Kohlberg og Gilligan
Etikk som prinsipp og etikk som omsorg
Nivåer og stadier i Kohlbergs modell for moralsk/etisk utvikling
Level
Level I
Preconventional
Morality
(Dew ey's preconventional
level)
Stage
1. The punishment-and-obedience orientation
Avoidance of punishment and unquestioning deference to power.
(Piaget's Stage 0: Premoral)
2. The instrumental-relativist orientation
Elements of fairness, of reciprocity, and of equal sharing […] in a
physic al pragmatic way […] ' you scratch my back and I'll scratch
yours'". (Piaget's Stage 1: heteronymous)
Level II
Conventional
Morality
(Dew ey's
conventional
level)
3. The interpersonal concordance or "good boy - nice girl"
orientation
Conformity to stereotypical images of what is majority or 'natural'
behavior. (Piaget's Stage 2: Instrumental reciprocity)
Level III
Postconventional
Morality
(Dew ey's
autonomous
level)
5. The social-contract legalistic orientation
Utilitarian overtones. Terms of individual rights. Standards critically
examined and agreed upon by society. Awareness of relativism of
personal values.
4. The "law and order" orientation
Orientation tow ards authority, fixed rules, and the maintenance of social
order.
6. The universal-ethical-principle orientation
Decision of conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical principles
appealing to logical comprehensiv eness, univ ersality and consistency.
Abstract and ethic al principles, not concrete moral rules.
Carol Gilligan: omsorgsorientert
moralsk utvikling
Stage
Orientation
Preconventional
Individual
survival
Transition to next stage
From selfishness towards
responsibility and social
participation
Conventional Worth as
From other-orientation
ability to care (goodness) towards
for others
balance self-other (truth)
PostCare
conventional includes self
and other