØ;kvksa osQ fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS
fd Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa ladYiuk le>
dks pkjksa vè;;u lewg osQ vf/xed mi;qDr
ikrs gSa tSlsµ izFke lewg esa 57-5» vf/xed]
f}rh; lewg esa 55» vf/xed] r`rh; lewg
osQ 70» vf/xed ,oa prqFkZ lewg osQ 72-5»
vf/xed Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa ladYiuk
le> dks mi;qDr ikrs gaS D;ksafd ladYiuk
vf/xedksa dh le> esa vkrh gSA
^^Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa Lo;a dh çxfr
gsrq Lo&ewY;kadu dks fdl lhek rd mi;qDr
ikrs gSa** bl dFku ij izkIr izfrfØ;kvksa osQ
fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh
esa Lo;a dh izxfr gsrq Lo&ewY;kadu dks pkjkasa
vè;;u lewg vfèkd lhek rd mi;qDr ikrs
gaS tSls izFke lewg esa 62-5» vf/xed]
f}rh; lewg esa 60» vf/xed] r`rh; lewg
esa 72-5» vf/xed rFkk prqFkZ lewg esa
80» vf/xed mi;qDr ikrs gaS D;ksafd
fo"k;&oLrq osQ izLrqrhdj.k osQ i'pkr~ iz'u
fn, tkrs gaS ftlls vf/xed Lo&ewY;kadu
dj vkxs c<+rs gSaA
^^Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa fyf[kr iznÙk
dk;Z dks fdl lhek rd mi;qDr ikrs gSa** bl
dFku ij izkIr izfrfØ;kvksa osQ fo'ys"k.k ls
Li"V gS fd Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa fyf[kr
72
iznÙk dk;Z dks pkjksa vè;;u lewg vfèkd
lhek rd mi;qDr ekurs gaS] tSlsµ izFke lewg
60» vf/xed] f}rh; lewg esa 77» vfèkxed]
r`rh; lewg esa 72-5» vf/xed rFkk prqFkZ
lewg esa 65» vf/xed lkexzh dks mi;qDr
ekurs gaS D;ksafd ikB~;oLrq esa fyf[kr iznÙk
dk;Z osQ ewY;kadu gsrq Lo ewY;kadu mÙkj ikB
osQ var esa fn, tkrs gSaA
^^Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dks ijh{kk dh
rS;kjh gsrq fdl lhek rd mi;qDr ikrs gaS**
bl dFku ij izkIr izfrfØ;kvksa osQ fo'ys"k.k
ls Li"V gS fd Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dh
ijh{kk gsrq rS;kjh dh mi;qDrrk ij pkjksa vè;;u
lewg vfèkd lhek rd mi;qDr ikrs gaS tSls
izFke lewg esa 52-5» vf/xed] f}rh; lewg
esa 67-5» vf/xed] r`rh; lewg esa 57-5»
vf/xed rFkk prqFkZ lewg esa 77-5» vfèkxed
mi;qDr ikrs gaS D;kasfd Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh
dk mís'; ijh{kk dh iw.kZ rS;kjh djkuk gksrk gSA
^^Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa fo"k;&oLrq
fo'ys"k.k dks fdl lhek rd mi;qDr ikrs gSa**
bl dFku ij izkIr izfrfØ;kvksa osQ fo'ys"k.k
ls Li"V gS fd Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa
fo"k;&oLrq fo'ys"k.k dh mi;qDrrk ij pkjksa
lewgksa osQ vfèkdka'k fo|kFkhZ vfèkd lhek rd
mi;qDr ikrs gSa tSlsµ izFke lewg esa 55»
vf/xed] f}rh; lewg esa 67-5» vf/xed]
r`rh; lewg esa 67-5» vf/xed rFkk prqFkZ
lewg esa 67-5» vf/xed mi;qDr ikrs gSa
D;kasfd Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa fo"k;&oLrq
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
dk fo'ys"k.k mfpr gksrk gS tks vf/xedksa dh
le> esa vklkuh ls vk tkrk gSA
^^Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa izLrkouk dks
fdl lhek rd mi;qDr ikrs gSa** bl dFku ij
izkIr izfrfØ;kvksa osQ fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd
Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa izLrkouk dks pkjksa
lewg osQ vf/xed vfèkd lhek rd mi;qDr
ikrs gaS] tSlsµ izFke lewg esa 60» vf/xed]
f}rh; lewg esa 65» vf/xed] r`rh; lewg
esa 67-5» vf/xed rFkk prqFkZ lewg esa 575» vf/xed mi;qDr ikrs gSa D;ksafd izLrkouk
fo"k;&oLrq osQ Li"Vhdj.k esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
^^Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa Lo&ijh{k.k iz'uksa
dks fdl lhek rd mi;qDr ikrs gSa** bl dFku
ij izkIr izfrfØ;kvksa osQ fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS
fd Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa Lo&ijh{k.k iz'uksa
dks pkjksa vè;;u lewg osQ vf/xed mi;qDr
ikrs gS]a tSlµ
s izFke lewg esa 57-5» vfèkxed]
f}rh; lewg esa 57-5» vf/xed] r`rh; lewg
esa 70» vf/xed rFkk prqFkZ lewg esa 52-5»
vf/xed mi;qDr ikrs gaS D;ksafd izR;sd
fo"k;&oLrq osQ Ik'pkr~ Lo&ijh{k.k iz'u iwNs
tkrs gaSA
^^Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa n`'; lkexzh
tSlsµfp=k] pkVZ] xzkI+kQ ,oa lkj.kh dks fdl
lhek rd mi;qDr ikrs gSaA** bl dFku ij
izkIr izfrfØ;kvksa osQ fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd
Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa n`'; lkexzh] pkVZ]
xzkI+kQ] fp=k ,oa lkj.kh dks pkjksa vè;;u lewg
osQ vf/xed mi;qDr ikrs gaS] tSlsµ izFke
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
lewg esa 52-5» vf/xed] f}rh; lewg esa
72-5» vf/xed] r`rh; lewg lewg esa 60»
vf/xed rFkk prqFkZ lewg esa 60» vf/xed
mi;qDr ikrs gaS D;ksafd Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh
esa fo"k;&oLrq osQ le>kus dh n`f"V ls n`';
lkexzh dks izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
^^Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa Lo&ijh{k.k iz'uksa
osQ vkn'kZ mÙkjksa dks fdl lhek rd mi;qDr
ikrs gSA** bl dFku ij izkIr izfrfØ;kvksa osQ
fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh
esa Lo&ijh{k.k iz'uksa osQ vkn'kZ mÙkj dks pkjkasa
vè;;u lewg osQ vfèkdka'k vf/xed mi;qDr
ikrs gaS tSls izFke lewg esa 55» vf/xed]
f}rh; lewg esa 62-5» vf/xed] r`rh; lewg
esa 65» vf/xed rFkk prqFkZ lewg esa 65»
vf/xed mi;qDr ikrs gaS D;ksafd vf/xed
Lo&ijh{k.k iz'u gy djus osQ Ik'pkr~ vkn'kZ
mÙkj ls iqf"V dj ysrs gSaA
¶Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa Lo&vuqns'ku
iz'uksa osQ izLrqrhdj.k dks fdl lhek rd mi;qDr
ikrs gSaA¸ bl dFku ij izkIr izfrfØ;kvksa osQ
fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh
esa vuqns'ku iz'uksa osQ izLrqrhdj.k dks pkjksa
vè;;u lewgksa osQ vf/xed vfèkd lhek
rd mi;qDr ikrs gSa] tSlsµ izFke lewg esa
57-5» vf/xed] f}rh; lewg esa 65»
vfèkxed] r`rh; lewg esa 62-5» vf/xed
rFkk prqFkZ lewg esa 72-5» vf/xed mi;qDr
ikrs gaS D;ksafd iz'u ml fo"k;&oLrq esa ls gh
gksrs gaS ftUgsa vf/xedksa us i<+k gSA
73
^^vki Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh osQ lkFk ohfM;ks
ikB ,oa ppkZ dks fdl lhek rd mi;qDr ikrs
gSAa ** bl dFku ij izkIr izfrfØ;kvksa osQ fo'ys"k.k
ls Li"V gS fd eqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh osQ lkFk
ohfM;ks] ppkZ o xf.kr iz;ksx'kkyk dks pkjksa
vè;;u lewg vfèkd lhek rd vko';d ekurs
gS]a tSl&s izFke lewg esa 60» vf/xed] f}rh;
lewg esa 57-5» vf/xed] r`rh; lewg esa 60»
vf/xed rFkk prqFkZ lewg esa 75» vfèkxed
vfèkd lhek rd vko';d ekurs gSa D;ksfa d
cgqr&lh ckrksa dk izLrqrhdj.k mnkgj.k }kjk gks
tkrk gS tks Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa ugha gks
ikrkA cgqr lhek rd og ohfM;ks }kjk Li"V gks
tkrk gS rFkk ohfM;ks ikB osQ i'pkr~ dksbZ dfBukbZ
gks rks og ppkZ }kjk gy gks tkrh gSA
^^Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dks vki fdl lhek
rd #fp osQ vuq:Ik ikrs gaAS ** bl dFku ij
izkIr izfrfØ;kvksa osQ fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd
Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dks #fp dh lhek ij
pkjksa vè;;u lewgksa osQ vf/xed vfèkd lhek
rd #fp osQ vuq:i ikrs ga]S tSlµ
s izFke lewg
65» vf/xed] f}rh; lewg esa 67-5»
vfèkxed] r`rh; lewg esa 75» vf/xed rFkk
prqFkZ lewg esa 72-5» vf/xed #fp osQ vuq:i
ikrs gaS D;ksfa d Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa n`';
lkexzh dks iz;ksx djosQ #fpdj cuk;k tkrk gSA
fu"d"kZ
Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dks vè;;u gsrq ,oa
ijh{kk gsrq pkjksa vè;;u lewgksa osQ vfèkdka'k
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
74
vf/xed vfèkd lhek rd mi;qDr ikrs gaS
D;ksafd Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa fo"k;&oLrq
dks ljy :i ls izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA laiw.kZ
ikB dks dbZ Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr dj chp&chp
esa Lo&ewY;kadu iz'u ,oa fyf[kr iznÙk dk;Z
fn;k tkrk gS blfy, vf/xed fo"k;&oLrq
dks i<+dj Lo&ewY;kadu vkn'kZ mÙkj }kjk
feyku dj Lo&izsj.kk ikdj vkxs c<+rs gaAS
Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh esa ladYiuk ,oa izLrkouk
vf/xedksa dh le> esa vk tkrh gSa D;ksfa d
fo"k;&oLrq dks fo'ysf"kr dj izLrqr fd;k tkrk
gS lkFk gh vko';drkuqlkj n`'; lkexzh
tSlµ
s pkVZ] xzkI+kQ] lkj.kh bR;kfn dh izLrqrhdj.k
gksus ls vf/xed dh Ik<+us esa #fp gksrh
gSA nwjLFk f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa ç;qDr dh tkus
okyh Lo&vuqns'ku lkexzh esa Lo&Li"Vrk]
Lo&i;kZIrrk] Lo&funs'Z ku] Lo&vfHkçsj.kk ,oa
Lo&vkdyu tSlh lHkh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,a gksuh
pkfg,A Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dh jpuk bl
çdkj dh tkuh pkfg, fd vfèkxed fcuk
fdlh ckgjh lgk;rk osQ i<+ ,oa le> losQA
Ekqfnzr vè;;u lkexzh dh ikB~;oLrq dks rk£oQd
<ax ls fo'ysf"kr djosQ Øec¼ :i esa ljy
,oa lqcksèk Hkk"kk esa çLrqr djuk pkfg, fd
mlesa lrrrk ,oa laxrrk cuh jgsA Lo&vuqn's ku
lkexzh dks ijaijkxr f'k{kk iz.kkyh osQ d{kkd{k
f'k{kd dh leLr Hkwfedk,¡ ;Fkk funsZ'ku]
vuqns'ku] izksRlkgu o fu;a=k.k djrs gq, laiw.kZ
vfèkxe izfØ;k dks Lo;a gh lapkfyr djus
esa iw.kZ:is.k leFkZ gksuk pkfg,A
LkanHkZ
,iych] vkWFkZj ,u] tqMhFk ,] 2003] fMLd'ku csLM ,izkp
s ”s k Vw Msoyfiax vaMjLVSfa Max Dykl:e bULVªD'ku
,.M LVwMsUV~l IkjiQkWes±l bu fefMy ,.M gkbZ LowQy bafXy'k Dykl:e] vesfjdu ,tqosQ'ku fjlpZ
tuZy_ ch&40] ua- 3_ Ik`-&685&730cêðh] tks ,uh ,y- ekuLosy] 2001] Vhpj bULVªD'ku] LVwMsUV~l ,VhV~;wMl ,.M eSFksesfVDl IkjiQkWesUZ l veax
10] 12 oha xzMs CySd ,.M LiSfu'k LVwMUs V~l] tuZy vkWiQ fuxzks ,tqoQs 'ku] ch&70] ua- 1&2] Ik`- 19&37jkW;] Dysfjvkuk] 2009] ;wfofDoVl ok;jysl ySiVkWi bu vij ,yhesaVªh eSFksesfVDl] tuZy vkWiQ dEI;wVjlZ
eSFksesfVDl ,.M lkbal Vhfpax] ch&28] ua-&1] i`-&21
Dysdj] csoZyh ,e ,.M iksykd] eSjh ,suh] 2005] dksuxzq,ulh vkWiQ fjlpZ csLM fyVªslh bUlVªD'ku bu
gkbZ ,.M yks ijiQkW²ex LowQYl] jhfMax bEizwoesaV_ oks-µ42] ua-&3]i`-&149
IkkjlUl] tksu] 2008] eSFksesfVdy xsEl] fLdy+yd =yfuZax] eSFksesfVdy Vhfpax bu dkiksZjs'ku ekbozQksesFk_
,u 209] i`-18&21-
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
jkbl] tSusfiQV fdax ,.M ozQksfuaxj] jkWcVZ th] 2002] fn biSQDV vkWiQ CykWd 'kSM~;wfyax gkbZ LowQy
eSFksesfVDl dkslsZl vkWu LVwMSUV~l vphoesUV ,.M VhplZ ;wt vkWiQ Vkbe% bEiyhosQ'ku iQkWj
,tqosQ'kuy izksMfDVfoVh] bdksuksfeDl vkWiQ ,tqosQ'ku fjO;w] ch&21] ua-&6] i`-&599&607lkgw] ih-osQ-] iMhgkjh] ts] eqNky] ,e osQ] 1997] bisQfDVousl vkWiQ us'kuy vksiu LowQy ohfM;ks
bULVªD'kuy eSVfs j;Yl izt
s Us VsM fon ,.M fonkmV Vkdcsd eksM ,DV lSoQs .Mjh LVst DokVZyhZ tuZy
(,tqosQ'ku gSyMZ)
'kekZ] ,] 1998] daigzs 'as ku ,eax ohfM;ks csLM baLVªD'kuy LVªVs fs t”k iQkWj Vhfpax lkbal ,V Dykl 9 ysoy
bu Ve~Zl vkWiQ ,phoesaV ,.M fj;sD'ku- ,e-,M- Mh-Okh-oh-oh-] bUnkSj
Lkkgw] ih- osQ- ,oa eqNky] ,e- osQ-] 2000] jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky; osQ nwjLFk f'k{k.k vfèkxe mixeksa dh
mi;qDrrk dk vè;;u] Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk] ,u- lh- bZ- vkj Vh-] u;h fnYyh] o"kZ 19] vad
2] vDVwcj] 2000A
foojf.kdk 2004] eqDr fo|ky;h laLFkku] oSQyk'k dkWyksuh] u;h fnYyhA
'kekZ] vkj- ,-] 2006] nwjorhZ f'k{kk] vkj- yky cqd fMiks] esjBA
xqIrk] ,l-ih- o xqIrk] vYdk] 2007] eqDr ,oa nwjLFk f'k{kk] 'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] bykgkcknA
'kekZ o nwcs] 2008] nwjLFk f'k{kk] jkèkk izdk'ku eafnj] vkxjkA
75
vkèkqfud lanHkZ esa izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk n'kZu
Hkos'k oqQekj·
f'k{kk] thou ;k=kk dk ikFks; ,oa ekuoh; fodkl dk l'kDr lalkèku gSA bl lanHkZ
esa Hkkjrh; f'k{kk n'kZu dk xkSjoe; bfrgkl jgk gSA izkphu Hkkjrh; 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk
dh dfri; fo'ks"krk,¡&xq#oqQy dh vkoklh; O;oLFkk] f'k{kd dk mPpre~ vkn'kZ ,oa
f'k{kk osQ izfr leiZ.k] f'k"; ls vkpk;Z dk iq=kor~ lacèa k] xq#&f'k"; dk Hkkoiw.kZ
vkReh; lacèa k] f'k{kkFkhZ dk ifo=k czãp;Z thou] vH;qn; ,oa fu%Js;l osQ fy,
f'k{kk] Lokuq'kklu] bdgjh f'k{kk O;oLFkk (lcosQ fy, leku f'k{kk)] fu%'kqYd f'k{kk]
fo|kFkhZ dk lrr~ ewY;kadu vkfn vkt Hkh dnkfpr~ f'k{kk osQ xq.kkRed fodkl osQ
fy, loZFkk izklafxd gSA izLrqr vè;;u esa izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh bUgha
fo'ks"krkvksa dks vkèkqfud f'k{kk osQ lanHkZ esa Li'kZ djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
f'k{kk ekuo dh ewyHkwr vko';drk gSA ;g
ekuo fodkl dk l'kDr lalkèku gSA ,d vkn'kZ
fodflr jk"Vª dk mn; o`gn~ HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ,oa
izko`Qfrd lalkèkuksa dh izpqjrk ek=k ls gh ugha]
ogk¡ osQ pfj=koku] Je'khy ,oa izcq¼ ukxfjdksa
ls gksrk gSA tkiku bldk thrk&tkxrk mnkgj.k
gSA ^vf'k{kk tura=k dk ize[q k vfHk'kki gSA*1
IysVks dh ;g mfDr ek=k tura=k rd lhfer
ugha] lHkh 'kklu iz.kkfy;ksa ij iz;qDr gksrh gSA
f'k{kk vkSj jk"Vªh; fodkl dk ijLij lg&lacaèk
gSA vkt fo'o osQ tkiku] ukos]Z LohMu] U;wthyS.M]
MsuekoZQ] fLoV”kjyS.M] vk;jyS.M vkfn NksV&s NksVs
ns'k tgk¡ lk{kjrk yxHkx 'kr~&izfr'kr gS] fodkl
osQ mPp f'k[kj ij fLFkr gSaA vizQhdk ,oa
,f'k;k osQ vusd jk"Vªksa osQ fiNM+siu dk izeq[k
dkj.k ogk¡ dh lk{kjrk izfr'kr dh U;wurk gSA
vr% fo'o osQ lHkh jk"Vª f'k{kk osQ izpkj&izlkj
esa lrr~ layXu gSaA Hkkjr us Hkh Lora=krk osQ ckn
bl fn'kk esa yach Nyk¡ x yxk;h gSA ns'k osQ
lqnjw xzkE;kapyksa rd fo|ky;ks]a egkfo|ky;ksa dk
·ch&454] ,u-,p-&4] ,uVhihlh dkWyksuh] fjgan uxj] lksuHknz] mÙkjizns'k&231223
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
latky LFkkfir gqvk gSA gekjk f'k{kk&izfr'kr
dkiQh c<+k gSA gekjs izk|
S ksfxdh; ,oa izcaèku
laLFkkuksa us varjkZ"Vªh; txr esa [;kfr vftZr dh
gSA vkt Hkkjr osQ f'k{kkfon~ izeq[kr% rduhdh
fo'ks"kK (VsDuksoszQV~l) fo'o esa viuh esèkk dk
izn'kZu dj jgs gSa fdUrq bl izxfr osQ ckn Hkh
vHkh cgqr oqQN fd;k tkuk 'ks"k gSA 6&14 vk;q
oxZ osQ ckyd&ckfydkvksa osQ fu%'kqYd ,oa
vfuok;Z f'k{kk osQ laoèS kkfud izkoèkku2 ,oa f'k{kk
osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkj3 osQ ckn Hkh ns'k osQ
'kr&izfr'kr cPpksa dk ukekadu fo|ky;ksa esa
lqfuf'pr ugha fd;k tk ldk gSA f'k{kk vkt
rd ns'k esa loZlqyHk ugha gks ldh gSA vkt
Hkkjr esa fo'o osQ lcls vfèkd fuj{kj jgrs gSaA
fo'o osQ oqQy fuj{kjksa dk yxHkx ,d frgkbZ
Hkkx ;gk¡ fuokl djrk gSA 6&14 vk;q oxZ osQ
cPpksa dks vfuok;Z ,oa fu%'kqYd f'k{kk iznku
djus osQ fy, iwjs ns'k esa ik¡p yk[k ls vfèkd
f'k{kdksa osQ in fjDr gSAa 4 fo|ky;ksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa
osQ vuqikr esa HkkSfrd ,oa 'kSf{kd lalkèku miyCèk
ugha gSaA mPp f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed f'k{kk dks dkSu
dgs] ns'k osQ ;qokvksa osQ vuqikr esa ge egkfo|ky;ksa
,oa fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk ugha dj losQ
gSaA Kku vk;ksx osQ ,d izfrosnu osQ vuqlkj
;qokvksa dh la[;k osQ vuqikr esa ns'k esa 1500
fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa 50]000 egkfo|ky;ksa dh
vkSj LFkkiuk gksuh pkfg,A mPp f'k{kk dh fLFkfr
;g gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa
dks 'kSf{kd :i ls le`¼ cukus osQ fy, fons'kh
fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks ;gk¡ ykus osQ fy, izkoèkku
77
cukus esa layXu gSA tcfd lfn;ksa iwoZ ;gk¡
r{kf'kyk vkSj ukyank tSls varjkZ"Vªh;] [;kfryCèk
fo'ofo|ky; Fks] ftuesa fo'o osQ vusd ns'kksa
osQ fo|kFkhZ vè;;u osQ fy, vkrs FksA
vkt ns'k esa xgjk pkfjf=kd ladV gSA
f'k{kky;ksa esa ;g uSfrd ßkl f'k{kkFkhZ vkSj
f'k{kd nksuksa Lrj ij ifjyf{kr gks jgk gSA
fo|ky;ksa esa vè;;u&vè;kiu] vuq'kklu] pfj=k]
uSfrdrk] Je'khyrk] izkphu xq#oqQyh; xq#&f'k";
lacaèk] xq# osQ izfr lEeku ,oa leiZ.k vkfn
okrkoj.k dk loZFkk vHkko gSA gekjh f'k{kk
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ftKklq cukus esa vliQy fl¼
gks jgh gSA vfèkdka'k fo|kFkhZ le; ls fo|ky;
esa mifLFkr ugha gksrs] f'k{kk esa mudh vfHk#fp
ugha gksrh] d{kkvksa ls iyk;u djrs gS]a ijh{kkvksa
esa vuqfpr lkèkuksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA fo|kfFkZ;ksa
esa 'khy lEiUurk] vuq'kklu] vkKkikyu]
lekt&lsok] y{; osQ izfr leiZ.k ,oa izfrc¼rk
dk vHkko fo|eku gSA dnkfpr~ muosQ le{k
dksbZ mPp vkn'kZ izfreku (jksy ekWMy) Hkh
ugha gSA vkt f'k{kk ,d O;olk; dk :i xzg.k
dj pqdh gSA fo|ky;ksa esa esèkkoh] fo|kfou;]
f'k{k.k&dkS'ky lEiUu] f'k{k.k O;olk; osQ izfr
lefiZr] fo"k; fo'ks"kK vkpk;ksZa dk Hkh vHkko
gS] 'kkldh; ,oa jkT;&foÙkiksf"kr v'kkldh;
fo|ky;ksa dh fu;qfDr;ksa esa Hkz"Vkpkj ,oa lalkèkuksa
osQ vHkko esa vkfFkZd dkj.kksa ls f'k{kk osQ {ks=k
esa c<+rh futh Hkkxhnkjh osQ iQyLo:i f'k{kk esa
vkSj xq.kkRed ßkl vk;k gSA f'k{k.k O;olk;
osQ izfr izfrc¼rk ,oa vfHk#fp u j[kus okys
78
ek=k jkstxkj osQ fy, f'k{kk esa (vis{kkÑr de
;ksX;rk okys) vk, vè;kidksa osQ dkj.k Hkh
f'k{kk esa dkI+kQh fxjkoV vkbZ gSA ns'k osQ ;qokvksa
dh ou&fuekZ.k ls lacafèkr f'k{kk tSls iquhr
dk;Z esa layXu dfri; f'k{kd ;qx&izokg esa
HkkSfrd vkd"kZ.k ls vius ewy drZO;ksa dh
mis{kk djrs gq, O;fDrxr f'k{k.k@dksfpax laLFkkvksa
osQ lapkyu] jktuhfr ;k vk; osQ vU; lzksrksa ls
èkuktZu esa layXu gSaA
f'k{kk oLrqr%] lPps vFkks± esa thou fuekZ.k
djus okyh] euq"; cukus okyh] pfj=k&xBu
djus okyh ,oa thou esa ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk
fodkl djus okyh gksrh gSA Lora=krk osQ N%
n'kd ckn Hkh gekjh f'k{kk ns'k osQ ;qokvksa dks
vkRefuHkZj cukus ,oa muesa mPp uSfrd ewY;ksa
dks lekfgr djus esa vliQy jgh gSA f'k{k.k
laLFkku fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ efLr"d esa ek=k iqLrdh;
Kku Hkjus rd lhfer gSAa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk ÅtkZoku
cgqewY; thou lS¼kafrd fo"k;ksa dks jVus&jVkus
esa O;rhr gks jgk gSA fo'ofo|ky; ek=k ;qokvksa
osQ efLr"d esa Hkjs gq, iqLrdh; Kku osQ
ijh{k.k osQ laLFkku cus gq, gSaA os ,slh mikfèk;k¡
forfjr dj jgs gSa ftudh thou esa dksbZ fo'ks"k
mi;ksfxrk ugha] ftuls fMxzhèkkjh csjks”kxkj ;qokvksa
dh ek=k yach iQkS”k [kM+h gks jgh gSA gekjh
orZeku ewY;kadu foèkk Hkh vad vtZu ij
vkèkkfjr gSA ijh{kk esa efLr"d esa Hkjs gq, Kku
dks mxy dj tks vfèkd vad vftZr djrk gS
og Js"B ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA orZeku ijh{kk
iz.kkyh esa n{krk] dkS'ky] ekuoh; ewY;ksa ,oa
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
pkfjf=kd fodkl osQ ewY;kadu dh dksbZ foèkk
fo|eku ugha gSA buosQ vfrfjDr xq.kkRed
f'k{kk] f'k{kk osQ ewyHkwr mís';] cgqvk;keh
ikB~;Øe] f'k{k.k&i¼fr] jks”kxkjijd f'k{kk]
ekuoh; ewY;ksa osQ fodkl gsrq f'k{kk vkfn
fo"k;ksa ij Hkh fparu visf{kr gSA izLrqr vè;;u
esa izkphu f'k{kk n'kZu osQ vkyksd esa mu fcUnqvksa
dks Li'kZ djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS tks
vkèkqfud f'k{kk osQ fy, ekxZn'khZ&izklafxd gks
ldrs gSaA
f'k{kk dk mís';
Hkkjrh; f'k{kk n'kZu esa fo|k dks ve`r ,oa
vfo|k dks e`R;q dgk x;k gS rFkk f'k{kk dk
mís'; ^lk fo|k ;k foeqDr;s* vFkkZr leLr
lkalkfjd cUèkuksa&vHkkoksa ls eqfDr iznku djrs
gq, vejRo (eks{k&thou dk Js"Bre fodkl)
lqfuf'pr djuk FkkA izkphu Hkkjr esa iq#"kkFkZ
prq"V; (èkeZ] vFkZ] dke] eks{k) dh izkfIr
thou dk vHkh"V FkkA bl vHkh"V esa thou dk
lexz ykSfdd (vFkZ vkSj dke) ,oa ikjykSfdd
(èkeZ vkSj eks{k) mRd"kZ lekfgr FkkA f'k{kk
thou esa iq#"kkFkZ prq"V; dks izkIr djus dk
izeq[k lkèku FkhA f'k{kk dk mís'; thou esa
vH;qn; (iw.kZ HkkSfrd mRd"kZ) ,oa fu%Js;l
(vkè;kfRed fodkl) fl¼ djuk FkkA izkphu
fo|k osaQnz] xq#oqQy ,oa vkJe bUgha fof'k"V
mís';ksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, ijk (czã ;k vè;kRe
fo|k) ,oa vijk fo|k (ykSfdd fo|k) osQ
ekè;e ls ,slh f'k{kk esa layXu Fks ftlls
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
pfj=koku] Je'khy] fo|kfou; lEiUu] rstLoh
fo|kFkhZ mn~Hkwr gksrs FksA dnkfpr~ f'k{kk dk ;gh
mís'; Hkkjrh; f'k{kkfonksa MkW- jkèkko`Q".ku dh
uSfrdrk ,oa pfj=k fuekZ.k djus okyh f'k{kk]
egf"kZ vjfoUn dh vkè;kfRed fodkl dh
f'k{kk] Lokeh foosdkuUn dh thou fuekZ.k djus
okyh] euq"; cukus okyh ,oa pfj=k xBu djus
okyh rFkk egkRek xkaèkh dh 'kjhj] eu ,oa
vkRek dh loksÙZ ke fodkl djus okyh f'k{kk
dh voèkkj.kk dk vfHkizsjd gSA dnkfpr~ f'k{kk
dk ;gh mís'; Ikk'pkR; fopkjd isLVkykth dh
euq"; dh vUr%fufgr 'kfDr;ksa dk LokHkkfod
lkeatL;iw.kZ izxfr'khy fodkl lacèa kh f'k{kk dk
Hkh ekxZn'khZ gSA Lora=krk osQ yacs varjky osQ
ckn Hkh f'k{kk osQ bl mís'; dks ge izkIr ugha
dj losQ gSa vkSj vkt Hkh ;g gekjs fy, vkn'kZ
cuk gqvk gSA
fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk
fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk dh orZeku laoèS kkfud
voèkkj.kk Hkkjr esa lH;rk osQ izkjaHk&oSfnd
dky ls gh fo|eku FkhA izkphu Hkkjrh; voèkkj.kk
esa fir`½.k ls mUeqDr gksus osQ fy, iq=kksRifÙk gh
vko';d ugha Fkh] iq=kksa dk lqf'kf{kr ,oa Kkuoku
gksuk Hkh vfuok;Z FkkA5 ½f"k½.k ls Hkh eqfDr
osQ fy, ea=knz"Vk ½f"k;ksa osQ Kku dk izpkj&izlkj
,oa vè;;u&vè;kiu vko';d FkkA f'k{kk dks
vfuok;Z cukus osQ mís'; ls Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa
(½f"k;ksa) us ekuo thou dks czãp;Z] x`gLFk]
okuizLFk ,oa lU;kl pkj vkJeksa esa foHkDr
fd;k vkSj vkJeokl ,oa mlosQ fu;eksa dk
79
vuqikyu vfuok;Z crk;kA czãp;Z vkJe fo|ktZu]
pfj=k fuekZ.k ,oa O;fDrRo fodkl dk vkJe
FkkA bl vkJe esa vè;;u vfuok;Z FkkA
;kKoYD;Le`fr esa Lokè;k; dk ifjR;kx miikrd
(vijkèk) ?kksf"kr gSA6 lcdks f'k{kk iznku djus
gsrq izpqj ek=kk esa vè;kid miyCèk gksa] ,rnFkZ
lekt osQ ,d oxZ fo'ks"k dk vè;kiu drZO;
fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;kA vè;kiu izR;sd fo}ku
czkã.k dk vfuok;Z drZO; FkkA x`gLFk osQ iap;Kksa
esa czã;K egÙoiw.kZ ;K osQ :i esa ifjxf.kr
gSA7 vè;kiu gh czã;K FkkA8 fo}ku czkã.k osQ
fy, fu%'kqYd f'k{kk nsuk vfuok;Z fd;k x;kA
'kqYd ysdj vè;;u miikrd (vijkèk) ?kksf"kr
gSA9 Kku dk foØ; lekt esa gs; n`f"V ls ns[kk
tkrk FkkA czã;K laiknu osQ fy, izR;sd czkã.k
osQ lkFk oqQN f'k";ksa dk gksuk vko';d FkkA bu
f'k";ksa esa vkpk;Z osQ iq=k Hkh lekfgr FksA vkpk;Z
dk x`g gh fo|ky; FkkA vkpk;Z iq=kor~ vU;
f'k";ksa osQ fy, Hkh Hkkstu] vkokl ,oa fu%'kqYd
f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djrs FksA bl izdkj osQ
fo|ky;ksa dk izpyu oSfnd dky esa fo'ks"k :i
ls FkkA10 dkykarj esa mPp f'k{kk osQ mís'; ls
xq#oqQyksa ,oa vkJeksa dk mn; gqvkA xq#oqQy
,oa vkJe mPp f'k{kk osQ osaQnz FksA izkphu Hkkjr
esa vkpk;Z Hkkj}kt] xkSre] ij'kqjke] egf"kZ O;kl]
d.o] vxLR;] of'k"B] fo'okfe=k] okYehfd]
nzks.kkpk;Z] lanhifu ,oa 'kkSud vkfn ½f"k;ksa osQ
vkJe mPp f'k{kk osQ osaQnz osQ :i esa iz[;kr
FksA f'k{kk dks fu%'kqYd cukus osQ mís'; ls
fo|kJeksa osQ lapkyu osQ fy, jktk vkSj iztk
80
dk eqDr gLr ls nku nsus dk drZO; fuèkkZfjr
fd;k x;kA ftlls vkpk;Z HkkSfrd fparkvksa ls
eqDr gksdj xq.kkRed f'k{kk iznku dj losaQA
ckS¼dky esa fo'ofo[;kr ukyUnk fo'ofo|ky;]
ftlesa nl gtkj vkoklh; fo|kFkhZ ,oa ,d
gtkj vkpk;Z dk;Zjr~ Fks] nku esa izkIr nks lkS
xzkeksa osQ jktLo ,oa mRikn ls lapkfyr FkkA
fuèkZu ls fuèkZu fo|kFkhZ Hkh f'k{kk xzg.k dj losQ
blosQ fy, fHk{kk xzg.k djuk czãpkjh dk
vfuok;Z drZO; fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;kA lekt osQ
lHkh oxZ dh f'k{kk osQ fy, ,d leku f'k{kk
O;oLFkk FkhA jktk] jad vkSj vkpk;Z osQ iq=k ,d
gh lkFk xq#oqQy esa vè;;u djrs FksA fuèkZu
lqnkek egf"kZ lanhifu osQ vkJe esa Jho`Q".k osQ
lgikBh FksA jke] Hkjr] y{e.k vkSj 'k=kq?u
lkekU; czãpkfj;ksa osQ lkFk egf"kZ of'k"B osQ
vkJe esa vè;;u djrs FksA
lcosQ fy, f'k{kk
izkphu Hkkjr esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk vR;ar le`¼ FkhA
f'k{kk lcosQ fy, fo|eku FkhA MkW- vYrsdj osQ
vuqlkj mifu"kn~ dky esa Hkkjr esa lk{kjrk 80
izfr'kr FkhA mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus dk vfèkdkj
mlh dks Fkk tks f'kf{kr gksus ij f'k{kk iznku
djus osQ fy, izLrqr jgrk FkkA11 lekorZu laLdkj
osQ le; Lukrd ;g ozr ysrk Fkk fd og
lekt esa f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks fo|k nku djsxkA12
izkFkfed f'k{kk lcdks lqyHk FkhA izFker% izkFkfed
f'k{kk dk nkf;Ro oqQy dk FkkA ekrk&firk ckyd
osQ izFke f'k{kd FksA firk gh izk;% v{kj Kku
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
djkrk FkkA i<+uk] fy[kuk ,oa le>uk izkjafHkd
f'k{kk esa lekfgr FkkA vkpk;Z pk.kD; osQ vuqlkj
jktoqQekjksa dh f'k{kk v{kj Kku ,oa vad Kku ls
vkjEHk gksrk FkhA13 ekrk vkpkj&O;ogkj dh
f'k{kk nsrh FkhaA ifjokj ckyd dh izFke ikB'kkyk
FkhA dkykarj esa ;ksX; ekrk&firk osQ vHkko rFkk
f'k{kk esa fof'k"Vhdj.k osQ iQyLo:i izkjafHkd
f'k{kk dk nkf;Ro iqjksfgr ;k vkpk;Z dh ifjfèk
esa lekfo"V gqvkA nf{k.k Hkkjr ls izkIr f'kykys[kksa
ls ;g mYys[k feyrk gS fd lkekU;r% lkewfgd
:i ls iwjs xk¡o dh vksj ls gh ikB'kkyk
lapkfyr gksrh FkhA ikB'kkyk esa f'k{kd izk;%
xk¡o osQ iqjksfgr gksrs FksA14 ckS¼ dky esa tuHkk"kk
esa izkFkfed f'k{kk dk foLRkkj gqvkA yksxksa dks
vkRefuHkZj cukus osQ mís'; ls O;kolkf;d ,oa
vkS|ksfxd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk FkhA ;g f'k{kk
izk;% oa'kxr FkhA izR;sd o.kZ osQ O;fDr;ksa dks
mldh vfHk#fp osQ vuqlkj deZdk.M] ikSjksfgR;]
vL=k lapkyu] èkuq£o|k] Ñf"k] i'kq&ikyu] okf.kT;]
fofoèk f'kYi] dyk&dkS'ky] laxhr xk;u&oknu]
u`R;] vfHk;a=k.k (Hkou fuekZ.k)] Hkou] j{kk
rFkk lektksi;ksxh fofoèk midj.kksa ,oa ;a=kksa osQ
fuekZ.k dh O;kolkf;d ,oa vkS|ksfxd f'k{kk
iznku dh tkrh FkhA mPp f'k{kk dk volj
;ksX; ,oa esèkkoh O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, lqyHk FkkA
oSfnd deZdk.M] ;Kkfn èkkfeZd o`QR; ,oa
vè;kiu dk dk;Z izkphu Hkkjr esa ,d o.kZ
fo'ks"k (czkã.k) dk drZO; FkkA vr% mlosQ
fy, osn] osnkax ,oa èkeZ'kkL=kksa dk vè;;u
vfuok;Z Fkk fdUrq czkã.k dk ;g fo'ks"kkfèkdkj
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
tkR;k ugha mldh èkeZKrk] lnkpkj laiUurk ,oa
osnikjaxrk osQ dkj.k FkkA15 czkã.k dks osnkè;;u
dh lqfoèkk czkã.koa'k esa mRiUu gksus osQ dkj.k
ugha mldh esèkk] f'k{kk dh ik=krk] Kku&fiiklk
,oa HkkSfrd vkd"kZ.kksa ls nwj jgrs gq, fcuk
fdlh HkkSfrd O;olk; osQ f'k{kk osQ izfr leiZ.k
osQ dkj.k izkIr FkhA euq us rks vkpkjP;qr] èkeZ
fo#¼ vkpj.k djus okys xq.kfoghu czkã.k dks
vlaHkksT; (èkkfeZd o`QR;ksa esa Hkkstu djkus osQ
v;ksX;)] vla;kT; (;K&;ktu osQ v;ksX;)]
vlaikB~; (vè;kiu osQ v;ksX;)] vfooká
(laHkzkUr ifjokj esa fookg osQ fy, vik=k) ,oa
;gk¡ rd fd viz.kE; (vfHkoknu osQ Hkh ;ksX;
ugha)16 ?kksf"kr fd;k gSA
oLrqr% izkphu Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk osQ
fy, fo|kFkhZ dk p;u ;ksX;rk ,oa ekufld
{kerk osQ vkèkkj ij gksrk FkkA lHkh o.kks± osQ
fy, mPp f'k{kk esa izos'k dk }kj [kqyk gqvk
FkkA vEcjh"k] =klnL;q] v'oesèk] fo'okfe=k
vkfn vusd oSfnd ½f"k {kf=k; FksA ½Xosn dk
r`rh; e.My fo'okfe=k osQ oqQy dh o`Qfr
ekuh tkrh gSA17 izfl¼ 'kY; fpfdRld vkpk;Z
lqJqr fo'okfe=k osQ oa'kt dgs tkrs gSaA ,srjs;
czkã.k osQ ys[kd eghnkl 'kwnkz ekrk osQ iq=k FksA18
oktlus;h lafgrk esa oSfnd f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkjh
pkjksa o.kZ dgs x, gSAa 19 v'oifr] tud] izokg.k]
tSofy vkfn vusd mifu"kn~ dkyhu {kf=k;
vkpk;ks± dk mYys[k feyrk gS ftuosQ ikl
èkeZ&n'kZu osQ vè;;u osQ fy, czkã.k@czãpkjh
vkrs FksA20 vkfndkyhu èkeZ'kkL=kksa esa jFkdkj
81
(vczkã.k) dks miu;u vkSj osnkè;;u dk
vfèkdkj gksus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA21 oSfnd
fo|k osQ f'k[kj iq#"k oknjk;.k osnO;kl eNqvkjs
dh dU;k osQ iq=k dgs tkrs gSaA foaQonarh osQ
vuqlkj ½rEHkjk izKk laiUu egf"kZ okYehfd
'kwnz (tutkfr) dgs tkrs gSaA budk izfl¼
fo|kJe Fkk tgk¡ yooqQ'k us vè;;u fd;k FkkA
NkanksX;ksifu"kn~ osQ vuqlkj nklh tckyk osQ iq=k
lR;dke tkoky egf"kZ xkSre osQ f'k"; FksA
euqLe`fr vkSj egkHkkjr dks mn~èk`r djrs gq,
izkIs +ksQlj ik.Mqjax okeu dk.ks mYys[k djrs gSa
fd 'kqHk fo|k osQ fy, 'kwnz Hkh vkpk;Z gks
ldrs gSaA22 ckS¼dky esa ukyUnk fo'ofo|ky;
esa izos'k fo'kq¼ ;ksX;rk osQ vkèkkj ij izos'k
ijh{kk osQ ekè;e ls gksrk FkkA egkRek cq¼ osQ
egku fpfdRld thod jktx`g dh lkykorh
uked jkt ifjpkfjdk (nklh) osQ iq=k FksA
egku xf.krK ,oa T;ksfrfoZn czãxqIr oS'; FksA
phuh ;k=kh iQkáku (ik¡poh 'krkCnh) ,oa àsulkax
rFkk bfRlax (lkroha 'krkCnh) dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk
osQ o.kZuksa esa Hkh f'k{kk esa o.kZ&Hksn dk dksbZ
mYys[k ugha feyrkA vr% Li"V gS fd oSfnd
dky esa ;ksX;rk osQ vkèkkj ij mPp f'k{kk esa
volj miyCèk FkkA dkykarj esa Le`fr dky esa
o.kZ osQ LFkku ij tkfr O;oLFkk dk mn; gksus
yxkA Le`fr;ksa esa ukjh ,oa 'kwnz osQ fy, osnkè;;u
osQ fu"ksèk dk mYys[k izkIr gksrk gSA 23 tks loZFkk
vekuoh; dgk tk ldrk gSA vkt ns'k esa
f'kf{kr csjkstxkj ;qokvksa dh iafDr fujarj yach
gks jgh gSA vr% f'k{kk dks thouksi;ksxh cukus
82
osQ fy, izkphu Hkkjrh; vkn'kZ&,d fuf'pr
vofèk dh f'k{kk osQ ckn Nk=k dh vfHk#fp osQ
vuqlkj lHkh osQ fy, O;kolkf;d f'k{kk rFkk
;ksX;rk osQ vkèkkj ij vè;kiu] 'kksèk ,oa mPp
rduhdh f'k{kk gsrq izfrHkk lEiUu esèkkoh
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mPp f'k{kk osQ volj dh
miyCèkrk dnkfpr~ vkt Hkh lehphu gSA
f'k{kd&f'k{kkFkhZ lacèa k
f'k{kd] f'k{kkFkhZ vkSj f'k{kky; f'k{kk osQ izeq[k
?kVd gSaA izkphu Hkkjr esa vkpk;Z dk x`g gh
f'k{kky; Fkk ftls vkpk;Z oqQy] xq#oqQy ;k
vkJe dgrs FksA xq#oqQy ;k vkJe izk;% vj.;ksa
osQ iz'kkar ,oa lqjE; okrkoj.k esa] tgk¡ vkpk;Z
dh xk;ksa dks pjus osQ fy, foLr`r Hkw&Hkkx]
;tu&iwtu] vfXugks=k vkfn dh lkefxz;ksa dh
miyCèkrk osQ fy, o`{k ,oa iq"iokfVdk,¡] Luku
osQ fy, unh ;k ljksoj rFkk o`Qf"k osQ fy,
i;kZIr Hkwfe ,oa iQyksa ls ;qDr m|ku fo|eku
gks]a vofLFkr gksrs FksA miu;u laLdkj osQ i'pkr~
czãpkjh xq#oqQyksa esa vkpk;Z osQ ifjokj osQ
lnL; osQ :i esa muosQ lrr~ ekxZn'kZu esa
vè;;u djrs FksA vkpk;Z f'k{k.k osQ izfr lefiZr
FksA os czkã.kRo&Kku] 'khy&lnkpkj] èkeZKrk]
lR;] vfgalk] vifjxzg osQ lk{kkr ewfrZ FksA
f'k{k.k vkpk;Z dk O;olk; ugha ozr vkSj ladYi
FkkA vè;;u&vè;kiu mudk vfuok;Z èkeZ
(drZO;) fuèkkZfjr FkkA os fo|k&nku osQ vfMx
oz r h (fe'kujh) Fks A vkthou vè;;u
(;koTthoeèkhrs foiz%)] 'kksèk] fpUru&euu ,oa
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
ri lkèkuk muosQ thou dk vfHkUu vax FkkA
lekorZu laLdkj osQ le; os Lokè;k; ,oa
izopu (fo|k&nku) ls izekn u djus dk
(Lokè;k; izopukHk;ka u izefnrO;e~) ladYi
ysrs FksA blosQ foijhr vkpj.k ij muosQ vkpk;ZRo
osQ foyqIr gksus dk Hk; FkkA24 xq#oqQy dk
vHkh"V vkpk;Z ,oa czãpkjh nksuksa osQ czãrst
,oa ;'k dk laoèkZu FkkA25 vkpk;Z vius Kku ,oa
'khy&lnkpkj dk loZLo f'k"; dks le£ir
djrs] vius ikl oqQN Hkh vo'ks"k ugha j[krs
FksA26 xq# osQ lkFk f'k"; dk iq=kor~ lacaèk FkkA
f'k"; muosQ ifjokj dk ,d vax FkkA mlosQ
vkokl] Hkkstu] oL=k vkfn lexz lqfoèkkvksa dk
izcèa k vkpk;Z dk nkf;Ro FkkA
xq#oqQy esa izos'k osQ fy, ik=krk fuèkkZfjr
FkhA miu;u laLdkj osQ iwoZ f'k"; dh dBksj
ijh{kk yh tkrh FkhA bl ijh{kk esa vliQy gksus
ij vkpk;Z dks ;g Lora=krk Fkh fd og mls
xq#oqQy esa izos'k u nsa vFkok oqQN dky rd
izrh{kk djus dks dgsaA27 vik=k dk xq#oqQy esa
izo's k fu"ksèk FkkA28 esèkkoh] ftKklq] vkIr] lsO;Hkko
laiUu] ifo=k vkpj.k okys èkeZ'khy f'k"; dks
gh xq#oqQy esa izos'k feyrk FkkA29 fo|k f'k";
osQ fy, ri lkèkuk FkhA fo|kFkhZ thou czãp;kZJe
Fkk ftlesa f'k"; HkkSfrd vkd"kZ.kksa ,oa ,s'o;ks±
ls nwj jgrs gq, czãp;Z osQ fy, fuèkkZfjr fu;eksa
dk dBksjrk ls ikyu djrs FksA f'k"; xq#oqQy
esa ek=k f'k{kkFkhZ ugha] xq# dh lsok osQ izfr iw.kZ
le£ir FksA xq#p;kZ] vfXugks=k dh lkefxz;ksa dk
izcaèk] ifjlj dh lI+kQkbZ] xks&lsok] iq"iokfVdk
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
,oa x`g okfVdk esa Je] fHk{kk xzg.k osQ fy,
Hkze.k vkfn f'k"; dh vfuok;Z fnup;kZ FkhA
iQyr% iz k phu Hkkjr os Q fo|kJeks a es a
f'k{kd&f'k{kkFkhZ osQ eè; vR;Ur vkReh; lacaèk
FksA vkt f'k{k.k dk;Z iw.kZr% O;olk; dk :i
xzg.k dj pqdk gSA bl O;olk;hdj.k dk
izHkko xq#&f'k"; osQ ifo=k lacaèkksa ij Hkh iM+k
gSA iQyr% izHkkoh f'k{k.k osQ fy, xq# f'k"; dk
xq#oqQyh; ifo=k Hkko vkt Hkh gekjs fy,
izklafxd gSA
pfj=k ,oa vuq'kklu
izkphu Hkkjr esa fo|k fuosQru vkoklh; Fks tgk¡
KkuktZu] pkfjf=kd fodkl ,oa vuq'kklu dk
uSl£xd okrkoj.k fo|eku FkkA Íf"k ½rEHkjk
izKklEiUu] ifo=k thou thus okys] f'k{kk osQ
fy, le£ir ½f"k ,oa vkn'kZ vkpk;Z FksA vkpk;Z
fo|ky; osQ ek=k f'k{kd gh ugha] f'k{kkFkhZ osQ
xq# Hkh FksA f'k"; osQ lexz O;fDrRo osQ fodkl
ij mudh lrr~ lroZQ n`f"V jgrh FkhA fo|kFkhZ
izkr%dky ls jkf=k esa 'k;ui;ZUr vkpk;Z osQ
i;Zos{k.k ,oa funs'Z ku esa xq#oqQy osQ fu;eksa dk
ikyu djrs FksA f'k"; osQ lkFk xq# dk iq=kor~
lacèa k FkkA pfj=k fuekZ.k fo"k;d fofoèk dk;ZØe&
laè;k] mikluk] vfXugks=k] osn?kks"k] ;ksx vklu]
izk.kk;ke] miokl] ozr] xq#p;kZ] xks&lsok vkfn
xq#oqQy dh fnup;kZ osQ vfHkUu vax FksA xq#oqQy
esa fo|kFkhZ f'k{kkFkhZ ugha czãpkjh FksA czãp;Z osQ
fu;eksa dk thou esa vkpj.k fo|kFkhZ osQ fy,
vfuok;Z FkkA czãp;Z ls fo|kFkhZ esa ekufld
83
,dkxzrk] eu ,oa bfUnz;ksa ij fu;a=k.k] izcy
dk;Z'kfDr ,oa pkfjf=kd&vkè;kfRed 'kfDr izkIr
gksrh FkhA f'k{kk HkkSfrd le`f¼] pkfjf=kd fodkl
,oa vkè;kfRed mUu;u vFkkZr v}SrkuqHkwfr&lHkh
izkf.k;ksa esa bZ'ojh; rÙo osQ n'kZu] ;g vuqHkwfr
fd ge] rqe vkSj lc ,d gh gSa] ge lc ,d
gh fojkV iq#"k osQ va'k gSa] vr% tkfr] o.kZ]
èkeZ] lEiznk; vkfn osQ HksnHkko osQ fcuk lcosQ
izfr d#.kk] n;k] izes ] cUèkqRo osQ mnkÙk~ ekuoh;
ewY;ksa osQ l`tu osQ fy, nh tkrh FkhA
vuq'kklu osQ fy, lkekU;r% 'kkjhfjd n.M
( Corporal Punishment) dk fu"ksèk Fkk
fdUrq fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa y?kq n.M vuqeU;
FkkA fuèkkZfjr ek=k ls vfèkd n.M nsus ij
f'k{kd n.M dh lhek esa FksA30 vkèkqfud fo|ky;ksa
dh rjg pfj=k] uSfrdrk ,oa vuq'kklu osQ fy,
uSfrd f'k{kk ( Moral Education) dh
d{kk,¡ lapkfyr ugha gksrh FkhaA xq#oqQy dk
lexz okrkoj.k gh pfj=k ,oa vuq'kklu dk
i;kZ; FkkA vuq'kklu dk vkèkkj mins'k ;k
izopu ugha cfYd f'k{kd dk vkpj.k ,oa
vkn'kZ O;fDrRo FkkA f'k";ksa osQ fy, f'k{kd
vkn'kZ izfreku (Role Model ) FksA vkt
gekjs f'k{k.k laLFkku vius izkphu xkSjo dks [kks
jgs gSaA fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ pfj=k] vuq'kklu ,oa
uSfrd ewY;ksa esa lrr~ {kj.k gks jgk gSA fo|k£Fk;ksa
esa c<+rh vuq'kklughurk ,oa pkfjf=kd ladV
osQ orZeku ;qx esa D;k gh vPNk gksrk fd
f'k{kd Lo;a vius vkn'kZ vkpj.k ,oa izHkkoh
O;fDrRo ls fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ fy, ,d mnkgj.k
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
84
cursA oLrqr% pfj=k ,oa vkpj.k gh vuq'kklu
dk ewy vkèkkj gksrk gSA ekrk&firk] vfHkHkkod
,oa f'k{kd Lo;a vkn'kZ izLrqr dj vuq'kklu
dk lPpk ikB i<+k ldrs gSaA31
xq#oqQy ,oa vkJe] Hkkjr dh le`¼ Kku
ijaijk osQ laokgd jgs gSaA bUgha fo|k fuosQruksa
esa ½f"k;ksa us Kku osQ loksZPp lzksr osn ea=kksa dk
n'kZu (vUos"k.k) ,oa lafgrk] czkã.k] vkj.;d]
mifu"kn~] vkfn xzaFkksa dk iz.k;u fd;kA bUgha esa
Jqfr ijaijk ls osn vèkhr vkSj lajf{kr gq, rFkk
osn&osnkax] èkeZ'kkL=k] iqjk.k] n'kZu] O;kdj.k]
lkfgR;] xf.kr] T;ksfr"k] foKku] vk;qonZs ] èkuqonZs
,oa fofoèk dykvksa osQ fo'kky lkfgR; dk
vè;;u&vè;kiu ,oa fodkl lqfuf'pr gqvkA
Hkkjrh; Kku&foKku dh fofoèk 'kk[kkvksa osQ
izKk iq#"k eg£"k osnO;kl (oSfnd Kku osQ
iqjksèkk)] xkSre] vkiLrEc] ckSèkk;u] fo".kq] euq]
;kKoYD;] ukjn] c`gLifr (èkeZ'kkL=k ,oa fofèk
foKku)] ikf.kfu] dkR;k;u ,oa iratfy (O;kdj.k
'kkL=k ,oa ;ksx foKku)] pk.kD; (jktuhfr ,oa
owQVuhfr foKku)] dfiy (fo'o&jpuk foKku)]
d.kkn (oS'ksf"kd n'kZu)] èkuoUrfj] v'ouh
oqQekj] pjd] lqJrq ] vfXuos'k] Hkkj}kt (vk;qonZs
,oa fpfdRlk foKku)] eg£"k ij'kq j ke]
Hkh"efirkeg] nzk.s kkpk;Z (èkuqonZs ,oa lSU; foKku)]
ukxktquZ (jlk;u foKku)] vk;ZHkêð] ojkgfefgj]
HkkLdjkpk;Z] czãxqIr (T;ksfr"k ,oa [kxksy foKku)
vkfn bUgha fo|k fuosQruksa dh o`gn~ Kku ijaijk
dh vewY; fufèk gSaA izkphu Hkkjrh; 'kSf{kd
n'kZu dh dfri; fo'ks"krk,¡&xq#oqQy dh vkoklh;
O;oLFkk] f'k{kd dk mPpre vkn'kZ ,oa f'k{kk
osQ izfr leiZ.k] f'k"; ls vkpk;Z dk iq=kor~
lacaèk] xq#&f'k"; dk Hkkoiw.kZ vkReh; lacaèk]
f'k{kkFkhZ dk ifo=k czãp;Z thou] vH;qn; ,oa
fu%Js;l osQ fy, f'k{kk] Lokuq'kklu] bdgjh
f'k{kk O;oLFkk (lcosQ fy, leku f'k{kk] fu%'kqYd
f'k{kk) fo|kFkhZ dk lrr~ ewY;kadu vkfn f'k{kk
osQ xq.kkRed fodkl osQ 'kk'or vkn'kZ gSaA
Lora=krk osQ yacs varjky osQ ckn Hkh ge bl
vkn'kZ dks ugha izkIr dj losQ gSa vkSj vkt Hkh
dnkfpr~ ;g vkn'kZ ns'k osQ fy, izklafxd cuk
gqvk gSA
lanHkZ
1- lj vjusLV ckjdj] 1957] xzhd ikWfyfVdy F;ksjh] IywVks ,.M fgt izsfMlsllZ] yUnu] i`-&149
2- lafoèkku dh èkkjk 45
3- f'k{kk vfèkfu;e&2009
4- nSfud tkxj.k] fnukad 30&12&2010
5- rLekRiq=keuqf'k"Va yksD;ekgqLrLeknsuuq'kkfLrA &o`gnkj.;kdksifu"kn~ 1-5-7(MkW- vuUrlnkf'ko vYrsdj]
1955] izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{k.k i¼fr] okjk.klh] i`- 18
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
6- ;kK- 3@229&242
7- euq- 3@71] 4@21] ;kK- 1@102
8- ^vè;kiua czã;K%* euq- 3@70
9- ;kK- 3@235
10- rksej] yTtkjke] izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk i¼fr] osQ'kooaqQt] u;h fnYyh] i`- 107
11- ,srjs; vkj.;d 3-8-6
12- rksej] yTtkjke] izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk i¼fr] i`- 65
13- vFkZ'kkL=k 1-2
14- rksej] yTtkjke] izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk i¼fr] i`- 53
15- ^izfrikfnr cgqJqr fo"k;a u czkã.kek=k fo"k;e~A*& ;kK- 2@4 ij ferk{kjk O;k[;k] xkSre- 8-4&11
16- vlaHkksT;k ãla;kT;k vlaikB~;k fookfgu%A pjs;q% i`fFkoha nhuk% loZèkeZcfg"o`Qrk% AA Kkfr lacfUèkfeLRosrs
R;DrO;k% o`Qry{k.kk%A funZ;k fuuZeLdkjkLrUeuksjuq'kklue~AA
17- euq- vè;k; 9 'yksd 238&239
18- vYrsdj] MkW- vuUr lnkf'ko] izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{k.k i¼fr] i`- 31
19- rksej] yTtkjke] izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk i¼fr] i`- 55
20- ;Fkseka okpa dY;k.khek onkfutusH;%A czã&jktU;kH;ka 'kwnkz ; pk;kZ; p Lok;pkj.kk; pAA&oktlus;h lafgrk
26@2] yTtkjke rksej] izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk i¼fr] i`- 56
21- o`gnkj.;dksifu"kn~] 2-1-15] MkW- vuUr lnkf'ko vYrsdj] izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{k.k i¼fr] i`- 31
22- ogh] i`- 34
23- dk.ks] ih- oh-] 1997] fgLVªh vkWiQ èkeZ'kkL=k] okY;we 2] ikVZ&ou] FkMZ ,Mh'ku] Hk.Mkjdj vksfj,aVy fjlpZ
bULVhV~;wV] iq.ks] i`- 325A
24- ogh] i`- 367
25- dk.ks] ih- oh-] ogh] i`- 329
26- ^^lg ukS ;'k%A lg ukS czg~eopZle~A** & rSfÙkjh;ksifu"kn~ 1] 3
27- vkiLrEc èkeZlw=k 1-4-14-2&3
28- rksej yTtkjke] izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk i¼fr] i`-&60
29- euqLe`fr 2-112&113
30- euqLe`fr 2-109] 115] ;kKoYD;Le`fr] 1-28
31- dk.ks] ih- oh-] 1997] fgLVªh vkWiQ èkeZ'kkL=k] okY;we 2] ikVZ& ou] FkMZ ,Mh'ku] i`- 362] euqLe`fr 8-299
32- dyke] ,- ih- ts- vCnqy] 2002] ^bXukbVsM ekb.M~l*] iSafXou cqDl fyfeVsM] u;h fnYyh] i`- 78
85
f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj % ,d fo'ys"k.k
iznhi oqQekj flag ·
f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e ykxw djosQ ljdkj us cgqr gh lkgfld vkSj ljkguh;
dk;Z fd;k gSA ysfdu blosQ ekxZ esa cgqr gh pqukSfr;k¡ gS]a tSlµ
s xjhch ;k fuèkZurk]
:f<+oknh lkekftd Ikfjos'k] foÙkh; leL;k] xq.koÙkk dh deh] MªkiW vkmV vkfnA bu
pqukSfr;ksa dks nwj fd, fcuk f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e osQ mís';ksa vFkkZr ns'k esa
6 ls 14 o"kZ rd osQ lHkh cPpksa dks lkoZHkkSfed] vfuok;Z vkSj fu%'kqYd f'k{kk
miyCèk djkuk dfBu gksxkA reke Ikz;klksa osQ ckn vHkh Hkh bl vk;q oxZ osQ yxHkx
92 yk[k cPps LowQy ls ckgj gSAa vr% bldh liQyrk osQ fy, ljdkjh Ikz;kl osQ
lkFk&lkFk lkekftd lgHkkfxrk rFkk vfHkHkkodksa dk lg;ksx Hkh vko';d gSA
jkT; dk ;g uSfrd nkf;Ro gksrk gS fd og
vius lHkh ukxfjdksa osQ fy, mfpr f'k{kk dh
O;oLFkk djsA fo'ks"k :i ls Hkkjr tSls yksdrkaf=kd
ns'k esa yksdrkaf=kd ewY;ksa osQ fodkl dh n`f"V
ls ;g vfuok;Z gks tkrk gSA bl n`f"V ls gky
gh esa Hkkjrh; laln }kjk f'k{kk dks ekSfyd
vfèkdkj (6&14 o"kZ osQ cPPkksa osQ fy,) cuk;k
tkuk ljkguh; dne gSA
clq (1992) osQ vuqlkj Hkkjrh; lafoèkku
osQ vuqPNsn 45 esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd
jkT; 6&14 o"kZ rd osQ lHkh cPpksa dks lafoèkku
ykxw gksus osQ 10 o"kks± osQ Hkhrj fu%'kqYd ,oa
vfuok;Z izkFkfed f'k{kk miyCèk djk,xkA ysfdu
f'k{kk dks ekSfyd vfèkdkj cukus ,oa 6&14
o"kZ rd osQ lHkh cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd ,oa
vfuok;Z f'k{kk dks dkuwuh :i nsus esa Hkkjr
ljdkj dks 60 o"kZ yx x, rks bls O;ogkj
:i esa ifj.kr djus esa fdruk le; yxsxk ;g
fpUrk dk fo"k; gSA izLrqr ys[k esa bUgha fcanqvksa
ij fopkj fd;k x;k gSA
·15&,e-,e-vkbZ-th-] ,-Mh-,- dkWyksuh] E;ksjkckn] bykgkckn] mÙkj izns'k&211002
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj dk rkRi;Z
;gk¡ f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj dk rkRi;Z ns'k osQ lHkh
(6&14 o"kZ rd osQ) cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd ,oa
vfuok;Z izkFkfed f'k{kk izkIr djus osQ dkuwuh
vf/dkj ls gSA
fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk osQ fy, fd,
x, iz;kl ,oa orZeku fLFkfr
fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk osQ lkoZHkkSehdj.k
dh fn'kk esa le;&le; ij ljdkj }kjk iz;kl
fd, x, gaAS f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj foèks;d laln
}kjk 2009 esa ikfjr fd;k x;k tks 1 vizSy
2010 ls ykxw gks x;k gSA mPpre U;k;ky; us
1993 esa mUuhÑ".ku ekeys esa iSQlyk nsrs gq,
0&14 o"kZ rd osQ lHkh cPPkksa osQ fy, eqÝr
vfuok;Z izkFkfed f'k{kk dks ekSfyd vfèkdkj
?kksf"kr fd;kA ysfdu ml le; f'k{kk dks ekSfyd
vfèkdkj ugha cuk;k tk ldkA blosQ vykok
orZeku dkuwu osQ vuqlkj 0&6 o"kZ rd osQ
cPPkksa dks bl dkuwu osQ nk;js esa u yk;k tkuk
bl vk;q oxZ osQ lkFk èkks[kk gSA
(flag 2004)
lu~ 2000&01 esa Hkkjr ljdkj osQ ekuo
lalkèku fodkl ea=kky; }kjk 6&14 o"kZ rd
osQ lHkh cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z
izkFkfed f'k{kk miyCèk djkus osQ fy, loZf'k{kk
vfHk;ku uked ;kstuk pyk;h xbZA bldk ize[q k
mís'; 6&14 o"kZ rd osQ lHkh cPpksa dks
de&ls&de 8 o"kZ rd dh LowQyh f'k{kk
miyCèk djkuk gSA bl vfHk;ku dk y{;
2003 rd lHkh cPPkksa dks LowQy esa ukekadu
87
djkuk] o"kZ 2007 rd lHkh cPpksa }kjk ik¡p
o"kZ dh f'k{kk lEiUu djuk rFkk 2010 rd
lHkh cPPkksa }kjk 8 o"kZ dh izkFkfed f'k{kk
lEiUu djuk gSA lu~ 2010 chr pqdk gS
ysfdu loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku y{; iw£r gksus rd
tkjh jgsxkA dkxth [kkuk&iw£r osQ ckn Hkh
6&14 o"kZ rd osQ yxHkx 22 djksM+ cPPkksa esa
ls yxHkx 92 yk[k cPps vHkh Hkh LowQy ls
ckgj gSaA
uoEcj 2002 esa 93osa lafoèkku la'kksèku
}kjk vuqPNsn 21 esa 6&14 o"kZ rd osQ cPpksa
osQ fy, f'k{kk dks ewykfèkdkj osQ :i esa
izfrLFkkfir fd;k x;kA blosQ vykok vuqPNsn
51(1) esa ,d vkSj ekSfyd drZO; tksM+dj
ekrk&firk osQ fy, vius cPpksa dks f'k{kk nsuk
drZO; crk;k x;kA blfy, Hkkjrh; laln }kjk
f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e&2009 ikfjr fd;k
x;k gSA blosQ rgr futh LowQyksa dks Hkh xjhch
js[kk ls uhps thou&;kiu djus okys 25 izfr'kr
cPpksa dks vfuok;Z :i ls nkf[kyk nsuk gksxkA
bldk laiw.kZ [kpZ ljdkj ogu djsxhA
6&14 o"kZ rd osQ cPpksa dks izkFkfed
f'k{kk miyCèk djkus osQ fy, oqQN ;kstuk,¡
igys ls ns'k ,oa izns'k Lrj ij py jgh gaS
tSlsµjk"Vªh; lk{kjrk fe'ku (1988)] fcgkj
f'k{kk ifj;kstuk (1991&92] fcgkj)] yksd
tqfEc'k (1992] jktLFkku)] LowQy pyks vfHk;ku
(m-iz-)] ftyk izkFkfed f'k{kk dk;ZoQz e (1994
ls ns'k osQ 242 ftyksa esa)] ehM Ms ehy ;kstuk
(1995 ls ns'k osQ 14 jkT;ksa esa)] rFkk jk"Vªh;
izkFkfed f'k{kk fe'ku (1995) vkfnA bu reke
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
88
iz;klksa ,oa dk;ZoQz eksa dks pyk, tkus osQ ckotwn oSQls gSa\ D;k os izf'kf{kr gSa\ D;k vkSj oSQls
vHkh Hkh iw.kZ liQyrk ugha fey ldh gSA ns'k i<+k;k tk jgk gS\ f'k{kdksa o fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk
osQ 6&14 vk;q oxZ osQ 22 djksM+ cPpksa esa ls vuqikr D;k gS\
vHkh Hkh 92 yk[k cPps LowQy ls ckgj gSaA
(nSfud tkxj.k] uoEcj 2010)
(nSfud tkxj.k] viSzy 2010)
ysfdu lcls lq[kn i{k ;g gS fd èkhjs&èkhjs
gh lgh ge y{; osQ djhc igqp
¡ jgs gSAa tgk¡
ekpZ 2003 esa 2-49 djksM+ cPps LowQy ls ckgj
Fks] ogha ekpZ 2005 esa ;g la[;k ?kVdj 1-35
djksM+ jg xbZ tks fd vc yxHkx 92 yk[k jg
xbZ gSA ;fn ;s vkadM+s lR; gksa rks Hkh oqQN vU;
igyw 'kadk mRiUu djrs gSAa yxHkx 20 izfr'kr
cPps d{kk ,d ls nks osQ chp i<+kbZ NksM+ nsrs gSAa
MªkiW vkmV dk ;g vkSlr vU; nwljh d{kkvksa
dh rqyuk esa lcls ”;knk gSA
(nSfud tkxj.k] ekpZ 2006)
bldk okLrfod dkj.k d{kk ,d esa cPpksa
dk iQ”khZ ukekadu fn[kk;k tkuk gSA tks Hkh gks
;g ns'k dh vliQyrk gh dgh tk,xh fd ge
vius 'kr&izfr'kr cPpksa dks 62&63 o"kks± ls
vk”kkn gksus osQ ckotwn ukekadu ugh djk losQ
vkSj f'k{kk dks lHkh cPpksa (6&14 o"kZ) dk
ekSfyd vfèkdkj cukus esa bruk le; yx
x;kA
blosQ vykok izkFkfed f'k{kk esa xq.koÙkk
dk vHkko fpark dk fo"k; gSA orZeku mijk"Vªifr
ekuuh; gkfen valkjh osQ vuqlkj izkjafHkd
f'k{kk esa i<+kbZ dh fo"k;oLrq] mldh xq.koÙkk
vkSj mlosQ urhts vc Hkh vge elys gSaA cM+k
loky ;g gS fd LowQyksa esa i<+kus okys f'k{kd
f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj dkuwu
f'k{kk dks lHkh cPpksa dk ekSfyd vfèkdkj
cukus okyk dkuwu ^f'k{kk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e
&2009* 1 vizSy 2010 ls ykxw gks x;k gSA bl
dkuwu osQ rgr 6&14 o"kZ vk;q oxZ osQ lHkh
cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z f'k{kk dk gd
fey x;k gSA ;g dkuwu bl dk;Z dks lqfuf'pr
djus osQ fy, LFkkuh; vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa ij
ckè;dkjh gksxkA bl dkuwu osQ rgr cPpksa dks
LowQy I+kQhl] LowQy Msl
ª ] fdrkcks]a ;krk;kr ,oa
ehM Ms ehy vkfn dk [kpZ ugha nsuk iM+sxkA
cPpksa dks vxyh d{kk esa tkus ls ugha jksdk
tk;sxkA dksbZ LowQy cPps dk izos'k ysus ls euk
ugha dj ldrkA izR;sd 60 cPpksa ij de ls
de nks vè;kid gksaxsA blosQ rgr futh LowQyksa
dks xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou&;kiu djus okys
25 izfr'kr cPpksa dks nkf[kyk nsuk vfuok;Z
gksxkA bldk [kpZ ljdkj ogu djsxhA
f'k{kk vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e&2009 osQ vuqlkj
d{kk 1 ls d{kk 5 rd U;wure 200 o d{kk
6&8 rd U;wure 220 dk;Zfnol vfuok;Z gSa]
fiQygky 180 ls vfèkd dk;Zfnol ugha gks
ikrs gSaA igyh ls ik¡poh rd osQ cPpksa dks ,d
l=k esa 800 ?kaVs o 6&8 rd osQ cPpksa dks
U;wure 1000 ?kaVs vè;kiu vfuok;Z gksxkA
orZeku esa bldh lhek 700 ls 850 ?kaVs rd
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
gh gSA bl izdkj f'k{kdksa dks lIrkg esa U;wure
48 ?kaVs dk;Z djuk gksxk tcfd orZeku esa mUgsa
lIrkg esa 36 ?kaVs dk;Z djuk gksrk gSA bl
dkuwu esa 1 ls 5 rd osQ cPpksa dks ,d fdeh- osQ nk;js esa rFkk d{kk 6 ls 8 rd osQ
cPpksa osQ fy, rhu fd-eh- osQ nk;js esa LowQy
miyCèk djkus dh O;oLFkk nh xbZ gSA f'k{kk dk
vfèkdkj dkuwu dks ykxw djus esa tks [kpZ
vk,xk mls osaQnz o jkT; ljdkjsa 55% 45 osQ
vuqikr esa ogu djsaxhA blesa osaQnz ljdkj us
viuk ;ksxnku 55 ls c<+kdj 65 izfr'kr dj
fn;k gSA
89
nwljh rjiQ ge 'kSf{kd lekurk Hkh ykuk pkgrs
gSa ijarq gekjh f'k{kk i¼fr vehjksa osQ fy,
vyx fo|ky; ,oa xjhcksa osQ fy, vyx fo|ky;
dh i¼fr ij py jgh gSA ,sls esa ;gk¡ nksgjk
ekinaM fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA vehjksa osQ cPps izfrf"Br
futh fo|ky;ksa esa nkf[kyk ik ysrs gSa tcfd
xjhcksa osQ cPpksa dks ogk¡ Bgjus ugha fn;k tkrk
gS D;ksfa d muosQ ekrk&firk vk£Fkd ,oa lkekftd
n`f"V ls de”kksj gksrs gSaA gkykafd bl dkuwu esa
futh fo|ky;ksa dks vk£Fkd :i ls de”kksj 25
izfr'kr cPpksa dk nkf[kyk djus osQ fy, O;oLFkk
nh xbZ gS ysfdu blosQ f[kykI +kQ futh f'k{k.k
f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj dkuwu dh pqukSfr;k¡ laLFkkvksa osQ laxBu us lqihz e dksVZ esa ;kfpdk
f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj dkuwu dh jkg pqukSfr;ksa ls nk;j dh gS vkSj mudh ;kfpdk Lohdkj Hkh
ifjiw.kZ gSA bls O;kogkfjd :i ls ykxw djus esa dj yh xbZ gSA
(nSfud tkxj.k] vizSy 2010)
dfBukbZ gS ysfdu ;fn ljdkj dh uh;r lkI+kQ
gS rks vlaHko ugha gSA ljdkj dk ;g dne
;fn mi;qZDr 25 izfr'kr cPpksa dks futh
ljkguh; gS D;ksafd vk”kknh osQ 62 lkyksa ckn fo|ky;ksa esa nkf[kyk fey Hkh tkrk gS rks Hkh
Hkh ljdkj de&ls&de bl rjI+kQ dne mBkus mUgsa lkekftd&vkfFkZd n`f"V ls fiNM+s gksus osQ
dk lkgl rks dj ldhA f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj dkj.k fo|ky;h okrkoj.k esa lkeatL; cSBkus esa
dkuwu dks liQy cukus osQ fy, blosQ ekxZ dh dfBukbZ gksxh vkSj MªkWi&vkmV dh leL;k,¡
oqQN fuEufyf[kr pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVuk gksxkµ c<+xas hA izkFkfed f'k{kk esa gh vuqlfw pr tkfr osQ
52 izfr'kr ls vfèkd vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr
1- f'k{kk uhfr esa cnyko ;k ifjorZu
gekjh ekStwnk f'k{kk uhfr f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj osQ 63 izfr'kr ls vfèkd cPps chp esa gh
dkuwu esa vojksèk iSnk djsxhA orZeku f'k{kk i<+kbZ NksM+ nsrs gaSA
(nSfud tkxj.k] uoEcj 2010)
i¼fr esa dbZ rjg osQ fo|ky; lekukarj :i
mi;qZDr leL;k dk ,d gh lekèkku gks
ls py jgs gSa tSls ifj"knh; fo|ky;] v¼Zljdkjh
izkFkfed fo|ky;] uxj fuxe osQ fo|ky; ,oa ldrk gS fd ljdkj f'k{kk uhfr esa cnyko
futh izkFkfed fo|ky;A ysfdu tks Hkkjrh; djrs gq, dksBkjh vk;ksx (1964&1966) osQ
lekt gS og lkekftd n`f"V ls Lrjho`Qr gSA lq>koksa osQ vuqlkj leku fo|ky;h i¼fr dks
90
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
viuk,A blls izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ lkoZHkkSfedj.k 3- lkekftd ifjos'k
esa vizR;kf'kr ykHk gksus dh laHkkouk c<+ tk;sxhA Hkkjrh; lekt ewyr% can] :f<+oknh ,oa ijaijkoknh
lekt jgk gSA lekt tkfr] èkeZ ,oa leqnk;ksa esa
2- xjhch ;k fuèkZurk
f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj dkuwu dh nwljh pqukSrh c¡Vk gS] lk{kjrk nj de gS] cgqla[;d yksx
xjhch ;k fuèkZurk gSA tc rd fuèkZurk nwj ugha :f<+;ksa ,oa ijEijkvksa ls caèks gq, gSaA ,sls esa
gksxh rc rd bl dkuwu dh liQyrk lansgkLin fo|ky;ksa dk igys ls Lrjho`Qr gksuk vkx esas ?kh
jgsxhA vHkh Hkh yxHkx 30 izfr'kr Hkkjrh; dk dke djrk gSA cgqr ls ifjokj ,sls gSa tks
xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou&;kiu djrs gSa vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks LowQy Hkstus esa HksnHkko djrs gSaA
bldk Hkh fuèkkZj.k cgqr gh mnkjoknh ekinaMksa bldk loZiez q[k dkj.k vKkurk gSA ;s :f<+oknh
ij fd;k x;k gSA bu fuèkZuksa ;k xjhcksa dks vxys o ijaijkoknh rRo f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj dkuwu osQ
oDr dh jksVh dh fpark gksrh gS] ;s cPpksa dks fy, pqukSrhiw.kZ gSAa MkW- flag (2003) osQ vuqlkj
LowQy Hkstuk ilan ugha djrs fo'ks"kdj yM+fd;ksa ^vkt dh rkjh[k esa Hkkjr esa nks frgkbZ fuj{kj
dksA buosQ cPps vius NksVs HkkbZ&cguksa dks yM+fd;k¡ gSaA buesa Hkh vuqlwfpr tkfr] tutkfr
laHkkyrs gSa vFkok vius ekrk&firk osQ dke esa vkSj eqfLye leqnk; esa yM+fd;ksa esa lk{kjrk dk
gkFk cVkrs gSaA ,sls vfèkdka'k vfHkHkkodksa dh izfr'kr cgqr de gSA*
vr% f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj dks liQy cukus
f'k{kk osQ izfr vfHk#fp ½.kkRed gksrh gSA os
f'k{kk dks lkekftd ifjorZu dk dkjd ugha osQ fy, tulkekU; dks fo'ks"k :i ls vuqlfw pr
ekursA os f'k{kk dh e¡gxkbZ ns[kdj igys gh tkfr] vuqlfw pr tutkfr] fiNM+s oxks± ,oa eqfLye
grk'k gks tkrs gSaA gkykafd feM Ms ehy ;kstuk leqnk; osQ yksxksa dks ckfydkvksa dks LowQy
ls nkf[kys ,oa MªkWi&vkmV esa ykHk feyk gSA Hkstus osQ fy, izkRs lkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk
blosQ vykok fu%'kqYd Msl
ª ] fdrkcksa ,oa o”khisQ vKkurk ,oa :f<+okfnrk dks nwj djus osQ fy,
ls Hkh ukekadu esa c<+ksrjh gqbZ gSA ysfdu ;s fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k f'kfojksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkuk
LFkkbZ ykHk izn£'kr ugha djrsA nksigj osQ Hkkstu pkfg,A
ls ,d Vkbe [kkus dh O;oLFkk gks tkrh gS
ysfdu nwljs Vkbe dh fpark cuh jgrh gSA
mi;qZDr pqukSrh ls fuiVus osQ fy, xjhch
dk mUewyu djuk gksxkA rc 'kr&izfr'kr ukekadu
,oa Bgjko dk y{; izkIr fd;k tk losQxk
vkSj cPpksa dks f'k{kk dk ekSfyd vfèkdkj izkIr
gks ik;sxkA
4- foÙkh; leL;k
f'k{kk osQ dkuwu dks ykxw djus osQ fy, foÙkh;
lalkèkuksa dks miyCèk djkuk Hkh cgqr cM+h
pqukSrh gSA dksBkjh vk;ksx (1964&1966) us
vius fjiksVZ esa ns'k osQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk
6 izfr'kr f'k{kk ij [kpZ djus osQ fy, flI+kQkfj'k
dh FkhA blosQ 44 o"kks± ckn Hkh ge ldy
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
?kjsyw mRikn dk yxHkx 3 izfr'kr gh f'k{kk ij
[kpZ dj ik, gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkkjr ljdkj
dks blosQ fy, vko';d foÙkh; ”k:jrksa dks
iwjk djus okys foÙkh; lzksrksa dks igys ls fpfÉr
dj fy;k tkuk pkfg, FkkA f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj
dkuwu osQ varxZr osaQnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp
55% 45 osQ vuqikr esa foÙkh; Hkkj ogu djus
dk izLrko gS ysfdu fcgkj] m-iz-] eè; izns'k
vkSj dukZVd tSls jkT;ksa dh rjI+kQ ls lhfer
lalkèkuksa dk gokyk nsrs gq, lkS iQhlnh osaQnzh;
enn dh ek¡x dh xbZ gSA
(nSfud tkxj.k] vizSy 2010)
gkykafd bls c<+kdj 65%35 osQ vuqikr esa
dj fn;k x;k gSA mi;qZDr pqukSrh ls fuiVus osQ
fy, Hkkjr ljdkj dks u;s foÙkh; lzksrksa dks
ryk'kuk gksxk vkSj u;k iQkewZyk fudkyuk gksxkA
91
6- xq.koÙkk dh deh
ljdkj ftu ljdkjh izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa osQ
cycwrs f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj dkuwu dks ykxw djuk
pkgrh gS muesa xq.kkRedrk dh deh gS] vko';d
midj.kksa dk vHkko gS ,oa ;s vkd"kZd ugha gSaA
;gh dkj.k gS fd gky osQ o"kks± esa futh izkFkfed
fo|ky;ksa dh la[;k ,oa izHkko esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
bu futh izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa us 'kSf{kd vlekurk
dks Hkjiwj c<+kok fn;k gSA ljdkjh izkFkfed
fo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kd&fo|kFkhZ vuqikr cgqr T;knk
gSA dgha ,d gh vè;kid gS] dgha ,d f'k{kk
fe=k osQ lgkjs fo|ky; py jgk gS] dgha d{kk
,d ls ikap rd dh i<+kbZ ,d gh lkFk ,d gh
vè;kid }kjk pykbZ tk jgh gS rFkk b.VjehfM,V
mÙkh.kZ f'k{kkfe=kksa (m-iz-) ls f'k{k.k dk;Z djk;k
tk jgk gSA ,sls esa ,e-,y-,y- (MLL) dh
ckr lkspuh Hkh csekuh gSA fo|ky;ksa esa 'kkSpky;ksa
dk vHkko gS] dejksa esa ';keiêð dh gkyr
[kLrk gSA
vr% xq.kkRedrk dh deh ,oa lqfoèkkvksa
dk vHkko f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj dkuwu esa vojksèk
iSnk djsxk D;ksafd blls MªkWi&vkmV dh leL;k
c<+sxhA vr% izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa dh f'k{kk dh
xq.koÙkk esa o`f¼ ,oa fo|ky;h; lqfoèkkvksa dh
miyCèkrk lqfuf'pr djkbZ tkuh pkfg,A
5- IkQ”khZ vkadM+s
f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj dkuwu dks liQy cukus osQ fy,
iQ”khZ vkadM+ksa ls lkoèkku jguk gksxkA ehM Ms ehy
;kstuk dk [kpZ ,oa othI+kQk dh jde gM+ius osQ
fy, iQ”khZ ukekadu fn[kk;k tkrk gSA loZf'k{kk
vfHk;ku osQ varxZr 2003 rd lkoZHkkSe ukekadu
dk y{; j[kk x;k FkkA bl nckc osQ dkj.k cgqr
cM+h la[;k esa iQ”khZ ukekadu d{kk ,d esa fn[kk;k
x;kA bUgha dkj.kksa ls 2006 esa d{kk ,d ls nks osQ
chp MªkiW vkmV 20 izfr'kr FkkA
7- MªkWi vkmV (chp esa i<+kbZ NksM+uk)
(nSfud tkxj.k] ekpZ 2006)
ljdkj [kq'k gS fd 6 ls 14 o"kZ rd osQ
vr% xyriQgeh ls cpus osQ fy, ;g yxHkx 97 izfr'kr cPps i<+kbZ djus yxs gSaA
vko';d gS fd vkadM+ksa dh fo'ouh;rk dh ysfdu ,d lPpkbZ ;g Hkh gS fd izkjafHkd
tk¡p osQ fcuk mUgsa lR; u ekuk tk,A
f'k{kk esa yxHkx 43 izfr'kr cPps chp esa gh
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
92
i<+kbZ NksM+ nsrs gSaA m-iz-] fcgkj vkSj jktLFkku
tSls cM+s jkT;ksa esa rks fLFkfr ;g gS fd vuqlfw pr
tkfr osQ 50 izfr'kr ls vfèkd cPps izkbejh osQ
mQij ugha i<+ ikrsA
(nSfud tkxj.k] uoEcj 2010)
;g leL;k f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj dkuwu osQ
fy, lcls cM+h pqukSrh gSA ;fn 97 izfr'kr
LowQy tkus okys cPpksa esa ls 43 izfr'kr chp
esa i<+kbZ NksM+us okys cPpksa dks ?kVk fn;k tk,
rks fLFkfr fdruh n;uh; gS bldk vank”kk
yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
vr% bl dkuwu dh liQyrk osQ fy, MªkWi
vkmV osQ dkjdksa (fuèkZurk] lkekftd HksnHkko]
tsaMj vk/kfjr vlekurk] fo|ky;h dBksjrkvksa
vkfn) dks nwj djuk gksxkA
fu"d"kZ
fu"d"kZr% f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj dkuwu nsj ls gh
lgh ljkguh; dne gSA ysfdu bldh liQyrk
ljdkjh iz;kl osQ lkFk&gh&lkFk futh lsDVj osQ
lg;ksx ,oa lkekftd lgHkkfxrk ij fuHkZj djsxhA
vr% gekjk uSfrd nkf;Ro gS fd ge bl iquhr
dk;Z esa bdkbZ osQ :i esa lg;ksx djrs gq,
lkewfgdrk dh vksj c<+as vkSj izkFkfed f'k{kk osQ
lkoZHkkSfedj.k osQ y{;ksa dks izkIr djus esa lg;ksx
djsaA rHkh ns'k dks 2020 rd fodflr ns'kksa dh
Js.kh esa ykus dk y{; izkIr fd;k tk losQxkA
lanHkZ
clq] Mh-Mh-] 1992] Hkkjr dh lkafoèkkfud fofèk] izsafVl gky vkWiQ bf.M;k izkbosV fyfeVsM] u;h fnYyhA
nSfud tkxj.k] 2006] d{kk ,d osQ ckn 20 izfr'kr cPps D;ksa NksM+ nsrs i<+kbZ] 30 e kpZ] bykgkcknA
nSfud tkxj.k] 2010] vkt Jhx.ks'k] 1 viSzy] bykgkcknA
nSfud tkxj.k] 2010] f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj dkuwu osQ f[kykiQ nks vkSj ;kfpdk,¡ eatjw ] 13 viSy
z ] bykgkcknA
f'k{kk vk;ksx izfrosnu] 1966] ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj (f'k{kk ea=kky;)] u;h fnYyhA
nSfud tkxj.k] 2010] jkT;ksa osQ rsoj ls ncko esa osaQnz] 7 vizSy] bykgkcknA
flag] ih-osQ-] 2004] izkFkfed f'k{kk dk lkoZHkkSfedj.k] Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-]
u;h fnYyh] vDrwcj] i`- 29&30
nSfud tkxj.k] 2010] mijk"Vªifr us mBk, f'k{kk dh cngkyh ij loky] 12 uoacj] bykgkcknA
ekuoh; ewY;ksa ls lefUor vè;kid
f'k{kk dh vko';drk
vk'kk 'kekZ·
^lk fo|k ;k foeqÙkQ;s* f'k{kk ogh gS tks eqfÙkQ iznku djsA bl rjg f'k{kd eqfÙkQ ekxZ
dk iFk&izn'kZd gksrk gSA f'k{kd ns'k osQ Hkkoh d.kZèkkjksa vFkkZr ;qx fuekZrk dh Hkwfedk
vnk djrk gSA cht ftruk iq"V gksxk ikSèkk Hkh mruk gh iqf"ir o iYyfor gksxkA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa Kku osQ cht dk vaoQq j.k f'k{kd gh djrk gS pkgs og ekrk dh Hkwfedk
esa gks ;k f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa dk;Zjr vè;kidksa osQ :i esa gksA f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa mHkjrs
u, vk;keksa vkSj ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh egÙkk dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, vkt f'k{kdksa osQ
izf'k{k.k esa xq.kkRed mUu;u dh vko';drk dks eglwl fd;k tk jgk gS rkfd f'k{kd
f'k{k.k vf/xe izfozQ;k esa varfuZfgr ewY;ksa dh egÙkk dks vkRelkr~ djrs gq,
O;kolkf;d lksp osQ laoQq fpr nk;js ls ckgj fudydj ns'k osQ ,d f”kEesnkj
ukxfjd dh Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu dj losQa A
lwpuk ,oa izk|
S ksfxdh osQ HkkSfrdrkoknh ;qx esa
nzrq xfr ls gksus okys vkèkqfud vkS|ksfxd fodkl]
fofHkUu lapkj ekè;eksa osQ c<+rs vkd"kZ.k ,oa
izHkko rFkk tula[;k foLiQksV ,oa uxjhdj.k osQ
dkj.k u osQoy ekuo dh thou 'kSyh izHkkfor
gqbZ gS cfYd ekuo ewY;ksa osQ ladV dh fLFkfr
Hkh pqukSrh osQ :i esa nLrd ns jgh gSA lkekftd
thou esa lejlrk osQ LFkku ij fo?kVu dh
fLFkfr tUe ys jgh gS ftlosQ dkj.k fuèkZuksa o
fucZyksa dk 'kks"k.k opZLo okys yksxksa osQ }kjk
fujarj c<+rk tk jgk gSA c<+rh LokFkZijrk osQ
dkj.k O;fDr voljoknh] vkReosQfa nzr] pkVqdkj
rFkk drZO; cksèk ls foeq[k gksdj ekuoh;rk ls
nwj gksrk u”kj vk jgk gSA bldk izeq[k dkj.k
·vkpk;Z vkJe ifjlj] iksLV&u;kxk¡o] fp=kowQV] ftyk&lruk] eè; izns'k&485331
94
gS& mlesa ewY;&psruk dk vHkkoA ;g fLFkfr
vkt thou osQ fofoèk vk;keksa osQ :i esa
pgqv
¡ ksj O;kIr gSA Hkkjrh; fpardksa ,oa f'k{kkfonksa
}kjk ^O;fÙkQRo fodkl osQ egRoiw.kZ vk;ke*
osQ :i esa LFkkfir ^f'k{kk* Hkh vkt blosQ izHkko
ls ugha cp ikbZ gSA Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr osQ laokgd
,oa jk"VªfuekZrk osQ :i eas izfrf"Br f'k{kd dh
ladYiuk osQ le{k vkt ewY;ksa osQ ladV dh
fLFkfr vfr fofp=k vkSj lkspuh; :i esa fn[kkbZ
nsrh gSA vius Kku osQ izdk'k ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ
O;fÙkQRo dk fuekZ.k djus okyh f'k{kdksa dh
izfrc¼rk vc LFkkukarfjr gksdj eè;kà Hkkstu
dh O;oLFkk vkSj mlosQ forj.k rFkk ljdkjh
izfØ;kvksa dh dkx”kh vkiwfrZ rd fleV dj
jg xbZ gSA vc ckyosaQfnzr f'k{kk dk mís';
muosQ lkeus xkS.k gSA 'kklu }kjk vkoafVr fd,
x, dk;ks± dh dkxth izfØ;k dks iw.kZ djuk
mudk izkFkfed mís'; cu x;k gS D;ksafd ogh
muosQ O;kolkf;d mUu;u dk ekinaM gSA f'k{k.k
esa ^uokpkj*] ^xq.kkRedrk* vkSj ^ewY; f'k{kk*
tSls 'kCn flI+kZQ 'kSf{kd ljdkjh ;kstukvksa vkSj
iqLrdksa esa gh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSAa
mi;qDr 'kSf{kd izcaèku osQ vHkko vkSj
f'k{kdksa dh f'k{k.ksrj dk;ks± esa c<+rh layXurk
osQ dkj.k u osQoy f'k{k.k&vfèkxe dk xq.kkRed
Lrj izHkkfor gqvk gS cfYd f'k{kk dk ewYk
mís';&^ckyd osQ O;fÙkQRo dk lok±xh.k
fodkl djuk* osQoy liuk cudj jg x;k
gSA blosQ lkFk gh f'k{kdksa dh f'k{kdh; vfHko`fÙk
vkSj ewY;ksa ij Hkh bldk izHkko iM+k gSA vkt
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
muesa l`tukRed fparu dh deh rks gksrh tk
jgh gS] lkFk&gh&lkFk f'k{kd cuus dk vkRelEeku
Hkh ?kV jgk gSA f'k{kdksa ls ckr djus Ikj vDlj
;gh lquus dks feyrk gS fd& ^ukSdjh djuk gS
rkfd gj eghus osru feyrk tk,A* blh lhfer
lksp osQ lkFk vfèkdka'k yksx f'k{kd cu jgs gSaA
lkekU;r% ns[kk tk, rks f'k{kk osQ gj Lrj ij
vfèkdka'k :i esa f'k{kdksa dh ;gh èkkj.kk ns[kus
dks feyrh gSA vius nkf;Ro cksèk osQ LFkku ij
og ukSdjh dh lqj{kk vkSj izfrekg feyus okys
osru osQ izfr T;knk ltx fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
izfrekg feyus okys osru osQ vfrfjDr og
vius f'k{kdh; dkS'kyksa osQ vuqiz;ksx vkSj
oko~QiVqrk ls fdruk vfèkd èkuksiktZu dj
ldrs gSa] bl ij mudk lrr~ fparu pyrk gSA
f'k{kdksa osQ }kjk fn, tkus okys gj fo"k;
dk V~;w'ku vkSj dksfpax laLFkkuksa dh lrr~
vfHko`f¼ bl ckr dk izek.k gS fd HkkSfrdrkxzLr
ck”kk: laLo`Qfr osQ izHkko us f'k{kdksa osQ vanj
Hkh èku dekus dh fiiklk dks tUe fn;k gSA
LokFkZxLz r f'k{kdksa ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, johUnzukFk
VSxksj us dgk gS fd&¶vkt osQ f'k{kd
nqdkunkj gSa] fo|knku mudk O;olk; gks
x;k gSA blfy, os [kjhnkj dh [kkst esa
fiQjrs jgrs gSaA O;olkf;;ksa ls yksx phtsa
[kjhn ldrs gSa] ij muosQ ;gk¡ fcØh dh
phtksa dh lwph esa Lusg] J¼k] fu"Bk vkfn
gk£nd xq.k Hkh jgsaxs ,slh vk'kk dksbZ ugha
dj ldrkA bl vk'kk osQ vuqlkj gh f'k{kd
yksx osru ysrs gSa vkSj fo|k&oLrq csprs gSa&
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
;gha ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ lkFk mudk lkjk
laioZQ lekIr gks tkrk gSA ,slh izfrowQy
ifjfLFkfr esa vusd f'k{kd tks ysu&nsu osQ
lacaèk ls Åij mB ikrs gSa] os osQoy viuh
futh fo'ks"krk osQ iQyLo:iA¸
xq#nso osQ mi;qZDr fopkjksa ls Li"V gS fd
vkt f'k{kk esa tks ewY;ksa osQ ladV dh fLFkfr
fn[kkbZ ns jgh gS mlosQ reke dkj.kksa esa ls ,d
ize[q k dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd lekt dk iFkizn'kZd
xq# vius drZO; vkSj lkekftd nkf;Ùo ls
HkVd x;k gSA vc flI+kZQ ukSdjh osQ fy,
ykykf;r is'ksoj f'k{kd 'ks"k jg x, gSaA
f'k{kdksa dk fuekZ.k djus okyh f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k laLFkk,¡ Hkh vkt vius ewy mís';ksa ls
HkVd xbZ gSaA vfèkdka'kr% LofoÙkiksf"kr f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk osQ mís'; osQ
ihNs ogk¡ osQ lapkydksa dh vfèkd&ls&vfèkd
èku dekus dh O;kolkf;d n`f"V fn[kkbZ nsrh
gSA f'k{kdksa osQ xq.koÙkk;qDr dk;ZØe dh ;kstuk
flI+kZQ dkx”kksa esa gh ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA Hkkoh
f'k{kdksa esa le; osQ izfr izfrc¼rk] vè;kiu
osQ izfr vfHk#fp vkSj fu"Bk] drZO;cksèk] uSfrd
vkpkj&fopkj] Je'khyrk] bZ e kunkjh]
laons u'khyrk] pkfjf=kd O;ogkj vkSj Js"B fparu
tSls ewY;ksa osQ fodkl osQ izfr ;s laLFkk,¡ u rks
ltx gSa vkSj u gh ladfYir fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA
izos'kkfFkZ;ksa ls ,d eksVh jde ysdj mUgsa fMxzh
iznku djuk gh budk mís'; cu pqdk gSA
ifj.kker% f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa Lo;a gh
uSfrd ewY;ksa dh deh gSA Lo;eso muls vPNs
95
f'k{kd fuekZrk dh mEehn oSQls dh tk ldrh
gS\ vr% ;g fLFkfr vkt laiw.kZ f'k{kk ra=k osQ
fy, Lo;a gh ,d iz'ufpÉ cu dj jg xbZ gSA
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa esa ekU;rk
iznku djus okyh jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~
dks Hkh bl fn'kk esa iqufoZpkj vkSj fparu dh
vko';drk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr f'k{kkfonks]a f'k{kd
iz f 'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ks a @ la L Fkkvks a ls tq M + s
f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa (Teacher Educators
rFkk Lac ) iz'kkldksa dks Hkh bl fn'kk esa
ldkjkRed fparu osQ lkFk lkFkZd iz;kl djus
gksaxs rHkh vè;kid f'k{kk osQ le{k mRiUu
ewY;ksa osQ ladV dh fLFkfr dks nwj fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
vkt osQ f'k{kd o fo|kFkhZ Hkkjrh; laLÑfr
(lnkpkj ,oa uSfrd ewY;) dks vkRelkr~ djus
osQ ctk, HkkSfrdrk osQ vkd"kZ.k osQ ihNs Hkkxrs
fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA vr% vko';drk bl ckr dh gS
fd izkjaHk ls ckydksa esa vPNh vknrksa] laLdkjksa
,oa ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks lekosf'kr djus dk
iz;kl fd;k tk,A 'kk;n blh vko';drk
dks eglwl djrs gq, egku 'kSf{kd fopkjd
ts- Ñ".kewfrZ ,d ,slh f'k{kk O;oLFkk dh
vkèkkjf'kyk j[kus dks o`QrladfYir gq, tks
fo|kFkhZ dks okLrfodrk dk cksèk djkrs gq,
izes ] d#.kk] izKk] laons u'khyrk o var%Kku
vkfn xq.kksa ls ;qDr cuk,A ekuoh; ewY;ksa
ls lefUor f'k{kk dh ifjdYiuk osQ }kjk
og ^ckydksa dk O;fÙkQRo fuekZ.k* djuk
pkgrs FksA ^ckydksa osQ O;fÙkQRo fuekZ.k* esa
96
mUgksaus f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dks egRoiw.kZ :i esa
Lohdkj fd;k blfy, muosQ vuqlkj ^f'k{k.k*
,d egkure~ is'kk gSA f'k{kd dk ewy nkf;Ro
gS fd og ,sls fo|kFkhZ eu dks tUe ns ftlosQ
Hkhrj dksbZ Hk; vkSj }a} u gksA fo|ky; dk
okrkoj.k izse o lgkuqHkwfr ij vkèkkfjr gksA
Hk;eqÙkQ fo|ky;h ifjos'k osQ ekè;e ls f'k{kd
fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ewY;ksa dk fuekZ.k djsaA ysfdu ,d
f'k{kd vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa rHkh ekuoh; ewY;ksa
dk fodkl dj ldrk gS tc mlosQ thou dk
vkpkj&fopkj Hkh ekuoh; ewY;ksa ls vkPNkfnr
gksA blfy, ;fn ge fo|ky;h ifjos'k esa
ewY;ksUeq[k f'k{kk osQ ekè;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa
ewY;ksa dk fodkl djus dh ckr djrs gSa rks
loZizFke f'k{kdksa dks ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk cksèk
djkrs gq,] muesa ewY;&psruk dk fodkl djuk
gksxkA tc f'k{kdksa esa ewY; izfreku lekt osQ
fy, mPp dksfV osQ gksaxs] rks fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa Hkh]
tks Hkfo"; osQ fuekZrk gS]a laLdkfjr ewY; izfreku
dh Hkkouk,¡ fodflr gksaxhA egf"kZ vjfoUn us
Hkh dgk gS fd& ^vè;kid jk"Vª dh laLo`Qfr
osQ prqj ekyh gksrs gSaA os laLdkjksa dh tM+ksa
esa [kkn nsrs gSa vkSj vius Je ls mUgsa
lhap&lhap dj egkizk.k 'kfÙkQ;k¡ cukrs gSaA*
egf"kZ vjfoUn dk mÙkQ dFku u osQoy
mYys[kuh; gS cfYd Lej.kh; Hkh gSA bl n`f"V
ls uSfrd ewY;ksa ls vksr&izkrs Js"B ,oa l`tu'khy
f'k{kdksa osQ fuekZ.k esa ^vè;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØe*
dh vge~ Hkwfedk gSA vr% vè;kid f'k{kk dk
lacaèk f'k{kdksa osQ osQoy laKkukRed fodkl
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
(Kku] dkS'ky vkSj ;ksX;rk) ls gh ugha gS
cfYd ;g thou osQ ml HkkokRed i{k ls Hkh
lacafèkr gS tks f'k{kd dks ^f'k{kd* osQ :i esa
mlos Q vfLrRo dk cks è k djkrh gS A
f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa dks bl mís';
dks è;ku esa j[kdj ekuoh; ewY;ksa ij vkèkkfjr
vè;kid f'k{kk dh ifjdYiuk O;kid :i esa
djuh gksxh rkfd mls fo|ky; vkSj lekt ls
tksM+dj izHkkoh] izklafxd ,oa ewY;ijd cuk;k
tk losQA blfy, fo|ky; vkSj lekt esa
bldh izklafxdrk vkSj mikns;rk dks lkFkZdrk
iznku djus dh n`f"V ls ^vè;kid f'k{kk
dk;ZØe* ,d fn'kk fparu ij vkèkkfjr u
gksdj fofoèkkiw.kZ l`tukRed fparu ij vkèkkfjr
gksuk pkfg,A
vè;kid f'k{kk esa ekuoh; ewY;
f'k{kdh; Kku vkSj lEiz"s k.k dkS'ky osQ lkFk&lkFk
vkt Hkkoh f'k{kdksa dks vkarfjd :i ls l'kDr
cukus dh vko';drk gS rkfd os pkfjf=kd
O;ogkj dh n`f"V ls lcy cu losaQA blosQ
lkFk gh muesa l`tukRed vkSj Js"B fparu dh
{kerk dk fodkl gks losQA ;g dk;Z vè;kid
f'k{kk osQ ekè;e ls muesa ekuoh; ewY;kas dk
fodkl djosQ fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% f'k{kdksa
esa vkt ftu ewY;ksa osQ fodkl dh ewy :i ls
vko';drk gS] os gS&a lR;] lgh vkpj.k]
'kkfUr] izes vkSj vfgalkA Hkkjr ns'k dh vk”kknh
osQ le; jk"Vªfirk egkRek xkaèkh rFkk nwljs jk"Vªh;
usrkvksa us Hkh bUgha ekuoh; ewY;ksa osQ fodkl ij
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
T;knk ”kksj fn;k FkkA bu ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk
oxhZo`Qr Lo:i ekWMy osQ :i esa (iBkfu;k
vkSj iBkfu;k] 2006] i`- 7) izLrqr fd;k x;k
gS] ftudk fodkl vkt f'k{kdksa esa fd;k tkuk
vko';d gS&
ekuoh; ewY; vkSj mudk oxhZdj.k
97
dÙkZO; osQ izfr fu"Bk
lknk thou
bZekunkjh
leUo;'khyrk
nwjnf'kZrk
lR;
(Truth)
nwljksa osQ izfr lEeku
nwljksa osQ izfr lsokHkko
lHkh /eksaZ
dk lEeku
foHksnhdj.k
(lgh vkSj xyr osQ eè; Hksn)
vkRe[kkst
lgh vkpj.k (Righteous Conduct)
LoL; thou
ifjJe dk egRo
le; dk mi;qDr izca/u
dk;Z osQ izfr le;c¼rk
Lo&lgk;rk
vkRefo'okl
vkKkdkjh
lk/uiw.kZrk
izksRlkgu
usr`Ro dh {kerk
fo'okl ls iw.kZ
U;k;
lewg Hkkouk
lekurk
vkRe cfynku@R;kx
vuq'kklu
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
98
v¯glk (Non-Violence)
'kkafr (Peace)
fparu dh 'kq¼rk
lHkh thoksa osQ izfr n;k
/S;Z
lg;ksxh o`fÙk
vkRe fu;a=k.k
nwljksa dks nq%[k u igq¡pkuk
vkRe lEeku
lgk;rk osQ fy, rS;kj jguk
è;ku
nwljksa dh laLo`Qfr dh iz'kalk o lEeku
ukxfjdksa esa mÙkjnkf;Ro osQ izfr ltxrk
iztkra=k
izse (Love)
lkekftd U;k;
fu"Bk
vLi`';rk dk fu"ks/
lgkuqHkwfr
fe=kor~ O;ogkj
ns'kHkfDr
leiZ.k
lfg".kqrk
ekuoh;rk
f'k"Vkpkj
bu lHkh ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs
gq, vè;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØe dh ;kstuk vkSj
mlosQ fØ;kUo;u dks lkFkZdrk iznku djus gsrq
vkt bl fn'kk esa xq.koÙkk;qDr iz'kklu vkSj
izcaèku dh vko';drk gSA rHkh vè;kid f'k{kk
esa mRizsjd ewY;ksa osQ ladV dh fLFkfr ls funku
ik;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd vè;kid f'k{kk
dk;ZØe f'k{kdh; vfHko`fÙk vkSj ewY;ksa osQ
fodkl dh n`f"V ls ,d ,slk cgqvk;keh dk;ZØe
gS tks le; dh ek¡x osQ vuq:i lq;ksX;] l{ke
,oa ldkjkRed fparu ls ;qDr laosnu'khy
f'k{kdksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
99
vè;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØe vkSj ekuoh;
ewY;ksa dk fodkl
f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh lkFkZdrk rHkh fl¼
gks ldrh gS tc vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ikB~;Øe
esa mUgha yksxksa dks izo's k fn;k tk, tks ,d vPNs
ladYi osQ lkFk Lo;a bl {ks=k esa vkus dh bPNk
j[krs gSa vFkok ftuesa f'k{kdh; vfHk{kerk vkSj
vfHk#fp nksuksa gSaA bl {ks=k esa vkus okys ;qokvksa
dks ikB~;Øe esa izos'k nsus osQ iwoZ budk
euksoKS kfud ijh{k.k fd;k tkuk vko';d gS
rkfd lq;ksX; yksxksa dks f'k{kd cuus osQ fy,
vfHkizfs jr dj ikB~;Øe esa izo's k fn;k tk losQA
bl izdkj osQ yksxksa dks tc f'k{kd cuus dk
volj izkIr gksxk rks mudh vfHko`fÙk vkSj
fparu ldkjkRed gksxk] blosQ lkFk gh os
O;kolkf;d dkS'ky vkSj n{krk esa Hkh fuiq.k
gksaxsA rnksijkar vc ;gk¡ ij fopkj.kh; iz'u ;g
gS fd dkSu&ls ,sls dk;ZØe vè;kid f'k{kk
ikB~;Øe osQ varxZr lekfo"V fd, tk,¡ tks
izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa esa fofHkUu f'k{k.k dkS'kyksa vkSj
O;kolkf;d n{krkvksa dks fodflr djus osQ
lkFk&lkFk muesa ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk fodkl djus
esa Hkh lgk;d cu loaQs A vr% KkukRed fodkl
osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkkoh f'k{kdksa dk HkkokRed fodkl
Hkh gks losQ] blosQ fy, vè;kid f'k{kk
dks ewY;ijd cukus gsrq fuEukafdr lq>ko
izLrqr gSaµ
• lS¼kafrd f'k{k.k ,oa vH;kl f'k{k.k ls iwoZ
Nk=kkè;kidksa dks thou ewY;ksa ,oa f'k{kdh;
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ewY;ksa ls lacafèkr ekxZnf'kZdk iznku djuk
ftuosQ vuq:i dk;ZLFky esa muls vkpj.k
dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA
f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa (Teacher Educators)
dk O;fÙkQRo ekuoh; ewY;ksa ls lefUor
gksuk pkfg, D;ksafd rHkh og Nk=kkè;kidksa
osQ fy, vuqdj.kh; cu losQxkA
izfrfnu f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh 'kq:vkr
izkFkZuk lHkk osQ vk;kstu osQ lkFk djuh
pkfg, tks lHkh èkeksaZ dh lekurkvksa vkSj
fut vkLFkk ij vkèkkfjr gksA
jk"Vªh; ioks±] R;ksgkjksa] mRloksa rFkk egkiq#"kksa
dh t;afr;ksa dk vk;kstu djuk rFkk muesa
fufgr lkaLo`Qfrd] jk"Vªh; vkSj thou&ewY;ksa
osQ egÙo ij ppkZ djukA
Nk=kkè;kidksa dks lS¼kfUrd f'k{k.k fo"k;ksa
dk vè;;u Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; osQ lanHkZ esa
djkuk (tSlsµ Hkkjrh; f'k{kk n'kZu ,oa
lekt'kkL=k] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk euksfoKku]
tula[;k f'k{kk ,oa i;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk vkfn)
rkfd os mlosQ egÙo vkSj izklafxdrk dks
le> losaQ vkSj muesa mlosQ vuqiz;ksx
djus dh {kerk dk fodkl gks losQA
lS¼kafrd f'k{k.k fo"k;ksa vkSj vH;kl f'k{k.k
osQ eè; ,d n`<+ lacaèk LFkkfir djrs gq,
vH;kl f'k{k.k dk;ZØe dh ;kstuk cukuk
vkSj mldk lapkyu djuk rkfd Nk=kkè;kid
lefiZr Hkko ls le;c¼ gksdj fuèkkZfjr
le; ij fo"k;oLrq ij vkèkkfjr fofHkUu
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
100
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f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa] dkS'kyksa vkSj muesa fufgr
ewY;ksa dks euksoSKkfud <ax ls le> losaQA
Nk=kkè;kidksa dh laLFkkxr izcaèku esa lfØ;
lgHkkfxrk muesa mi;qDr izcaèku osQ dkS'kyksa
dk fodkl djrh gSA vr% ,d liQy
f'k{kd cuus osQ fy, mldks izcaèku osQ
dkS'kyksa dk Hkh Kku gksuk vko';d gSA
ewY;ksa ij vkèkkfjr O;k[;ku] n`';& Ük`O;
lkexzh dk iz;ksx] ;Fkkle; funsZ'ku ,oa
ijke'kZ] ikB~;Øe ls lEc¼ fo"k;ksa ij
lsfeukj rFkk fofHkUu ikB~;lgxkeh fØ;kvksa
osQ vk;kstu osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kkè;kidksa dks
ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk cksèk djkuk rkfd muesa
ewY;&psruk dk fodkl gks losQA
lkekftd lsok dk;ZØe] LdkmfVax] jk"Vªh;
lsok ;kstuk rFkk xzkeh.k izlkj dk;ZØeksa dk
vk;kstu rkfd Nk=kkè;kidksa esa lkekftd
nkf;Ùo cksèk dk fodkl gks losQA
Hkk"kk] lkekftd foKku ,oa foKku osQ Dycksa
dk laxBu rFkk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gsrq izko`Qfrd
vè;;u ,oa Hkze.k dk;ZØe dks izksRlkgu
nsukA
egku f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa osQ O;fÙkQRo ,oa o`QfrRo
dk vè;;u rFkk mu ij ifjppkZA blosQ
lkFk gh uSfrd ,oa èkkfeZd xzFa kksa osQ Lokè;k;
gsrq Nk=kkè;kidksa dks izsfjr djukA
orZeku ifjn`'; esa ewY;ksa osQ ladV dh
fLFkfr vkSj ewY; f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu vk;keksa
ij osaQfnzr izn'kZuh dk vk;kstuA
• le;&le; ij larksa] egkiq#"kksa vkSj Js"B
f'k{kdksa dk lEeku rFkk mudh O;k[;ku
ekyk dk vk;kstuA
• o"kZ esa de&ls&de ,d ckj ewY;ksa ij
vkèkkfjr dk;Z'kkyk] laxks"Bh rFkk lEesyu
dk vk;kstuA
• o"kZ osQ var esa lai.w kZ vè;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØe
dk ijh{k.k vkSj ewY;kaduA rnksijkar mlesa
la'kksèku vkSj ifjektZu djukA
vè;kid f'k{kk osQ ikB~;Øe osQ varxZr
mi;qZDr dk;ZØeksa dks lekfo"V dj muosQ
mi;qDr izcaèku vkSj lapkyu ij Hkh fopkj
fd;k tkuk vko';d gS] D;ksafd tc rd
izR;sd xfrfofèk dks laikfnr djus osQ fy,
i;kZIr le; ugha gksxk rc rd izf'k{k.k esa
mldh lkFkZdrk fl¼ ugha gks losQxhA blfy,
vè;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØe dh :ijs[kk lqfu;ksftr
<ax ls fuèkkZfjr djosQ muosQ lapkyu ,oa
fØ;kUo;u esa f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa esa le; izcaèku
dh vksj fo'ks"k :i ls è;ku nsuk gksxk rkfd
izR;sd xfrfofèk dk ykHk Hkkoh f'k{kdkssa dks
iznku fd;k tk losQA
fu"d"kZ
cnyrs lkekftd ifjos'k osQ vuq:i vkt f'k{kdksa
dk dk;Z{ks=k vkSj mudh tokcnsgh pqukSrhiw.kZ
cu pqdh gSA f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa mHkjrs u,
vk;keksa vkSj ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh egÙkk dks n`f"Vxr
j[krs gq, vkt f'k{kdksa osQ izf'k{k.k esa xq.kkRed
mUu;u dh vko';drk dks eglwl fd;k tk
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
jgk gS rkfd f'k{kd f'k{k.k vfèkxe izfØ;k esa
varfuZfgr ewY;ksa dh egÙkk dks vkRelkr~ djrs
gq, vius dk;Z{ks=k osQ lkFk U;k; dj losaQA
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk bl fn'kk
esa vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA f'k{k.k esa uokpkj]
euksoKS kfud f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa dk iz;ksx] vkèkqfud
lwpuk ,oa rduhdh f'k{k.k osQ mikxeksa dk
Kku] fofHkUu lkfgfR;d] lkaLo`Qfrd] lkekftd
rFkk vkè;kfRed xfrfofèk;ksa osQ ekè;e ls ekuoh;
ewY;ksa dk cksèk vkSj mudk fodkl f'k{kd
izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa osQ }kjk Hkkoh f'k{kdksa esa fd;k
tkuk vko';d gSA ;g dk;Z rHkh laHko gS tc
f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dks pykus okys
izcaèkudrkZ] iz'kkld vkSj ogk¡ ij dk;Zjr
f'k{kd&izf'k{kd O;kolkf;d lksp osQ laoqQfpr
nk;js ls ckgj fudydj viuh Hkwfedk dk
fuoZgu Hkkjr osQ ,d f”kEesnkj ukxfjd osQ :i
esa bZekunkjh o fu"Bk osQ lkFk djsaxsA
jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk ifj"kn~ dks mUgha
laLFkkuksa dks ekU;rk nsus osQ fy, ladfYir gksuk
iM+sxk tks okLrfod :i esa ekud ekinaMksa dks
iwjk djrs gq, uSfrd ewY;ksa osQ lkFk mldk
lapkyu vkSj ikB~;Øe esa fuèkkZfjr leLr
dk;ZØeksa dk fØ;kUo;u dj jgh gSA blosQ
fy, fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa osQ }kjk le;&le; ij
vpkud bu f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dk fujh{k.k
101
fd;k tkuk vko';d gS] rkfd okLrfod fLFkfr
dk lgh :i esa irk py losQ vkSj buosQ
xq.kkRed mUu;u gsrq lkFkZd iz;kl fd;k tk
losQA
gekjs ns'k dh f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkk,¡@
egkfo|ky; f'k{kk esa ekuoh; ewY;ksa osQ laokgd
cu losaQ] blosQ fy, jk"Vªh; vè;kid f'k{kk
ifj"kn~ dks jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq,
bl fn'kk esa vkè;kfRed lksp vkSj ifj"o`Qr
fparu osQ lkFk lkFkZd igy djrs gq, mu
xfrfofèk;ksa ij fu;a=k.k ikuk gksxk ftuosQ dkj.k
vè;kid f'k{kk lacaèkh dbZ ,sls vulqy>s eqís
tks loky cudj vkt U;k;ky; rd igq¡p x,
gSa] mudh iqujko`fÙk u gksA
vr% vè;kid f'k{kk dk;ZØe vkt ,d
jk"Vªh; fparu dk fo"k; cu pqdk gS] ftls
jk"Vªh; Lrj ij xaHkhjrkiwoZd fopkj fd;k tkuk
Hkh vko';d gSA blosQ lkFk gh bl fn'kk esa
O;kid n`f"V osQ lkFk xgu 'kksèk dh Hkh
vko';drk gS rkfd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa
dh ;FkkFkZ fLFkfr lqfuf'pr gks losQA ;fn blosQ
fu;a=k.k gsrq jk"Vªh; Lrj ij Bksl j.kuhfr;k¡
cukdj lkFkZd dne ugha mBk, x, rks vè;kid
f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed mUu;u vkSj ekuoh; ewY;ksa
osQ fodkl dh ppkZ ,oa mldh ifjdYiuk
flI +kZQ ,d liuk cudj jg tk,xhA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
102
lanHkZ
Hkkj}kt] ½rq] 2006] vè;kid osQ i;kZ;] Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk] o"kZ&25] la;Dq rkad 1&2] tqykbZ&vDrwcj
2006] i`-la- 36&48
nkl] eerk] 2004] oSY;w ,tqosQ'ku] ;wfuoflZVh U;wt] okWY;we&42] uEcj&16] vizSy 19&25] i`-la- 12&5
xqIr] uRFkwyky] 2002] ewY;ijd f'k{kk vkSj lekt] ueu izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh
tSu] èkeZiky] 2004] ewY; vkèkkfjr f'k{kk] Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk] o"kZ&23] vad&1] tqykbZ 2004]
i`-la- 20&23
tSu] uhykatuk] 2005] ewY;ksa osQ izcyhdj.k dh ;kstuk] jpuk] o"kZ&9] vad 52&53] tuojh&vizy
S 2005]
i`-la- 63&64
dkSf'kd] foosd] 2006] Lo foÙkiksf"kr f'k{kd&izf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa osQ f'k{kdksa dh leL;k,¡% ,d vè;;u]
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk] o"kZ&24] vad&4] vizSy 2006] i`-la- 46&67
feJ] HkkjrsUnq] 2004] 21oha 'krkCnh esa vè;kid f'k{kk dh pqukSfr;k¡] izkbejh f'k{kd] o"kZ&23] vad&2]
vDrwcj 2004] i`-la- 56&58
ik.Ms;] jke'kdy] 2000] ewY; f'k{kk osQ ifjizs{;] vkj-yky- cqd fMiks] esjB
iBkfu;k] oqQyoUr vkSj iBkfu;k] vuhrk] 2006] iQkWLVfjax oSY;wt bu ,tqosQ'ku % le lts'kal] ;wfuoflZVh
U;wt] okWY;we&44] uEcj&16] twu] 26 tqykbZ&02] i`-la- 5&9
fiz;k] uhjt] 2006] f'k{kd&lkekftd ifjorZu dk vfHkdrkZ\] Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk] o"kZ&24] vad&3]
tuojh&2006] i`-la- 15&26
'kqDyk] xzh"ek] 2006] vè;kid f'k{kk dh {ks=k izklafxdrk% fo|ky;h f'k{kdksa dk izR;{khdj.k] Hkkjrh;
vkèkqfud f'k{kk] o"kZ&24] vad&3] tuojh 2006] i`-la- 59&68
rksej] yTtkjke] 1995] Hkkjrh; f'k{kk osQ ewy rRo] lq#fp izdk'ku] u;h fnYyh
f'k{kd ,slk gks!
ftrsUæ oqQekj ikVhnkj·
oS'ohdj.k] lkoZtuhdj.k ,oa futhdj.k osQ bl ;qx esa f'k{kk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
gSA f'k{kk izk;% tUe ls ysdj e`R;qi;ZUr pyrh jgrh gSA ckyd dh f'k{kk ikfjokfjd
okrkoj.k ls izkjaHk gks tkrh gS ijarq vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dh izfozQ;k fo|ky; esa pyrh
gS ftlosQ }kjk gj ckyd dks Hkkoh thou osQ fy, rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA thou fuekZ.k
dh bl IkzfozQ;k esa ,d jpukdkj ;k fuek.kZdRkkZ osQ :Ik esa f'k{kd dh vge Hkwfedk
gksrh gSA f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa vkt uohu pqukSfr;k¡ mHkjdj lkeus vk jgh gSAa bu pqukSfr;ksa
dk lkeuk djus dh {kerk fodflr djus osQ fy, f'k{kdksa dh rS;kjh esa cnyko ykus
dh ”k:jr gSA f'k{kk osQ cnyrs Lo:Ik osQ lanHkZ esa ,d Hkkoh f'k{kd esa eq[; :i ls
tks dkS'ky o ;ksX;rk,¡ gksuh pkfg,] mUgha dh ppkZ bl ys[k esa dh xbZ gSA
;|fi 1960 osQ n'kd ls gh f'k{kdksa dh
is'ksoj rS;kjh dks vR;ko';d ekuk tkrk jgk gS]
ysfdu bldk ”kehuh ;FkkFkZ lkspuh; gSA dksBkjh
vk;ksx (1964&66) us bl ij ”kksj fn;k gS fd
f'k{kd dh f'k{kk dks vdknfed thou dh
eq[; èkkjk ls tksM+k tkuk pkfg,] ysfdu f'k{kk
laLFkku vHkh rd ladh.kZrk ls ckgj ugha fudy
ik, gSAa
jk"Vªh; f'k{kd f'k{kk vk;ksx (1983) us
f'k{kdksa dh f'k{kk osQ fy, vuq'kalk dh Fkh fd
fdlh Hkh f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØe esa ,d vPNk
f'k{kd cuus osQ fy, fo|kFkhZ&f'k{kd dks
vkèkkjHkwr dkS'kyksa ,oa {kerkvksa dks vftZr
djus dh ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg,A tSlsµfo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh çcy {kerkvksa dk è;ku j[krs gq, d{kk
çcaèku dh {kerk] rkfoZQd ,oa Li"V fopkjksa dk
·Lkgk;d çkè;kid] vè;kid f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
104
laç"s k.k] f'k{k.k dks çHkkoh cukus osQ fy, miyCèk
rduhdh dh mi;ksfxrk] d{kk osQ ckgj osQ
'kSf{kd vuqHkoksa ls f'kf{kr djuk] leqnk; osQ
lkFk dke djuk lh[kuk vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh
enn djuk vkfnA blosQ lkFk gh] f'k{kd f'k{kk
osQ fy, fo|kFkhZ&f'k{kdksa dk p;u djus gsrq
fuEu ?kVdkas dk è;ku j[kus dk lq>ko Hkh
fn;k &
(d) 'kkjhfjd :Ik ls LoLFk gks]
([k) Hkkf"kd ;ksX;rk ,oa laçs"k.k dkS'ky]
(x) lkekU; ekufld ;ksX;rk]
(?k) lkekU; :i ls lalkj dh tkudkjh gks]
(M) thou osQ çfr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k gks]
(p) vPNs ekuoh; lacaèk fodflr djus dh
{kerkA
vk;ksx us ;g Hkh lq>ko fn;k fd f'k{kdksa
dh Hkwfedk ls lacafèkr fofHkUu dkS'kyksa dks
lh[kuk] ftlesa 'kSf{kd rduhdh ,oa lkWÝVos;j
rS;kj djuk Hkh gSA fo|kFkhZ&f'k{kdksa dks] dkS'kyksa
osQ mi;ksx esa n{k gksuk pkfg, rFkk lgikfB;ksa
esa Hkh ;g {kerk fodflr djus dh dksf'k'k
djuh pkfg,A fo'ks"kdj] 'kSf{kd rduhdh (ICT)
osQ gkMZos;jksa osQ j[k&j[kko esa n{k gksuk pkfg,
rFkk mUgsa lkWÝVos;jksa osQ fy, miyCèk lzksrksa dh
tkudkjh Hkh gksuh pkfg,A f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dks
muosQ fo|kFkhZ&f'k{kdksa dks ikB~;&lgxkeh
xfrfofèk;ksa dh ;kstuk ,oa laxBu osQ dkS'ky
fodflr djus okyh dk;Z'kkyk,¡ vk;ksftr djuh
pkfg, ;k fo|kFkhZ&f'k{kdksa dks dk;Z'kkykvksa esa
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
lgHkkxh osQ :Ik esa Hkstuk pkfg,A blosQ fy,
jk"Vªh;@{ks=kh;@LFkkuh; ukVd fo|ky;ksa ,oa fiQYe
laLFkkuksa dh lgk;rk ys ldrs gSaA
'kS f {kd@O;kolkf;d rS ; kjh os Q fy,
TkSls&f'k{k.k'kkL=k] dkS'kyksa dk fodkl ftlesa
dgkuh&dFku] iBu] ';keiêð ij fy[kuk] u;h
rduhdh TkSl&s daI;wVj] ,y- lh- Mh-] n`';&J`O;
midj.k] ekWMy vkfn dk mi;ksx djuk
egÙoiw.kZ gSA dyk] laxhr] u`R; ,oa ØkÝ+V ij
Hkh vfuok;Z :i ls è;ku nsus] Hkk"kk ,oa laçs"k.k
esa fo'ks"k n{krk rFkk ewY;ksa ij Ik;kZIr ”kksj fn,
tkus dh vko';drk gSA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr&1986 ij iqufoZpkj
lfefr&1990 us f'k{kdksa dks rS;kj djus osQ
vusd lq>ko fn,A ftuesa çeq[k :Ik ls f'k{kk
osQ fØ;kRed dkS'kyksa ,oa KkukRed rFkk
HkkokRed i{k osQ lHkh igyqvksa dk Kku çnku
djus dh {kerk fodflr djuk] Lrjho`Qr lekt
esa f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk dh le> rFkk bl Hkwfedk
dk fØ;kRed vFkZ çnku djus dh ;ksX;rk
fodflr djuk 'kkfey gSA blosQ vfrfjDRk
fuEufyf[kr O;fDrxr y{k.k Hkh gksus pkfg,&
(d) Lora=krkiwoZd dk;Z djus ,oa lkspus dh
;ksX;rk]
([k) çpyu osQ fo#¼ ;k yksdfç; erkuqlkj
dk;Z djus dh ;ksX;rk]
(x) mRçsjd ,oa le>nkj yksxksa osQ lkFk dk;Z
djus dh ;ksX;rk]
(?k) le> ,oa vuqHko osQ vkèkkj ij usr`Ro
djus dh {kerk]
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
(Ä) l`tukRedrk ,oa fLFkj fØ;k osQ fy,
;ksX;rk]
(p) ekuoh; ,oa foÙkh; lalkèkuksa dks laxfBr
djus dh ;ksX;rk]
(N) lekt ,oa 'kklu osQ fofHkUu foHkkxksa osQ
lkFk dk;Z djus dh ;ksX;rk]
(Tk) miyfCèk osQ fy, mPp vfHkçsj.kkRed
vko';drk,¡ gksuk]
(>) miyfCèk dh bPNk ,oa çfrowQy fLFkfr;ksa
esa dk;Z djus dh ;ksX;rk]
(×k) mÙkjnkf;Ro Lohdkjus ,oa f”kEesnkfj;ksa
dks le>us dh bPNk'kfDr rFkk mPp
varoSZ;fDrd dkS'kyA
;'kiky lfefr dh fjiksVZ(1993)] ^f'k{kk
fcuk cks> OksQ* esa dgk x;k gS] ^bu dk;ZØeksa esa
”kksj bl ij gks fd fo|kFkhZ&f'k{kdksa esa
Lo&vfèkxe vkSj Lora=k&fparu dk fodkl gks
losQA*
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk&2005 (NCF2005) esa Hkh f'k{kdksa osQ fy, vko';d
rS;kjh gsrq fuEu lq>ko fn, x, gSa&
(d) f'k{kdksa dh ,slh rS;kjh ”k:jh gS fd os
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk è;ku j[k losaQ vkSj muosQ
lkFk jguk ilan djsaA
([k) lkekftd] lkaLo`Qfrd ,oa jktuhfrd lanHkksZa
esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks le> losaQA
(x) xzg.k'khy vkSj fujarj lh[kus okys gksaA
(?k) f'k{kk dks vius O;fDrxr vuqHkoksa dh
lkFkZdrk dh [kkst osQ :Ik esa ns[ksa rFkk
105
KkufuekZ.k dks euu'khy vfèkxe dh
yxkrkj mHkjrh çfØ;k osQ :Ik esa Lohdkj
djsAa
(M-) Kku dks ikB~;iqLrdksa osQ ckg~; Kku osQ
:Ik esa u ns[kdj lk>k lanHkks± vkSj
O;fDrxr lanHkks± esa mlosQ fuekZ.k dks
ns[ksaA
(p) lekt osQ çfr viuk nkf;Ro le>sa vkSj]
csgrj fo'o osQ fy, dke djsaA
(N) mRiknd dk;Z osQ egÙo dks le>sa rFkk
d{kk osQ ckgj vkSj vanj O;kogkfjd
vuqHko nsus osQ fy, dk;Z dks f'k{k.k dk
ekè;e cuk,¡A
(t) ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk] mlosQ uhfrxr&
fufgrkFkZ ,oa ikBksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsaA
21 oha 'krkCnha osQ f'k{kdksa esa oS'ohdj.k]
lkoZtuhdj.k] futhdj.k rFkk lkekftd]
lkaLÑfrd] HkkSxksfyd ,oa jktuhfrd lanHkks± osQ
dkj.k mRiUu gksus okyh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk
djus osQ fy, dbZ dkS'kyksa dh vko';drk
gksxhA f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj vfèkfu;e&2009 osQ
vuqlkj f'k{kd dks fo|ky; esa viuh mifLFkfr
vkSj fu;ferrk cuk, j[kuh gksxhA iwjh ikB~;p;kZ
dks fuèkkZfjr le; esa iwjk djuk gksxkA çR;sd
cPps dh vfèkxe ;ksX;rk dk vkdyu djuk
gksxk vkSj mlh osQ vuqlkj vko';d funsZ'k nsus
gksaxsA f'k{kd dks vfHkHkkodksa ls fu;fer cSBosaQ
djuh gksaxh vkSj vfHkHkkodksa dks muosQ cPpksa
dh mifLFkfr esa fu;ferrk] lh[kus dh ;ksX;rk]
106
lh[kus esa dh xbZ çxfr vkSj cPps osQ ckjs esa
fdlh Hkh vU; lkFkZd lwpuk ls voxr djkuk
gksxkA
lkFk gh] fo|ky;h f'k{kk esa ifjorZu ;g
laosQr ns jgs gSa fd Hkfo"; esa fo|ky;ksa esa
vkjafHkd f'k{kk ys jgs cPpksa osQ f'k{kd dks
u;k :Ik ysuk gksxkA mls le>uk gksxk fd
çR;sd cPpk vius vki esa vyx gS vkSj
viuh xfr ls lh[krk gSA çR;sd cPps dh
'kSf{kd vko';drk dks iwjk djus dk
mÙkjnkf;Ro mlosQ daèkksa ij gSA fdlh Hkh
d{kk esa] o"kZ esa fdlh Hkh le; cPps dk
ços'k vkSj ml cPps dks vU; cPpksa osQ
led{k ys tkuk ml f'k{kd osQ fy, pqukSrh
gksxhA lkFk gh] vfèkxe ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ fuekZ.k
osQ {ks=k esa dbZ yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh gksus ls
f'k{kdksa dh u;h n{krkvksa dh ek¡x c<+ xbZ
gS] rkfd muls lkFkZd <ax ls enn yh tk
losQA mUgsa ;g lkspuk gS fd bu dkS'kyksa
,oa ;ksX;rkvksa dks f'k{kk] çf'k{k.k ;k vuqHko
ls oSQls tksM+ ;k c<+k ldrs gSaA ;fn os fujUrj
viuk fodkl ,oa dkS'kyksa dh o`f¼ djsaxs
rks vkidks 'kSf{kd@O;kolkf;d o`f¼ gsrq cgqr
volj feysaxsA blfy, mUgsa dk;ZLFky esa
liQyrk osQ vko';d fofHkUu dkS'kyksa osQ
ckjs esa vfèkd lh[kuk gksxkA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
gksrh gS]a ftlesa laxhr ;ksX;rk,¡ (ok|;a=k ctkuk]
laxhr rS;kj djuk ,oa xkuk vkfn)] dykRed
dkS'ky (fp=kdyk] ewfrZdyk ,oa f'kYidyk
vkfn)] [ksyowQn dkS'ky ([ksyuk] owQnuk ,oa
nkSM+uk vkfn)] lkekftd dkS'ky (usr`Ro djuk]
lewg esa dk;Z djuk ,oa çfrowQy lkekftd
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa f”kEesnkjhiw.kZ O;ogkj djuk vkfn)
;k vU; dbZ ;ksX;rk,¡ tks çko`Qfrd ;k lkekU;
:Ik ls fodflr gks tkrh gaAS oqQN dkS'ky ,oa
;ksX;rkvksa dk ge çfrfnu mi;ksx djrs gSa]
tSlsµu;k fofM;ks@eksckby xse lh[kuk] daI;wVj
,oa vU; ?kjsyw midj.k lqèkkjuk] fe=kksa dh
leL;k,¡ lquuk rFkk mfpr lekèkku gsrq fu.kZ;
ysuk vkfnA
oqQN cgqr gh fof'k"V ,oa vyx rjg osQ
dk;Z gksrs gSa] tSlsµçHkkoh f'k{k.k gsrq uohu
f'k{k.k fofèk;ksa ,oa lgk;d lkexzh dk mi;ksx
djuk lh[kuk] ewY;kadu dh uohu fofèk;k¡
lh[kuk] v|ru tkudkjh ,oa çHkkoh f'k{k.k
gsrq lwpuk ,oa lapkj çkS|ksfxdh (ICT) dk
mi;ksx djuk] u, lkWÝVos;j çksxkz e lh[kuk ,oa
CktV dk çcaèku djus osQ fy, foÙkh; fu;eksa
dh O;k[;k djuk vkfnA
vr%] mDr vè;;u osQ vkèkkj ij Hkkoh
f'k{kdksa esa tks dkS'ky ,oa ;ksX;rk,¡ gksuh pkfg,]
mUgsas eq[; :Ik ls nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k
dkS'ky ,oa ;ksX;rk,¡
x;k gSA bu nks Hkkxksa dks Hkh vyx&vyx Hkkxksa
çR;sd O;fDr esa dkS'ky ,oa ;ksX;rk,¡ gksrh gSA esa oxhZo`Qr dj foLr`r O;k[;k dh xbZ gS ftls
oqQN O;fDr;ksa esa foy{k.k çfrHkk ,oa vfHk{kerk,¡ ÝykspkVZ esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
107
ÝykspkVZµdkS'ky ,oa ;ksX;rk,¡
vk/kjHkwr dkS'ky
cqfu;knh
dkS'ky
i<+uk
l fy[kuk
l rk£ddrk
l cksyuk
l lquuk
l
dk;kZRed dkS'ky
l`tukRed
¯pru
l fu.kZ; ysuk
l leL;k
lek/ku
l oSQls lh[ksa]
;g tkuuk
l
lzksr
O;fDrxr
xq.k
¯pru
dkS'ky
f”kEesnkjh
l lkekftd
dkS'ky
l Lo&izca/u
l ,drk ,oa
bZekunkjh
l
le;
izca/u
l /u izca/u
l HkkSfrd
lalk/uksa
rFkk
lqfo/kvksa
dk izca/u
l ekuoh;
lalk/uksa
dk izca/u
l
iz.kkyh ,oa
rduhdh
iz.kkyh
dh le>
l rduhdh
dk mi;ksx
l
lwpuk
dkS'ky
lwpuk dh
izkfIr ,oa
ewY;kadu
l lwpuk dk
laxBu ,oa
j[k&j[kko
l lwpuk dk
laizs"k.k rFkk
O;k[;k
l
varoSZ;fDrd
dkS'ky
lewg osQ lnL;
osQ :i esa
lgHkkfxrk
l vU; O;fDr;kas
dks ekxZn'kZu nsuk
l vf/xedrkZ
dh lsok
l usr`Ro djuk
l lkaLo`Qfrd
fofo/rk
osQ lkFk dk;Z
djuk
l ijke'kZ dkS'ky
l dk;Z }kjk lh[kuk
l
(1) vkèkkjHkwr dkS'ky&f'k{kdksa osQ fy, ([k) fy[kuk&fparu] fopkj] lwpuk ,oa lans'kksa
vko';d dkS'ky] bUgsa LFkkukarj.kh; dkS'ky
dks fyf[kr esa laçfs "kr djukA vfèkxedrkZ]
Hkh dgrs gSaA
mís'; ,oa fo"k;oLrq osQ vuqlkj mi;qDr
(2) dk;kZRed dkS'ky&f'k{kd osQ dk;Z ls
Hkk"kk] 'kSyh] lajpuk rFkk fuèkkZfjr çk:Ik
lacafèkr fof'k"V dk;kZRed dkS'kyA
esa i=k] fjiksVZ] çLrko] xzkI+kQ] ÝykspkVZ]
fn'kk&funsZ'k] funsZf'kdk vkfn fy[kukA
vkèkkjHkwr dkS'ky
(1) cqfu;knh dkS'ky
(d) i<+uk&fdrkcks]a fjiksVks]± fn'kk&funs'Z kksa vkfn
esa fyf[kr lwpukvksa dks igpkuuk] le>uk
rFkk O;k[;k djukA fyf[kr lwpuk osQ
eq[; lans'k ;k eq[; fopkj ij fu.kZ;
ysuk lh[kukA
(x) rk£oQdrk&cqfu;knh x.kukvksa esa vkèkkjHkwr
ladYiukvksa dk mi;ksx djuk tSlsµ
çk;ksfxd fLFkfr esa iw.kkZd
a rFkk çfr'krkadA
ek=kkRed lwpuk dks le>us osQ fy,
lkj.kh] xzkI +kQ] vkjs[k] pkVZ vkfn dk
ç;ksx djukA
108
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
(?k) cksyuk&ifjfLFkfr ,oa lquus okyksa osQ (?k) oSQls lh[ksa] ;g tkuuk&,d leku rFkk
vuqlkj mi;qDr laxfBr fopkjksa dk
vyx&vyx ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa u, Kku ,oa
ekSf[kd laçs"k.k djukA lgHkkxh osQ :Ik
dkS'kyksa dk mi;ksx djuk rFkk lh[kuk ,oa
esa lewg çLrqrhdj.k] fopkj&foe'kZ rFkk
xyr voèkkj.kkvksa osQ çfr tkx:d jguk
ppkZ esa Li"V cksyukA
vU;Fkk og xyr ifj.kke ns ldrh gSaA
(Ä) lquuk&lkoèkkuhiwoZd lquuk ,oa le>uk (3) O;fÙkQxr xq.k
rFkk lquus okyksa dks mfpr çfriqf"V nsukA (d) f”kEesnkjh&y{; çkfIr osQ fy, n`<r+ kiwod
Z
Lohdkjus] O;k[;k djus rFkk çfrfØ;k
ç;Ru djuk] mRÑ"V Lrj dk dk;Z djuk]
O;Dr djus esa okfpd lans'kksa osQ lkFk
iw.kZrk ij è;ku osaQfnzr djuk] fn, x,
'kkjhfjd Hkk"kk (gko&Hkko) dk mi;ksx
v#fpdj dk;Z dks Hkh vPNk djuk]
djukA
mPp Lrj dh ,dkxzrk dk xq.k çnf'kZr
(2) fparu dkS'ky
djukA
(d) l`tukRed fparu&eqDr fparu djuk] u, ([k) lkekftd dkS'ky&lewg esa le>nkjh]
rjhosQ ls lwpukvksa ;k fopkjksa dks tksMu+ k]
caèkqRo] lgefr] fouezrk ,oa rknkRE; dk
vyx&vyx fopkjksa osQ eè; lacèa k cukuk
ifjp; nsuk] Lo;a }kjk vPNh ,oa cqjh
rFkk uohu laHkkoukvksa dks çdV djus esa
lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkRefo'okliw.kZ
mís';ksa dk iqufuZèkkj.k djukA
O;ogkj djuk] nwljksa ls vPNs lacaèk
LFkkfir djuk] mfpr çfrfØ;k nsuk] yksx
([k) fu.kZ; ysuk&fof'k"V mís';ksa ,oa çfrcaèkksa
D;k dgsaxs\ bl ckr ij è;ku u nsdj
dk fuèkkZj.k djuk] fodYiksa dk fuekZ.k
#fpiwoZd dk;Z djukA
djuk] tksf[+ke le>uk] vPNs fodYi
dk p;u ,oa ewY;kadu djukA
(x) Lo&çca/u&Lo;a osQ Kku] dkS'ky ,oa
;ksX;rkvksa dk lgh vkdyu djuk] Li"V
(x) leL;k lekèkku&leL;k mRiUu gksus osQ
,oa okLrfod O;fDrxr y{; gksuk] y{;
dkj.kksa dks igpkuuk] leL;k osQ lekèkku
çkfIr osQ fy, çxfr dks ekWuhVj djuk
osQ fy, laHkkfor dkj.kksa dh igpku dj
rFkk Lo;a dks y{; dh miyfCèk ij
;kstuk cukuk rFkk mldk fØ;kUo;u
vfHkçsfjr djuk] Lo&fu;a=k.k çnf'kZr djuk
djukA ;kstuk osQ fØ;kUo;u dh çxfr
rFkk çfriqf"V ij fcuk Hkko osQ çfrfØ;k
dks ekWuhVj dj ewY;kadu djuk rFkk
O;Dr djuk] Lo;a 'kq#vkr djus okyk
çkIr fu"d"kks± osQ vkèkkj ij ;kstuk ij
cuukA
iqu£opkj djukA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
109
(?k) ,drk ,oa bZekunkjh&fo'okl gksuk] fu.kZ;
fu"iknu dks ekWuhVj djuk ,oa çfriqf"V
ysus essa vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk
çnku djukA
djuk] lkekftd ,oa O;fDrxr ewY;ksa (2) ç.kkyh ,oa rduhdh
dks lkekU;r% dk;Z osQ vuqlkj cuk, (d) ç.kkyh dh le>&;g tkuuk fd 'kS{kf.kd]
j[kuk] laxBu] Lo;a rFkk vU;ksa osQ çfr
laLFkkxr] lkekftd ,oa rduhdh ç.kkyh
fu;e ,oa fo'okl dh le> gksuk] dk;Z
oSQls dk;Z djrh gS] rFkk mudk çHkkoh
osQ fy, uSfrdrk dk p;u djukA
lapkyuA lsokvksa] mUufr RkFkk ç.kkyh esa
dk;kZRed dkS'ky
lqèkkj gsrq lq>ko nsuk rFkk xq.koÙkk fu;a=k.k
,oa lqèkkj gsrq oSdfYid ;k uohu ç.kkyh
(1) lzksr
dk fodkl djukA
(d) le; çcaèku&egRoiw.kZ rFkk y{; ls
lacfa èkr xfrfofèk;ksa dk p;u djuk] mUgsa ([k) rduhdh dk mi;ksx&okaNuh; ifj.kkeksa
dh çkfIr osQ fy, dkSu&lh e'khu@midj.k
egÙkk osQ vuqlkj Øe çnku djuk rFkk
;k çfØ;k mi;qDr gksxh] bldk vuqeku
xfrfofèk;ksa dk le; fuèkkZj.k djukA
yxkukA e'khu osQ lapkyu osQ fy,
([k) èku çcaèku&;kstukuqlkj ctV rS;kj djuk
O;ofLFkr çfØ;k osQ lkFk daI;wVj ,oa
o mi;ksx djuk] ctV esa n'kkZ;h xb±
mldh çksxkz feax rFkk mís';ksa dks le>ukA
enksa osQ vuqlkj èku O;; djuk rFkk
daI;wVj] e'khu ;k vU; rduhdh dh
ekWuhVj djuk] ctV fu"iknu ,oa mfpr
lqj{kk rFkk fpfÉr leL;kvksa dk lekèkku
lek;kstu osQ lHkh nLrkos”k j[kukA
djukA
(x) HkkSfrd lalkèkuksa rFkk lqfoèkkvksa dk
çcaèku&HkkSfrd lalkèkuksa rFkk lqfoèkkvksa (3) lwpuk dkS'ky
dk vfèkdre mi;ksx djuk rFkk mudh (d) lwpuk dh çkfIr ,oa ewY;kadu&rF;ksa osQ
çkfIr] laxzg.k ,oa forj.k mfpr <ax ls
fy, vko';drk dh igpku djuk]
djukA
vfLrRo esa gSA mu lzksrksa ls ;k uohu
lzksrksa ls rF; çkIr djuk rFkk mudh
(?k) ekuoh; lalkèkuksa dk çcaèku&f'k{kdksa]
'kq¼rk ,oa çklafxdrk dk ewY;kadu djukA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa vU; O;fDr;ksa osQ Kku]
dkS'ky] ;ksX;rk ,oa {kerk dk vkdyu ([k) lwpuk dk laxBu ,oa j[k&j[kko&lwpuk
djuk] orZeku rFkk Hkfo"; osQ dk;ZHkkj
dks fyf[kr ;k dEI;wVjkb”k fjdWkMZ ,oa
dks igpkuuk] O;fDrxr çfrHkk ,oa
vU; rjhosQ ls O;ofLFkr j[kuk rFkk
dk;ZHkkj osQ eè; çHkkoh lacaèk cukuk]
laxfBr djukA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
110
(x) lwpuk dk laçs"k.k rFkk O;k[;k&p;fur
rFkk fo'ysf"kr lwpuk ,oa ifj.kkeksa dks
ekSf[kd] fyf[kr] xzkfiQd] fp=kkRed rFkk
eYVhehfM;k fofèk ls vU; yksxksa osQ
mi;ksx gsrq laçsf"kr djukA
(4) varoSZ;fDrd dkS'ky
(d) lewg osQ lnL; osQ :Ik esa lgHkkfxrk&
lkewfgd ç;klksa esa vius fopkj] lq>ko
rFkk ç;klksa ls lg;ksx nsuk rFkk vU;ksa
osQ lkFk feydj dk;Z djukA lewg osQ
ykHk osQ fy, fu'p; djuk rFkk y{;
dks iwjk djus osQ fy, O;fDrxr f”kEesnkjh
ysukA
([k) vU; O;fDr;ksa dks ekxZn'kZu nsuk&
vko';d lwpuk rFkk dkS'ky çkIr djus
esa vU; yksxksa dh enn djukA vko';d
çf'k{k.k dh igpku djuk rFkk vU;
yksxksa dh enn gsrq vko';d lwpuk
çnku djuk] tks muosQ dk;Z osQ fy,
çklafxd rFkk mi;ksxh gksA
(x) vfèkxedrkZ dh lsok&vfèkxedrkZ dh
vis{kk dks larq"V djus osQ fy, muosQ
lkFk dke djuk] vfèkxedrkZ dh ckr
è;kuiwoZd lquuk] mudh xyr èkkj.kk
dks nwj djuk ,oa mudh vko';drk,¡
igpkuuk] fo'ks"kdj fookn ;k f'kdk;r
dh fLFkfr esa ldkjkRed rjhosQ ls lekèkku
djukA
(?k) usr`Ro djuk&vius fparu] fopkj o
vuqHko osQ vkèkkj ij in osQ çfr U;k;
djuk] lewg ;k O;fDr dks vfHkçsfjr
djuk rFkk fo'okl djkuk] orZeku esa
py jgh uhfr;ksa ,oa çfØ;kvksa dh pqukSfr;ksa
dh f”kEesnkjh ysukA
(Ä) lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk osQ lkFk dk;Z
djuk&iq#"kksa ,oa efgykvksa osQ lkFk vPNk
dk;Z djuk] D;ksfa d og fofHkUu lkekftd
,oa 'kSf{kd i`"BHkwfe osQ gksrs gSAa O;fDrxr
fu"iknu osQ vkèkkj ij çHkkoh cuuk] u
fd n`<+ cuukA
(Pk) ijke'kZ dkS'ky&ijke'kZ osQ dkS'ky vkSj
{kerkvksa dk fodkl djuk rkfd fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh 'kS{kf.kd] O;fDrxr vkSj lkekftd
leL;kvksa dk lekèkku lq>kus esa lgk;rk
dj losaQA
(N) dk;Z }kjk lh[kuk&dk;Z osQ }kjk fofHkUu
fo"k;ksa dk Kku] fofoèk ewY;ksa vkSj fofoèk
dkS'kyksa osQ fodkl osQ lkFk fdl çdkj
çkIr gksrk gS\ bldh f'k{kk nsuk lh[kukA
milagkj
fo|ky;h f'k{kk esa ge f'k{kd ls lnk ls gh
cgqr&lh vis{kk,¡ j[krs vk, gSAa f'k{kk ls lacèa kh
fofHkUu vk;ksxksa vkSj lfefr;ksa us 'kSf{kd lqèkkj
dk ”;knk ls ”;knk nkf;Ro f'k{kdksa vkSj f'k{kdksa
dks rS;kj djus okyh laLFkkvksa ij Mkyk gSA
ijUrq fpark dk fo"k; ;g gS fd bruh egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk esa gksrs gq, Hkh vkt dk f'k{kd vius
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
111
oQeZ{ks=k esa viuh mifLFkfr vkSj deZBrk ls
ifjorZu ugha yk ik jgk gSA fiNys dbZ n'kdksa
ls geus f'k{kdksa ij ls viuk fo'okl rks [kks;k
gh gS lkFk gh f'k{kd Hkh O;oLFkkxr ifjorZu
osQ lkFk dne feykdj ugha py ik, gSaA tc
bl fLFkfr dk ge fo'ys"k.k djrs gSa rks
fuEufyf[kr dkj.k fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa&
1- f'k{kdksa dh rS;kjh u;h ikB~;p;kZ osQ
izdk'k esa u gksuk µ blesa dksbZ lansg ugha gS
fd LowQyh ikB~;p;kZ esa ifjorZu vkSj f'k{kd&f'k{kk
esa ifjorZu osQ chp xgjk lacaèk gS vkSj bls
xaHkhjrk ls fy;k tkuk pkfg,A ijarq gekjh f'k{kk
O;oLFkk esa bl igyw vkSj blosQ fy, fd, x,
iz;klksa esa deh gSA jk"Vªh; Lrj ij LowQyh
ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk osQ lkFk f'k{kd&f'k{kk
dh ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk dk Hkh fuekZ.k fd;k
tkrk gS] ijarq jkT;ksa }kjk bls ykxw djus esa yack
le; yx tkrk gS vkSj rc u, ifjorZuksa osQ
ifjizs{; esa u;h ”k:jrsa lkeus vk tkrh gSaA bl
izdkj iwoZ lsok f'k{kd&f'k{kk rFkk lsokjr
f'k{kd&f'k{kk nksuksa gh fiNys dbZ n'kdksa ls dbZ
jkT;ksa esa ikjaifjd <ax ls gh nh tk jgh gaAS ;fn
ifjorZu gS Hkh rks oqQNsd iz'ui=kksa (dksl)Z es]a u
fd iwjs mikxe esAa
2- f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa dk iquvZfHkeqf[kdj.k
u gksuk µ ;g Hkh ,d fpark dk fo"k; gSA
f'k{kdksa dh rS;kjh esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus
okys T;knk la[;k esa f'k{kd&izf'k{kd 'kSf{kd
ifjorZuksa ls vufHkK jgrs gSaA bldk dkj.k gS
muosQ vfHkeq[khdj.k dh ,d fujarj O;oLFkk
dk u gksukA oqQN 'kSf{kd laLFkk,¡ igy dj ;g
dk;Z djrh Hkh gSa rks mudk izcksèku u gksus osQ
dkj.k bu iz;Ruksa dk izHkko ugha fn[krkA
mijksDr osQ ifjizs{; esa ;g dgk tk ldrk
gS fd vkt f'k{kk esa gekjs iz;klksa dk osaQnz fcanq
gksuk pkfg, ^f'k{kd dh rS;kjh*A mlesa ,sls
dkS'ky fodflr fd, tkus pkfg, rkfd og
f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj] ekè;fed f'k{kk osQ
lkoZtuhdj.k vkfn ls iuirh fur u;h pqukSfr;ksa
dk c[kwch lkeuk dj losQA
lanHkZ
,u-lh-Vh-bZ-] 1988] ikWfylh iLkZisfDVo bu Vhpj ,tqosQ'ku % fozQVhd ,.M MkWD;wesaVs'ku] ,u-lh-Vh-bZ-]
u;h fnYyh
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] 2006] jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk&2005] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] f'k{kd f'k{kk % u;h n`f"V] Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk] vad&3] o"kZ&30] u;h fnYyh]
tuojh 2010
vjksM+k] jatuk ,oa jktjkuh] f'k{kk dk ekSfyd vfèkdkj % oqQN eqís vkSj oqQN pqukSfr;k¡] Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud
f'k{kk] vad&1] o"kZ&31] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh] tqykbZ] 2010
http://www.soicc.state.nc.us/soicc/planning/skillsjob.htm
tsM
a j vlekurk % ,d ,sfrgkfld vè;;u
vuqt oqQekj·
lekt dk fuekZ.k L=kh&iq#"k dh Hkkxhnkjh ls gksrk gSA fofHkUu laLo`Qfr;ksa osQ fuekZ.k
esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku j[kus okyh ukjh dh fLFkfr lnSo ifjofrZr gksrh jgh gSA
izkphudky esa efgyk dks lekt esa mPp LFkku izkIr FkkA èkeZ'kkL=kksa ,oa oSfnd xzFa kksa osQ
vkèkkj ij mUgsa iq#"kksa dh rjg lkekftd] èkkfeZd] 'kSf{kd vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd vfèkdkj
izkIr FksA dgha&dgha rks mUgsa xq# ls Hkh Js"B ekuk x;k gSA blosQ foijhr oqQN èkeZ'kkL=kksa
esa ukjh dks nks;e n”ksZ dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA gekjs ns'k esa ftrus iqjkus jhfr&fjok”k gSa
mruh gh iqjkuh gS efgyk osQ lanHkZ esa gksus okyh ekuokfèkdkjksa osQ guu dh
izkekf.kdrkA ckfydk Hkz.w k gR;k] os';ko`fÙk] ckyfookg] cgqiRuh izFkk] ngst izFkk]
lrh izFkk] foèkok fookg fu"ksèk] inkZ izFkk] L=kh f'k{kk ij jksd] Mk;u izFkk ,oa nklh
izFkk vkfn oqQizFkkvksa osQ izpyu dk ,d yack bfrgkl gSA iq#"k izèkku lekt gksus osQ
dkj.k vkjafHkd dky ls tsM
a j vlekurk ;Fkk&'kks"k.k] mRihM+u] i{kikr vkSj nqjkxzgksa
dk lkeuk efgykvksa dks djuk iM+rk gSA ;g vlekurk ifjokj ls ysdj ljdkjh
uhfr;ksa esa Hkh n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA xSj&cjkcjh dh lkekftd O;oLFkk esa dke osQ
caVokjs] cgqvk;keh dke dk cks>] ?kjsyw dke dh f”kEesnkfj;k¡ vkfn dbZ ,sls ekeys
gSa tks fpjdky ls izpyu esa gSAa vkèkqfud lekt esa Hkh ,slh fLFkfr;k¡ ns[kus dks feyrh
gSAa gekjk lekt viuh ijaijkvksa dks rksM+us gsrq iwjh rjg rS;kj ugha gSA laoèS kkfud
izkoèkkuksa osQ ckotwn efgykvksa osQ f[kykI+kQ lkekftd iwokZxgz dk;e gSA vkèkh vkcknh
dh fLFkfr esa lqèkkj osQ cxSj csgrj lekt dh dYiuk laHko ugha gSA oSpkfjd ozQkafr
osQ }kjk gh efgyk l'kDrhdj.k osQ vkanksyu dks vius eqdke rd igqp
¡ kus dk iz;kl
liQy gks ldrk gSA
·vè;kid] tokgj uoksn; fo|ky;] fljekSj] ftyk&jhok] eè;izns'k
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
lekt dk fuekZ.k L=kh&iq#"k osQ lg;ksx ls
gksrk gSA bldk vk'k; gS fd lkekftd O;oLFkk
osQ lapkyu esa nksuksa dh leku HkkxhnkjhA efgykvksa
dh fLFkfr dks ysdj izkjaHk ls vc rd nks rjg
osQ fopkj ekStwn gSa& ,d og] tks mls ijaijkxr
:i ls iq#"kksa osQ vèkhu ,oa x`fg.kh osQ :i esa
le>rs gSaA ogha nwljh vksj] ,d leqnk; ,slk gS
tks mls jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj
ckSf¼d :i ls l'kDr Lohdkjrk gSA fofHkUu
laLo`Qfr;ksa osQ fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku j[kus
okyh ukjh dh fLFkfr lnSo ifjofrZr gksrh jgh
gSA izkphudky esa efgyk dks lekt esa mPp
LFkku izkIr FkkA èkeZ'kkL=kksa ,oa oSfnd xzaFkksa osQ
vkèkkj ij mUgsa iq#"kksa dh rjg lkekftd] èkkfeZd]
'kSf{kd vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd vfèkdkj izkIr FksA vFkoZons
esa rks mUgsa ?kj ,oa ifjokj dh lkezkKh dgk x;k
gSA thoulkFkh pquus] oSfnd deksaZ esa ifr;ksa osQ
lkFk Hkkx ysus dh ppkZ gSA dgha&dgha rks mUgsa
xq# ls Hkh Js"B ekuk x;k gSA blosQ foijhr
oqQN èkeZ'kkL=kksa esa ukjh dks nks;e n”ksZ dh ckr
dgh xbZ gSA euqlfa grk esa efgykvksa ij vkthou
fu;a=k.k j[kus dh ppkZ gSA gekjs ns'k esa ftrus
iqjkus jhfr&fjok”k gSa mruh gh iqjkuh gS efgyk
osQ lanHkZ esa gksus okyh ekuokfèkdkjksa osQ guu
dh izkekf.kdrkA ckfydk Hkzw.kgR;k] os';ko`fÙk]
ckyfookg] cgqiRuh izFkk] ngst izFkk] lrh izFkk]
foèkok fookg fu"ksèk] inkZ izFkk] L=kh f'k{kk ij
jksd] Mk;u izFkk ,oa nklh izFkk vkfn oqQizFkkvksa
osQ izpyu dk ,d yack bfrgkl gSA iq#"k izèkku
lekt gksus osQ dkj.k vkjafHkd dky ls tsaMj
113
vlekurk ;Fkk&'kks"k.k mRihM+u] i{kikr vkSj
nqjkxzgksa dk lkeuk efgykvksa dks djuk iM+rk gSA
bfrgkl dh ckr dh tk, rks ckS¼dky esa
efgykvksa dh lkekftd ifjfLFkfr vPNh ugha
Fkh] ysfdu ;ksX; efgykvksa dks lEeku dh
n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk FkkA ckS¼ eBksa esa fHk{kqf.k;ksa
osQ f'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk jgrh Fkh] fdarq vke
fL=k;ksa esa f'k{kk dk âkl gks jgk FkkA fL=k;ksa ij
oqQN u, lkekftd izfrcaèk yxk, x, FksA
gekjs ,sfrgkfld lkfgR; esa ,slh ckrksa dk
Hkh mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ftuosQ vkèkkj ij
ifRu;ksa dk ifjR;kx fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu
vkèkkjksa esa e|iku] nq'pfj=krk] vlkè; jksx]
viO;;] caè;kRo] dVq Hkk"k.k] osQoy iqf=k;ksa
dk tUe vkfn ckrsa 'kkfey FkhaA dkyozQe esa
yM+fd;ksa dks miu;u osQ vfèkdkj ls oafpr
dj fn;k x;kA fir`izèkku ifjokjksa osQ mn; ls
ifjokj esa fL=k;ksa dh fLFkfr essa fxjkoV vkus
yxhA eè;dkyhu ;qx esa eqfLye vkozQe.kdkfj;ksa
osQ vkus osQ ckn ;g fxjkoV c<+rh xbZA inkZ
izFkk dk izlkj gqvk ftlls Hkkjrh; efgykvksa
osQ 'kSf{kd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd
fozQ;kdyki dks xgjk èkDdk yxkA efgykvksa
dks HkksX;k osQ :i esa le>k tkus yxkA fczfV'k
'kklu dky osQ izkjafHkd pj.kksa esa ns'k esa
efgykvksa dh fLFkfr vR;ar [kjkc gks pqdh FkhA
vusd lkekftd o èkkfeZd oqQizFkkvksa dk lokZfèkd
vlj efgykvksa ij gh FkkA Hkkjr esa iq#"kksa dh
vis{kk efgyk lk{kjrk osQ fuEu nj dh i`"BHkwfe
Hkh ,sfrgkfld dkj.kksa ls jgh gSA mu lektksa esa
114
tgk¡ yM+dksa dks i<+uk&fy[kuk fl[kk;k tkrk Fkk
ogha yM+fd;ksa dks v{kj rd lh[kus dh vuqefr
ugha FkhA ;gk¡ rd fd mu ifjokjksa esa Hkh tgk¡
oqQEgkjh] cqudjh vkSj gLrdyk fl[kkbZ tkrh
Fkh&;g èkkj.kk Fkh fd yM+fd;ksa vkSj vkSjrksa dk
dke osQoy lgk;rk djus rd gh lhfer gSA
mUuhloha 'krkCnh esa f'k{kk osQ ckjs esa dbZ u,
fopkjksa us tUe fy;kA fo|ky; vfèkd izpyu
esa vk x, vkSj os lekt] ftUgksaus Lo;a dHkh
i<+uk&fy[kuk ugha lh[kk Fkk vius cPPkksa dks
LowQy Hkstus yxsA rc Hkh yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk
dks ysdj cgqr fojksèk gqvkA blosQ ckotwn
cgqr&lh fL=k;ksa vkSj iq#"kksa us ckfydkvksa osQ
fy, LowQy [kksyus osQ iz;Ru fd,A fL=k;ksa us
i<+uk&fy[kuk lh[kus osQ fy, la?k"kZ fd;kA
izlaxo'k ;gk¡ jkllqUnjh nsoh (1800&1890)
osQ thou dh ppkZ mfpr tku iM+rh gSA caxky
esa tUeh jkllqUnjh nsoh us lkB o"kZ dh voLFkk
esa ckaXyk Hkk"kk esa viuh vkRe dFkk **vkekj
thou** uked iqLrd esa fy[khA ml le;
yksxksa dk fo'okl Fkk fd ;fn yM+dh
fy[krh&i<+rh gS rks og ifr osQ fy, nqHkkZX;
ykrh gS vkSj foèkok gks tkrh gSA blosQ ckotwn
mUgksaus viuh 'kknh osQ cgqr le; ckn Lo;a gh
Nqi&Nqi dj fy[kuk&i<+uk lh[kkA :oSQ;k 'ks[kkor
gqlSu Hkh ,d èkuh ifjokj esa tUeh efgyk Fkha
tks mnwZ i<+uk&fy[kuk tkurh Fkha ijarq mUgsa
ckaXyk vkSj vaxzs”kh lh[kus ls jksdk x;kA ml
le; vaxzs”kh dks ,d ,slh Hkk"kk osQ :i esa
ns[kk tkrk Fkk tks yM+fd;ksa osQ lkeus u, fopkj
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
j[krh Fkh] ftUgsa yksx yM+fd;ksa osQ fy, Bhd
ugha ekurs FksA blfy, vaxzs”kh vfèkdrj yM+dksa
dks gh i<+kbZ tkrh FkhA :oSQ;k us vius cM+s
HkkbZ vkSj cgu osQ lg;ksx ls ckaXyk vkSj
vax”sz kh i<+uk&fy[kuk lh[kk vkSj vkxs tkdj oks
,d ysf[kdk cuhaA
f'k{kk izkIr djosQ oqQN efgykvksa us
lekt esa fL=k;ksa dh fLFkfr osQ ckjs esa iz'u
mBk,A mUgksaus vlekurk osQ vius vuqHkoksa
dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgkfu;k¡] i=k vkSj
vkRedFkk,¡ fy[khaA vius ys[kksa esa mUgkssaus L=kh
vkSj iq#"k nksuksa osQ fy, lkspus vkSj thus
osQ u,&u, rjhdksa dh dYiuk dhA jkllqUnjh
nsoh vkSj :oSQ;k gqlSu ftUgsa i<+us&fy[kus dh
vuqefr ugha feyh Fkh] dh fLFkfr osQ foijhr
orZeku Hkkjr esa cM+h la[;k esa yM+fd;k¡ LowQy
tk jgh gSaA blosQ ckotwn Hkh cgqr&lh
yM+fd;k¡ xjhch] f'k{k.k lqfoèkkvksa osQ vHkko
vkSj Hksn&Hkko osQ dkj.k LowQy tkuk NksM+
nsrh gSaA lHkh lektksa vkSj oxkZs± dh i`"BHkwfe
okys cPpksa dks f'k{k.k dh leku lqfoèkk,¡
iznku djuk] fo'ks"kdj yM+fd;ksa dks vkt Hkh
Hkkjr esa ,d pqukSrh gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr]
vuqlwfpr tutkfr] eqfLye vkSj nfyr
i`"BHkwfe dh yM+fd;ksa osQ LowQy NksM+us dh
nj lokZfèkd gSA ikjaifjd lekt esa efgyk
vkSj iq#"kksa osQ chp dbZ rjg ls HksnHkko fd;k
tkrk jgk gSA ;s HksnHkko iwokZxzgksa ;k :f<+c¼
èkkj.kkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij fd, tkrs jgs gSaA
oSfnd lkfgR; osQ vè;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
fd izkphu le; esa fL=k;ksa dh f'k{kk lacaèkh
O;oLFkk mUur FkhA cgqr&lh ukfj;ksa us oSfnd
½pkvksa rd dh jpuk dh gSA tSls vf=koqQy
dh fo'ookjk] vikyk] ?kks"kk] dk{khorh us
lwDrksa dh jpuk dh gSA ekrk&firk Lo;a viuh
dU;k dks czãp;Z thou esa leqfpr f'k{kk
fn;k djrs FksA vè;;ujr Nk=kkvksa dh nks
Jsf.k;k¡ FkhA izFke Js.kh dh Nk=kk,¡
¶czãkokfnuh¸ dgh tkrh Fkha tks vkthou
n'kZu'kkL=k ,oa vè;kRe dk vè;;u djrh
Fkha] ogha nwljh Js.kh dh Nk=kk,¡ ¶l|ksoèkw¸
dgykrh Fkha tks fookg osQ iwoZ rd viuk
vè;;u tkjh j[krh FkhaA dU;kvksa osQ fy,
osnkè;;u vko';d Fkk D;ksafd fL=k;ksa dks
fu;fer :i ls izkr%] laè;k oSfnd izkFkZuk,¡
djuh iM+rh FkhA ifRu;ksa dks ;Kkfn esa vius
ifr osQ lkFk ea=kksPpkj.k Hkh djuk iM+rk FkkA
ogha nwljh vksj Le`fr xazFkksa osQ vè;;u ls
irk pyrk gS fd ml le; fL=k;ksa osQ f'k{kk
izkfIr vfèkdkj dk guu fd;k x;kA euq o
;kKoYD; us fL=k;ksa dks 'kwnzksa dh Js.kh esa
LFkku fn;k gS vkSj mUgsa osn vè;;u ls jksdk
gSA euq] xkSre vkfn us fL=k;ksa dks vLora=k
ekuk gSA buosQ fopkj esa fL=k;ksa osQ fookg
laLdkj miu;u dh rjg gSa vkSj ifr lsok
xq#oqQy osQ lekuA ;gha ls fL=k;ksa dh ijfuHkZjrk
vkjaHk gksrh gSA ;g Hkh Kkr gS fd ml le;
lgf'k{kk dk iw.kZr% fu"ksèk FkkA la{ksi esa ;g
dgk tk ldrk gS fd fL=k;ksa dks f'k{kk dk
vfèkdkj ugha FkkA
115
Hkkjr esa fujkfJr ,oa ifjR;Dr efgyk,¡
izkphu dky ls vfèkd la[;k esa jgh gSaA foèkok
fookg dks dkuwu osQ varxZr ekU;rk nh xbZ gS
ysfdu O;ogkj esa foèkokvksa osQ iqufoZokg dks
lkekU; lkekftd Loho`Qfr ugha fey ikbZ gSA
ns'k esa efgyk,¡ [ksrksa vkSj oqQVhj m|ksxksa esa
lfn;ks a ls dke djrh vkbZ gS a ys f du
vkS|ksfxdhdj.k osQ izlkj ls mUgsa dkj[kkuksa]
ckxkuksa] [kkuksa] dk;kZy;ksa ,oa vU; vkS|ksfxd
izfr"Bkuksa ,oa lsokvksa esa jks”kxkj osQ i;kZIr
volj feys gSaA blosQ ckn Hkh nksgjs Je dh
leL;k] fuEu etnwjh dh leL;k] dk;Z dh
dfBu n'kk,¡] izlfw r ls mRiUu leL;k,¡] vkokl
o ;krk;kr] euksjatu osQ vHkko] lkekftd
lqj{kk dh leL;kvksa ls mUgsa nks&pkj gksuk iM+rk
gSA vuSfrd iru oQh f'kdkj fL=k;ksa dks dbZ
izdkj dh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dk
lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA lekt ,slh fL=k;ksa dks
Lohdkj ugha djrk gSaA
iq#"k izèkku lekt gksus osQ dkj.k vkjafHkd
dky ls tsMa j vlekurk ;Fkk& 'kks"k.k] mRihM+u]
i{kikr vkSj nqjkxzgksa dk lkeuk efgykvksa dks
djuk iM+rk gSA ;g vlekurk ifjokj ls ysdj
ljdkjh uhfr;ksa esa Hkh n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA
vkèkqfud lekt esa Hkh ,slh fLFkfr;k¡ ns[kus dks
feyrh gSaA gekjk lekt viuh ijaijkvksa dks
rksM+us gsrq rS;kj ugha gSA ukjh osQ lcy :i dks
iq#"k izèkku lekt eu efLr"d ls Lohdkj ugha
dj ldk gSA laoSèkkfud izkoèkkuksa osQ ckotwn
efgykvksa osQ f[kykI+kQ lkekftd iwokZxzg dk;e
116
gSA oSf'od Lrj ij yksdrkaf=kd O;oLFkk tSlµ
s tSls
lqn`<+ gksrh xbZ] efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa osQ led{k
ykus dh eqfge esa Hkh rs”kh vkrh xbZA fofèk ,oa
U;k; osQ le{k lekurk] yksd lsokvksa esa fu;qfDr
gsrq leku volj] fopkj dh vfHkO;fDr] fuokl]
jks”kxkj vkfn dh Lora=krk] ikfjokfjd laifÙk esa
fgLlsnkjh] fu.kZ;u osQ izR;sd Lrj ij lekurk
vkfn osQ ekeyksa esa efgykvksa dks u osQoy
iq#"kksa osQ cjkcj yk;k x;k oju tgk¡ dgha
vko';drk Fkh] ogk¡ muosQ lEeku ,oa fu"Bk
dh j{kk osQ fy, fo'ks"k izkoèkku Hkh fd, x,A
efgykvksa osQ vfèkdkjksa oQh izkfIr osQ {ks=k esa
Hkkjr esa Hkh la?k"kZ dh dgkuh yach gSA efgykvksa
esa f'k{kk osQ c<+rs Lrj us blesa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
,d vkanksyu osQ :i esa efgyk l'kDrhdj.k
dh 'kq#vkr ;w-,u-vks- }kjk 8 ekpZ 1975 dks
varjkZ"Vªh; efgyk fnol ls ekuh tk ldrh gSA
1985 esa ¶varjkZ"Vªh; efgyk lEesyu¸ dk
vk;kstu uSjksch esa fd;k x;k rFkk 1975 &1985
osQ n'kd dks ¶efgyk n'kd¸ osQ :i esa
euk;k x;kA Hkkjr esa efgyk l'kDrhdj.k dk
chtkjksi.k Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ fuekZ.k osQ lkFk
gh gks x;k FkkA efgykvksa osQ l'kDrhdj.k dh
izfozQ;k esa pkSFkh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ ckn ls
mYys[kuh; :i ls ifjorZu vk;k gSA efgykvksa
osQ fodkl osQ eqís dk LFkku efgykvksa osQ
l'kDrhdj.k us ys fy;k gSA iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk
,oa uxjh; fudk;ksa esa ,d frgkbZ in dk
vkj{k.k bl fn'kk esa ,d ozQkafrdkjh dne gSA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
tuojh 1992 esa jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx dh
LFkkiuk lfn;ksa ls fiNM+s] 'kksf"kr o misf{kr
ukjh osQ fodkl ij cy nsus osQ mís'; ls dh
xbZ gSA Hkkjr esa efgykvksa osQ izfr dh tkus
okyh fgalk dk Lo:i O;kid gS vkSj bldk
,d cM+k fgLlk ?kjsYkw fgalk osQ :i esa ikjaifjd
:i ls lekt esa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA blh iz;kl
osQ varxZr ?kjsyw fgalk vfèkfu;e&2005 dks
lanfHkZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
26 vDVwcj] 2006 ls ;g dkuwu iwjs
Hkkjr esa ykxw gSA blosQ varxZr efgykvksa osQ
izfr dh tkus okyh ?kjsyw fgalk esa 'kkjhfjd
ekjihV gh ugha vfirq mRihM+u] ;kSfud] ekSf[kd]
HkkoukRed o vkfFkZd i{k osQ lkFk&lkFk efgyk
dks ?kj ls fudkyuk ;k fudkyus dh èkedh
nsus dks Hkh ?kjsyw fgalk esa lfEEkfyr fd;k x;k
gSA blosQ fy, ljdkj us dkuwuh :i ls efgyk
dks vius iSr`d edku ,oa llqjky oQs edku
osQ ,d Hkkx esa jgus dk vfèkdkj Hkh fn;k gS]
Hkys gh fdlh efgyk dks vius oSokfgd x`g esa
LokfeRokfèkdkj gks ;k ugha] mls ogk¡ jgus dk
vfèkdkj fdlh eftLVªsV osQ }kjk izkIr fd;k
tk losQxkA ;g dkuwu ,d izxfroknh dne gSA
vfèkfu;e ;g O;Dr djrk gS fd ;fn iz'kklu
izfrc¼rk ls dk;Z djrk gS rks efgyk mRihM+u
de fd;k tk ldrk gSA Lora=krk izkfIr osQ ckn
ls vc rd fofoèk {ks=kksa esa efgykvksa dh
miyfCèk;k¡ ,oa rjDdh c<+h gSA efgykvksa us
ns'k osQ gj f'k[kj ij vius >aMs cqyan fd, gSa
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
pkgs os jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa gks ;k isfIldks dh
lh-bZ-vks- bafnjk uqf; vFkok fdju csnhA vc
vkalqvksa dk nkSj x;kA os lekt dks jprh gSa]
lgs”krh gSa] mudh vk¡[kksa us [kqn osQ fy, lius
ns[kuk lh[k fy;k gS vkSj mls gdhdr esa
cny jgh gSa D;ksafd vc mudh vkokt gS %
u lgsaxs u >qosaQxs] u #osaQxs eafty vkus rd A
vkxs c<+saxs ysdj jgsaxs] u NksM+saxs viuk gd AA
117
fiQj Hkh laoSèkkfud izkoèkku] efgyk dkuwu
,oa efgykvksa dh ;kstuk osQ ckotwn efgykvksa
osQ f[kykI +kQ lkekftd iwokZxzg dk;e gSA vkèkh
vkcknh dh fLFkfr esa lqèkkj osQ cxSj csgrj
lekt dh dYiuk laHko ugha gSA oSpkfjd
ozQkafr osQ }kjk gh efgyk l'kDrhdj.k osQ
vkanksyu dk vius eqdke rd igq¡pus dk
iz;kl liQy gks ldrk gSA
D;k vPNk fnu gS\
ljkst ;kno·
Hkkjrh; lekt esa lfn;ksa ls L=kh&iq#"k ,oa ckyd&ckfydkvksa esa HksnHkko fd;k tkrk
jgk gSA laoèS kkfud lekurk osQ ckotwn ;g HksnHkko vkt Hkh tkjh gS tks cPpksa osQ
tUe] mudh ns[kHkky osQ rjhosQ] f'k{kk] jhfr&fjok”k o jkstxkj osQ volj vkfn esa
ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA ljdkjh ,oa xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa }kjk fd, x, iz;klksa osQ ifj.kke
Lo:i L=kh&iq#"k lekurk osQ izfr yksxksa dh lksp esa èkhjs&èkhjs cnyko vk jgk gS vkSj
vkt yksx ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk osQ izfr ltx gks jgs gSAa laokn osQ :i esa fy[kk x;k
;g ys[k Hkkjrh; ifjokjksa esa ckfydkvksa osQ izfr cnyrh lksp dh ,d >yd izLrqr
djrk gSA
EkSa vius ?kj esa lcls cM+h gwA¡ esjh ,d NksVh&lh
cgu gSA gekjs ?kj esa UkUgk&lk HkkbZ gqvk gSA ?kj
esa Fkkyh ctkbZ tk jgh gSA dk'k fd esjs ekrk
firk gekjs tUe ij Hkh bruh gh [kq'kh eukrs
ftruh fd esjs HkkbZ osQ tUe ij euk jgs gSaA eSa
,d dksus esa cSBh lksp jgh Fkh fd csVh iSnk gks
tkus ij ,slk D;k gks tkrk gS tks lkjs ?kj esa
[kkeks'kh Nk tkrh gSA ;gh ugha csVh iSnk djus
okyh ml ek¡ dks [kkus&ihus dks Hkh de fn;k
tkrk gS tcfd csVk iSnk djus okyh ek¡ dh [kwc
·izksI+ksQlj ,oa vè;{k] Mh-bZ-,l-,l-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
[kkfrj gksrh gSA esjk HkkbZ cM+k gksus yxk] ge
nksuksa [ksyus yxsA ns[krs&gh&ns[krs esjk HkkbZ tks
esjs ls NksVk Fkk mls LowQy esa Mky fn;kA eSa
lkspus yxh] mlosQ fy, u;k cLrk] ubZ fdrkcsas]
u, twrs] u;h LowQy Mªsl Hkh vk xbZA esjh ek¡
mu lcdks ns[k dj iwQyh ugha lek jgh FkhA
LowQy tkus osQ igys fnu tSls gh esjk HkkbZ rS;kj
gqvk rks esjh nknh o esjs firkth osQ e¡qg ls
fudyk] D;k lqUnj yx jgk gSA gekjk csVk cM+k
gksdj ,d fnu ”k:j vI+kQlj cusxkA
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
rHkh ek¡ us vkok”k yxkbZ] uhye HkkbZ dks
ngh o phuh f[kykA igys fnu LowQy tk jgk
gSA eSa nkSM+dj ngh o phuh ysus pyh xbZA eSa
oqQN nsj osQ fy, Hkwy xbZ Fkh fd LowQy esa eSa
ugha esjk NksVk HkkbZ tk jgk gSA esjk NksVk HkkbZ
veu ngh [kkus yxkA eSa dHkh mldh deh”k
dks gkFk yxkdj ns[k¡ w] dHkh mlosQ cLrs dks
viuh ihB ij yxk dj ns[k¡ wA rHkh fjD'ks dh
?kaVh ct xbZ vkSj veu nkSM+dj fjD'ks esa cSB
x;kA esjk lkjk fnu mRlkg esa chr x;k vkSj eSa
bar”kkj djus yxh veu osQ LowQy ls vkus dkA
tSls gh esjk HkkbZ LowQy ls nksigj esa vk;k] ek¡
jlksbZ?kj esa mlosQ fy, [kkuk cukus pyh xbZ o
,d Fkky esa rk”kh ngh o pikrh j[kdj ys
vkbZA eSaus ek¡ ls dgk esjk [kkuk dgk¡ gSA eSaus rks
lqcg ls oqQN ugha [kk;k vkSj rqeus eq>ls iwNk
Hkh ugha fd [kkuk [kk;k ;k ughaA ek¡ us eq>s
dgk fd rw rks ?kj esa gh Fkh [kkus dks fdlh us
euk fd;k FkkA tk jlksbZ esa ls ysdj [kk ysA
jlksbZ esa lqcg dh cuh jksVh o NkN j[kh gqbZ
Fkh eSaus iwNk lC”kh rks gS ughaA ml ij nknh ek¡
us dgk ¶lC”kh rks rsjs firkth o HkkbZ dks ns nhA
[kk ys NkN osQ lkFk dkSu&lk rwus gy pykuk
gS ;k ukSdjh djuh gSA yM+fd;ksa dks ”;knk
pVksjk ugha gksuk pkfg, tks cpk&[kqpk fey tk,
[kk ysuk pkfg,A¸ eSa nks jksVh vkSj NkN dk
fxykl ysdj vkaxu esa pkjikbZ ij cSBdj [kkus
yxhA eq>s nq[k bl ckr dk ugha Fkk fd eq>s
lC”kh ugha feyh] eq>s nq[k bl ckr dk Fkk fd
119
yM+fd;ksa osQ lkFk ,slk D;ksa gksrk gS\ dHkh ;g
dgdj fd yM+dh ijk;k èku gS dHkh ;g
dgdj fd vPNk [kk,xh rks tYnh cM+h gks
tk,xh] tYnh 'kknh djuh iM+sxh vkSj dHkh
yksxksa dh u”kj esa uk vk,A cgqr ckj vkèks isV
;k :[kk Hkkstu gh ulhc gksrk gSA
veu nwljh d{kk esa gks x;k] eSa mldh
fdrkcksa dks ns[krh vkSj eu&gh&eu lksprh fd
dk'k esjh ek¡ o firkth esjh Hkkoukvksa dks
le>rs vkSj eq>s Hkh LowQy tkus nsrsA eSaus cgqr
ckj vius firkth ls LowQy tkus dh f”kn dh
ysfdu ges'kk dh rjg ,d gh tokc ns nsrs
¶yM+fd;ksa dk dke ?kj&x`gLFkh dks laHkkyuk
gSA rqe viuh ek¡ osQ lkFk ?kj osQ dkeksa esa gkFk
cVkvks] oqqQN dke lh[kks] ugha rks C;kg osQ ckn
gesa gh mykguk feysxk fd rqEgkjs ek¡&cki us
oqQN fl[kk;k Fkk ;k ughaA¸
eSa lqcg ls 'kke rd NksVs cgu&HkkbZ;ksa dh
ns[k&js[k o ek¡ osQ lkFk ?kj] [ksr dk dke
djrs&djrs cM+h gksus yxhA ,d fnu esjs ekek
ekeh x£e;ksa esa gekjs ?kj vk,A muosQ lkFk
mudh nksuksa yM+fd;k¡ Hkh FkhaA cgqr fnuksa osQ
ckn gekjs ?kj vk, FksA eSa rks mudks ;kn osQ
fglkc ls igyh ckj ns[k jgh FkhA lcls ”;knk
[kq'k eSa gh Fkh D;ksafd eq>s gemez lgsfy;k¡
fey xb±A ek¡ Hkh dbZ ckj uhuk tks fd ekek dh
cM+h yM+dh Fkh mlosQ ckjs esa ckrsa djrh FkhaA
,d fnu uhuk viuh fdrkc ls eq>s ”kksj&”kksj
ls ,d dgkuh lquk jgh Fkh vkSj eSa ewd cuh
120
ml dgkuh esa [kksbZ gqbZ FkhA uhuk dh NksVh
cgu pqUuw o esjk HkkbZ veu Hkh cSBk Fkk ge
lc dgkuh lquus esa brus yhu Fks fd irk gh
ugha pyk fd ek¡ dc ls ogk¡ [kM+h FkhA ;g rks
ekeh us tc ek¡ osQ daèks ij gkFk j[kk rc ek¡
pkSadh o ge lc Hkh mèkj ns[kus yx x,A
¶D;k ns[k jgh Fkh nhnh¸ jek ekeh us dgk
¶eSa ns[k jgh Fkh fd rqEgkjh nksuksa yM+fd;k¡ gSa
vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks i<+k Hkh jgh gks¸ ek¡ us dgkA
¶jek] D;k rqEgsa iq=k dh deh ugha [kyrhA
ifjokj esa de&ls&de ,d iq=k rks gksuk gh
pkfg,A iq=k osQ fcuk LoxZ esa Hkh LFkku ugha
feyrkA Ikq=k gh cq<+kis esa ek¡&cki dk lgkjk
gksrk gSA vc rks lquk gS MkWDVj isV esa gh crk
nsrs gSa fd gksus okyk cPpk yM+dk gS ;k
yM+dh¸ ek¡ us dgkA ¶vjs nhnh] ;g rks ljklj
Ikki gSA eq>s Hkh NksVh osQ le; ekrkth o
iM+ksl dh rkbZ us cgqr dgkA ;gk¡ rd dh rkus
ekjus Hkh 'kq: dj fn,A oa'k pykus dh nqgkbZ
nsus yxsA ij eSa vkSj vkiosQ HkkbZ fopfyr ugha
gq,A vkt le; cgqr cny x;k gSA yM+fd;k¡
yM+dksa ls vkxs fudy jgh gSaA eSa ,sls cgqr ls
ifjokjksa dks tkurh gw¡ tgk¡ yM+fd;k¡ i<+&fy[k
dj vius iSjksa ij [kM+h gSaA vius cw<+s] ek¡&cki
dh ns[kHkky yM+dksa osQ lkFk jg jgs ek¡&cki ls
vPNh rjg dj jgh gSaA¸
¶ge vaèkfo'oklksa ls f?kjs jgrs gSa yM+fd;ksa
dks ijk;k èku le>dj uk i<+krs gaS uk vPNk
[kkuk f[kykrs gSaA ,d vkSj vijkèk tks yk[kksa cPpksa
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
vkSj [kklrkSj ls yM+fd;ksa osQ lkFk fd;k tkrk
gS oks gS de mez esa 'kknhA tYnh ek¡ cu tkrh
gSaA oks Hkh dbZ cPpksa dh ek¡A dbZ cPps rks tUe
osQ le; ;k tUe osQ ckn ej tkrs gSa vkSj dbZ
ckj yM+osQ dh pkg esa fxjk fn, tkrs gSa] fo'ks"kdj
yM+fd;k¡A tYnh&tYnh cPps gksus ls ;s yM+fd;k¡
de mez esa chekfj;ksa] ijs'kkfu;ksa o ykpkfj;ksa osQ
nq"pØ esa ftUnxh Hkj fildj jg tkrh gSaA¸ ekeh
,d gh lk¡l esa bruk lc oqQN dg xb±A vkSj
ek¡ ekeh dh rjI+kQ ns[krs&ns[krs irk ugha dgk¡
[kks xbZA ek¡ dks ,d&,d 'kCn yx jgk Fkk fd
tSls mldh viuh chrh lquk jgh gSaA
vki lkspks dy dks tc veu i<+&fy[kdj
cM+k vI+kQlj cusxk rks og pkgsxk fd mldh
gksus okyh iRuh Hkh i<+h fy[kh] LoLFk o lqanj
gksA vkSj vxj lHkh yM+fd;ksa dks ugha i<+k,axs
rks i<+h&fy[kh ifRu;k¡ dgk¡ ls vk,¡xhA tjk
lkspks] i<+h&fy[kh yM+dh 'kknh djosQ nwljs ?kj
pyh Hkh xbZ rks D;kA os tgk¡ Hkh tk,¡xh jks'kuh
iSQyk,¡xhA fdlh vkSj dh i<+h&fy[kh csVh gekjs
?kj esa cgw cudj vk,xhA
gekjh csfV;ksa dk thou] ykyu&ikyu]
i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ dkI+kQh gn rd ge ek¡vksa ij Hkh
fuHkZj djrk gSA gekjs ifjokj esa 'kkafr o lq[k
jgs ;g gekjs mQij cgqr fuHkZj djrk gSA ?kj
osQ gj lnL; dks mldh ”k:jr osQ fglkc ls
iguus [kkus o i<+us osQ volj fn, tk,¡A vxj
csVh de”kksj] chekj] vui<+ o eksgrkt jgsxh
rks ifjokj ij gh mldk cks> iM+sxkA vDyeanh
Hkkjrh; vkèkqfud f'k{kk µ vDrwcj 2011
rks blh esa gS fd ?kj dk gj lnL; izfrHkkoku
cusA nhnh D;k dksbZ ekyh pkgrk gS fd mlosQ
isM+ ij vkèks iQy vPNs o vkèks dPps jgsaA
D;k vki pkgrh gSa fd vkiosQ [ksr dh vkèkh
iQly vPNh vkSj vkèkh [kjkc jgsA rks fiQj
;g HksnHkko cPpksa osQ lkFk D;ksa\
121
ek¡ us dgk ¶jek rqeus rks esjh vk¡[ksa [kksy
nha ijUrq uhye rks cM+h gks xbZ gS¸ dksbZ ckr
ugha rqe fleh dks rks HkstksA uhye dks u”knhd
osQ LowQy esa tks jkr dh Dykl gksrh gS mlesa
HkstksA vpkud gh esjs eq¡g ls fudyk okg] D;k
vPNk fnu gSA
NORTH EAST REGIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION
(National Council of Educational Research and Training)
Umiam, Shillong-793103, Meghalaya
NATIONAL SEMINAR
ON
‘NEW PERSPECTIVES OF HEALTH AND
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SCHOOL’
CALL FOR PAPERS FOR PARTICIPATION
A national seminar on ‘New Perspectives of Health and Physical
Education in School’ is being organised by North East Regional
Institute of Education, National Council of Educational Research
and Training, Umiam-793103, Meghalaya for two days from
19-20 February 2014. Interested participants are requested to
send their abstracts (500 words) and full papers (5000 words) to
the Coordinator. The abstracts and full papers, that are to be
sent in both hard and soft copies, should be related to the
subthemes and will be published as books of seminar
proceedings. On request from the presenting author, local
free hospitality with TA will be provided. No registration fee is
required. Last dates for —
•
Abstract submission: 15 November 2013
•
Full paper submission: 24 December 2013
•
Participation confirmation: 31 December 2013.
For further details, please see websites
www.nerie.nic.in and www.ncert.nic.in